PMC:2940450 / 1311-4439
Annnotations
{"target":"https://pubannotation.org/docs/sourcedb/PMC/sourceid/2940450","sourcedb":"PMC","sourceid":"2940450","source_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/2940450","text":"Introduction\nNavigating through the world requires the constant assessment and reassessment of the value of our choices and actions. Making one choice may cause the loss of resources, such as food, but allow the attainment of others, such as mating. This harsh economic reality requires the brain to assess the costs and benefits of actions before committing to a motor response. Due to the ubiquity of such valuation processes and their importance for learning, action selection, and choice, there has been ample scientific interest in their neurobiological basis. This line of research has yielded results underscoring the importance of the dopamine system and its cortical projection sites in behavioral control (Schultz et al., 1992), has led to the formulation of computational models of valuation (Montague et al., 2004), and has contributed to the development of the novel field of neuroeconomics (e.g., Platt and Glimcher, 1999; Berns et al., 2001).\nDespite much interest in the neurobiological basis of valuation processes, the question of how they interact with other cognitive systems has received relatively little attention. If valuation processes shape behavior, they should be expected to influence the perceptual and cognitive processes that are central to the production of behavior. Indeed, consistent with this notion, neuroimaging studies have shown that monetary incentives improve behavioral performance, concurrent with enhanced hemodynamic responses in task-relevant perceptual and cognitive regions, as well as regions of the reward system (e.g., Pochon et al., 2002; Small et al., 2005; Engelmann et al., 2009). Based on such findings, it has been proposed that the neural interaction between reward-related regions with perceptual and cognitive networks that are task-relevant improves behavioral performance to maximize reward outcomes (Pessoa, 2009).\nExecutive processes, such as attention, working memory and inhibition, constitute a set of processes that are particularly important for behavioral planning and production. Given limited processing capacity, how can the brain separate those stimuli that deserve further processing from those that are better left ignored, to efficiently guide behavior? Traditionally, both bottom-up and top-down processes are posited as potential solutions to the “limited processing-resources dilemma” faced by the brain's executive system. By using top-down control, the brain can more efficiently allocate its resources based on current behavioral goals and prior knowledge. At the same time, processing resources should preferentially shift to salient features of the environment. Based on behavioral evidence, both of these processes are intimately linked to reward and motivation, as described below. Furthermore, these findings mesh well with previous demonstrations that the motivational dimensions of (top-down) goals rely on the dopamine system and its projection sites (e.g., Schultz et al., 1992). Interestingly (bottom-up) stimulus salience is also encoded in specific nodes of the reward system, such as the caudate nucleus (e.g., Zink et al., 2006).","divisions":[{"label":"title","span":{"begin":0,"end":12}},{"label":"p","span":{"begin":13,"end":957}},{"label":"p","span":{"begin":958,"end":1879}}],"tracks":[{"project":"0_colil","denotations":[{"id":"20859524-1464759-131700","span":{"begin":732,"end":736},"obj":"1464759"},{"id":"20859524-15483596-131701","span":{"begin":821,"end":825},"obj":"15483596"},{"id":"20859524-10421364-131702","span":{"begin":931,"end":935},"obj":"10421364"},{"id":"20859524-11306631-131703","span":{"begin":951,"end":955},"obj":"11306631"},{"id":"20859524-11960021-131704","span":{"begin":1587,"end":1591},"obj":"11960021"},{"id":"20859524-15746002-131705","span":{"begin":1607,"end":1611},"obj":"15746002"},{"id":"20859524-19434242-131706","span":{"begin":1631,"end":1635},"obj":"19434242"},{"id":"20859524-19285913-131707","span":{"begin":1873,"end":1877},"obj":"19285913"},{"id":"20859524-1464759-131708","span":{"begin":2967,"end":2971},"obj":"1464759"},{"id":"20859524-16153860-131709","span":{"begin":3122,"end":3126},"obj":"16153860"}],"attributes":[{"subj":"20859524-1464759-131700","pred":"source","obj":"0_colil"},{"subj":"20859524-15483596-131701","pred":"source","obj":"0_colil"},{"subj":"20859524-10421364-131702","pred":"source","obj":"0_colil"},{"subj":"20859524-11306631-131703","pred":"source","obj":"0_colil"},{"subj":"20859524-11960021-131704","pred":"source","obj":"0_colil"},{"subj":"20859524-15746002-131705","pred":"source","obj":"0_colil"},{"subj":"20859524-19434242-131706","pred":"source","obj":"0_colil"},{"subj":"20859524-19285913-131707","pred":"source","obj":"0_colil"},{"subj":"20859524-1464759-131708","pred":"source","obj":"0_colil"},{"subj":"20859524-16153860-131709","pred":"source","obj":"0_colil"}]},{"project":"TEST0","denotations":[{"id":"20859524-166-174-131700","span":{"begin":732,"end":736},"obj":"[\"1464759\"]"},{"id":"20859524-233-241-131701","span":{"begin":821,"end":825},"obj":"[\"15483596\"]"},{"id":"20859524-235-243-131702","span":{"begin":931,"end":935},"obj":"[\"10421364\"]"},{"id":"20859524-227-235-131703","span":{"begin":951,"end":955},"obj":"[\"11306631\"]"},{"id":"20859524-228-236-131704","span":{"begin":1587,"end":1591},"obj":"[\"11960021\"]"},{"id":"20859524-232-240-131705","span":{"begin":1607,"end":1611},"obj":"[\"15746002\"]"},{"id":"20859524-228-236-131706","span":{"begin":1631,"end":1635},"obj":"[\"19434242\"]"},{"id":"20859524-235-243-131707","span":{"begin":1873,"end":1877},"obj":"[\"19285913\"]"},{"id":"20859524-196-204-131708","span":{"begin":2967,"end":2971},"obj":"[\"1464759\"]"},{"id":"20859524-148-156-131709","span":{"begin":3122,"end":3126},"obj":"[\"16153860\"]"}],"attributes":[{"subj":"20859524-166-174-131700","pred":"source","obj":"TEST0"},{"subj":"20859524-233-241-131701","pred":"source","obj":"TEST0"},{"subj":"20859524-235-243-131702","pred":"source","obj":"TEST0"},{"subj":"20859524-227-235-131703","pred":"source","obj":"TEST0"},{"subj":"20859524-228-236-131704","pred":"source","obj":"TEST0"},{"subj":"20859524-232-240-131705","pred":"source","obj":"TEST0"},{"subj":"20859524-228-236-131706","pred":"source","obj":"TEST0"},{"subj":"20859524-235-243-131707","pred":"source","obj":"TEST0"},{"subj":"20859524-196-204-131708","pred":"source","obj":"TEST0"},{"subj":"20859524-148-156-131709","pred":"source","obj":"TEST0"}]},{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"20859524-1464759-38088781","span":{"begin":732,"end":736},"obj":"1464759"},{"id":"20859524-15483596-38088782","span":{"begin":821,"end":825},"obj":"15483596"},{"id":"20859524-10421364-38088783","span":{"begin":931,"end":935},"obj":"10421364"},{"id":"20859524-11306631-38088784","span":{"begin":951,"end":955},"obj":"11306631"},{"id":"20859524-11960021-38088785","span":{"begin":1587,"end":1591},"obj":"11960021"},{"id":"20859524-15746002-38088786","span":{"begin":1607,"end":1611},"obj":"15746002"},{"id":"20859524-19434242-38088787","span":{"begin":1631,"end":1635},"obj":"19434242"},{"id":"20859524-19285913-38088788","span":{"begin":1873,"end":1877},"obj":"19285913"},{"id":"20859524-1464759-38088789","span":{"begin":2967,"end":2971},"obj":"1464759"},{"id":"20859524-16153860-38088790","span":{"begin":3122,"end":3126},"obj":"16153860"}],"attributes":[{"subj":"20859524-1464759-38088781","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"20859524-15483596-38088782","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"20859524-10421364-38088783","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"20859524-11306631-38088784","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"20859524-11960021-38088785","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"20859524-15746002-38088786","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"20859524-19434242-38088787","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"20859524-19285913-38088788","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"20859524-1464759-38088789","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"20859524-16153860-38088790","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"}]}],"config":{"attribute 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