PMC:2940450 / 10159-11589 JSONTXT

{"project":"0_colil","denotations":[{"id":"20859524-15746002-131721","span":{"begin":312,"end":316},"obj":"15746002"}],"text":"Our findings support the notion that motivational signals act both at more “central” levels in fronto-parietal cortex and at sensory levels. Here, we briefly discuss other studies that support this view and, in particular, have evaluated how motivation influences cognitive function. In a study by Small et al. (2005), fast target detection could lead to monetary wins or avoidance of monetary losses and, in the control condition, did not involve monetary outcomes. Better performance during the disengagement of attention was associated with enhanced activity in the inferior parietal lobe in the vicinity of the TPJ, a region that has been implicated in the reorienting of attention. Importantly, this effect was enhanced by incentive motivation during trials in which participants could win or avoid losing money, and were accompanied by activations in valuation-related regions, including the orbitofrontal cortex. Of particular interest, responses in the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) were correlated with visual spatial expectancy (defined as the degree to which the cue benefited performance as evidenced by faster reaction times), an effect that was enhanced by incentive motivation. Given the known connectivity of this region with areas of the brain involved in attention and motivational processing, it was proposed that the PCC serves as a neural interface between motivation and the top-down control of attention."}

{"project":"TEST0","denotations":[{"id":"20859524-28-36-131721","span":{"begin":312,"end":316},"obj":"[\"15746002\"]"}],"text":"Our findings support the notion that motivational signals act both at more “central” levels in fronto-parietal cortex and at sensory levels. Here, we briefly discuss other studies that support this view and, in particular, have evaluated how motivation influences cognitive function. In a study by Small et al. (2005), fast target detection could lead to monetary wins or avoidance of monetary losses and, in the control condition, did not involve monetary outcomes. Better performance during the disengagement of attention was associated with enhanced activity in the inferior parietal lobe in the vicinity of the TPJ, a region that has been implicated in the reorienting of attention. Importantly, this effect was enhanced by incentive motivation during trials in which participants could win or avoid losing money, and were accompanied by activations in valuation-related regions, including the orbitofrontal cortex. Of particular interest, responses in the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) were correlated with visual spatial expectancy (defined as the degree to which the cue benefited performance as evidenced by faster reaction times), an effect that was enhanced by incentive motivation. Given the known connectivity of this region with areas of the brain involved in attention and motivational processing, it was proposed that the PCC serves as a neural interface between motivation and the top-down control of attention."}

{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"20859524-15746002-38088802","span":{"begin":312,"end":316},"obj":"15746002"}],"text":"Our findings support the notion that motivational signals act both at more “central” levels in fronto-parietal cortex and at sensory levels. Here, we briefly discuss other studies that support this view and, in particular, have evaluated how motivation influences cognitive function. In a study by Small et al. (2005), fast target detection could lead to monetary wins or avoidance of monetary losses and, in the control condition, did not involve monetary outcomes. Better performance during the disengagement of attention was associated with enhanced activity in the inferior parietal lobe in the vicinity of the TPJ, a region that has been implicated in the reorienting of attention. Importantly, this effect was enhanced by incentive motivation during trials in which participants could win or avoid losing money, and were accompanied by activations in valuation-related regions, including the orbitofrontal cortex. Of particular interest, responses in the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) were correlated with visual spatial expectancy (defined as the degree to which the cue benefited performance as evidenced by faster reaction times), an effect that was enhanced by incentive motivation. Given the known connectivity of this region with areas of the brain involved in attention and motivational processing, it was proposed that the PCC serves as a neural interface between motivation and the top-down control of attention."}