PMC:2871132 / 204540-206656 JSONTXT

{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"20480036-10208405-52068961","span":{"begin":1143,"end":1146},"obj":"10208405"},{"id":"20480036-15510869-52068962","span":{"begin":1208,"end":1211},"obj":"15510869"},{"id":"20480036-14568427-52068963","span":{"begin":1251,"end":1254},"obj":"14568427"},{"id":"T81439","span":{"begin":1143,"end":1146},"obj":"10208405"},{"id":"T28302","span":{"begin":1208,"end":1211},"obj":"15510869"},{"id":"T77611","span":{"begin":1251,"end":1254},"obj":"14568427"}],"text":"5.1. Titanium Industry and New Materials R\u0026D\nThe titanium industry is rebounding with projections that the worldwide mill product shipments by 2008 will be about 56,000 tones per year – up significantly from the 43,000 tones per year of 2002/2003. This is a result of the increase in commercial airplane production along with increased sales to the military, industrial, and consumer markets. As always, cost remains the major barrier to ore titanium use, especially in the industrial and consumer markets [350]. Numerous attempts have been undertaken in the last 60 years to reduce the cost of producing titanium [351–353]. With the advent of high-quality, lower-cost titanium powders, the emphasis in titanium powder metallurgy P/M technology has centered on production of near-net shapes with acceptable levels of mechanical properties. The pre-alloyed, blended elemental, and metal injection molding (MIM) approaches are all looking attractive, and should post significant growth in the next few years [354].\nAmong many developed titanium materials, these are just few to list of newly developed titanium materials; V-free Ti alloys [355,356], Ti-Pd-Co alloy [357], Ti-V-Fe-Al alloy [358], Ti-Cr alloy [359], Ti-Cu-Ni-Sn-M (M: Nb, Ta, Mo) alloy [360], Ti-Cu-Pd [361], Ti-Cu-Si [362], Ti-Zr [363], Ti-Hf [364,365].\nAmorphous materials are non-crystalline solids. For the last three decades, amorphous alloys have attracted great interest because of the results from their new alloy compositions and new atomic configurations [366]. TiAl amorphous alloy provides high strength, linear elastic behavior, and the infinite fatigue life necessary for high device reliability. This alloy was originally developed for material for the digital micromirror device (DMD) chip, and actually it is a TiAl3 phase [367]. Bulk amorphous Ti-based alloys were found to be formed in the diameter range up to 5 mm for the Ti-Ni-Cu-Sn and Ti-Ni-Cu-Si-B systems, which possess a high glass-forming ability [366,368]. There are newly reported Ti45-Ni20-Cu25-Sn5-Zr5 [369] and Ti50-Cu20-Ni24-Si4-B2 [370] that can be amorphatized, too."}