PMC:2792620 / 20259-23399 JSONTXT

{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"20040958-7880782-47224465","span":{"begin":371,"end":373},"obj":"7880782"},{"id":"20040958-9154283-47224465","span":{"begin":371,"end":373},"obj":"9154283"},{"id":"20040958-7819171-47224465","span":{"begin":371,"end":373},"obj":"7819171"},{"id":"20040958-9307648-47224465","span":{"begin":371,"end":373},"obj":"9307648"},{"id":"20040958-9640189-47224465","span":{"begin":371,"end":373},"obj":"9640189"},{"id":"20040958-8489450-47224465","span":{"begin":371,"end":373},"obj":"8489450"},{"id":"20040958-12028187-47224466","span":{"begin":483,"end":485},"obj":"12028187"},{"id":"20040958-15663346-47224467","span":{"begin":748,"end":750},"obj":"15663346"},{"id":"20040958-8922563-47224468","span":{"begin":881,"end":883},"obj":"8922563"},{"id":"20040958-8628544-47224469","span":{"begin":1314,"end":1316},"obj":"8628544"},{"id":"20040958-8628543-47224469","span":{"begin":1314,"end":1316},"obj":"8628543"},{"id":"20040958-8694726-47224469","span":{"begin":1314,"end":1316},"obj":"8694726"},{"id":"20040958-10937568-47224470","span":{"begin":1421,"end":1423},"obj":"10937568"},{"id":"20040958-11813932-47224471","span":{"begin":1792,"end":1794},"obj":"11813932"},{"id":"20040958-12719078-47224472","span":{"begin":2040,"end":2042},"obj":"12719078"},{"id":"20040958-11711838-47224473","span":{"begin":2218,"end":2220},"obj":"11711838"},{"id":"20040958-9154289-47224474","span":{"begin":2578,"end":2580},"obj":"9154289"},{"id":"20040958-9323945-47224475","span":{"begin":2735,"end":2737},"obj":"9323945"},{"id":"T43614","span":{"begin":371,"end":373},"obj":"7880782"},{"id":"T46192","span":{"begin":371,"end":373},"obj":"9154283"},{"id":"T4381","span":{"begin":371,"end":373},"obj":"7819171"},{"id":"T68674","span":{"begin":371,"end":373},"obj":"9307648"},{"id":"T8265","span":{"begin":371,"end":373},"obj":"9640189"},{"id":"T36607","span":{"begin":371,"end":373},"obj":"8489450"},{"id":"T47593","span":{"begin":483,"end":485},"obj":"12028187"},{"id":"T74814","span":{"begin":748,"end":750},"obj":"15663346"},{"id":"T32471","span":{"begin":881,"end":883},"obj":"8922563"},{"id":"T75045","span":{"begin":1314,"end":1316},"obj":"8628544"},{"id":"T31212","span":{"begin":1314,"end":1316},"obj":"8628543"},{"id":"T29312","span":{"begin":1314,"end":1316},"obj":"8694726"},{"id":"T9128","span":{"begin":1421,"end":1423},"obj":"10937568"},{"id":"T88157","span":{"begin":1792,"end":1794},"obj":"11813932"},{"id":"T17629","span":{"begin":2040,"end":2042},"obj":"12719078"},{"id":"T88809","span":{"begin":2218,"end":2220},"obj":"11711838"},{"id":"T94457","span":{"begin":2578,"end":2580},"obj":"9154289"},{"id":"T67265","span":{"begin":2735,"end":2737},"obj":"9323945"}],"text":"Latanoprost\nLatanoprost, an ester prodrug analogue of a prostaglandin F2a (13,14-dihydro-17-phenyl-18,19,20-trinor-PGF2a isopropyl ester) analogue, is a selective prostanoid FP receptor agonist. Several clinical trials have demonstrated that it can be combined with timolol, acetazolamide, epinephrine, and pilocarpine, probably due to its unique IOP-reducing mechanism.[45–50]\nLatanoprost reduces IOP by increasing the aqueous outflow from the eye, through the uveoscleral pathway.[51] How this occurs is not known, but it is thought that they bind to the receptors of the ciliary body and upregulate metalloproteinases. These enzymes remodel the extracellular matrix and make the area more permeable to aqueous humor, thereby increasing outflow.[52] A single drop of latanoprost 0.005% solution (about 1.5µg) once daily has been established as the most effective dosage regimen.[53]\nSince its introduction in 1996 in the US, latanoprost has become the most popular drug for the treatment of glaucoma around the world. Latanoprost has been compared with timolol in several multicentric clinical trials. Once-daily latanoprost was found to be more effective in lowering IOP than twice daily timolol. The mean IOP reduction was 6.7± 3.4 mmHg for latanoprost and 4.9±2.9 mmHg for timolol, after 6 months' treatment.[54–56]\nLatanoprost was found to be effective in reducing IOP during the evening as well as during the day.[57] A long-term study of five years with latanoprost has shown no loss in efficacy in treating glaucoma patients, for this study latanoprost was declared as the only PGA to have received a formal first-line usage approval from the US-FDA. In some studies, latanoprost was found to be equally significantly more effective in reducing IOP than dorzolamide and brimonidine.[58] In a comparative study between three PGAs latanoprost, bimatoprost, and travaprost, it was found that all the three drugs were comparable in their ability to reduce IOP in OAG and OH patients. Latanoprost exhibited greater ocular tolerability.[59] Latanoprost is available in 0.005% solution, administered in the evening and requiring refrigeration for long-term storage as well as protection from sunlight and stability.[60]\nConjunctival hyperemia occurs within the first two days after instillation of latanoprost treatment, which diminishes with time (after two to four weeks). Increased iris pigmentation has been reported in 5 to 25% of glaucoma patients treated with latanoprost. Irideal darkening may be a result of a prostaglandin-stimulated increase in melanin production.[61] Several effects on eyelid and lashes were seen, following treatment with latanoprost, including an increase in the length, number, colour and thickness.[62]\nPrevious surgery or a history of intraocular inflammation may predispose some glaucoma patients treated with latanoprost to cystoid macular oedema or uveitis. Systemic adverse effects are relatively not seen because the drug and its metabolites have rapid elimination half-life.\n[Figure 6]: Chemical structures of prostaglandin F2a and commercially available drugs belonging to prostaglandin analogues"}