PMC:2700745 / 9817-11203 JSONTXT

{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"19176218-18420248-100518318","span":{"begin":218,"end":222},"obj":"18420248"},{"id":"19176218-18420248-100518318","span":{"begin":218,"end":222},"obj":"18420248"},{"id":"19176218-18420248-100518319","span":{"begin":758,"end":762},"obj":"18420248"},{"id":"19176218-18420248-100518319","span":{"begin":758,"end":762},"obj":"18420248"},{"id":"19176218-15474733-3579170","span":{"begin":1269,"end":1273},"obj":"15474733"},{"id":"19176218-15474733-3579170","span":{"begin":1269,"end":1273},"obj":"15474733"},{"id":"19176218-18420248-3579168","span":{"begin":218,"end":222},"obj":"18420248"},{"id":"19176218-18420248-3579168","span":{"begin":218,"end":222},"obj":"18420248"},{"id":"19176218-18420248-3579169","span":{"begin":758,"end":762},"obj":"18420248"},{"id":"19176218-18420248-3579169","span":{"begin":758,"end":762},"obj":"18420248"},{"id":"T43558","span":{"begin":1269,"end":1273},"obj":"15474733"},{"id":"T33621","span":{"begin":1269,"end":1273},"obj":"15474733"}],"text":"2.1.2 Ferrets\nLess virulent strains of influenza virus cause mild influenza-like symptoms in ferrets that rarely end in death. For example ferrets infected with A/Aichi/2/68 (H3N2) did not lose weight (Svitek et al., 2008). Only mild respiratory disease occurred in Aichi-infected animals with occasional sneezing and little serous nose exudate expressed. Virus infection elicits a rapid and strong upregulation of IFN-α, IFN-γ, and TNF-α, while more virulent strains induced significantly lower levels of IFN-α during the first 2 days after infection. During the first 4 days after infection, only IL-8 was detected in samples from animals inoculated with A/Aichi/2/68, whereas IL-6 expression was associated with the more virulent viruses (Svitek et al., 2008).\nThe utility of a ferret model in which a benign infection was induced is illustrated by the results from the following vaccine study. Ferrets immunized with virosome-based intranasal influenza vaccine consisting of hemagglutinins from influenza A/Beijing/262/95like (H1N1), A/Sydney/5/97 (H3N2), and influenza B/Harbin/7/94 and then challenged with the A/Sydney/5/97 (H3N2) strain had less viral shedding in nasal secretions and the vaccine elicited a vaccine-specific antibody response (Lambkin et al., 2004). In addition, the vaccine regimen protected against fever, weight loss, and infiltration of inflammatory cells."}