PMC:2700745 / 23201-24909
Annnotations
{"target":"http://pubannotation.org/docs/sourcedb/PMC/sourceid/2700745","sourcedb":"PMC","sourceid":"2700745","source_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/2700745","text":"2.2.3 Cotton rats\nCotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) have several advantages over mice and ferrets as a model for human influenza, including the availability of reagents to study immunological responses. When compared to mice of any strain, cotton rats appear to have all the innate and adaptive immune responses seen in humans, such as Mx gene-mediated responses. Viruses isolated from humans do not have to be adapted to cotton rats to cause disease (Eichelberger, 2007). The disadvantages of the cotton rat are primarily animal availability and the aggressiveness of species, regardless of gender.\nThe influenza A cotton rat model is a nasal and pulmonary infection in adult inbred cotton rats. Animals infected intranasally with doses of a recent H3N2 influenza strain had increased breathing rates accompanied by weight loss and decreased temperature (Ottolini et al., 2005). Virus replication peaked within 24 h in the lung, with peak titers proportional to the infecting dose. Although virus was cleared from the lung by day 3, replication persisted in nasal tissues for 6 days. Pulmonary pathology included early bronchiolar epithelial cell damage, followed by extensive alveolar and interstitial pneumonia detectable in animals for up to about three weeks. Cytokine levels were typical of an inflammatory response to a lung infection; their upregulation appeared to coincide with increased virus replication. Since this model has not been gained wide acceptance due to the limitations described above, there are a paucity of papers using cotton rats to vaccine efficacy (Straight et al., 2008) and antiviral efficacy (Eichelberger et al., 2004, Stertz et al., 2007) against influenza virus infections.","divisions":[{"label":"label","span":{"begin":0,"end":5}},{"label":"title","span":{"begin":7,"end":18}},{"label":"p","span":{"begin":19,"end":598}}],"tracks":[{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"19176218-17603841-3579215","span":{"begin":465,"end":469},"obj":"17603841"},{"id":"19176218-17603841-3579215","span":{"begin":465,"end":469},"obj":"17603841"},{"id":"19176218-16186238-100518348","span":{"begin":872,"end":876},"obj":"16186238"},{"id":"19176218-16186238-100518348","span":{"begin":872,"end":876},"obj":"16186238"},{"id":"19176218-18355405-100518349","span":{"begin":1595,"end":1599},"obj":"18355405"},{"id":"19176218-18355405-100518349","span":{"begin":1595,"end":1599},"obj":"18355405"},{"id":"19176218-15110527-100518350","span":{"begin":1646,"end":1650},"obj":"15110527"},{"id":"19176218-15110527-100518350","span":{"begin":1646,"end":1650},"obj":"15110527"},{"id":"19176218-17970694-100518351","span":{"begin":1667,"end":1671},"obj":"17970694"},{"id":"19176218-17970694-100518351","span":{"begin":1667,"end":1671},"obj":"17970694"},{"id":"T46915","span":{"begin":465,"end":469},"obj":"17603841"},{"id":"T43410","span":{"begin":465,"end":469},"obj":"17603841"},{"id":"19176218-16186238-3579216","span":{"begin":872,"end":876},"obj":"16186238"},{"id":"19176218-16186238-3579216","span":{"begin":872,"end":876},"obj":"16186238"},{"id":"19176218-18355405-3579217","span":{"begin":1595,"end":1599},"obj":"18355405"},{"id":"19176218-18355405-3579217","span":{"begin":1595,"end":1599},"obj":"18355405"},{"id":"19176218-15110527-3579218","span":{"begin":1646,"end":1650},"obj":"15110527"},{"id":"19176218-15110527-3579218","span":{"begin":1646,"end":1650},"obj":"15110527"},{"id":"19176218-17970694-3579219","span":{"begin":1667,"end":1671},"obj":"17970694"},{"id":"19176218-17970694-3579219","span":{"begin":1667,"end":1671},"obj":"17970694"}],"attributes":[{"subj":"19176218-17603841-3579215","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"19176218-17603841-3579215","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"19176218-16186238-100518348","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"19176218-16186238-100518348","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"19176218-18355405-100518349","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"19176218-18355405-100518349","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"19176218-15110527-100518350","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"19176218-15110527-100518350","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"19176218-17970694-100518351","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"19176218-17970694-100518351","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"T46915","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"T43410","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"19176218-16186238-3579216","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"19176218-16186238-3579216","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"19176218-18355405-3579217","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"19176218-18355405-3579217","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"19176218-15110527-3579218","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"19176218-15110527-3579218","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"19176218-17970694-3579219","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"19176218-17970694-3579219","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"}]}],"config":{"attribute types":[{"pred":"source","value type":"selection","values":[{"id":"2_test","color":"#d9ec93","default":true}]}]}}