PMC:2195774 / 7499-22710 JSONTXT

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Two possibilities come to mind. Either binding of unfolded protein substrates is not critical for Hsp40 function in the cytosol, or there is significant functional overlap between Sis1 and Ydj1, and either protein can carry out this function.\nTo test these ideas, we created a strain that contains chromosomal disruptions of both YDJ1 and SIS1. Using combinations of plasmids expressing mutant and wild-type YDJ1 and SIS1 genes, we tested the importance of the COOH-terminal regions of these Hsp40s while maintaining the J plus G/F regions required for interaction with Hsp70. We constructed an sis1 ydj1 strain that carries a wild-type copy of SIS1 on a plasmid harboring URA3 to allow viability. To test for the ability of introduced genes to allow cell growth, transformants were spotted onto plates containing 5-fluoroorotic acid (5-FOA) to select for cells having lost the URA3-based plasmid containing SIS1. As expected from previous results (Yan and Craig 1999), a strain carrying a combination of wild-type YDJ1 and sis1-121, encoding the J plus G/F regions, was viable (Fig. 1 B). Similarly, the combination of wild-type SIS1 plus ydj1-134, encoding the J plus G/F plus spacer regions, was viable (Johnson and Craig 2000). However, the combination of sis1-121 plus ydj1-134 did not support viability, even though the regions necessary for Hsp70 interaction were retained. These results indicate that the COOH-terminal substrate-binding region of either Ydj1 or Sis1 is required in vivo, suggesting that Ydj1 and Sis1 may perform overlapping functions in the cell.\n\nLocalization of the Essential Region in the COOH Terminus of Sis1\nSubstrate binding is likely the essential function of the COOH terminus of Sis1, as a proteolytic fragment encompassing a.a. 171–352 is capable of binding denatured substrates in vitro (Lu and Cyr 1998b). Recently, the crystal structure of this fragment revealed three domains (Fig. 2 C). Domains I and II have similar folds. However, domain I contains a prominent hydrophobic depression and thus was proposed to contain the substrate-binding site. In addition, the extreme COOH terminus (a.a. 338–352) is a dimerization domain (Sha et al. 2000).\nTo determine which sequences in the COOH-terminal fragment of Sis1 are essential in the absence of the COOH terminus of Ydj1, SIS1 truncation mutants were transformed into the sis1 ydj1 strain expressing ydj1-134. When transformants were spotted onto plates containing 5-FOA, colonies appeared in strains expressing sis1-206, -253, -262, -297, and wild type (Fig. 2 A). However, when cells picked from these colonies were tested more carefully (Fig. 2 B, upper panel), it became apparent that cells expressing Sis1-206 grew slowly at 30°C, even though this truncation is expressed at wild-type levels (Fig. 2 B, lower panel). Cells expressing Sis1-253, -262, or -297 exhibited wild-type growth rates.\nThese results clearly indicate that domain II (a.a. 260–336) and the dimerization region (a.a. 338–352) of Sis1 are not required for normal growth at 30°C even in the absence of the COOH terminus of Ydj1. However, domain I (a.a. 180–255) is required, as sis1-206 cells grow very slowly, and sis1-171 cells are inviable in this assay. Sha et al. 2000 proposed that, within domain I, residues V184 and L186 from β strand 1, F201, and I203 from β strand 2, and F251 from β strand 5 interact with bound substrate (Fig. 2 C), however, the role of these residues in substrate interaction has not yet been established. Sis1-262 and Sis1-253 contain these residues, whereas Sis1-206 truncates after β strand 2 and thus lacks F251 and β sheets that are probably important in stabilizing the domain. Our results suggest that Sis1-262 contains a functional substrate-binding domain. However, at this time, the only available in vitro assay of Sis1 chaperone function measures the ability to bind and refold denatured luciferase in cooperation with Hsp70 (Sha et al. 2000). Since activity in these in vitro assays is dependent on the presence of the dimerization domain of Sis1, we are unable to monitor the in vitro substrate-binding activity of Sis1-262 in the absence of domain II and the dimerization domain. However, our genetic results demonstrate a critical role of domain I in the absence of the COOH terminus of Ydj1 and are consistent with that role being substrate binding.\n\nLocalization of the Essential Regions in the COOH Terminus of Ydj1\nHaving found the region of Sis1 that is critical in the absence of the COOH terminus of Ydj1, we asked the same question of Ydj1: what portion of Ydj1 is essential in the absence of the COOH terminus of Sis1? The substrate-binding region of Ydj1 has been localized between a.a. 179 and 384 of Ydj1 (Lu and Cyr 1998a), a fragment that contains part of the cysteine-rich region and most of the COOH terminus (Fig. 1 A). The extreme COOH terminus of Ydj1 contains the CAAX box, the site of a farnesylation modification thought to be involved in localization of Ydj1 to membranes (Caplan et al. 1992b). Truncation and point mutants of YDJ1, picked because they disrupt function of these regions, were transformed into the sis1 ydj1 strain that carried wild-type SIS1 on a URA3-based plasmid and also expressed sis1-121. The shortest truncation that allowed growth in the absence of full-length Sis1 was ydj1-274, which contains not only the J plus G/F region, but also the cysteine-rich region and 68 a.a. of the COOH terminus (Fig. 3 A). When retested for growth at 30°C, it was clear that ydj1-274 allowed cells to grow nearly as well as wild-type YDJ1.\nThese results are consistent with substrate binding being a critical role of the region distal to the J plus G/F. Mutant DnaJ proteins having alterations in the cysteine-rich region have shown defects in suppression of aggregation of rhodanese and binding to some, but not all, protein substrates (Banecki et al. 1996; Szabo et al. 1996). Therefore, the cysteine-rich region is implicated in binding of at least some protein substrates. However, a fragment containing only the J plus G/F plus cysteine-rich region of Ydj1 (ydj1-206) did not support viability when sis1-121 was the only copy of SIS1 present. This result suggests that, in addition to the cysteine-rich region, the first 68 a.a. of the COOH terminus are required for the ability to bind substrates in vivo. Thus, our results are in agreement with studies in which a fragment of Ydj1 encompassing a.a. 179–384 bound denatured substrate (Lu and Cyr 1998a).\nOther mutants that could be recovered on 5-FOA did not grow as well as ydj1-274 (Fig. 3 B). Although sequences required for substrate binding or other sequences important in allowing proper transient interactions with substrates have not been clearly established, the amino acid substitution G315D led to in vivo defects in binding of glucocorticoid receptor (Kimura et al. 1995). In vitro, G315D was found to be defective both in suppressing rhodanase aggregation and refolding denatured luciferase (Lu and Cyr 1998a). Consistent with a role in substrate interaction, an amino acid substitution at the same residue, ydj1-G315E, exhibited severe growth defects when sis1-121 was the only SIS1 gene present (Fig. 3 B). Although the most straightforward interpretation of these results is that G315 and surrounding residues are important for substrate binding, it is also possible that, in light of the robust growth of ydj1-274, COOH-terminal sequences can act negatively on more proximal residues, inhibiting their ability to function. Consistent with this idea, the truncation mutant ydj1-363, which results in removal of fewer residues from the COOH terminus than ydj1-274, and ydj1-C406S, which alters the farnesylation signal, grow poorly in the presence of sis1-121 compared with the truncation ydj1-274. The C406S mutation has been shown to result in a decrease in the membrane association of Ydj1 (Caplan et al. 1992b). The associated temperature-sensitive growth defect was attributed to this alteration in cellular localization. However, in other proteins, the farnesylation modification has been shown to not only affect cellular localization but also protein–protein interactions (Sinensky 2000); so it is possible that farnesylation has additional effects on Ydj1 function. Further studies will be required to determine how the farnesylation modification of Ydj1 affects in vivo chaperone activity.\n\nThe COOH Terminus of Sis1 Can Substitute for the COOH Terminus of Ydj1 In Vivo, but Only in Cis\nThe results presented above indicate that substrate binding is critical for Hsp40 function. In the current model of interaction between substrates, Hsp40 and Hsp70, substrate first bind the COOH terminus of Hsp40 and then are targeted to Hsp70 via interaction of the J domain with the ATPase domain of Hsp70 (Langer et al. 1992; Liberek et al. 1995; Laufen et al. 1999). The J domain of both Ydj1 and Sis1 have been shown to be important in vivo, as a single amino acid change in either J domain has severe effects on function. In a ydj1 disruption strain, an F47L alteration of Ydj1 causes both severe growth defects and defects in the maturation of Hsp90 substrates (Johnson and Craig 2000). The H34Q mutation of Sis1 disrupts the HPD motif in the J domain and causes a null phenotype in an sis1 disruption strain (Yan and Craig 1999).\nWe conducted in vivo tests to determine whether a functional J domain and COOH-terminal substrate-binding domain must be part of the same protein (Fig. 4). Growth of an sis1 ydj1 strain expressing sis1-121 and ydj1-134 could not be rescued by either H34Q Sis1 or F47L Ydj1. Nor did the COOH-terminal fragment of Sis1 (a.a. 170–352) expressed in trans with J plus G/F allow viability. These results indicate that the COOH terminus of Sis1 must be present in the context of a wild-type J domain to function, indicating that close cooperation between the two domains is essential for function in vivo. However, in support of the idea that the COOH-terminal regions can substitute for one another, a fusion protein (YYS-262) that joins the G/M region and domain I of Sis1 to the J plus G/F of Ydj1 (Yan and Craig 1999) allows viability (Fig. 4).\n\nYYS Fusion Proteins Partially Rescue Hap1 Defect In Vivo\nSis1 and Ydj1 have important functions in the cell, but few of their specific in vivo roles are known. Little is known about Sis1 function, although it has been reported to be required for the initiation of translation (Zhong and Arndt 1993). Ydj1 cooperates with the Hsp70 Ssa in the translocation of preproteins into the ER and mitochondria (Caplan et al. 1992a; Becker et al. 1996). In addition, Ydj1 has been shown to be required for the in vivo maturation of the heterologous proteins v-src and steroid receptors via the Hsp90 pathway (Kimura et al. 1995; Fliss et al. 1999; Johnson and Craig 2000), but native substrates have been elusive. However, recent evidence suggests that the transcription factor Hap1, which regulates the expression of CYC1 and other genes encoding respiratory functions in a heme-dependent manner (Zitomer and Lowry 1992), is such a substrate. When heme levels are low, Ydj1 and the yeast Hsp90, Hsp82, bind Hap1, and Hap1 activity is low. When heme levels increase, Ydj1 and Hsp82 dissociate from Hap1, and its transcriptional activity increases. Hsp82 is believed to play a role in the activation of Hap1, as decreased levels of Hsp82 led to a large decrease in the overall activity of a Hap1 reporter gene construct without affecting Hap1 levels (Zhang et al. 1998).\nTo determine whether Ydj1 also plays a role in the activation of Hap1, we examined Hap1 activity in ydj1 mutant strains containing a hem1 mutation, which allowed manipulation of heme levels. Varying amounts of the heme precursor, ALA, were added to the media to maintain high or low levels of heme. Hap1 activity was monitored by measuring transcription from the UAS1 of the CYC1 promoter linked to the lacZ gene (Guarente et al. 1984). In low levels of ALA (4 μg/ml), strains expressing mutant or wild-type YDJ1 had similarly low levels of β-galactosidase activity, 1–4 U (data not shown). In the presence of high concentrations of ALA (250 μg/ml), cells expressing wild-type YDJ1 had dramatically higher activity, 343 U. In contrast, cells expressing the J plus G/F region of Ydj1 (ydj1-104) had only 30 U of activity (Fig. 5 A), indicating that deletion of the substrate-binding region of Ydj1 causes an activation defect of Hap1, resulting in \u003e10% of the activity observed in wild-type cells.\nSince the substrate-binding region of Ydj1 is required for activity of Hap1, we were able to directly test whether the substrate-binding region of Sis1 is able to replace Ydj1 in this function. For this, we used fusion proteins that join the J plus G/F of Ydj1 to the G/M region and domain I of Sis1 (Fig. 5 A). In the absence of ydj1, expression of SIS1 from a high copy plasmid restored wild-type levels of Hap1 activity. In addition, expression of YYS-262 partially restored Hap1 activity (180 β-galactosidase U), whereas cells expressing YYS-206 exhibited the same level of Hap1 activity as ydj1-104. Thus, YYS-262 is able to substantially rescue a specific defect, that is loss of Hap1 activity that arises in the absence of the substrate-binding region of Ydj1.\nTo determine if YYS-262 could more generally carry out Ydj1 functions, we tested its effect on growth of a ydj1 strain at 30°C and 34°C. As previously reported, the ydj1-104 construct partially rescues growth at 30°C but exhibits a severe temperature-sensitive phenotype (Johnson and Craig 2000). YYS-262 allowed near wild-type levels of growth at 30°C and 34°C (Fig. 5 A), but not 37°C (data not shown). YYS-206 could not support growth at 34°C, supporting evidence from Fig. 2 that this truncation of domain I is not fully functional. Thus, in addition to rescuing the Hap1 defect, domain I of the Sis1 COOH terminus can rescue the growth defect that arises in the absence of the substrate-binding region of Ydj1.\n\nSummary\nThe COOH termini of Sis1 and Ydj1 share overlapping essential roles. In addition, the J domain of Ydj1 may substitute for the J domain of Sis1 (Yan and Craig 1999). In contrast, the essential function of the G/F region of Sis1 cannot be replaced by the G/F region of Ydj1 (Yan and Craig 1999), indicating a unique role of the Sis1 G/F region. Although the substrate binding domains of Sis1 and Ydj1 can substitute for one another under some conditions, they share only 29% sequence identity, compared with 66% sequence identity between the J domains. This difference likely results in some differences in substrate specificity, which may be responsible for the temperature-sensitive phenotype observed in the absence of the substrate-binding region of either Ydj1 or Sis1. Further studies will be needed to understand the specificity of Hsp40 interactions with Hsp70. "}