PMC:17824 / 4585-5541 JSONTXT

{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"11178126-8610135-4389664","span":{"begin":403,"end":404},"obj":"8610135"},{"id":"11178126-9645386-4389665","span":{"begin":405,"end":406},"obj":"9645386"},{"id":"11178126-9247576-4389666","span":{"begin":407,"end":408},"obj":"9247576"},{"id":"11178126-8610135-4389667","span":{"begin":485,"end":486},"obj":"8610135"},{"id":"11178126-1376349-4389668","span":{"begin":487,"end":488},"obj":"1376349"},{"id":"11178126-8757300-4389669","span":{"begin":489,"end":490},"obj":"8757300"},{"id":"11178126-2423876-4389670","span":{"begin":649,"end":650},"obj":"2423876"},{"id":"11178126-2352943-4389671","span":{"begin":651,"end":652},"obj":"2352943"},{"id":"11178126-2423876-4389672","span":{"begin":827,"end":828},"obj":"2423876"},{"id":"11178126-2352943-4389673","span":{"begin":829,"end":830},"obj":"2352943"},{"id":"11178126-7700380-4389674","span":{"begin":951,"end":952},"obj":"7700380"},{"id":"11178126-8885863-4389675","span":{"begin":953,"end":954},"obj":"8885863"}],"text":"Several reports on the immunostimulatory properties of bacterial DNA have recently been published. Bacterial DNA directly activates B cells, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells in vitro to upregulate their expression of costimulatory molecules that drive immune responses and secrete a variety of cytokines, including high levels of interleukin (IL)-12, IL-1, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α [1,2,3]. Bacterial DNA indirectly activates natural killer (NK) cells and T cells [1,4,5], whereas vertebrate DNA lacks immunostimulatory effects. Unmethylated CpG motifs are common in bacterial DNA and considerably less common in vertebrate DNA [6,7]. In addition, whereas CpG motifs in bacterial DNA are unmethylated, the great majority of C and G nucleotides are methylated in all eukaryotic organisms, including mammals [6,7]. Unmethylated CpG oligodinucleotides (CpG ODNs) are responsible for the immunostimulatory properties of bacterial DNA [8,9]."}

{"project":"Colil","denotations":[{"id":"T5","span":{"begin":405,"end":406},"obj":"9645386"},{"id":"T6","span":{"begin":407,"end":408},"obj":"9247576"},{"id":"T8","span":{"begin":649,"end":650},"obj":"2423876"},{"id":"T9","span":{"begin":651,"end":652},"obj":"2352943"},{"id":"T10","span":{"begin":485,"end":486},"obj":"8610135"},{"id":"T11","span":{"begin":487,"end":488},"obj":"1376349"},{"id":"T12","span":{"begin":489,"end":490},"obj":"8757300"},{"id":"T15","span":{"begin":951,"end":952},"obj":"7700380"},{"id":"T16","span":{"begin":953,"end":954},"obj":"8885863"},{"id":"T17","span":{"begin":403,"end":404},"obj":"8610135"},{"id":"T18","span":{"begin":827,"end":828},"obj":"2423876"},{"id":"T19","span":{"begin":829,"end":830},"obj":"2352943"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"_base","uri":"http://pubannotation.org/docs/sourcedb/PubMed/sourceid/"}],"text":"Several reports on the immunostimulatory properties of bacterial DNA have recently been published. Bacterial DNA directly activates B cells, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells in vitro to upregulate their expression of costimulatory molecules that drive immune responses and secrete a variety of cytokines, including high levels of interleukin (IL)-12, IL-1, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α [1,2,3]. Bacterial DNA indirectly activates natural killer (NK) cells and T cells [1,4,5], whereas vertebrate DNA lacks immunostimulatory effects. Unmethylated CpG motifs are common in bacterial DNA and considerably less common in vertebrate DNA [6,7]. In addition, whereas CpG motifs in bacterial DNA are unmethylated, the great majority of C and G nucleotides are methylated in all eukaryotic organisms, including mammals [6,7]. Unmethylated CpG oligodinucleotides (CpG ODNs) are responsible for the immunostimulatory properties of bacterial DNA [8,9]."}