PMC:1559680 / 6936-12886 JSONTXT

{"target":"https://pubannotation.org/docs/sourcedb/PMC/sourceid/1559680","sourcedb":"PMC","sourceid":"1559680","source_url":"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/1559680","text":"Data collection\nData collection in Trinidad took place in 2000, with further work conducted in 2003. Data collection in BC was carried out in 2003. The respondents were ethnically and demographically varied. A selection of both sets of ethnoveterinary remedies is evaluated in the discussion section of the paper using a non-experimental validation method. The Trinidad component of this study was derived from a larger research project on ethnoveterinary medicines used in Trinidad and Tobago [4]. This previous study revealed that the main outcome or synergy in folk medicine is that all the knowledge is available to all ethnic groups in a kind of 'melting pot' and that there are no rigid barriers preventing the spread of knowledge between the various ethnic groups. In order to gain access to the study population the authors worked through previously known individuals and from previously existing social networks in building a snowball sample and hence a network of interviewees [8]. The first contact relating to this study was a race-horse owner (#8 top earner for the period 1994 to 2000); she drove the first author to the initial visit to the racetrack and to the broodmare farm where her horses were kept. She also introduced the author to several of the trainers. When respondents in the horse racing industry were contacted subsequently it was discovered that they already knew about the research from the initial contact.\nInterviews in Trinidad took place from July to September 2000 (CL) and in 2003 (KG). The interviews conducted in Trinidad in 2003 reassessed the initial data (a form of triangulation). The research was facilitated by community-based contacts and occupationally based contacts obtained from newspapers. This networking approach was necessary because there is no sampling frame of persons involved in ethnoveterinary medicine in Trinidad. It produced the desired purposive sample of key respondents.\nFour visits were made to the sole racetrack; one of these was on a race day. One visit each was made to three of the six brood mare farms in Trinidad, located in North, East and Central Trinidad. At the racetrack, ten trainers and two assistant trainers were interviewed and one retired trainer was interviewed by phone (this sample is one-tenth of all trainers in Trinidad). The sample frame for choosing the trainers was obtained from the sports pages of the three daily newspapers and from the statistics kept at the University of the West Indies library. All of the interviews were unstructured and open-ended. One of the trainers was also a practising veterinarian. Seven of the ten trainers are recorded in the statistics kept on the \"top 25\" winners (1994–2000) (#3, #4, #6, #7, #9, #14, #18).\nOf all of the trainers interviewed two used no ethnoveterinary medicines, 25% were active users while others reported past use in the 1970s or what they had observed others using. Four grooms were interviewed; they were current users of ethnoveterinary medicines. Six owners/breeders or their representatives were interviewed in 2000, two of them by phone. Four were ranked among the \"top 25\" in winnings (1994 – 1998) (#1, #7, #8, #12); only one used ethnoveterinary medicines. Three of the six veterinarians consistently working with horses were interviewed, two reported their knowledge of ethnoveterinary medicines, one was also a trainer as indicated above, the other a former jockey.\nIn 2003, four trainers were interviewed (one by phone). One was selected to confirm the previous data; two were interviewed in 2000, but independently selected in 2003; one was new. Additionally a groom, a stable lad, an assistant trainer, a jockey and a recently graduated veterinarian were interviewed.\nEthnoveterinary data for British Columbia was collected over a six-month period in 2003. All available literature about livestock farmers and the secondary literature on ethnomedicinal plants, folk medicine and related fields in British Columbia was reviewed.\nA purposive sample of livestock farmers was necessary to target key informants with the knowledge sought. The sample size was 60. The sample was obtained from membership lists of organic farmers, horse breeders and trainers, horse stables, other specialists in alternative medicine and holistic veterinarians.\nInterviewees comprised one naturopath, four horse breeders/trainers, two herbalists, one farmer and one headmistress with horses at her school (for girls). All of the respondents used herbal medicines for horses. Two visits were made to each farm or respondent, and to the Hastings racecourse in Vancouver. All of the interviews at the initial stage were open-ended and unstructured. A draft outline of the respondents' ethnoveterinary remedies was delivered and discussed at the second visit in order to confirm the information provided at the first interview. Medicinal plant voucher specimens were collected where possible and were identified and deposited in the University of Victoria herbarium (V).\nThe plant-based remedies were evaluated for safety and efficacy with a non-experimental method, prior to including them in the draft outline. Published sources such as journal articles and books and databases on pharmacology and ethnomedicine available on the Internet were searched to identify the plants' chemical compounds and clinically tested physiological effects. This data was incorporated with data on the reported folk uses, and their preparation and administration in North America and Europe. For each species or genus the ethnomedicinal uses in other countries are given; followed by a summary of chemical constituents, in addition to active compounds if known. This type of ethnopharmacological review and evaluation is based on previous work and the use of these methods in a previous research study has been published [4,9-11]. The non-experimental validation of the plants is presented in the discussion section of the paper.","divisions":[{"label":"Title","span":{"begin":0,"end":15}}],"tracks":[{"project":"NEUROSES","denotations":[{"id":"T33","span":{"begin":77,"end":81},"obj":"PATO_0001026"},{"id":"T34","span":{"begin":569,"end":577},"obj":"CHEBI_23888"},{"id":"T35","span":{"begin":1079,"end":1085},"obj":"PATO_0001309"},{"id":"T36","span":{"begin":1854,"end":1862},"obj":"CHEBI_23888"},{"id":"T37","span":{"begin":2523,"end":2535},"obj":"PATO_0001412"},{"id":"T38","span":{"begin":2540,"end":2544},"obj":"PATO_0000610"},{"id":"T39","span":{"begin":2821,"end":2827},"obj":"PATO_0002354"},{"id":"T40","span":{"begin":3641,"end":3644},"obj":"CHEBI_73524"},{"id":"T41","span":{"begin":3806,"end":3812},"obj":"PATO_0001309"},{"id":"T42","span":{"begin":3879,"end":3888},"obj":"PATO_0002532"},{"id":"T43","span":{"begin":3931,"end":3939},"obj":"CHEBI_23888"},{"id":"T44","span":{"begin":4266,"end":4274},"obj":"CHEBI_23888"},{"id":"T45","span":{"begin":4110,"end":4114},"obj":"PATO_0000117"},{"id":"T46","span":{"begin":4658,"end":4662},"obj":"PATO_0000610"},{"id":"T47","span":{"begin":4673,"end":4685},"obj":"PATO_0001412"},{"id":"T48","span":{"begin":5656,"end":5662},"obj":"PATO_0002354"},{"id":"T49","span":{"begin":5760,"end":5764},"obj":"PATO_0001026"}],"attributes":[{"subj":"T33","pred":"source","obj":"NEUROSES"},{"subj":"T34","pred":"source","obj":"NEUROSES"},{"subj":"T35","pred":"source","obj":"NEUROSES"},{"subj":"T36","pred":"source","obj":"NEUROSES"},{"subj":"T37","pred":"source","obj":"NEUROSES"},{"subj":"T38","pred":"source","obj":"NEUROSES"},{"subj":"T39","pred":"source","obj":"NEUROSES"},{"subj":"T40","pred":"source","obj":"NEUROSES"},{"subj":"T41","pred":"source","obj":"NEUROSES"},{"subj":"T42","pred":"source","obj":"NEUROSES"},{"subj":"T43","pred":"source","obj":"NEUROSES"},{"subj":"T44","pred":"source","obj":"NEUROSES"},{"subj":"T45","pred":"source","obj":"NEUROSES"},{"subj":"T46","pred":"source","obj":"NEUROSES"},{"subj":"T47","pred":"source","obj":"NEUROSES"},{"subj":"T48","pred":"source","obj":"NEUROSES"},{"subj":"T49","pred":"source","obj":"NEUROSES"}]},{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"16893454-1501495-59125305","span":{"begin":5845,"end":5846},"obj":"1501495"},{"id":"16893454-10821961-59125305","span":{"begin":5845,"end":5846},"obj":"10821961"}],"attributes":[{"subj":"16893454-1501495-59125305","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"16893454-10821961-59125305","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"}]}],"config":{"attribute types":[{"pred":"source","value type":"selection","values":[{"id":"NEUROSES","color":"#ecc993","default":true},{"id":"2_test","color":"#af93ec"}]}]}}