PMC:1524735 / 15877-17835
Annnotations
{"target":"https://pubannotation.org/docs/sourcedb/PMC/sourceid/1524735","sourcedb":"PMC","sourceid":"1524735","source_url":"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/1524735","text":"Addiction\nA review of 60 studies suggested that the reinforcing or subjective effects of methylphenidate (in 80% of these studies) functions similarly to d-amphetamine or cocaine (i.e., as a reinforcer, in drug discrimination substitution, and subjective effects such as producing a \"high\" or \"rush\"), and that there is definite abuse potential [4]. Tolerance develops and characteristic stimulant withdrawal symptoms have been reported including fatigue or exhaustion, depression, unpleasant and vivid dreams, insomnia or hypersomnia, increased appetite, psychomotor retardation or agitation, or irritability [2,11,26-28]. Similar effects may be expected with all prescription stimulants.\nStimulants tend to increase or augment dopaminergic (reward, anticipation) and serotoninergic (self-administration initiation, maintenance of pleasure) neurotransmission [29]. Methylphenidate appears to work by blocking pre-synaptic dopaminergic transporters [29], and does not appear to affect the serotonergic system [30]. Its effects on dopaminergic transmission are similar to cocaine, and may lead to similar consequences through intranasal administration or injection. For example, in 23 case studies of intravenous methylphenidate use, the pattern of withdrawal and toxicity symptoms were similar to that of cocaine and amphetamine [26,27].\nOral use produces its effect in approximately an hour compared to a couple of minutes for other routes of methylphenidate (or cocaine) administration. Oral intake does not produce nearly as much reinforcing effect and, hence, has much less abuse potential [31], depending on the dose taken. Still, one should not stop using oral methylphenidate abruptly if one has been using it consistently, because it will produce withdrawal symptoms characteristic of other stimulants [2,11,18]. Much more work is needed on the study of how routes of administration may interface with misuse and addiction to prescription stimulants.","divisions":[{"label":"Title","span":{"begin":0,"end":9}}],"tracks":[{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"16764722-11325419-140959292","span":{"begin":346,"end":347},"obj":"11325419"},{"id":"16764722-11981294-140959293","span":{"begin":611,"end":612},"obj":"11981294"},{"id":"16764722-12444349-140959294","span":{"begin":616,"end":618},"obj":"12444349"},{"id":"16764722-1849397-140959294","span":{"begin":616,"end":618},"obj":"1849397"},{"id":"16764722-9766762-140959295","span":{"begin":1010,"end":1012},"obj":"9766762"},{"id":"16764722-12444349-140959296","span":{"begin":1330,"end":1332},"obj":"12444349"},{"id":"16764722-1849397-140959297","span":{"begin":1333,"end":1335},"obj":"1849397"},{"id":"16764722-14594733-140959298","span":{"begin":1595,"end":1597},"obj":"14594733"},{"id":"16764722-11981294-140959299","span":{"begin":1811,"end":1812},"obj":"11981294"}],"attributes":[{"subj":"16764722-11325419-140959292","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"16764722-11981294-140959293","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"16764722-12444349-140959294","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"16764722-1849397-140959294","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"16764722-9766762-140959295","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"16764722-12444349-140959296","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"16764722-1849397-140959297","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"16764722-14594733-140959298","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"16764722-11981294-140959299","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"}]}],"config":{"attribute types":[{"pred":"source","value type":"selection","values":[{"id":"2_test","color":"#9eec93","default":true}]}]}}