PMC:1271393 / 3952-7105 JSONTXT

{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"16252244-11905821-2049574","span":{"begin":225,"end":229},"obj":"11905821"},{"id":"16252244-14612679-2049575","span":{"begin":243,"end":247},"obj":"14612679"},{"id":"16252244-15199963-2049576","span":{"begin":263,"end":267},"obj":"15199963"},{"id":"16252244-15032573-2049577","span":{"begin":288,"end":292},"obj":"15032573"},{"id":"16252244-15476922-2049578","span":{"begin":309,"end":313},"obj":"15476922"},{"id":"16252244-1518869-2049579","span":{"begin":735,"end":739},"obj":"1518869"},{"id":"16252244-15032573-2049581","span":{"begin":767,"end":771},"obj":"15032573"},{"id":"16252244-10975799-2049582","span":{"begin":789,"end":793},"obj":"10975799"},{"id":"16252244-11226297-2049583","span":{"begin":811,"end":815},"obj":"11226297"},{"id":"16252244-12477827-2049584","span":{"begin":976,"end":980},"obj":"12477827"},{"id":"16252244-12653690-2049585","span":{"begin":991,"end":995},"obj":"12653690"},{"id":"16252244-10975799-2049586","span":{"begin":1608,"end":1612},"obj":"10975799"},{"id":"16252244-12515809-2049587","span":{"begin":1614,"end":1618},"obj":"12515809"},{"id":"16252244-15509576-2049588","span":{"begin":1636,"end":1640},"obj":"15509576"},{"id":"16252244-11257134-2049589","span":{"begin":1872,"end":1876},"obj":"11257134"},{"id":"16252244-11745695-2049590","span":{"begin":1894,"end":1898},"obj":"11745695"},{"id":"16252244-11867682-2049591","span":{"begin":1900,"end":1904},"obj":"11867682"},{"id":"16252244-15032573-2049592","span":{"begin":2085,"end":2089},"obj":"15032573"},{"id":"16252244-12515809-2049594","span":{"begin":2419,"end":2423},"obj":"12515809"},{"id":"16252244-12050398-2049595","span":{"begin":2440,"end":2444},"obj":"12050398"},{"id":"16252244-12122001-2049596","span":{"begin":2464,"end":2468},"obj":"12122001"},{"id":"16252244-12433371-2049597","span":{"begin":2484,"end":2488},"obj":"12433371"},{"id":"16252244-12574325-2049598","span":{"begin":2507,"end":2511},"obj":"12574325"},{"id":"16252244-12609975-2049599","span":{"begin":2527,"end":2531},"obj":"12609975"},{"id":"16252244-12515819-2049600","span":{"begin":2549,"end":2553},"obj":"12515819"},{"id":"16252244-12682107-2049601","span":{"begin":2578,"end":2582},"obj":"12682107"},{"id":"16252244-15492123-2049602","span":{"begin":2599,"end":2603},"obj":"15492123"},{"id":"16252244-15479853-2049603","span":{"begin":2618,"end":2622},"obj":"15479853"},{"id":"16252244-11257134-2049604","span":{"begin":2836,"end":2840},"obj":"11257134"},{"id":"16252244-12050398-2049605","span":{"begin":2857,"end":2861},"obj":"12050398"},{"id":"16252244-12676990-2049606","span":{"begin":2878,"end":2882},"obj":"12676990"},{"id":"16252244-15496474-2049607","span":{"begin":2899,"end":2903},"obj":"15496474"},{"id":"16252244-15184372-2049608","span":{"begin":2923,"end":2927},"obj":"15184372"}],"text":"In recent years, the C-type lectin receptors have received much attention in the area of innate immunology, the results of which were novel functional insights into the primary interface between host and pathogens (Medzhitov 2001; Cook et al. 2003; Fujita et al. 2004; Geijtenbeek et al. 2004; McGreal et al. 2004). In this context, two prototypic members of the C-type lectin–receptor family are particularly interesting, since they can act as both cell-adhesion receptors and pathogen-recognition receptors. These lectins include CD209 (DCSIGN: dendritic cell–specific ICAM-3 grabbing nonintegrin [MIM 604672]) and its close relative CD209L (L-SIGN: liver/lymph node–specific ICAM-3 grabbing nonintegrin [MIM 605872]) (Curtis et al. 1992; Geijtenbeek et al. 2000b, 2004; Soilleux et al. 2000; Pohlmann et al. 2001). These lectin-coding genes are located on chromosome 19p13.2-3, within an ∼26-kb segment, and result from a duplication of an ancestral gene (Bashirova et al. 2003; Soilleux 2003). An additional characteristic of both CD209 and CD209L is the presence of a neck region, primarily made up of seven highly conserved 23-aa repeats, that separates the carbohydrate-recognition domain involved in pathogen binding from the transmembrane region. This neck region presents high nucleotide identity between repeats, both within each molecule and between CD209 and CD209L. It has been shown that this region plays a crucial role in the oligomerization and support of the carbohydrate-recognition domain; therefore, it influences the pathogen-binding properties of these two receptors (Soilleux et al. 2000, 2003; Feinberg et al. 2005). In regard to expression profiles, CD209 is expressed primarily on phagocytic cells, such as dendritic cells and macrophages, whereas CD209L expression is restricted to endothelial cells in liver and lymph nodes (Bashirova et al. 2001; Soilleux et al. 2001, 2002). As pathogen-recognition receptors, the two lectins have been shown to recognize a vast range of microbes, some of which are of major public health importance (Geijtenbeek et al. 2004). Indeed, CD209 captures bacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Helicobacter pylori, and certain Klebsiela pneumonia strains; viruses such as HIV-1, Ebola virus, cytomegalovirus, hepatitis C virus, Dengue virus, and SARS-coronavirus; and parasites like Leishmania pifanoi and Schistosoma mansoni (Geijtenbeek et al. 2000a, 2003; Alvarez et al. 2002; Colmenares et al. 2002; Halary et al. 2002; Appelmelk et al. 2003; Lozach et al. 2003; Tailleux et al. 2003; Tassaneetrithep et al. 2003; Bergman et al. 2004; Marzi et al. 2004). With regard to CD209L, studies to date have shown an interaction with a variety of viruses, including HIV, hepatitis C, Ebola, and coronavirus, as well as with the parasite Schistosoma mansoni (Bashirova et al. 2001; Alvarez et al. 2002; Gardner et al. 2003; Jeffers et al. 2004; Van Liempt et al. 2004). In this context, the efficiency of the two lectins in pathogen recognition and subsequent processing may have important consequences for the quality of host immune responses and consequent pathogen control and/or clearance."}