PMC:1140370 / 15159-15808 JSONTXT

{"project":"craft-sa-dev","denotations":[{"id":"T4496","span":{"begin":0,"end":2},"obj":"IN"},{"id":"T4497","span":{"begin":49,"end":53},"obj":"VB"},{"id":"T4498","span":{"begin":3,"end":6},"obj":"NN"},{"id":"T4499","span":{"begin":7,"end":15},"obj":"NN"},{"id":"T4500","span":{"begin":16,"end":22},"obj":"NNS"},{"id":"T4501","span":{"begin":22,"end":24},"obj":","},{"id":"T4502","span":{"begin":24,"end":28},"obj":"NN"},{"id":"T4503","span":{"begin":33,"end":40},"obj":"NN"},{"id":"T4504","span":{"begin":28,"end":29},"obj":"HYPH"},{"id":"T4505","span":{"begin":29,"end":30},"obj":"CD"},{"id":"T4506","span":{"begin":30,"end":31},"obj":"HYPH"},{"id":"T4507","span":{"begin":31,"end":32},"obj":"CD"},{"id":"T4508","span":{"begin":41,"end":44},"obj":"VBD"},{"id":"T4509","span":{"begin":45,"end":48},"obj":"RB"},{"id":"T4510","span":{"begin":54,"end":62},"obj":"NN"},{"id":"T4511","span":{"begin":63,"end":71},"obj":"NN"},{"id":"T4512","span":{"begin":72,"end":74},"obj":"IN"},{"id":"T4513","span":{"begin":75,"end":81},"obj":"CC"},{"id":"T4514","span":{"begin":82,"end":85},"obj":"NN"},{"id":"T4515","span":{"begin":99,"end":108},"obj":"NN"},{"id":"T4516","span":{"begin":85,"end":86},"obj":"HYPH"},{"id":"T4517","span":{"begin":86,"end":88},"obj":"CD"},{"id":"T4518","span":{"begin":89,"end":91},"obj":"CC"},{"id":"T4519","span":{"begin":92,"end":95},"obj":"NN"},{"id":"T4520","span":{"begin":95,"end":96},"obj":"HYPH"},{"id":"T4521","span":{"begin":96,"end":98},"obj":"CD"},{"id":"T4522","span":{"begin":108,"end":109},"obj":"."},{"id":"T4523","span":{"begin":109,"end":226},"obj":"sentence"},{"id":"T4524","span":{"begin":110,"end":113},"obj":"DT"},{"id":"T4525","span":{"begin":114,"end":124},"obj":"NN"},{"id":"T4526","span":{"begin":150,"end":158},"obj":"VBD"},{"id":"T4527","span":{"begin":125,"end":127},"obj":"IN"},{"id":"T4528","span":{"begin":128,"end":140},"obj":"NN"},{"id":"T4529","span":{"begin":141,"end":149},"obj":"RB"},{"id":"T4530","span":{"begin":159,"end":161},"obj":"IN"},{"id":"T4531","span":{"begin":204,"end":213},"obj":"VBD"},{"id":"T4532","span":{"begin":162,"end":165},"obj":"DT"},{"id":"T4533","span":{"begin":166,"end":172},"obj":"NN"},{"id":"T4534","span":{"begin":173,"end":175},"obj":"IN"},{"id":"T4535","span":{"begin":176,"end":179},"obj":"DT"},{"id":"T4536","span":{"begin":196,"end":203},"obj":"NN"},{"id":"T4537","span":{"begin":180,"end":186},"obj":"JJ"},{"id":"T4538","span":{"begin":187,"end":195},"obj":"VBN"},{"id":"T4539","span":{"begin":186,"end":187},"obj":"HYPH"},{"id":"T4540","span":{"begin":214,"end":216},"obj":"IN"},{"id":"T4541","span":{"begin":220,"end":222},"obj":"CD"},{"id":"T4542","span":{"begin":217,"end":219},"obj":"IN"},{"id":"T4543","span":{"begin":223,"end":225},"obj":"NN"},{"id":"T4544","span":{"begin":225,"end":226},"obj":"."},{"id":"T4545","span":{"begin":226,"end":450},"obj":"sentence"},{"id":"T4546","span":{"begin":227,"end":229},"obj":"IN"},{"id":"T4547","span":{"begin":299,"end":307},"obj":"VBN"},{"id":"T4548","span":{"begin":230,"end":233},"obj":"NN"},{"id":"T4549","span":{"begin":234,"end":237},"obj":"NN"},{"id":"T4550","span":{"begin":233,"end":234},"obj":"HYPH"},{"id":"T4551","span":{"begin":238,"end":241},"obj":"CC"},{"id":"T4552","span":{"begin":242,"end":245},"obj":"NN"},{"id":"T4553","span":{"begin":246,"end":249},"obj":"NN"},{"id":"T4554","span":{"begin":245,"end":246},"obj":"HYPH"},{"id":"T4555","span":{"begin":249,"end":251},"obj":","},{"id":"T4556","span":{"begin":251,"end":253},"obj":"IN"},{"id":"T4557","span":{"begin":254,"end":257},"obj":"DT"},{"id":"T4558","span":{"begin":264,"end":268},"obj":"NN"},{"id":"T4559","span":{"begin":258,"end":263},"obj":"JJ"},{"id":"T4560","span":{"begin":268,"end":270},"obj":","},{"id":"T4561","span":{"begin":270,"end":281},"obj":"JJ"},{"id":"T4562","span":{"begin":282,"end":294},"obj":"NN"},{"id":"T4563","span":{"begin":295,"end":298},"obj":"VBD"},{"id":"T4564","span":{"begin":307,"end":309},"obj":","},{"id":"T4565","span":{"begin":309,"end":319},"obj":"VBG"},{"id":"T4566","span":{"begin":320,"end":324},"obj":"IN"},{"id":"T4567","span":{"begin":377,"end":385},"obj":"VBN"},{"id":"T4568","span":{"begin":325,"end":326},"obj":"DT"},{"id":"T4569","span":{"begin":343,"end":350},"obj":"NN"},{"id":"T4570","span":{"begin":327,"end":333},"obj":"JJ"},{"id":"T4571","span":{"begin":334,"end":342},"obj":"VBN"},{"id":"T4572","span":{"begin":333,"end":334},"obj":"HYPH"},{"id":"T4573","span":{"begin":351,"end":353},"obj":"IN"},{"id":"T4574","span":{"begin":354,"end":356},"obj":"RB"},{"id":"T4575","span":{"begin":357,"end":362},"obj":"RBS"},{"id":"T4576","span":{"begin":363,"end":365},"obj":"CD"},{"id":"T4577","span":{"begin":366,"end":368},"obj":"NN"},{"id":"T4578","span":{"begin":369,"end":373},"obj":"JJ"},{"id":"T4579","span":{"begin":374,"end":376},"obj":"VBZ"},{"id":"T4580","span":{"begin":386,"end":389},"obj":"IN"},{"id":"T4581","span":{"begin":390,"end":399},"obj":"JJ"},{"id":"T4582","span":{"begin":409,"end":416},"obj":"NNS"},{"id":"T4583","span":{"begin":400,"end":408},"obj":"NN"},{"id":"T4584","span":{"begin":417,"end":419},"obj":"IN"},{"id":"T4585","span":{"begin":420,"end":426},"obj":"NN"},{"id":"T4586","span":{"begin":427,"end":437},"obj":"NNS"},{"id":"T4587","span":{"begin":438,"end":439},"obj":"-LRB-"},{"id":"T4588","span":{"begin":446,"end":448},"obj":"NN"},{"id":"T4589","span":{"begin":439,"end":445},"obj":"NN"},{"id":"T4590","span":{"begin":448,"end":449},"obj":"-RRB-"},{"id":"T4591","span":{"begin":449,"end":450},"obj":"."},{"id":"T4592","span":{"begin":450,"end":649},"obj":"sentence"},{"id":"T4593","span":{"begin":451,"end":456},"obj":"VBN"},{"id":"T4594","span":{"begin":485,"end":488},"obj":"VBP"},{"id":"T4595","span":{"begin":457,"end":465},"obj":"RB"},{"id":"T4596","span":{"begin":465,"end":467},"obj":","},{"id":"T4597","span":{"begin":467,"end":470},"obj":"DT"},{"id":"T4598","span":{"begin":477,"end":484},"obj":"NNS"},{"id":"T4599","span":{"begin":471,"end":476},"obj":"JJ"},{"id":"T4600","span":{"begin":489,"end":499},"obj":"JJ"},{"id":"T4601","span":{"begin":500,"end":504},"obj":"IN"},{"id":"T4602","span":{"begin":505,"end":508},"obj":"DT"},{"id":"T4603","span":{"begin":509,"end":515},"obj":"NN"},{"id":"T4604","span":{"begin":516,"end":520},"obj":"IN"},{"id":"T4605","span":{"begin":602,"end":609},"obj":"VBZ"},{"id":"T4606","span":{"begin":521,"end":524},"obj":"DT"},{"id":"T4607","span":{"begin":534,"end":541},"obj":"NN"},{"id":"T4608","span":{"begin":525,"end":529},"obj":"NN"},{"id":"T4609","span":{"begin":529,"end":530},"obj":"HYPH"},{"id":"T4610","span":{"begin":530,"end":531},"obj":"CD"},{"id":"T4611","span":{"begin":531,"end":532},"obj":"HYPH"},{"id":"T4612","span":{"begin":532,"end":533},"obj":"CD"},{"id":"T4613","span":{"begin":541,"end":543},"obj":","},{"id":"T4614","span":{"begin":543,"end":549},"obj":"VBN"},{"id":"T4615","span":{"begin":550,"end":554},"obj":"IN"},{"id":"T4616","span":{"begin":555,"end":558},"obj":"NN"},{"id":"T4617","span":{"begin":559,"end":561},"obj":"IN"},{"id":"T4618","span":{"begin":562,"end":563},"obj":"DT"},{"id":"T4619","span":{"begin":581,"end":588},"obj":"NN"},{"id":"T4620","span":{"begin":564,"end":570},"obj":"JJ"},{"id":"T4621","span":{"begin":571,"end":580},"obj":"JJ"},{"id":"T4622","span":{"begin":588,"end":590},"obj":","},{"id":"T4623","span":{"begin":590,"end":601},"obj":"RB"},{"id":"T4624","span":{"begin":610,"end":613},"obj":"DT"},{"id":"T4625","span":{"begin":621,"end":627},"obj":"NN"},{"id":"T4626","span":{"begin":614,"end":620},"obj":"NN"},{"id":"T4627","span":{"begin":628,"end":630},"obj":"IN"},{"id":"T4628","span":{"begin":631,"end":634},"obj":"DT"},{"id":"T4629","span":{"begin":645,"end":648},"obj":"NN"},{"id":"T4630","span":{"begin":635,"end":644},"obj":"NN"},{"id":"T4631","span":{"begin":648,"end":649},"obj":"."}],"relations":[{"id":"R3014","pred":"prep","subj":"T4496","obj":"T4497"},{"id":"R3015","pred":"compound","subj":"T4498","obj":"T4499"},{"id":"R3016","pred":"compound","subj":"T4499","obj":"T4500"},{"id":"R3017","pred":"pobj","subj":"T4500","obj":"T4496"},{"id":"R3018","pred":"punct","subj":"T4501","obj":"T4497"},{"id":"R3019","pred":"nmod","subj":"T4502","obj":"T4503"},{"id":"R3020","pred":"nsubj","subj":"T4503","obj":"T4497"},{"id":"R3021","pred":"punct","subj":"T4504","obj":"T4502"},{"id":"R3022","pred":"nummod","subj":"T4505","obj":"T4502"},{"id":"R3023","pred":"punct","subj":"T4506","obj":"T4502"},{"id":"R3024","pred":"nummod","subj":"T4507","obj":"T4502"},{"id":"R3025","pred":"aux","subj":"T4508","obj":"T4497"},{"id":"R3026","pred":"neg","subj":"T4509","obj":"T4497"},{"id":"R3027","pred":"compound","subj":"T4510","obj":"T4511"},{"id":"R3028","pred":"dobj","subj":"T4511","obj":"T4497"},{"id":"R3029","pred":"prep","subj":"T4512","obj":"T4497"},{"id":"R3030","pred":"preconj","subj":"T4513","obj":"T4514"},{"id":"R3031","pred":"nmod","subj":"T4514","obj":"T4515"},{"id":"R3032","pred":"pobj","subj":"T4515","obj":"T4512"},{"id":"R3033","pred":"punct","subj":"T4516","obj":"T4514"},{"id":"R3034","pred":"nummod","subj":"T4517","obj":"T4514"},{"id":"R3035","pred":"cc","subj":"T4518","obj":"T4514"},{"id":"R3036","pred":"conj","subj":"T4519","obj":"T4514"},{"id":"R3037","pred":"punct","subj":"T4520","obj":"T4519"},{"id":"R3038","pred":"nummod","subj":"T4521","obj":"T4519"},{"id":"R3039","pred":"punct","subj":"T4522","obj":"T4497"},{"id":"R3040","pred":"det","subj":"T4524","obj":"T4525"},{"id":"R3041","pred":"nsubj","subj":"T4525","obj":"T4526"},{"id":"R3042","pred":"prep","subj":"T4527","obj":"T4525"},{"id":"R3043","pred":"pobj","subj":"T4528","obj":"T4527"},{"id":"R3044","pred":"advmod","subj":"T4529","obj":"T4526"},{"id":"R3045","pred":"mark","subj":"T4530","obj":"T4531"},{"id":"R3046","pred":"advcl","subj":"T4531","obj":"T4526"},{"id":"R3047","pred":"det","subj":"T4532","obj":"T4533"},{"id":"R3048","pred":"nsubj","subj":"T4533","obj":"T4531"},{"id":"R3049","pred":"prep","subj":"T4534","obj":"T4533"},{"id":"R3050","pred":"det","subj":"T4535","obj":"T4536"},{"id":"R3051","pred":"pobj","subj":"T4536","obj":"T4534"},{"id":"R3052","pred":"amod","subj":"T4537","obj":"T4538"},{"id":"R3053","pred":"amod","subj":"T4538","obj":"T4536"},{"id":"R3054","pred":"punct","subj":"T4539","obj":"T4538"},{"id":"R3055","pred":"quantmod","subj":"T4540","obj":"T4541"},{"id":"R3056","pred":"nummod","subj":"T4541","obj":"T4543"},{"id":"R3057","pred":"quantmod","subj":"T4542","obj":"T4541"},{"id":"R3058","pred":"npadvmod","subj":"T4543","obj":"T4531"},{"id":"R3059","pred":"punct","subj":"T4544","obj":"T4526"},{"id":"R3060","pred":"prep","subj":"T4546","obj":"T4547"},{"id":"R3061","pred":"compound","subj":"T4548","obj":"T4549"},{"id":"R3062","pred":"pobj","subj":"T4549","obj":"T4546"},{"id":"R3063","pred":"punct","subj":"T4550","obj":"T4549"},{"id":"R3064","pred":"cc","subj":"T4551","obj":"T4549"},{"id":"R3065","pred":"compound","subj":"T4552","obj":"T4553"},{"id":"R3066","pred":"conj","subj":"T4553","obj":"T4549"},{"id":"R3067","pred":"punct","subj":"T4554","obj":"T4553"},{"id":"R3068","pred":"punct","subj":"T4555","obj":"T4547"},{"id":"R3069","pred":"prep","subj":"T4556","obj":"T4547"},{"id":"R3070","pred":"det","subj":"T4557","obj":"T4558"},{"id":"R3071","pred":"pobj","subj":"T4558","obj":"T4556"},{"id":"R3072","pred":"amod","subj":"T4559","obj":"T4558"},{"id":"R3073","pred":"punct","subj":"T4560","obj":"T4547"},{"id":"R3074","pred":"amod","subj":"T4561","obj":"T4562"},{"id":"R3075","pred":"nsubjpass","subj":"T4562","obj":"T4547"},{"id":"R3076","pred":"auxpass","subj":"T4563","obj":"T4547"},{"id":"R3077","pred":"punct","subj":"T4564","obj":"T4547"},{"id":"R3078","pred":"advcl","subj":"T4565","obj":"T4547"},{"id":"R3079","pred":"mark","subj":"T4566","obj":"T4567"},{"id":"R3080","pred":"ccomp","subj":"T4567","obj":"T4565"},{"id":"R3081","pred":"det","subj":"T4568","obj":"T4569"},{"id":"R3082","pred":"nsubjpass","subj":"T4569","obj":"T4567"},{"id":"R3083","pred":"amod","subj":"T4570","obj":"T4571"},{"id":"R3084","pred":"amod","subj":"T4571","obj":"T4569"},{"id":"R3085","pred":"punct","subj":"T4572","obj":"T4571"},{"id":"R3086","pred":"prep","subj":"T4573","obj":"T4569"},{"id":"R3087","pred":"advmod","subj":"T4574","obj":"T4575"},{"id":"R3088","pred":"advmod","subj":"T4575","obj":"T4576"},{"id":"R3089","pred":"nummod","subj":"T4576","obj":"T4577"},{"id":"R3090","pred":"pobj","subj":"T4577","obj":"T4573"},{"id":"R3091","pred":"amod","subj":"T4578","obj":"T4577"},{"id":"R3092","pred":"auxpass","subj":"T4579","obj":"T4567"},{"id":"R3093","pred":"prep","subj":"T4580","obj":"T4567"},{"id":"R3094","pred":"amod","subj":"T4581","obj":"T4582"},{"id":"R3095","pred":"pobj","subj":"T4582","obj":"T4580"},{"id":"R3096","pred":"compound","subj":"T4583","obj":"T4582"},{"id":"R3097","pred":"prep","subj":"T4584","obj":"T4582"},{"id":"R3098","pred":"compound","subj":"T4585","obj":"T4586"},{"id":"R3099","pred":"pobj","subj":"T4586","obj":"T4584"},{"id":"R3100","pred":"punct","subj":"T4587","obj":"T4588"},{"id":"R3101","pred":"parataxis","subj":"T4588","obj":"T4567"},{"id":"R3102","pred":"compound","subj":"T4589","obj":"T4588"},{"id":"R3103","pred":"punct","subj":"T4590","obj":"T4588"},{"id":"R3104","pred":"punct","subj":"T4591","obj":"T4547"},{"id":"R3105","pred":"advcl","subj":"T4593","obj":"T4594"},{"id":"R3106","pred":"advmod","subj":"T4595","obj":"T4593"},{"id":"R3107","pred":"punct","subj":"T4596","obj":"T4594"},{"id":"R3108","pred":"det","subj":"T4597","obj":"T4598"},{"id":"R3109","pred":"nsubj","subj":"T4598","obj":"T4594"},{"id":"R3110","pred":"amod","subj":"T4599","obj":"T4598"},{"id":"R3111","pred":"acomp","subj":"T4600","obj":"T4594"},{"id":"R3112","pred":"prep","subj":"T4601","obj":"T4600"},{"id":"R3113","pred":"det","subj":"T4602","obj":"T4603"},{"id":"R3114","pred":"pobj","subj":"T4603","obj":"T4601"},{"id":"R3115","pred":"mark","subj":"T4604","obj":"T4605"},{"id":"R3116","pred":"acl","subj":"T4605","obj":"T4603"},{"id":"R3117","pred":"det","subj":"T4606","obj":"T4607"},{"id":"R3118","pred":"nsubj","subj":"T4607","obj":"T4605"},{"id":"R3119","pred":"nmod","subj":"T4608","obj":"T4607"},{"id":"R3120","pred":"punct","subj":"T4609","obj":"T4608"},{"id":"R3121","pred":"nummod","subj":"T4610","obj":"T4608"},{"id":"R3122","pred":"punct","subj":"T4611","obj":"T4608"},{"id":"R3123","pred":"nummod","subj":"T4612","obj":"T4608"},{"id":"R3124","pred":"punct","subj":"T4613","obj":"T4607"},{"id":"R3125","pred":"acl","subj":"T4614","obj":"T4607"},{"id":"R3126","pred":"prep","subj":"T4615","obj":"T4614"},{"id":"R3127","pred":"pobj","subj":"T4616","obj":"T4615"},{"id":"R3128","pred":"prep","subj":"T4617","obj":"T4614"},{"id":"R3129","pred":"det","subj":"T4618","obj":"T4619"},{"id":"R3130","pred":"pobj","subj":"T4619","obj":"T4617"},{"id":"R3131","pred":"amod","subj":"T4620","obj":"T4621"},{"id":"R3132","pred":"amod","subj":"T4621","obj":"T4619"},{"id":"R3133","pred":"punct","subj":"T4622","obj":"T4605"},{"id":"R3134","pred":"advmod","subj":"T4623","obj":"T4605"},{"id":"R3135","pred":"det","subj":"T4624","obj":"T4625"},{"id":"R3136","pred":"dobj","subj":"T4625","obj":"T4605"},{"id":"R3137","pred":"compound","subj":"T4626","obj":"T4625"},{"id":"R3138","pred":"prep","subj":"T4627","obj":"T4625"},{"id":"R3139","pred":"det","subj":"T4628","obj":"T4629"},{"id":"R3140","pred":"pobj","subj":"T4629","obj":"T4627"},{"id":"R3141","pred":"compound","subj":"T4630","obj":"T4629"},{"id":"R3142","pred":"punct","subj":"T4631","obj":"T4594"}],"text":"In DNA helicase assays, Mcm4/6/7 complex did not show helicase activity on either Bub-10 or Bub-20 substrate. The efficiency of displacement slightly improved as the length of the single-stranded segment increased up to 30 nt. On Bub-T40 and Bub-T50, on the other hand, significant displacement was observed, indicating that a single-stranded segment of at least 40 nt long is required for efficient helicase actions on bubble substrates (Figure 2B). Taken together, the above results are consistent with the notion that the Mcm4/6/7 complex, loaded onto DNA as a double hexameric complex, efficiently unwinds the duplex region of the substrate DNA."}

{"project":"craft-ca-core-ex-dev","denotations":[{"id":"T4061","span":{"begin":3,"end":6},"obj":"CHEBI_SO_EXT:DNA"},{"id":"T4062","span":{"begin":3,"end":15},"obj":"GO_EXT:0003678"},{"id":"T4063","span":{"begin":24,"end":28},"obj":"PR_EXT:000010246"},{"id":"T4064","span":{"begin":24,"end":40},"obj":"GO:0097373"},{"id":"T4065","span":{"begin":54,"end":62},"obj":"GO_EXT:0004386"},{"id":"T4066","span":{"begin":180,"end":195},"obj":"SO:0000984"},{"id":"T4067","span":{"begin":223,"end":225},"obj":"CHEBI_SO_EXT:nucleotide"},{"id":"T4068","span":{"begin":327,"end":342},"obj":"SO:0000984"},{"id":"T4069","span":{"begin":366,"end":368},"obj":"CHEBI_SO_EXT:nucleotide"},{"id":"T4070","span":{"begin":400,"end":408},"obj":"GO_EXT:0004386"},{"id":"T4071","span":{"begin":525,"end":529},"obj":"PR_EXT:000010246"},{"id":"T4072","span":{"begin":525,"end":541},"obj":"GO:0097373"},{"id":"T4073","span":{"begin":555,"end":558},"obj":"CHEBI_SO_EXT:DNA"},{"id":"T4074","span":{"begin":564,"end":588},"obj":"GO_EXT:double_hexameric_macromolecular_complex"},{"id":"T4075","span":{"begin":614,"end":620},"obj":"SO:0000985"},{"id":"T4076","span":{"begin":645,"end":648},"obj":"CHEBI_SO_EXT:DNA"}],"text":"In DNA helicase assays, Mcm4/6/7 complex did not show helicase activity on either Bub-10 or Bub-20 substrate. The efficiency of displacement slightly improved as the length of the single-stranded segment increased up to 30 nt. On Bub-T40 and Bub-T50, on the other hand, significant displacement was observed, indicating that a single-stranded segment of at least 40 nt long is required for efficient helicase actions on bubble substrates (Figure 2B). Taken together, the above results are consistent with the notion that the Mcm4/6/7 complex, loaded onto DNA as a double hexameric complex, efficiently unwinds the duplex region of the substrate DNA."}

{"project":"craft-ca-core-dev","denotations":[{"id":"T3999","span":{"begin":24,"end":28},"obj":"PR:000010246"},{"id":"T4000","span":{"begin":24,"end":40},"obj":"GO:0097373"},{"id":"T4001","span":{"begin":180,"end":195},"obj":"SO:0000984"},{"id":"T4002","span":{"begin":327,"end":342},"obj":"SO:0000984"},{"id":"T4003","span":{"begin":525,"end":529},"obj":"PR:000010246"},{"id":"T4004","span":{"begin":525,"end":541},"obj":"GO:0097373"},{"id":"T4005","span":{"begin":614,"end":620},"obj":"SO:0000985"}],"text":"In DNA helicase assays, Mcm4/6/7 complex did not show helicase activity on either Bub-10 or Bub-20 substrate. The efficiency of displacement slightly improved as the length of the single-stranded segment increased up to 30 nt. On Bub-T40 and Bub-T50, on the other hand, significant displacement was observed, indicating that a single-stranded segment of at least 40 nt long is required for efficient helicase actions on bubble substrates (Figure 2B). Taken together, the above results are consistent with the notion that the Mcm4/6/7 complex, loaded onto DNA as a double hexameric complex, efficiently unwinds the duplex region of the substrate DNA."}