PMC:101388 / 1828-3076 JSONTXT

{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"11914143-2440339-8786413","span":{"begin":227,"end":228},"obj":"2440339"},{"id":"11914143-9259084-8786414","span":{"begin":412,"end":413},"obj":"9259084"},{"id":"11914143-7306921-8786415","span":{"begin":614,"end":615},"obj":"7306921"},{"id":"11914143-7728097-8786416","span":{"begin":945,"end":946},"obj":"7728097"},{"id":"11914143-9569060-8786417","span":{"begin":1072,"end":1073},"obj":"9569060"},{"id":"11914143-1855845-8786418","span":{"begin":1074,"end":1075},"obj":"1855845"},{"id":"11914143-10797278-8786419","span":{"begin":1113,"end":1114},"obj":"10797278"},{"id":"11914143-1855845-8786420","span":{"begin":1243,"end":1244},"obj":"1855845"},{"id":"11914143-10797278-8786420","span":{"begin":1243,"end":1244},"obj":"10797278"},{"id":"11914143-4653042-8786420","span":{"begin":1243,"end":1244},"obj":"4653042"}],"text":"Bladder cancer (BC) is the 5th and 7th most common malignancy among men and women, respectively, in Europe and the United States, with transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) dominating and accounting for more than 90% of all cases [1]. In the Middle East and African sub-Sahara, BC is the most common malignancy (25% of all cancers in men), with a clear dominance (87%) of the squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) sub-type [2]. In addition to the SCC differentiation and more pronounced male preponderance, a low mean age at diagnosis and rare involvement of the trigonal region characterize BC in Africa and the Middle East [3]. The geographic and clinical differences in BC behavior appear to be due mainly to etiologic differences: Whereas chemicals, including cigarette smoke and occupational exposures, cause TCC of the bladder in industrialized countries, a similarly strong association with urinary bilharziasis exists in Africa and the Middle East [4]. The mechanisms whereby urinary bilharziasis induces BC are not fully understood, but elevated urinary N-nitroso compounds [5,6], elevated levels of B-glucuronidase[7], and chronic mechanical irritation of the urothelium by calcified eggs deposited in the bladder wall have all been implicated [6-8]."}