LitCovid-sentences  

PMC:7211077 / 1501-13436 JSONTXT 12 Projects

Annnotations TAB TSV DIC JSON TextAE-old TextAE

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T19 0-12 Sentence denotes Introduction
T20 13-154 Sentence denotes In December 2019, an outbreak of a novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) emerged in Wuhan, China, and has quickly spread throughout the world.
T21 155-419 Sentence denotes 1 COVID-19 is a highly contagious disease capable of progression to acute respiratory distress syndrome and even death.1 The infectious agent of this disease entity is caused by a novel betacoronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).
T22 420-713 Sentence denotes Coronavirus had been previously reported to be associated with conjunctivitis in humans.2 Additionally, retinal disorders, such as retinal vasculitis,3 4 retinal degeneration5 6 and blood–retinal barrier breakdown,7 had been demonstrated in experimental animal models of coronavirus infection.
T23 714-871 Sentence denotes However, ocular complications of SARS-CoV-2 infection have not been widely reported.8 In addition, viral loads in ocular tissue are still to be investigated.
T24 872-1058 Sentence denotes Here, we report the ocular presentations of a patient with confirmed COVID-19 who developed bilateral redness of the eyes 13 days after the onset of systemic symptoms in Shenzhen, China.
T25 1059-1199 Sentence denotes Our findings will facilitate understanding of ocular features in patients with COVID-19 and the clinical course of ophthalmic complications.
T26 1201-1212 Sentence denotes Case report
T27 1213-1348 Sentence denotes Institutional review board approval was obtained for this study and we strictly followed the Declaration of Helsinki in all procedures.
T28 1349-1409 Sentence denotes Written informed consent was obtained from the case patient.
T29 1410-1572 Sentence denotes On 4 February 2020, a 30-year-old man presented to a local hospital with symptoms of sore throat and diarrhoea that started on 31 January 2020 (day 1 of illness).
T30 1573-1669 Sentence denotes He disclosed a history of close contact with a patient with COVID-19 from 28 to 30 January 2020.
T31 1670-1707 Sentence denotes His medical history was unremarkable.
T32 1708-1744 Sentence denotes His physical examination was normal.
T33 1745-1921 Sentence denotes Given the patient’s contact history, nasopharyngeal swab samples were collected to test for SARS-CoV-2 and chest CT was performed, showing localised emphysema in the left lung.
T34 1922-1972 Sentence denotes The patient was then discharged to home isolation.
T35 1973-2158 Sentence denotes On 5 February 2020 (day 6 of illness), the local hospital confirmed that the patient’s nasopharyngeal swabs tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 in a reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) assay.
T36 2159-2340 Sentence denotes Therefore, he was admitted to an airborne infection isolation ward at the Third People’s Hospital of Shenzhen, the only designated hospital for confirmed COVID-19 cases in Shenzhen.
T37 2341-2435 Sentence denotes On admission, vital signs, except a body temperature of 37.3°C, were within the normal ranges.
T38 2436-2475 Sentence denotes Lung auscultation demonstrated rhonchi.
T39 2476-2572 Sentence denotes For differential diagnosis, other viral respiratory pathogens were tested with negative results.
T40 2573-2739 Sentence denotes Nasopharyngeal swabs were tested again and found positive for SARS-CoV-2 by Shenzhen Centers for Disease Control (CDC) on day 2 of hospitalisation (day 7 of illness).
T41 2740-2786 Sentence denotes Umifenovir was administered three times a day.
T42 2787-2893 Sentence denotes Lopinavir plus ritonavir tablets were administered beginning on day 6 of hospitalisation (illness day 11).
T43 2894-2933 Sentence denotes Other treatment was largely supportive.
T44 2934-3064 Sentence denotes After such treatment, the patient’s vital signs were largely stable, apart from a mild fluctuation in body temperature (figure 1).
T45 3065-3145 Sentence denotes He stated that his symptoms of sore throat and diarrhoea had gradually improved.
T46 3146-3302 Sentence denotes Samples for repeat SARS-CoV-2 testing were obtained on illness days 13, 17 and 19 and included nasopharyngeal swabs, sputum and saliva specimens (figure 2).
T47 3303-3447 Sentence denotes Figure 1 Timeline of systemic and ocular symptoms according to day of illness and day of hospitalisation (28 January 2020 to 18 February 2020).
T48 3448-3489 Sentence denotes COVID-19, 2019 novel coronavirus disease.
T49 3490-3644 Sentence denotes Figure 2 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA detected in different types of clinical samples obtained from the case patient.
T50 3645-3754 Sentence denotes Dynamic alterations of viral loads in nasopharyngeal swabs, sputum, saliva and conjunctival swabs were shown.
T51 3755-3826 Sentence denotes Cycle threshold (Ct) values were inversely proportional to viral loads.
T52 3827-3876 Sentence denotes Negative results are shown with a Ct value of 40.
T53 3877-4027 Sentence denotes On day 8 of hospitalisation (day 13 of illness), the patient reported redness, foreign body sensation and tearing in both eyes without blurred vision.
T54 4028-4071 Sentence denotes He denied touching his eyes with his hands.
T55 4072-4170 Sentence denotes Best-corrected visual acuities were logMAR 0.10 and 0.05 in the right and left eyes, respectively.
T56 4171-4363 Sentence denotes Slit lamp examination identified bilateral moderate conjunctival injection, watery discharge, inferior palpebral conjunctival follicles (figure 3) and tender palpable preauricular lymph nodes.
T57 4364-4427 Sentence denotes No subconjunctival haemorrhage or pseudomembrane were observed.
T58 4428-4501 Sentence denotes No lesions on the corneal or anterior chamber inflammation were detected.
T59 4502-4621 Sentence denotes Fundus examination using Kowa non-mydriatic fundus camera (Kowa Company, Nagoya, Japan) revealed unremarkable findings.
T60 4622-4777 Sentence denotes Macular ultrastructure and thickness measured on optical coherence tomography (Optovue, Fremont, California, USA) were within the normal ranges (figure 4).
T61 4778-4857 Sentence denotes Figure 3 Slit lamp examinations showed evidence of acute viral conjunctivitis.
T62 4858-4987 Sentence denotes The examination on illness day 13 showed moderate conjunctival injection and inferior palpebral conjunctival follicles (A and D).
T63 4988-5156 Sentence denotes Examinations on illness day 17 (B and E) and illness on day 19 (C and F) demonstrated that treatment with ribavirin eye-drops gradually improved the patient’s symptoms.
T64 5157-5398 Sentence denotes Figure 4 Fundus examinations on illness day 13, hospital day 8. (A) The fundus photographs were unremarkable. (B) The ultrastructure of the central macula was normal. (C) The central macular thickness in both eyes were within normal ranges.
T65 5399-5532 Sentence denotes Conjunctival swabs were taken by putting sterile synthetic fibre swabs into the lower fornix of each eye without topical anaesthesia.
T66 5533-5645 Sentence denotes The swabs were then inserted into a viral transport medium and stored at 4°C before being tested for SARS-CoV-2.
T67 5646-5749 Sentence denotes Viral RNA were obtained from the samples with the QIAamp Viral RNA Viral Kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany).
T68 5750-5910 Sentence denotes A commercial kit (GeneoDX, Shanghai, China) specific for SARS-CoV-2 detection and approved by the China Food and Drug Administration was used to perform RT-PCR.
T69 5911-5993 Sentence denotes In general, viral loads are inversely correlated with cycle threshold (Ct) values.
T70 5994-6137 Sentence denotes Ct value of 40 indicates negative results.9 Routine bacterial and fungal cultures were also performed and yielded negative results at 48 hours.
T71 6138-6266 Sentence denotes On day 9 of hospitalisation (day 14 of illness), the conjunctival swab specimens proved to be positive for SARS-CoV-2 (Ct value:
T72 6267-6271 Sentence denotes 31).
T73 6272-6346 Sentence denotes Ribavirin eye-drops were prescribed to be administered four times per day.
T74 6347-6500 Sentence denotes A slit lamp examination was carried out daily by one experienced ophthalmologist, who wore personal protective equipment recommended by the Shenzhen CDC.
T75 6501-6610 Sentence denotes Conjunctival swabs were collected for repeated SARS-CoV-2 detection on illness days 14, 17 and 19 (figure 2).
T76 6611-6763 Sentence denotes On day 10 of hospitalisation (day 15 of illness), the patient reported no tearing in both eyes, and the redness and foreign body sensation were reduced.
T77 6764-6808 Sentence denotes No tender preauricular lymph node was found.
T78 6809-6926 Sentence denotes On day 11 of hospitalisation (day 16 of illness), he felt no discomfort in both eyes, and only mild redness remained.
T79 6927-7036 Sentence denotes On day 14 of hospitalisation (day 19 of illness), the patient declared that all ocular symptoms had resolved.
T80 7037-7191 Sentence denotes A slit lamp examination demonstrated reduction of bilateral conjunctival injection, as well as follicles on the inferior palpebral conjunctiva (figure 3).
T81 7192-7322 Sentence denotes The conjunctival swabs initially collected from this patient on day 13 of his illness were positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA (figure 2).
T82 7323-7475 Sentence denotes A Ct value of 31 indicated moderate quantity of virus in the conjunctival swabs, but was much lower than what was found in the nasopharyngeal (Ct value:
T83 7476-7504 Sentence denotes 23.52) and sputum (Ct value:
T84 7505-7519 Sentence denotes 25) specimens.
T85 7520-7627 Sentence denotes Conjunctival specimens obtained on day 14 were still positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA with the same Ct value 31.
T86 7628-7701 Sentence denotes On day 17 of illness, the conjunctival swabs remained positive (Ct value:
T87 7702-7749 Sentence denotes 37.67) but showed a trend of decreasing levels.
T88 7750-7824 Sentence denotes The conjunctival samples tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 on illness day 19.
T89 7826-7836 Sentence denotes Discussion
T90 7837-7942 Sentence denotes We recorded the ocular complications of a patient with confirmed COVID-19 after 13 days of illness onset.
T91 7943-8029 Sentence denotes The clinical presentation of this case met the criteria of acute viral conjunctivitis.
T92 8030-8099 Sentence denotes It is possible that ribavirin eye-drops helped to treat the symptoms.
T93 8100-8218 Sentence denotes The conjunctival swabs tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA for at least 5 days with the Ct values gradually increasing.
T94 8219-8309 Sentence denotes However, the detection was much lower in conjunctival swabs than in respiratory specimens.
T95 8310-8528 Sentence denotes This case illustrates several aspects of ocular complications of COVID-19, including the full clinical course of ocular manifestations and the dynamic changes of SARS-CoV-2 viral detection in conjunctival swab samples.
T96 8529-8635 Sentence denotes Currently, our understanding of the possible ocular complications of SARS-CoV-2 infection is very limited.
T97 8636-9202 Sentence denotes Guangfa Wang, an expert on COVID-19, reported that he developed red eyes several days before the onset of SARS-CoV-2 infection.10 A retrospective study tested conjunctival samples for SARS-CoV-2 RNA in 30 infected patients, and the conjunctival samples from one patient were positive for the viral RNA on 3 days after onset.11 The fact that our patient developed acute viral conjunctivitis with positive SARS-CoV-2 tests in conjunctival swab samples indicated that SARS-CoV-2 could indeed cause ocular complications but not necessarily in the early stage of illness.
T98 9203-9530 Sentence denotes ACE 2 (ACE2) is a cellular receptor for SARS-CoV-2.12 Given that ACE2 has also been detected in the human retina,13 vascularised retinal pigment epithelium choroid14 and conjunctival epithelia,15 further clinical studies are needed to more fully evaluate the clinical spectrum of ocular diseases caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection.
T99 9531-9646 Sentence denotes SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in conjunctival sac samples obtained from our patient on days 13, 14 and 17 of illness.
T100 9647-10115 Sentence denotes However, a previous report in the scientific literature demonstrated the presence of SARS coronavirus in patients’ tears early in the course of the disease.16 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) RNA was also identified at a high concentration in conjunctival swabs from camels at an early stage of infection.17 Our case indicated that the shedding pattern of SARS-CoV-2 may be different from that of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV in conjunctival specimens.
T101 10116-10204 Sentence denotes Precaution strategies used in SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV may need to be modified accordingly.
T102 10205-10359 Sentence denotes To our knowledge, this was the first report to determine the presence of the viral RNA over time in the conjunctival specimens of a patient with COVID-19.
T103 10360-10437 Sentence denotes Viral RNA was present in our patient’s conjunctival sacs for at least 5 days.
T104 10438-10543 Sentence denotes The viral RNA levels in conjunctival specimens were dramatically lower than those in respiratory samples.
T105 10544-10700 Sentence denotes More viral RNA in conjunctival sacs (inversely related to Ct value)9 was detected 13 days after onset, soon after the symptom onset of acute conjunctivitis.
T106 10701-10820 Sentence denotes Conjunctival specimens obtained on illness days 13, 14, 17 and 19 showed a trend toward decreasing levels of viral RNA.
T107 10821-11005 Sentence denotes The result suggested that viral loads in conjunctival specimens gradually decrease over time with less potential for transmissibility accompanied by improvement of the ocular symptoms.
T108 11006-11134 Sentence denotes We described the clinical features of acute conjunctivitis occurring 13 days after onset in a patient with SARS-CoV-2 infection.
T109 11135-11369 Sentence denotes This case report highlights the necessity to further understand the full spectrum, duration and natural history of ocular complications associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection to inform clinical treatment and affect precaution practices.
T110 11370-11474 Sentence denotes Our case confirmed that SARS-CoV-2 led to ocular complications, but not in the early stage of infection.
T111 11475-11645 Sentence denotes On the one hand, SARS-CoV-2 in conjunctival specimens might represent a source of spread, particularly with higher viral loads at the acute stage of ocular complications.
T112 11646-11778 Sentence denotes On the other hand, the conjunctiva might not serve as an ideal site for sampling for early diagnostic tests of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
T113 11779-11935 Sentence denotes Further study of virus infectivity specifically within ocular tissues would facilitate a better understanding of the pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 in the eyes.