> top > projects > LitCovid-sentences > docs > PMC:7180007 > annotations
LitCovid-sentences  

PMC:7180007 JSONTXT 20 Projects

Annnotations TAB TSV DIC JSON TextAE-old TextAE

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 0-54 Sentence denotes Impact of coronavirus outbreak on psychological health
T2 56-62 Sentence denotes Photo:
T3 63-249 Sentence denotes Chinese patients with COVID-19 are provided with mental health counseling during the COVID-19 epidemic in Wuhan, Hubei, China (from the collection of Suliman Khan, used with permission).
T4 250-404 Sentence denotes The emergence of novel coronavirus called severe respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused a deadly pneumonia outbreak in Wuhan, China [1,2].
T5 405-647 Sentence denotes It is thought to be the continuation of serious epidemics caused by Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Middle East (2009) and Guangdong, China (2002-03), respectively [3-6].
T6 648-791 Sentence denotes The COVID-19 infection, soon after its emergence not only caused a number of deaths in China but rapidly spread to other countries as well [7].
T7 792-970 Sentence denotes The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 and the menace of imminent endemics have brought into forefront the urgent need to prepare for the consequences of associated epidemics and pandemics.
T8 971-1170 Sentence denotes The aftermath of such outbreaks not only harms physical but mental health as well, thus it is necessary to identify mental health abnormalities and to properly utilize effective therapies (Figure 1).
T9 1171-1209 Sentence denotes Figure 1 Psychological interventions.
T10 1210-1332 Sentence denotes Currently, primary importance is given to the physical health that includes therapies and treatment to pneumonic symptoms.
T11 1333-1586 Sentence denotes Hence, ignoring the profound importance of psychological health, ensued by the viral infection, isolation, restricted social activities, troubled sleeping, lockdown and forged news; culminating into stress, anxiety, and episodes of depressive reactions.
T12 1587-1724 Sentence denotes Not only epidemic but also infodemic poses serious problems for public health [8] that may further increase the risk of mental illnesses.
T13 1725-1943 Sentence denotes In this paper, we focus on the risks of psychiatric disorders associated with novel coronavirus outbreak, and its effective communication to build psychological resilience among emergency health workers and the public.
T14 1944-2083 Sentence denotes Then we summarize some facts acquired in SARS and MERS outbreaks to assist the vulnerable populations in coping with psychiatric disorders.
T15 2084-2265 Sentence denotes We further discuss the consequences of being in stress, and interventions and medications for ameliorating stress and related psychiatric conditions to improve psychological health.
T16 2267-2314 Sentence denotes OUTBREAK’S IMPACT ON PEOPLE AND THEIR RESPONSES
T17 2315-2487 Sentence denotes In a broad aspect of viral outbreaks, it is impossible to predict the extent of mortality and morbidity accurately, that will be caused by a newly emerged pathogenic virus.
T18 2488-2756 Sentence denotes Considering the current situation of the world environment, viral outbreaks may affect animals or humans [3,9], without causing extensive fatalities, however, their psychological impacts can be serious such as anxiety, insomnia, panic behavior, fear, and hopelessness.
T19 2757-3010 Sentence denotes In some cases viral outbreaks infect thousands of people, cause hundreds to thousands of fatalities and spread around the globe [1,3,10,11], thereby affecting millions of people to induce anxiety, panic behavior, and other related psychiatric disorders.
T20 3011-3162 Sentence denotes To cope with such outbreaks and epidemics, the health care authorities should have affective plans, which must consider psychological health [3,10,12].
T21 3163-3353 Sentence denotes Unlike the infected individuals, the responses of uninfected individuals are expected to be mild, however, these reactions become worse by rumors spread by media and social networks [13-15].
T22 3354-3640 Sentence denotes In the outbreak caused by 2019-nCoV in Wuhan, China, the reactions of the people could be quite severe as compared to the outbreaks of SARS and MERS [3,11] (and references S1-S3 in the Online Supplementary Document; other supplementary references are indicated by letter S in brackets).
T23 3641-3770 Sentence denotes Interventions by health care authorities have consisted of equivocal recommendations for the prevention of viral infections (S4).
T24 3771-3975 Sentence denotes For instance, some of the infected individuals were advised to stay isolated inside homes rather than hospitals, which may increase the stress burden on family members due to the fear of getting infected.
T25 3976-4143 Sentence denotes The scarcity of preventive measurements such as gloves, masks, and headcovers during the massive lockdown in China may induce further stress in the general population.
T26 4144-4537 Sentence denotes To mitigate the negative outcomes, interventions for the general population must be informed by these recommendations; information about viral outbreak and possible impact, individual risk, outcomes of negative health behaviors, identifying place and time of risk in advance to take specific measurements, public awareness regarding necessary actions to prevent the spread of viral infections.
T27 4538-4643 Sentence denotes Furthermore, people must be provided with follow-up information during and after control of the outbreak.
T28 4645-4681 Sentence denotes IMPACT OF INFODEMIC ON PUBLIC HEALTH
T29 4682-4827 Sentence denotes The term infodemia was coined during the SARS outbreak, however, it is becoming comparatively more serious in the outbreak of COVID-19 infection.
T30 4828-4959 Sentence denotes This term is used to present the epidemic of rapidly spreading misinformation through social media platforms and other outlets [8].
T31 4960-5145 Sentence denotes Winning the race of the sharing novel details for COVID-19 and gaining fame over social media have accelerated the rate of spreading forged news during the current outbreak of COVID-19.
T32 5146-5265 Sentence denotes This situation is leading to cause massive infodemic, which may increase the risk of severe public health consequences.
T33 5266-5476 Sentence denotes Aiming at sharing tailored information with specific target groups using a series of amplifiers, WHO’s risk communication team launched a new information platform known as WHO Information Network for Epidemics.
T34 5477-5624 Sentence denotes This platform actively reported the details related to COVID-19 after COVID-19 was declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern [8].
T35 5625-5718 Sentence denotes However, a large population is either not aware or has no access to the information provided.
T36 5719-5823 Sentence denotes Therefore, people who use social networks excessively are prone to adverse effects related to infodemic.
T37 5824-5925 Sentence denotes The major concerns associated with infodemic can further add to the psychological stress and anxiety.
T38 5926-6245 Sentence denotes To mitigate the risks associated with infodemic the public health community should provide help to social and conventional media to better understand the actual concerns associated with the outbreak and positively portray the efforts from health care services providers, medical associations and scientific communities.
T39 6247-6273 Sentence denotes MEASUREMENTS AND RESPONSES
T40 6275-6325 Sentence denotes Resilience of affected and/or infected individuals
T41 6326-6493 Sentence denotes Psychological resilience is generally defined as “the ability to sustain or recuperate, psychological well-being during or after facing the stressful conditions” (S5).
T42 6494-6740 Sentence denotes In the current scenario of the COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan, China, resilience can be achieved by ending the vulnerability to psychopathology and mental dysfunction when exposed to the viral infection or at-least living in the regions under threat.
T43 6741-6935 Sentence denotes People of Wuhan may experience unusual stress, anxiety, and even serious mental health issues in response to minor stressors that people during normal conditions would cope with readily (S5-S8).
T44 6936-7165 Sentence denotes Resilience is mediated by the presence of distinct molecular adaptations to promote normal behavioral function and the absence of molecular abnormalities that occur in susceptible individuals that impairs the coping ability (S6).
T45 7166-7271 Sentence denotes Thus, prevention from the stress and mental impairment requires building resilience in people as a whole.
T46 7272-7401 Sentence denotes Different strategies including biological, social and psychological mechanisms are associated with increasing resilience (S5-S9).
T47 7402-7636 Sentence denotes While combating the impact of COVID-19 pneumonia (Figure 1), the health care regulatory authorities should communicate the people that the risk of being infected may sustain for a long time, but the government will protect the nation.
T48 7637-7759 Sentence denotes In addition, it should further be communicated that serious measurements will be implemented at hospitals and communities.
T49 7760-7875 Sentence denotes Moreover, people should be given a hope that everything will become normal and controlled with the passage of time.
T50 7876-8061 Sentence denotes The scientists and health care workers should communicate the affected population about their progress regarding developing treatment and prevention strategies and improving facilities.
T51 8063-8093 Sentence denotes Regions under secondary threat
T52 8094-8229 Sentence denotes The regions and areas other than the originating region of COVID-19 infection will be considered as the regions under secondary threat.
T53 8230-8414 Sentence denotes In these regions, the stress and fear of infection along with other above-mentioned factors will likely generate moderate to major behavioral and psychological abnormalities (S10-S12).
T54 8415-8529 Sentence denotes The overall impact of infection on mental health will be associated with the rate of infectiousness and mortality.
T55 8530-8716 Sentence denotes The most common impacts of such an outbreak or epidemic could be anxiety, panic behavior, sleep disturbances, disrupted daily biological rhythms, anger, and disappointment (S10,S13-S15).
T56 8717-8856 Sentence denotes In most cases, infected people make their utmost effort to avoid the spread of the virus in community however, some people don’t cooperate.
T57 8857-8967 Sentence denotes It has been generally observed in several cities of China that foreigners (mostly students) find ways to flee.
T58 8968-9119 Sentence denotes It may be due to the higher stress or fear; however, such actions may cause the viral spread in countries with no facilities for combating coronavirus.
T59 9120-9212 Sentence denotes It will ultimately increase the burden of mental abnormalities in the respective population.
T60 9213-9353 Sentence denotes To avoid the negative outcomes of such practices, the relevant forces should communicate people who can help them identify such individuals.
T61 9354-9439 Sentence denotes It may be possible through facilitating the community by electronic and social media.
T62 9440-9637 Sentence denotes Individuals who have moderate psychological disturbances can be handled by mental health professionals through relaxation and cognitive behavioral techniques, and/or medication if needed (S11,S16).
T63 9638-9790 Sentence denotes Furthermore, people must be educated or made aware of the development of clinical depression, and suicidality related symptoms followed by the outbreak.
T64 9791-9951 Sentence denotes Professional clinical psychologists or psychiatrists should come forward and communicate through media to encourage individuals for life and healthy activities.
T65 9952-10043 Sentence denotes In addition, communities with certain beliefs should be benefited from spiritual education.
T66 10044-10226 Sentence denotes Nevertheless, media can play a critical role by broadcasting instruction regarding relaxation, meditation, and advice to not focus on rumors and forged news from unauthentic sources.
T67 10228-10256 Sentence denotes Regions under primary threat
T68 10257-10365 Sentence denotes The area of novel coronavirus origination (Wuhan) will be considered as the region under the primary threat.
T69 10366-10533 Sentence denotes The outbreak of COVID-19 pneumonia imposed a serious threat to the residents of the city by infecting thousands of people and killing hundreds of them [11] (S2,S4,S7).
T70 10534-10760 Sentence denotes Similar outbreaks were observed in past caused by the coronaviruses namely, SARS-coronavirus and MERS-CoV, however the transmission rate in those cases was significantly lower as compared to 2019-nCoV of Wuhan [3,10,11] (S17).
T71 10761-10897 Sentence denotes MERS negatively impacted mental health up to a higher extent and in some cases, the impacts imposed were long term and severe (S18-S22).
T72 10898-11080 Sentence denotes Comparatively, the COVID-19 may have strong negative effects on health and can cause serious mental problems including acute stress, insomnia, severe anxiety, and chronic depression.
T73 11081-11346 Sentence denotes MERS and SARS induced serious psychological problems majorly in health care workers (S22), however, the COVID-19 infection may cause such abnormalities in the general public as well, because it is more intense in terms of infecting and killing the individuals [11].
T74 11347-11522 Sentence denotes To overcome serious problems in the future, all of the recommendations that we have discussed in the previous section of regions at secondary risks should be implemented here.
T75 11523-11671 Sentence denotes Furthermore, the people should be provided with counseling and guidance at specified public centers, equipped with psychologists, and psychiatrists.
T76 11673-11707 Sentence denotes THERAPEUTIC OR RECOVERY STRATEGIES
T77 11708-11864 Sentence denotes For the first time in the world’s history, a whole city is on medical quarantine, with peak fear and havoc in Wuhan after the COVID-19 outbreak [1,11] (S3).
T78 11865-11988 Sentence denotes In addition to serious mortality, rapid transmission and higher morbidity are increasing hysteria and anxiety among people.
T79 11989-12068 Sentence denotes People in Wuhan are under critical conditions that may increase panic behavior.
T80 12069-12240 Sentence denotes People are scared of being infected by their fellows and even family members, thus, they prefer to remain isolated and locked down, while overusing the electronic devices.
T81 12241-12390 Sentence denotes For foreigners, the conditions are more severe as countries have started evacuating some of the people and leaving others under the burden of stress.
T82 12391-12482 Sentence denotes Thus, a proper system must be developed to educate people through psychological counseling.
T83 12483-12588 Sentence denotes Moreover, they should be provided with pharmacological therapies and psychiatric assistance where needed.
T84 12590-12630 Sentence denotes Psychological counseling based therapies
T85 12631-12823 Sentence denotes The alleviation of acute distress and preventing chronic depression, anxiety and posttraumatic stress among people and health care workers indirectly exposed to the carnage of viral infection.
T86 12824-12974 Sentence denotes Psychological resilience will be important in the population who are likely to develop psychotic or traumatic symptoms irrespective of their severity.
T87 12975-13248 Sentence denotes Furthermore, people with acute stress disorder or depressive disorders will also be dealt with psychological debriefing by administering briefing sessions (S22,S23) in which the participants are asked to describe their feelings and behavioral reactions during the epidemic.
T88 13249-13379 Sentence denotes The instructors provide psychoeducation by teaching that such psychological problems are normal responses to such outbreaks (S23).
T89 13380-13556 Sentence denotes In addition, cognitive behavior therapy may also effective in combating the psychological and psychiatric symptoms followed by the 2019-nCoV outbreak in Wuhan, China (S24,S25).
T90 13557-13636 Sentence denotes Exposure based therapy may also be useful in the scenario of current situation.
T91 13637-13703 Sentence denotes In this therapy exposure to some good memories and events is made.
T92 13704-13961 Sentence denotes Moreover, stress inoculation training for depression, stress, and related disorders, education about these disorders related symptoms and techniques to manage anxiety including relaxation training, guided self-dialogue and cognitive restructuring (S24-S26).
T93 13962-14166 Sentence denotes In addition, cognitive therapy may also be helpful in which the affected person is taught to identify irrational or dysfunctional beliefs about symptoms and to challenge these beliefs logically (S25-S26).
T94 14167-14262 Sentence denotes Interpersonal therapy can also be selected, which focuses on interpersonal relationships (S27).
T95 14264-14289 Sentence denotes Pharmacological therapies
T96 14290-14430 Sentence denotes Pharmacological treatment of depression, anxiety, and related disorders is an alternate or in some cases adjunct to psychological treatment.
T97 14431-14566 Sentence denotes Drugs that influence glutamatergic, adrenergic, serotonergic, endocannabinoid systems and various neuropeptide are generally preferred.
T98 14567-14766 Sentence denotes In such therapies antidepressants are the first-line pharmacological treatment options such as serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).
T99 14767-14881 Sentence denotes These drugs are effective against several types of mental disorders specifically depression and anxiety (S28-S30).
T100 14882-15061 Sentence denotes Agomelatine (a melatonin receptor agonist) and Vilazodone (a serotonin reuptake inhibitor and partial agonist of serotonin receptors) are also recommended in depression (S27,S31).
T101 15062-15174 Sentence denotes Among second-line agents for anxiety and depressive disorders benzodiazepines have been found with good results.
T102 15175-15284 Sentence denotes However, they have some serious adverse effects including dizziness, drowsiness, and increased risk of falls.
T103 15285-15402 Sentence denotes In such cases the alternative drugs (that modulate GABA signaling), including, gabapentin and pregabalin can be used.
T104 15403-15544 Sentence denotes In case of severe anxiety, risperidone or quetiapine (atypical antipsychotics) should be given as an adjunct to SSRIs or SNRIs (S27,S31-S33).
T105 15545-15673 Sentence denotes All these drugs could be effective; however, their use should be only recommended when psychological approaches are not working.
T106 15674-15852 Sentence denotes Nevertheless, the use of both pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy (combined therapy) is more beneficial and effective in the case of chronic anxiety and depressive disorders (S27).
T107 15854-15876 Sentence denotes SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
T108 15877-16161 Sentence denotes In the view of continued viral outbreaks around the world and specifically in China that affects millions of people, it is imperative to evaluate and develop strategies to address psychological health and psychiatric aberrations caused by direct or indirect exposure to the situation.
T109 16162-16413 Sentence denotes These strategies are specific to target the communities or entire populations as well as the individuals with psychiatric symptoms resulting from the actions taken by the government against coronavirus epidemic, viral infection, and fear of infection.
T110 16414-16562 Sentence denotes Generally targeting the entire population or large communities is not beneficial thus targeting individual-based therapies should be given priority.
T111 16563-16710 Sentence denotes Based on its experience at a wide scale in the past, psychological resilience can be an effective strategy during the days of epidemic or outbreak.
T112 16711-16790 Sentence denotes However, cognition-based therapy will be effective after the epidemic is ended.
T113 16791-17007 Sentence denotes Generally, psychological debriefing is recommended for the people who gain stress immediately while brief cognitive-behavior therapy is recommended for people with severe stress symptoms few weeks after the incident.
T114 17008-17209 Sentence denotes This therapeutic strategy should be preferred for the individuals directly exposed to the epidemic and directly faced the preventive measurements imposed by the government, i.e, the residents of Wuhan.
T115 17210-17326 Sentence denotes These individuals are experiencing high levels of stress and are vulnerable to develop serious mental abnormalities.
T116 17327-17422 Sentence denotes Besides these approaches, other psychological treatments should also be evaluated and employed.
T117 17423-17599 Sentence denotes There are possibilities that a large population develops severe psychiatric symptoms by disruption of molecular pathways, thus, the administration of medication is recommended.
T118 17600-17764 Sentence denotes Overall, the individuals who are going through the stress and prone to develop serious symptoms of psychiatric disorders in later stages must be addressed properly.
T119 17765-17906 Sentence denotes In addition to the general population exposed to the viral outbreak, health care workers need serious attention and psychological counseling.
T120 17908-17927 Sentence denotes Additional material
T121 17928-17957 Sentence denotes Online Supplementary Document
T122 17959-17967 Sentence denotes Funding:
T123 17968-18191 Sentence denotes The authors acknowledge the Postdoctoral research grant from The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University (for S.K) and the operating grant support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grants no:
T124 18192-18294 Sentence denotes 81870942, 81471174 and 81520108011), National Key Research and Development Program of China (grant no:
T125 18295-18419 Sentence denotes 2018YFC1312200), and Innovation Scientists and Technicians Troop Constructions Projects of Henan Province of China (for MX).
T126 18420-18537 Sentence denotes Authorship contribution: SK is the leading author who conceptualized and designed the study and wrote the manuscript.
T127 18538-18604 Sentence denotes SK and RS conducted the literature searches and prepared the data.
T128 18605-18695 Sentence denotes SK, RS, HL, AA, MAD, and NB revised and edited the manuscript and MX supervised the study.
T129 18696-18780 Sentence denotes All authors have critically reviewed and approved the final manuscript as submitted.
T130 18781-18801 Sentence denotes Competing interests:
T131 18802-18963 Sentence denotes The authors have completed the ICMJE Unified Competing Interest form (available upon request from the corresponding author) and declare no conflicts of interest.