PubAnnotation

Id	Subject	Object	Predicate	Lexical cue
T1	268-378	Epistemic_statement	denotes	These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.
T2	379-616	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Abstracts accepted for publication only Pathogenesis R2249 Effect of a probiotic dairy product containing Lactobacillus casei Shirota on the gut microbiota in irritable bowel syndrome: a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind study
T3	617-761	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Objectives: It has been hypothesized that disturbances in the intestinal flora could be a factor in the onset and persistence of IBS complaints.
T4	762-882	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The aim of the study was to analyse the effect of Lactobacillus casei Shirota (LcS) on the faecal flora of IBS patients.
T5	3009-3130	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Interestingly, specific findings are likely to be associated with a specific IBS subtype rather than with IBS in general.
T6	4944-5108	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Ozone (O3), known as a cytotoxic gas, has recently been shown to support immune system by activating oxidative mechanisms and increasing pro-inflammatory cytokines.
T7	6145-6275	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Our results conclude that Ozone therapy should be used in addition to antibiotic treatment in serious infections such as myositis.
T8	6276-6543	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Introduction: Mutations in the DNA Mismatch Repair (MMR) genes, mutSL (equivalent to hexAB locus of pneumococci), have been associated with hypermutability phenotypes in various bacterial species and may play a significant role in the antibiotic resistance emergence.
T9	7894-8056	Epistemic_statement	denotes	In addition, a nonsense mutation of the arginine at position 341 led to the inactivation of MutS; this mutation was associated with the hypermutability of Ef1497.
T10	8325-8495	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Hypermutation capability of strains should be detected by the simple agar diffusion method using a fosfomycin disk, prior to a prolonged antibiotic monotherapy treatment.
T11	8496-8634	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Our study gives the first evidence of an association of a MMR gene inactivation with a mutator phenotype in a clinical E. faecalis strain.
T12	8860-8966	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) play an important role as a causative agent of children diarrhea.
T13	9742-9904	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Results: During the study period 28 cases of Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strains was detected and serotype O86 and O127 were appeared as dominant serotypes.
T14	9905-10151	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Twenty two strains (79%) appeared to harbor class 1 integron among which the variable region was defined to be dfrA7, aadA1, dfrA1/aadA1, dfrA12/aadA2 which related to amplicons of approximately 750, 1000, 1700 and 2000 bp in sizes, respectively.
T15	10152-10417	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The presence of class 1 integron in 79% reveals that, this genetic element plays a very important role in the transfer of antibiotic resistance among the strains studied and may transfer resistance to aminoglycosides and trimetoprim to other Gram-negative bacteria.
T16	10418-10729	Epistemic_statement	denotes	D. Plachouras*, I. Galani, Z. Chrysouli, F. Kontopidou, T. Panagea, M. Souli, G. Petrikkos (Haidari, GR) Objectives: Colistin resistance in Salmonella enterica has been associated with mutations in the PmrAB two component regulatory system that controls the composition of the outer membrane lipopolysachharide.
T17	10730-10852	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The mechanism of recently described colistin resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical strains has not been elucidated.
T18	11876-12049	Epistemic_statement	denotes	However mutations in the two component regulatory system BasRS in clinical isolates do not explain most of the cases of colistin resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae strains.
T19	13002-13183	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The isolate, despite the high-level resistance to oxacillin (MIC: 256 mg/L), did not carry the mecA gene, while no overproduction of penicillinase or mutation of PBP4 were detected.
T20	13184-13328	Epistemic_statement	denotes	However some mutations were found in PBP1: an alteration in the 482 position (L482P) and an insertion in 570 position of four aminoacids (SAYG).
T21	13387-13603	Epistemic_statement	denotes	As b-lactams bind to the penicillin-binding motif KTG in the transpeptidase region, that is located in 582 position, alterations in or around the motif possibly confer resistance due to reduced affinity to b-lactams.
T22	13749-14143	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Escherichia coli causing septic diarrhoea in calves in Italy: emergence of a multi-resistant O78 clonal group A. Marchese*, E. Coppo, R. Barbieri, S. Zoppi, C. Pruzzo, F. Rossi, S. Bergagna, A. Dondo, E. Debbia (Genoa, Turin, IT) Objectives: The emergence of antibiotic-resistant epidemic clones among animals should be monitored since clonal relatedness among certain O serogroup strains (i.e.
T23	14144-14369	Epistemic_statement	denotes	E. coli O78) capable of causing disease in different hosts, humans included, has been shown and, although different molecules are employed, cross-resistance exists among fluoroquinolones used in human and veterinary medicine.
T24	14370-14548	Epistemic_statement	denotes	An increased incidence of enrofloxacin-resistant E. coli associated with septic diarrhoea in calves was recently observed in northern Italy (from 14.3% in 2002 to >30% in 2007) .
T25	14549-14606	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The aim of this study was to investigate this phenomenon.
T26	15502-15737	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: Overall, 37 different RAPD profiles and 18 different O serogroups could be distinguished among the typable strains indicating a substantial heterogeneity and suggesting the occurence of several independent selection events.
T27	15738-15943	Epistemic_statement	denotes	However, approximately one fourth (11/47) of the strains belonged to serogroup O78 and PFGE revealed that the majority (7/11) of these were clonally related, indicating the selection of a O78 clonal group.
T28	15944-16134	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Since animals have been suggested as a possible source of serogroup O78 E. coli infections in humans, further studies are needed to clearly determine the zoonotic potential of these strains.
T29	16135-16374	Epistemic_statement	denotes	A. Barguigua, M. Bouchakour, M. Talmi, K. Zerouali, F. El Otmani, M. Timinouni* (Casablanca, El Jadida, MA) Objectives: The Morocco, like other countries worldwide, has a growing problem with CTX-M b-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae.
T30	16375-16536	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The present study sought to characterize blaCTX-M-15-containing plasmids associated with Klebsiella pneumoniae CTX-M-15 isolates recovered in Moroccan community.
T31	17737-17877	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The plasmids encoding CTX-M-15 conferred similar multidrug resistance phenotypes, suggesting that they may share a similar genetic scaffold.
T32	17977-18381	Epistemic_statement	denotes	21st ECCMID/27th ICC, Abstracts accepted for publication only R2303 Macrolide resistance and in vitro selection of antibiotic resistance in different human isolated Lactobacillus strains V. Rodighiero *, E. De Vecchi, R. Mattina, T. Celeste, M. Toscano, L. Drago (Milan, IT) Objectives: Spreading of antibiotic resistance is of concern due to the increasing rate of isolation of multiresistant pathogens.
T33	18382-18568	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Since commensal bacteria can transfer determinants of resistance to pathogens, studies on resistance should include lactic acid bacteria, especially those intended for use as probiotics.
T34	20234-20303	Epistemic_statement	denotes	All tested antibiotics could select stable resistance in all species.
T35	20400-20534	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusions: Our results suggest that a decrease in susceptibility following exposure to antibiotics might occur in some lactobacilli.
T36	20535-20749	Epistemic_statement	denotes	So, evaluation of the ability to acquire resistance to common antibiotics should be performed in parallel with investigations on the presence of resistance determinants in strains intended for human and animal use.
T37	20750-21080	Epistemic_statement	denotes	S. Ikeda*, H. Hanaki, Y. Ikeda-Dantsuji, H. Matsui, M. Iwatsuki, K. Shiomi, T. Nakae, K. Sunakawa, S. Omura (Tokyo, Kanagawa, JP) Background: Patients who suffer from MRSA infection are often coinfected with Gram-negative bacteria, and they are likely to be treated with a combination of vancomycin (VAN) and b-lactam antibiotics.
T38	21081-21311	Epistemic_statement	denotes	However, this combination therapy causes the emergence of VAN-resistant MRSA, designated as b-lactam antibiotic-induced VAN-resistant MRSA (BIVR), which traps a large amount of VAN and lower free drug concentration in the mi-lieu.
T39	21505-21750	Epistemic_statement	denotes	We hypothesized that peptidoglycan fragments generated by the action of b-lactam antibiotics and autolysins were incorporated into the cytoplasm for recycling and promote synthesis of nascent lipid-II, an analogy to the case in Escherichia coli.
T40	25101-25219	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Clinical and molecular data indicated that cross-transmission of carbapenem-resistant E. cloacae in CT-ICU was likely.
T41	25220-25389	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Laboratory detection of VIM-producing Enterobacteriaceae remains challenging, while the need for active surveillance in highrisk patients warrants further consideration.
T42	26957-27217	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusions: A higher percentage of class 2 integrons association with ESBL strains is being noted for the first time from our region, also the co-existence of both class 1 and class 2 types increases the higher risk of multidrug resistant gene transfer rates.
T43	27218-27375	Epistemic_statement	denotes	These findings strongly suggest that integrons have a major role in the dissemination of ESBL mediated resistance among nosocomial isolates of K. pneumoniae.
T44	27376-27725	Epistemic_statement	denotes	T. Alarcon*, E. Aznar, M. Espinola, A. Somodevilla, M. Lopez-Brea (Madrid, ES) Objective: The aim of this study was to detect the presence of prophages by the induction of its lytic cycle after culturing clinical isolates in the presence of low concentrations of mitomycin C and determine its association with the resistance to antimicrobial agents.
T45	29340-29625	Epistemic_statement	denotes	(2) A high percentage of H. pylori strains showed prophage detected by mitomycin C induction and (3) the presence of these prophages seems to be associated with a higher percentage of resistance to the antimicrobial agents most frequently used to treat infection produced by H. pylori.
T46	29885-30002	Epistemic_statement	denotes	To highlight problems with detection and difficulties with treatment of multi drug resistant Gram negative organisms.
T47	30648-30772	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Potential carbapenemase activity was examined by a plate assay (Clover Leaf test), followed by enzyme identification by PCR.
T48	31416-31493	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: OXA48 has not previously been identified in an E. coli in the UK.
T49	31494-31710	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Detection of this carbapenemase is problematic as resistance to ertapenem may be the only indicator, yet the MIC of ertapenem can be readily raised by impermeability alone, making its use as a single maker uncertain.
T50	31711-31857	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Dissemination of OXA48 has to date, been geographically and species restricted and not previously associated with E. coli or with travel to Egypt.
T51	31858-32130	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Tigecycline concentrates well in the gall bladder and should be considered for sensitivity testing in these circumstances; however concerns remain around the achievement of adequate serum levels of the agent in patients with severe sepsis with a single confirmed pathogen.
T52	32492-32726	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The aim of this study was to evaluate the in-vitro susceptibility of M. tuberculosis (MT) and mycobacteria other than tubercle bacilli (MOTT) strains to the two main second line anti-mycobacterial agents (ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin).
T53	33625-33831	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin could be effectively used against Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains and also mycobacteria other than tubercle bacilli strains.
T54	35725-35786	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Interestingly, strain ST133 harboured the lukDE + lukM genes.
T55	36142-36512	Epistemic_statement	denotes	R2311 Antimicrobial resistance and vancomycin heteroresistance of MRSA strains from a tertiary hospital in Greece T. Panayea*, M. Souli, I. Galani, I. Karantani, H. Giamarellou, G. Petrikkos (Athens, GR) Methicillin resistant S. aureus strains cause a variety of infections that are sometimes difficult to treat and are spread both in hospital environment and community.
T56	37924-38133	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusions: Our data suggests that, given the time and in the absence of antimicrobial pressure, E. coli with fewer antimicrobial resistances will outgrow EEC, probably due to a better fitness of the isolate.
T57	38663-38776	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The procedural details interpretations were as recommended by the Clinical laboratory standards Institute (CLSI).
T58	39198-39727	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: Antimicrobial resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii is a major emerging problem particularly in the intensive care unit, Strict infection control measures, judicious prescribing of antibiotics, antibiotic stewardship programs and antibiotic cycling should be adopted to control infections due to these bacteria in patients admitted to intensive care Continuous monitoring of antimicrobial susceptibility and strict adherence to infection prevention guidelines are essential to eliminate major outbreaks in the future.
T59	40005-40099	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Due to the constant potential of emergency of resistance, long term survey studies are needed.
T60	40100-40242	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The aim of this study was to assess the activity of tigecycline against MDR and ESBL Enterobacteriaceae isolates during a period of ten years.
T61	41212-41388	Epistemic_statement	denotes	However for the first time in Portugal it was identified a KPC-3 E. coli resistant to tigecycline and nine K. pneumoniae isolates producing KPC-3 showed reduced activity (33%).
T62	41507-41650	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The analysis of tigecycline MICs showed a poor correlation with values obtained and disk zone diameters, 38% of the MIC results are concordant.
T63	41799-42065	Epistemic_statement	denotes	However, the high frequency of isolates in intermediate category found and the discordant correlation between MICs and inhibition zone diameters, suggest that further selective pressure will lead to an overall reduced susceptibility to tigecycline in Enterobacteria.
T64	42066-42200	Epistemic_statement	denotes	For instances, the tigecycline resistance found in KPC-3 isolates collected in 2010 may indicate an indiscriminate use of tigecycline.
T65	42201-42340	Epistemic_statement	denotes	These results indicate that the use of tigecycline in hospital setting should be carefully controlled to avoid the emergence of resistance.
T66	44110-44278	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The TLV activity against SA and CoNS suggests this drug as an option for staphylococcal infections, including those caused by strains with decreased S to glycopeptides.
T67	44612-44832	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The aim of this study is to evaluate the antibiotic resistance of E. coli strains isolated in community-acquired UTIs, and to see the prevalence of extended-spectrum b-lactamase (ESBL) producing strains in the community.
T68	46494-46616	Epistemic_statement	denotes	For this reason, these antibiotics should not be used for the empiric treatment of community-acquired UTIs in our country.
T69	46617-46819	Epistemic_statement	denotes	However, low resistance rates are shown for nitrofurantoin and fosfomycin, in both ESBL and not ESBL E. coli, which suggests that these antibiotics may be a good option in the empiric treatment of UTIs.
T70	46919-47051	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The aim of this study was to determine antimicrobial susceptibility levels of environmental bacteria from a national park in Turkey.
T71	48874-49043	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The use of antimicrobials select resistance strains in hospitals but also the dispersion of antimicrobials to the nature may cause selection of resistance in the nature.
T72	49165-49248	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The effect of environmental resistant strains on public health should be evaluated.
T73	49413-49582	Epistemic_statement	denotes	It is well known that antimicrobial usage can select for resistant forms of bacteria and resistant strains can be exchanged between humans, animals and other ecosystems.
T74	49583-49824	Epistemic_statement	denotes	To the aim of monitoring resistance against selected antimicrobial agents commonly used in sheep producing milk, a survey was carried out on S. aureus strains isolated from milk of animals with mastitis problems in seven years from 87 farms.
T75	53061-53160	Epistemic_statement	denotes	However, CTX-Ms of groups 2 (1.1%, CTX-M-2) and 9 (3.1%, CTX-M-14 and CTX-M-27) were also detected.
T76	54617-54768	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Coagulase negative Staphylococci (CNS) were excluded as it was not possible to retrospectively differentiate between true infections and contamination.
T77	55300-55457	Epistemic_statement	denotes	However, age specific proportions of Gram-positives and Gram-negatives remained similar, suggesting this relates to overall aging of the hospital population.
T78	55687-55815	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Ceftazidime resistance also remained stable, suggesting no increase in extended spectrum b-lactamase (ESBL) producing organisms.
T79	57121-57265	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Using regression analysis, resulting PECs were ranked in relation to resistance potential, chronic and acute toxicity and hazard quotient (HQ) .
T80	57754-57890	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The observed results infer that current antimicrobial use can lead to levels in the environment which may increase resistance formation.
T81	57891-58022	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The legislation of new antimicrobials should consider metabolism, as it will greatly influence levels emitted into the environment.
T82	58023-58231	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The in-depth understanding of antimicrobial presence in the environment is lacking; specifically, with regard to lower limits of minimum inhibitory concentrations acting as selectors for resistance formation.
T83	58232-58443	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The use of ECOSAR ® for antimicrobial toxicity reference values is limited as the bacteria targeted by antimicrobials are phylogenetically distinct from the cyanobacteria used to calculate the EC/LCsub50 values.
T84	58444-58622	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The results and limitations presented here accentuate the need for further research into antimicrobials in the environment and the development of antimicrobial resistant strains.
T85	59772-59972	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The aim of the study was to determine penicillin and macrolide resistance mechanisms in invasive S. mitis and S. oralis bacteremia strains isolated from patients that have haematological malignancies.
T86	61248-61450	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: Erythromycin resistance is highly due to ermB and followed by mefE genes and penicillin susceptibility can partially be explained by the presence of pbp2b and pbp2x genes among our isolates.
T87	61451-61701	Epistemic_statement	denotes	It is important to be aware of high level resistance of penicillin and erythromycin in S. mitis and S. oralis in patients with haematological malignancies as an emerging threat since susceptible empirical antibiotics may not reduce overall mortality.
T88	63043-63292	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Although the cause of this increase is obscure, recent request for strict observance of the dosing period is probably implicated because drug use reviews do not show any decrease of the amount of levofloxacin used nationwide in the field of urology.
T89	63428-63636	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The rate of 4 drugs resistant isolate to levofloxacin, ceftazidime, amikacin and imipenem was about 1% until 1998, however increased to 4.6% abruptly in 2000 and then shifted at the level of approximately 4%.
T90	64369-64452	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The infections can be particularly severe in patients with impaired immune systems.
T91	64453-64670	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The infections of this agent are frequently difficult to treat because of both the natural resistance of the species and its ability to acquire further resistance mechanisms to multiple groups of antimicrobial agents.
T92	64671-64806	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Resistance of P. aeruginosa strains to the broad-spectrum cephalosporins may be mediated by the extended-spectrum b-lactamases (ESBLs).
T93	64807-64970	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The aim of this study was to determination of P. aeruginosa antibacterial resistance patterns and the prevalence of ESBLs producing strains as PER-1 and VEB genes.
T94	65219-65482	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The susceptibility of the investigate P. aeruginosa isolates to 12 antimicrobial agents was determine by the disc diffusion method on Mueller Hinton agar plates and was interpreted according to the Clinical an Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) recommendation.
T95	66514-66701	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The high prevalence of multidrug resistance and production of ESBLS in P. aeruginosa isolates in patient confirm that Protocols considering these issues should be considered in hospitals.
T96	68458-68618	Epistemic_statement	denotes	This emphasizes an urgent need to strengthen both appropriate use of antimicrobials and strict infection control measures to help reduce the occurrence of DRSP.
T97	70790-70917	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusions: Although there was no resistance for PEN among the blood isolates, PEN resistance was high among the CSF isolates.
T98	71054-71214	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The predominant mechanism of macrolide resistance is associated with the erm(B) gene with strains showing co-resistance to clindamycin in the majority of cases.
T99	71215-71304	Epistemic_statement	denotes	in large conjugative plasmids of enterococci from different ecological niches are scarce.
T100	73221-73414	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The co-transference of tcrB with other ABR genes located in the same or different plasmids suggest that the intensive use of copper in some niches might favour the selection of ABR enterococci.
T101	73919-74147	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The most common mechanism responsible for carbapenem-resistance are carbapenem-hydrolysing-b-lactamases belonging to molecular class D (OXA enzymes) and also may be associated with the presence of an insertion sequence (ISAba1).
T102	74148-74231	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The aim of the study was detection of:1) OXA encoding genes; 2) presence of ISAba1.
T103	75390-75695	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusions: Carbapenem resistance in tested isolates might be associated with: 1) expression of acquired oxacillinases belonging to OXA-23-like and OXA-24-like groups; 2) extended expression of intrinsic oxacillinases belonging to OXA-51-like group supported by the presence of insertion sequence ISAba1.
T104	75752-75847	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Ferrús (Valencia, ES) Objectives: Arcobacter butzleri has been associated with human infection.
T105	75848-75899	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Fluoroquinolones are potential drugs for treatment.
T106	75900-75982	Epistemic_statement	denotes	However, there is evidence of increasing resistance to these antimicrobial agents.
T107	75983-76094	Epistemic_statement	denotes	This resistance may occur due to mutations in a quinolone resistancedetermining region (QRDR) of the gyrA gene.
T108	76095-76218	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Therefore the goal of this study was to look for the mutations associated with quinolone resistance in Arcobacter isolates.
T109	76482-76757	Epistemic_statement	denotes	As there is not any recommendation about antibiotic resistance of arcobacters, the disc diffusion breakpoints and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were determined as recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI ® ) for campylobacters.
T110	77779-77906	Epistemic_statement	denotes	This C-254 to T mutation could be the cause of quinolones resistance as this change was absent in all the susceptible isolates.
T111	77907-78053	Epistemic_statement	denotes	This study shows high rates of quinolone resistance in arcobacters that was always associated to one mutation in the QRDR region of the gyrA gene.
T112	78054-78255	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The increasing resistance to this class of antibiotics could be a public health concern as they have been reported to be the most commonly used and best performing fluoroquinolones against arcobacters.
T113	78256-78511	Epistemic_statement	denotes	A. Ergin *,Ö. Köseoglu Eser, N. Pakasticali, G. Hasçelik (Ankara, TR) Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate antimicrobial susceptibility, metallo b-lactamase production (MBL) and dissemination of oxacillinase genes among multidrug resistant (
T114	78512-78553	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Salmonella serovars isolated in Iran M.R.
T115	78717-78897	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Sadat, A. Moshiri, A. Rahimi (Tehran, IR) Objective: High levels of multidrug resistance are normally associated with mobile genetic elements that encode specific resistance genes.
T116	78898-79015	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Among these genetic elements are the integrons, which are structures that can integrate and express resistance genes.
T117	81542-81646	Epistemic_statement	denotes	PFGE analysis suggested presence of the multiple clones of nontypable clinical isolates of this serovar.
T118	81983-82101	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Penicillin remains the first line therapy for GAS infections, but in the case of allergy, macrolides are used instead.
T119	82102-82202	Epistemic_statement	denotes	However, resistance to these antibiotics among GAS population is in rise in many European countries.
T120	82390-82565	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate phenotypes, genotypes and emm type distribution among macrolide resistant GAS isolates from pharyngitis patients in Serbia.
T121	83117-83239	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Results: Out of 51 GAS isolates, the majority (71%) harbored mef A, 25% had ermA, while, ermB was rarely encountered (4%).
T122	83569-83738	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The relation of emm types and particular resistance mechanisms could be observed: all emm 75 type isolates were mefA positive and all emm 77 isolates were ermA positive.
T123	84106-84173	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Genotypes associated with resistance were mainly emm 75 and emm 77.
T124	87544-87651	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of PVL toxin co-carriage both in wound and nasal samples.
T125	88864-88999	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Preliminary results indicate that in our C. striatum isolates the gene ermX is chromosomic and does not take part of transposon Tn5432.
T126	89190-89316	Epistemic_statement	denotes	First results show that in our C. striatum collection the ermX gene is chromosomic and is not associated to transposon Tn5432.
T127	89608-89709	Epistemic_statement	denotes	These variants may exist but their phenotypic patterns could be confused with those of IRT or IR-SHV.
T128	89710-90051	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The objectives of this work were: i) to test if an automatic susceptibility testing system (Wider) and blind expert analysis might identify different CTX-Ms harbouring different laboratory-introduced mutations conferring increased MICs to BBLIs; ii) to compare the efficiency to detect IR-CTX-M enzymes when using CLSI or EUCAST breakpoints.
T129	91380-91504	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Interestingly, CTX-M-14-K234R and CTX-M-35-S130G were classified as IR-ESBL when using EUCAST but not with CLSI breakpoints.
T130	91505-91723	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusions: Not a single IR-CTX-M phenotype was detectable either by the automatic system or the blind expert analysis, suggesting that these IR-CTX-M variants could be overlooked in the clinical microbiology setting.
T131	91813-91925	Epistemic_statement	denotes	This result suggests that EUCAST must be considered as reference to detect these IR-CTX-M mutants in the future.
T132	92691-92874	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Nevertheless, the epidemic potential of these broad-spectrum b-lactamases should incite ICUs and microbiology laboratories to strengthen surveillance measures to prevent their spread.
T133	93105-93266	Epistemic_statement	denotes	However, detection of these enzymes is a challenge for laboratories since there is no reliable method for the routine detection of plasmid mediated AmpC enzymes.
T134	95681-95851	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusions: The present study positions RTS within the spectrum of ecological niches that may be reservoirs/vehicles for ABR bacteria/ genes with clinical interest (e.g.
T135	96941-97039	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Modules from small theta replicating plasmids (pCIZ2, pEF418 and pEF1071) were rarely found (<5%).
T136	97192-97283	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusions: Most Efc isolates harboured mosaic plasmids associated with the repA_N family.
T137	97284-97536	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The influence of particular plasmids or plasmid modules in the success of major Efc lineages and in the distribution of antibiotic resistance genes among different clonal lineages of the same or different enterococcal species remains to be established.
T138	98013-98198	Epistemic_statement	denotes	K. Klesiewicz, N. Szkaradek, A. Gunia, H. Marona, A. Budak (Krakow, PL) Objectives: The aim of the study was to determine anti-H. pylori activity of a series of 14 xanthone derivatives.
T139	100092-100446	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: Performed research on anti-H. pylori activity of the series of xanthone derivatives, it could be stated that: chlorine atom as well as allyl moiety are favorable, substitution in the xanthone structure in position 2 is more favorable than in position 3 and 4 and carbonyl group in a side chain is responsible for the partial loss of activity.
T140	100447-100533	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Further studies will be necessary to investigate the effect of these active compounds.
T141	102365-102571	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Some MRSA isolates recovered from different sources showed genetic and phenotypic similarity in the patterns obtained, suggesting that contamination with human origin has been occurred during food handling.
T142	104154-104344	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Further studies should be done to evaluate the circulation and the characteristics of PVL-positive MSSA since it can cause serious infections similarly to its counterpart, PVL-positive MRSA.
T143	104764-104882	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The ST17 strains belonged to 4 clearly distinguishable PFGE clones, but were generally closely related to one another.
T144	105188-105371	Epistemic_statement	denotes	ST17 comprised 46.2% of asymptomatic carriers among the pregnant women, and could be transmitted to the newborns at high rates, with a potential of causing severe neonatal infections.
T145	105664-105828	Epistemic_statement	denotes	In this study we surveyed the nasal carriage of students of a medical university, who already attend hospital wards, so they can be a potential source of infection.
T146	107721-107857	Epistemic_statement	denotes	This, and the dissimilarity of isolates within the same groups, indicate that there is no extensive exchange between the students flora.
T147	108508-108677	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Although the majority of the carried strains was sensitive to antibiotics, nearly half of the pilus + strains was also R to macrolides and non-susceptible to penicillin.
T148	108751-108890	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The rate of pilus positive clinical strains correlates well with international data, but it was significantly lower in the carried strains.
T149	108891-108982	Epistemic_statement	denotes	This suggests that pili are required more for invasion rather than merely for colonisation.
T150	108983-109118	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Very probably there is no direct correlation between pili and resistance, but rather we found pili only in certain resistant serotypes.
T151	109234-109389	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The conjugate vaccines seem to be quite effective in preventing colonisation with pilus positive strains, hence preventing subsequent invasion in the body.
T152	109753-109886	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Despite of it information of population structure and global epidemiology of Staphylococcus epidermidis and some other CoNS is scare.
T153	109887-110004	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The goal of investigation was to analyze collection of CoNS from diverse clinical origins using molecular genotyping.
T154	110628-110876	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Results: Identification of CoNS at the species level indicated that S. epidermidis was the most common species with 46 isolates, followed by S. haemolyticus (18), Staphylococcus hominis (10), Staphylococcus warneri (7), Staphylococcus pasteuri (1).
T155	111945-111993	Epistemic_statement	denotes	CoNS may serve as reservoir of new types SCCmec.
T156	115670-115859	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The remaining 29 CA-MRSA corresponded to spa types more associated to the hospital environment what suggests the interchange of genetic lineages of MRSA among community and hospital niches.
T157	115860-116039	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Although Staphylococcus sciuri is only occasionally isolated from humans, less is known about the carriage of this bacterium in humans, especially methicillin-resistant S. sciuri.
T158	116040-116199	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The aim of the present study was to provide the analysis of carriage of methicillin-resistant S. sciuri in hospitalized patients and healthcare workers (HCWs).
T159	116487-116598	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Susceptibility to antibiotics was performed by disk diffusion method in accordance to the CLSI recommendations.
T160	118018-118143	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Carriage of methicillin-resistant S. sciuri among hospitalized patients and HCWs was determined to be surprisingly high, 5%,.
T161	118950-119211	Epistemic_statement	denotes	There were great similarities between strains of Staphylococcus found and the sensitivity of the drugs tested, when comparing samples found in the same basic health unit, which may indicate the presence of a possible clone of Staphylococcus in several patients.
T162	119212-119412	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The results also call attention to the high rate of multidrug resistance found in strains isolated these patients with predominance of SCCmec type III which complicates the treatment these infections.
T163	121588-121868	Epistemic_statement	denotes	We were concerned about the risk of cross infection and the frequency of such isolates and whether empirical therapy of febrile patients should be with a carbapenem rather than the more conventional piperacillin-tazobactam, ceftazidime or ciprofloxacin with or without gentamicin.
T164	122783-122895	Epistemic_statement	denotes	PCR showed that 20 of the 24 isolates belonged to CTX-M group 1, potentially CTX-M-15s by inference of the MICs.
T165	123124-123420	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusions: MICs, PCR and phylogrouping of the 24 isolates suggest that despite the profile of sensitivity being consistently to only amikacin and carbapenem, that this profile was created by expression of heterogeneous resistance mechanisms, which would preclude concerns about cross infection.
T166	123421-123591	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Further work to characterise the CTX-M group 1 ESBL cluster and molecular environment of these genes could clarify the resistance mechanisms and origins of these strains.
T167	123823-124054	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The aim of this study was to investigate a massive colonization of neonates with ESBL producing E. cloacae in a 30-bed, university-affiliated, level II-IV Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) at a large pediatric hospital in Athens.
T168	126031-126312	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Objectives: The occurrence of carbapenemase producing Gram-negative bacteria is of high clinical interest as they can hydrolyze most b-lactam agents including carbapenems recognised as antibiotics of choice in ESBL or acquired AmpC producers usually resistant to other antibiotics.
T169	126313-126551	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The resistance to carbapenems, generally very rare in Klebsiella pneumoniae strains in the Czech Republic, is predominantly caused by an alteration of the cell wall, together with a production of extendedspectrum and/or AmpC b-lactamases.
T170	128906-129588	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Three major groups of isolates mostly associated with 3 genotypes could be identified: (i) ASSuT type (n = 48; blaTEM, strA-strB, sul2 and tetB), also carrying the pcoD copper efflux gene and assigned to the ST34 (SLV of ST19); (ii) MDR (3−8 antibiotics) type (n = 45), being more frequent the phenotype ACGSSuTTr (n = 27; blaTEM, cmlA1, aac(3)-IV, aadA, sul1-sul2-sul3, tetA and dfrA12;) carrying an unusual class 1 integron with estX-psp-aadA2-cmlA1-aadA1 associated to qacH, IS440 and sul3, and in addition a class 1 integron of 2000 bp (dfrA12-orfX-aadA2) or an empty one with qacEdelta1 and sul1 in the 3 CS, and belonging to the worldwide spread ST19 and DT104/U302 phagetype.
T171	129589-129827	Epistemic_statement	denotes	(iii) CSSuTTr type (n = 15; cmlA1, aadA, sul3, tetB and dfrA12), carrying a class 1 integron with the dfrA12-orfF-aadA2-cmlA1-aadA1 gene cassettes associated to an unusual 3 sequence region with qacH, IS440 and sul3 and belonging to ST19.
T172	129941-130172	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The spread of three MDR genotypes belonging to worldwide spread clonal lineages in association with biocide resistance determinants (pcoD, qacEdelta1 and/or qacH) might account for the recent emergence and success of this serotype.
T173	130295-130456	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Dispersion of integrons carrying blaVIM-2, clonal spreading and the association of MBL genes with transposons may contribute to the observed dissemination rates.
T174	131756-131843	Epistemic_statement	denotes	No close relationships (single or double locus variants) were observed among these STs.
T175	132152-132268	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Our data indicate that these isolates belong to an extremely polyclonal population with no apparent common ancestry.
T176	132269-132396	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Further studies are imperative to follow-up the relevance of specific clones in the dissemination of blaVIM2 carrying isolates.
T177	133175-133350	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Case definition: Patient with suggestive clinical course and epidemiology (coming from the epizootic area) and positive serology (antibodies to Francisella tularensis >1/160).
T178	134536-134695	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusions: Tularaemia should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with fever, pharyngitis, conjunctivitis, and cervical lymphadenopathies.
T179	134696-134805	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Hence, early diagnosis and treatment of tularaemia are important, every clinicians must be aware of diseases.
T180	137181-137286	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Carbapenems and aminoglycosides could be the best choice for empiric treatement in hospitalized patients.
T181	137287-137384	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Quinolones and cotrimoxazole should not be recommended due to the high resistance rates observed.
T182	137712-137954	Epistemic_statement	denotes	By this novel approach it is possible to identify the major characteristics of resistance and virulence and to trace the evolution of specific plasmid families, recognizing their basis for virulence, host range, transferability and stability.
T183	138346-138563	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Mobile DNA elements associated with resistance genes, regions implicated in replication and plasmid host ranges, maintenance (toxinantitoxin, plasmid partitioning and exclusion properties) and transfer were annotated.
T184	138780-138975	Epistemic_statement	denotes	This plasmid family was characterized by a novel replicase gene that we previously identified in a Salmonella Montevideo from The Netherlands associated to the qnrS1 gene (García-Fernández et al.
T185	138984-139319	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The novel fully sequenced IncR-SHV-12 plasmid confers resistance to b-lactams and cephalosporines (blaSHV-12, blaTEM-1, blaOXA9), but also to mercuric ions, aminoglycosides (strA-strB, aacA4, aadA1) and sulphonamides and is negative for the conjugative transfer locus, suggesting in trans mobilization mediated by co-resident plasmids.
T186	139582-139786	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The susceptible ST258 contained virulence-like plasmids of the FIIK type that likely contributed to the successful spread of this clone, independently by the acquisition of antimicrobial resistance genes.
T187	139787-140064	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Since plasmids can be considered as "genomes" within the bacterial genome, a fully sequence approach may help to identify the characteristics enhancing the successful spread of specific plasmid families, but also the ability of plasmids to support the host survival and spread.
T188	140065-140107	Epistemic_statement	denotes	A. Novais*, J. Pires, L. Peixe (Porto, PT)
T189	140108-140312	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Objectives: Specific UTI-causing E. coli clones have been linked to the emergence and spread of AbR genes but the complete virulence profile of these UPEC clones has only been assessed for a few lineages.
T190	142360-142497	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: Consistent VFs profiles were found within STs, and differences could not be explained by origin, pathogenesis or AbR profile.
T191	142498-142638	Epistemic_statement	denotes	A and B1 UPEC profile was linked to the presence of fimH (adhesion), iutA (iron uptake), traT (surface exclusion) colV (colicin) and/or usp.
T192	145041-145218	Epistemic_statement	denotes	This study reveals a complex allodemic scenario associated with the emergence of ertapenem resistance among different ESBL/AmpC Enterobacteriaceae widespread clones in Portugal.
T193	145512-145605	Epistemic_statement	denotes	After the first description of a KPC-KP in Italy in 2009 only few reports has been published.
T194	146800-146897	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: Before November 2009 at the San Gerardo Hospital no KPC-KP strains has been isolated.
T195	147565-147688	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The rep-PCR approach here described appear to be a rapid and robust technique to investigate clonal relationship of KPC-KP.
T196	149661-149778	Epistemic_statement	denotes	6 to 12 months later, however, urine was the only positive site, in 1 of the patients even on 2 subsequent occasions.
T197	149907-150048	Epistemic_statement	denotes	We can assume that rectal swab is an appropriate method for routine screening for colonisation with E. coli and K. pneumoniae producing ESBL.
T198	150049-150135	Epistemic_statement	denotes	However, in some patients the urine may at least transitory be the only positive site.
T199	152434-152547	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Carbapenem MICs tend to be variable for these strains and early detection remains a challenge for the laboratory.
T200	154058-154179	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusions: Acquired AmpC b-lactamases has recently been described mobilised by integrative conjugative elements (ICEs).
T201	154277-154511	Epistemic_statement	denotes	As bla(DHA-1) was present on the chromosome of the donor and was transferred to the chromosome of all 25 transconjugants, we hypothesize that an ICE could be involved in the mobilisation the bla(DHA-1) genes in these E. coli isolates.
T202	154747-155004	Epistemic_statement	denotes	With the use of an adapted plugin tool, BioNumerics automatically assembles and processes sequence trace files, connects to the online MLST database, and retrieves corresponding allele numbers, sequence types as well as available clonal complex information.
T203	155511-155643	Epistemic_statement	denotes	With the principle of maximum parsimony (MP), MST shares the idea that evolution should be explained with as few events as possible.
T204	155644-155828	Epistemic_statement	denotes	In contrast to MP, a "classical" MST does not allow the creation of hypothetical nodes, relying on all states present in the sampled dataset to explain the relationships and evolution.
T205	157909-158065	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Results: All Klebsiella spp isolates except one K. oxytoca had the blaVIM-1 gene and all K. pneumoniae had, also, blaSHV gene associated to ESBL production.
T206	158184-158366	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The combined use of MALDI-TOF for species identification and DiversiLab System for clonal strain typing may be a useful tool for fast and accurate management of nosocomial outbreaks.
T207	158589-158729	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Dosing of b-lactam antibiotics by continuous infusion has been suggested to improve treatment outcome, as compared to intermittent infusion.
T208	158730-158821	Epistemic_statement	denotes	However, continuous infusion is critical in neonates because of fluid and salt restriction.
T209	158822-158947	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Glucose 10% is often used as a nutrient supply in neonates and could at the same time serve as a good solvent for cefotaxime.
T210	158948-159075	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Yet, stability data of cefotaxime in glucose 10% are lacking, restraining pediatricians from continuous infusion of cefotaxime.
T211	159756-159905	Epistemic_statement	denotes	After 24 hours, the cefotaxime concentration declined to 98.1% (SEM 1.65), indicating that cefotaxime is stable for at least 24 hours in glucose 10%.
T212	161857-162078	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Clinicians have a high degree of suspicion about correct original focus of bacteremia, higher in the respiratory origin and lowest in those of vascular origin, and these data are consistent with the type of microorganism.
T213	164468-164611	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: Aerosolized colistin could be beneficial as adjunctive treatment for the management of pneumonia associated with MDR P. aeruginosa.
T214	164612-164777	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Objectives: Inappropriate use of antimicrobial drugs is associated with increased hospital expenditure, emergence of resistant bacteria and unnecessary side-effects.
T215	164778-164890	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Concerning this, antibiotic stewardship is among the main concerns of the hospital infection control programmes.
T216	164974-165139	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The aim of this study was to investigate the point prevalence of antibiotic prophylaxis in surgery clinics and to evaluate the appropriateness of the antibiotic use.
T217	166474-166634	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The reasons for the inappropriateness were as follows: wrong antibiotic (8.9%), wrong doses and duration (84.4%) and no antibiotics in spite of the need (6.7%).
T218	166891-167076	Epistemic_statement	denotes	As conclusion we suggest that the hospital infection control programmes must include the follow up of the use of established guidelines, just introducing them seems to be not efficient.
T219	169010-169287	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: Reasons for appearance of complications during therapy of tularemic patients: 1. inadequate initial antibiotic treatment 2. late onset of adequate antibiotic therapy 3. possible appearence of resistant species of F. tularensis in the region of South-eastern Serbia.
T220	169411-169504	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for prevention of complication and complete curing.
T221	169601-169759	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The aim of our study was to investigate the influence of an antimicrobial stewardship program on antibiotic use at the Hospital Sant Joan de Déu de Martorell.
T222	169807-169866	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Antibiotic consumption was monitored one year prior (2008)
T223	169867-170118	Epistemic_statement	denotes	A. Dinh*, J. Salomon, J. Bru, L. Bernard (Garches, Annecy, Tours, FR) Objective: For several years, antimicrobial resistance rates among bacteria have continued to rise, with limited therapeutic options due to the shortage of new antimicrobial agents.
T224	170459-170642	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Parenteral fosfomycin combined with another antibiotic appears to be safe and effective treatment for severe infections caused by resistant bacteria sensitive only to this antibiotic.
T225	170643-170765	Epistemic_statement	denotes	A further benefit is its low (~3%) and stable rate of resistance in countries in which it has been in use for a long time.
T226	170766-170839	Epistemic_statement	denotes	This should be confirmed by further studies to substantiate this finding.
T227	172856-173020	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusions: Despite the number of prior antibiotic failures and multiple comorbidites in these pts the overall clinical success rate in this UK population was 73%.
T228	173021-173222	Epistemic_statement	denotes	There is emerging evidence that DAP is being used to treat infections caused by other Gram-positive species that are of increasing importance in IE, particularly where treatment options may be limited.
T229	174654-174826	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Surveillance of outpatient antibiotic use might contribute to the efforts made for preventing the spread of Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) within regional networks.
T230	175168-175282	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Furthermore, in 2006, a possibility for reimbursement of MRSA eradication therapy in outpatients has been created.
T231	176566-176657	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Regional trends which may reflect effects of interventions can be observed in routine data.
T232	176815-176899	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Of note, there are no objective clinical and diagnostic findings in both CB and CFS.
T233	176900-177158	Epistemic_statement	denotes	A low-molecular-mass (37 kDa) isoform of RNAse L has been described in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) extracts and the ratio of two isoforms of RNAse L (37 kDa/83 kDa) has been proposed as a potential biochemical marker of CFS (Tiev et al., 2003) .
T234	177229-177381	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The aim of this study was to determine the ratio of the 37kDa/83KDa isoforms in CB patients and compare the results with healthy wellmatched volunteers.
T235	178585-178730	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The chronic brucellosis patients are more likely to show a higher ratio of the two isoforms of RNAse L (37 kDa/83 kDa) than the healthy subjects.
T236	178731-178825	Epistemic_statement	denotes	A high 37 kDa/83 kDa ratio of the RNase L could distinguish CB patients from healthy subjects.
T237	178826-178977	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Objectives: Recent publications suggest that 20−30% of surgical site infections are caused by S. aureus, and half of these arise from endogenous flora.
T238	180213-180275	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Further studies are needed in order to reduce invalid results.
T239	180342-180521	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Three months after completion of the treatment, the patient resumed it for 6 months, because he considered that his clinical improvement was associated with antimicrobial therapy.
T240	181065-181224	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: This may be the first report of CB with MMN as neurological complication described, thanks to the high sensitivity and specificity of a PCRQ assay.
T241	181329-181463	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Immunoprophylaxy and immunotherapy may be considered as desirable ways for control and treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections.
T242	181673-181756	Epistemic_statement	denotes	It also may play an important role in the induction of protective immune responses.
T243	181819-181919	Epistemic_statement	denotes	In future, its immunological effect would be evaluated on animal and compared with native flagellin.
T244	182432-182630	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Symptoms may be mild, nonproductive persistent cough, malaise, and fever, but more severe illness occurs when the lower respiratory tracts is affected, given rise to acute bronchitis and pneumoniae.
T245	182631-182799	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The agents causing respiratory infections are difficult to distinguish clinically, since many bacterial and viral infection share clinical features, including symptoms.
T246	182937-183069	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Currently culture and serological confirmation of the diagnosis of C. pneumoniae and M. pneumoniae are difficult and time-consuming.
T247	183155-183254	Epistemic_statement	denotes	We propose a new real-time PCR based diagnsotic tool for C. pneumoniae and M. pneumoniae diagnosis.
T248	184138-184343	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The high quality associated with its compatibility with the major extraction and real time PCR platforms allows an immediate integration of Chla/Myco pneumo r-gene™ in most routine diagnostic laboratories.
T249	184557-184670	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The rapid detection of pathogens in blood is critical for a favourable outcome of patients with suspected sepsis.
T250	186358-186665	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: This rapid, multiplex pathogen detection LC-SF system complemented traditional culture-based methods and offered some added diagnostic value for the timely detection of causative pathogens having a relevant impact on clinical management for a subset of patients with clinically suspected sepsis.
T251	186666-186883	Epistemic_statement	denotes	N. Brankova*, V. Levterova, S. Panaiotov, K. Tankova, T. Kantardjiev (Sofia, BG) Bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of whooping cough is endemic in Bulgaria despite extensive nationwide vaccination since 1950s.
T252	189062-189214	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Objectives: Implementation of rapid molecular diagnostics in bloodstream infections could significantly improve speed of diagnosis, and thereby outcome.
T253	189512-189595	Epistemic_statement	denotes	This may lead to an increase in input volume and subsequent diagnostic sensitivity.
T254	190987-191068	Epistemic_statement	denotes	These results might therefore represent additional yield of the Sepsitest™-assay.
T255	191199-191303	Epistemic_statement	denotes	-The Sepsitest™-assay can be used in clinical practice for molecular analysis directly on blood samples.
T256	191304-191446	Epistemic_statement	denotes	-Implementation of the assay may provide additional detection of bacteraemic patients, but results have to be evaluated with sequence results.
T257	191447-191542	Epistemic_statement	denotes	-Gel-based analysis is applicable, but may be troublesome to implement in the routine workflow.
T258	192074-192275	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a negative single-stranded RNA virus of the family Paramyxoviridae, and may be the second most common cause (after RSV) of lower respiratory infection in young children.
T259	193779-194026	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Results from these studies indicate that our room temperature stable reagents, coupled with the simplified workflow for our AmpliVue molecular assays, provides end-users with sensitive and specific assays for the detection of Flu A&B and hMPV/RSV.
T260	194574-194686	Epistemic_statement	denotes	By performing PCR, 20 extra cases of active infection were diagnosed, for which no antibodies could be detected.
T261	195445-195781	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: Quantative PCR CMV assay is rapid, and linear for quantifying CMV viral load, and it seems to be useful in the diagnosis and management of affected patients for predicting disease and monitoring response to antiviral therapy and can serve as surrogate markers for antiviral resistance and clinical relapse in these patients.
T262	196862-197126	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Both assays were shown to be tolerant to common exogenous and endogenous substances that may be present in external anogenital lesion specimens, including but not limited to blood, mucus, semen, leukocytes and various prescription and over-the-counter medications.
T263	197127-197288	Epistemic_statement	denotes	In addition, both assays were found not to cross-react with a variety of bacteria, viruses and fungi that could be found in external anogenital lesion specimens.
T264	198175-198350	Epistemic_statement	denotes	However, due to its high level of conservation, the 5-UTR is limited in its ability to discriminate genotype 6 from genotype 1 and subtypes within genotypes 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6.
T265	199726-199840	Epistemic_statement	denotes	This improvement can be attributed to the additional information available from the core region of the HCV genome.
T266	199841-200069	Epistemic_statement	denotes	As the clinical management of patients infected by genotype 1a and 1b is equal, disagreements among both tests may present epidemiological consequences but at least Versant 1.0 errors do not affect treatment dosage and duration.
T267	200071-200280	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The high prevalence observed in women aged 14−17 years is probably due to both the increased susceptibility of this population and an early sexual debut, major risk factor for the acquisition of HPV infection.
T268	200387-200488	Epistemic_statement	denotes	These data support the existence of an inverse relationship between age and HPV infection prevalence.
T269	200489-200592	Epistemic_statement	denotes	In addition, vaccination of this whole population would have prevented about 6% of occurred infections.
T270	200761-200968	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Since HPV is one of the major pathogen sexually transmitted worldwide, it will be important to extend the surveillance also to the adolescent males, who could be the next target of the immunization strategy.
T271	202685-202891	Epistemic_statement	denotes	These infections were supported both by high-and/or low-risk genotypes and, among these, 45% (5/11) could now be preventable by the available vaccines that include one or two types found (HPV-6 and HPV-16).
T272	202892-203026	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Molecular testing on urine sample seems to be a good alternative to those conducted on cervical swab, especially for very young women.
T273	203027-203099	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Finally, this method seems to be applicable also to the male population.
T274	203100-203289	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The aim of this study was the evaluation of the often underestimated potential role of herpes viruses in the onset or inauspicious evolution of respiratory pathologies in critical patients.
T275	203471-203757	Epistemic_statement	denotes	For the retrospective study we used viral isolation methods and Real-Time PCR, respectively, for viral replication activity and the clinical significance expressed in terms of viral load, correlated with the days the patients were on assisted ventilation until the time of the analysis.
T276	204031-204264	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Based on the data relative to the finding of viral nucleic acid and the duration of mechanical ventilation, a statistically significant association was found only for HSV1 DNA with assisted ventilation of more than 7 days (p < 0.05).
T277	204459-204698	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The prevalence of herpes viruses, and above all the finding of HSV1, accompanied by a substantial viral load, would confirm the importance that these viruses could have in the onset of respiratory pathologies in immunocompromised subjects.
T278	204699-204994	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Therefore, the introduction of tests for the detection of the above mentioned viruses in diagnostic protocols would favor early diagnosis and correct therapy that could reduce the rate of mortality in critical long-term patients affected by respiratory pathologies who need assisted ventilation.
T279	205110-205196	Epistemic_statement	denotes	In most cases the aetiology is unknown, yet most result in an antibiotic prescription.
T280	207264-207504	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: The molecular assay has increased our understanding of the epidemiology of respiratory viral infections and should assist us in the diagnosing the etiology of respiratory tract infections in individual and in outbreak situation.
T281	208403-208506	Epistemic_statement	denotes	These data would suggest a potential indication for rhinovirus detection in acute respiratory diseases.
T282	209212-209327	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: Our results indicated that HPV infections represent a significant public health concern in Herzegovina.
T283	209515-209816	Epistemic_statement	denotes	G. Gioula*, E. Chatzopoulou, M. Exindari, A. Melidou, D. Chatzidimitriou, F. Chatzopoulou, N. Malisiovas (Thessaloniki, GR) Objectives: Influenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) are the most common pathogens that cause acute respiratory disease in children.
T284	209817-210020	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The aim of this study is to present the contribution of the above three pathogens to influenza-like illness (ILI) in children (aged <6 years old) during 2-year (2008-2010) influenza seasons in N. Greece.
T285	211952-212127	Epistemic_statement	denotes	However, the molecular method could identify one sample with mixed infection caused by C. albicans and C. glabrata, while the conventional culture identified just C. albicans.
T286	212128-212302	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Moreover, 3 samples identified as C. parapsilosis by the classical method were molecularly identified as C. orthopsilosis, a species belonging to the C. parapsilosis complex.
T287	212303-212477	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusions: Organic DNA extraction, PCR assay and sequencing could efficiently identify mixed infections, as well as Candida species that only can be molecularly identified.
T288	212478-212633	Epistemic_statement	denotes	This test can be easily implemented in routine laboratories providing earlier and low cost species identification when compared to the traditional methods.
T289	212903-213033	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Some of the PCR ribotypes were lately associated with outbreaks and with increased mortality and morbidity: 027, 078, 017 and 053.
T290	213034-213110	Epistemic_statement	denotes	It is therefore important to recognize these ribotypes as rapid as possible.
T291	213223-213419	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Here we describe for the first time the modification of PCR ribotyping that can be used for direct detection in stool samples and its use during emergence of PCR ribotype 027 in a single hospital.
T292	214067-214193	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Results: Direct PCR ribtyping from stool samples was possible in 37 out of 50 C. difficile positive samples using new primers.
T293	215700-215987	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Factors that determine cost effectiveness in various settings are the baseline prevalence rate of MRSA, applying screening and pre-emptive isolation to high-risk patients, the availability and cost of isolation and last but not least, the assay characteristics and individual test costs.
T294	216271-216567	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Although more studies are urgently needed, especially in severe infections diagnosis, infection control teams for MRSA in hospitals can be preliminarily informed about the particulars of the cost effectiveness of molecular assays over traditional techniques according to each hospital's settings.
T295	216568-216802	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Objectives: The aim of the study was the evaluation of genomic diversity differences among B. pertussis strains collected from patients before and after the 90-ties in respect to vaccine strains used for production of the DTP vaccine.
T296	216972-217060	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Despite the prolonged incubation period, culture remains the standard diagnostic method.
T297	217061-217362	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Alternative methods like antigen detection and molecular techniques are expensive, often unavailable and give no information regarding Legionella pneumophila viability, which can be of minor importance in clinical specimens but of major impact in water samples and therefore in public health security.
T298	217363-217533	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Considering its high mortality rate and the need of specific treatment, the development of a rapid, sensitive and specific method for L. pneumophila detection is crucial.
T299	217534-217610	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Also, distinction between viable and non-viable cells in water is warranted.
T300	217611-217757	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Therefore, we propose a flow cytometry protocol for L. pneumophila detection in clinical and water samples and viability evaluation in the latter.
T301	219080-219301	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Furthermore, while it has been used in the detection of Legionella in environmental specimens and experimental systems, this is the first time that this technique is applied to detect L. pneumophila in clinical specimens.
T302	220997-221183	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Quality improvement is a process by which the components of smear microscopy diagnostic services are analyzed with the aim of looking for ways to permanently remove obstacles to success.
T303	222236-222289	Epistemic_statement	denotes	In titres reached some differences could be observed.
T304	222290-222382	Epistemic_statement	denotes	All tests were reasonably specific (92-100%), however the sensitivity showed more variation.
T305	222773-222975	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Discussion: The higher sensitivity of the IFA was supported in the serial dilution, however these observations were based on a limited number of samples and should be refined using a larger set of sera.
T306	222976-223050	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The IFA appears the method of choice if high sensitivity is required (e.g.
T307	223076-223146	Epistemic_statement	denotes	ELISAs can be an alternative or for screening of large sample numbers.
T308	223278-223380	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The aim of this study was to evaluate the nature of brown pigment produced by Acinetobacter baumannii.
T309	225233-225348	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Excess gluconic acid in strain A leads to brown pigmentation which may offer protection against antioxidant stress.
T310	225349-225471	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The results show that strain A has multiple routes of metabolism which offers it better chance for survival than strain B.
T311	225472-225651	Epistemic_statement	denotes	S. Iyer*, M. Reed, A. Stacey, N. Virgincar (Reading, UK) Objectives: Prompt empirical antimicrobial treatment, after blood culture is recommended for optimal management of sepsis.
T312	225652-225879	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Rapid pathogen identification (ID) and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) results permit early streamlining of the empirical antimicrobial treatment to the pathogen-directed treatment with potential healthcare benefits.
T313	227350-227529	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The aim of the study was to detect seasonal variation, if any, in the recovery rate of different pathogens from the positive blood cultures obtained from patients of our hospital.
T314	229079-229181	Epistemic_statement	denotes	However, the highest prevalence of antibodies to rickettsiae was observed in women aged >40 years old.
T315	229895-230056	Epistemic_statement	denotes	When antibodies to HIV are revealed, antigen p24 is often no longer detectable as a result of formation of a complex between the antigen and antibodies in blood.
T316	234527-234604	Epistemic_statement	denotes	In order to increase sensitivity, negative results should be confirmed by IF.
T317	235616-235755	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Objectives: Campylobacter jejuni is the organism that has most frequently been described in association with Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS).
T318	235756-235971	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Although infections with C. jejuni are recognized mainly by culture, serodiagnosis is often useful tool in diagnosis of neurological complications and reactive arthritis occurred after intestinal campylobacteriosis.
T319	237646-237833	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The results of our study showed that serological investigation may be a useful tool for identification of C. jejuni infections in patients with post-infectious neurological complications.
T320	237834-238021	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Therefore, development of a worldwide available, standardized ELISA assay which can be used in serological diagnosis of C. jejuni infections, and its complications such as GBS, is needed.
T321	238236-238359	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The aim of this procedure is to isolate discrete colonies for further identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing.
T322	238525-238884	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The aim of this study was: -to compare the number of discrete colonies obtained by manual spreading with automatic spreading performed by InoqulA ® -to study the variation and reproducibility of discrete colonies created by InoqulA ® Methods: Bacteria from two different species were selected, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922.
T323	240378-240479	Epistemic_statement	denotes	-Reproducibility and evaluation of different InoqulA ® streaking pattern needs to be further studied.
T324	240601-240696	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Considering different etiologies of abdominal pain, the role of Helicobacter pylori is unclear.
T325	242437-242552	Epistemic_statement	denotes	PCT level was1.54 ng/ml after hospitalization ( The level of S100B is directly correlate with PCT level (r = 0.51).
T326	243895-244054	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Although there were numeric differences between colony count of plates inoculated by WASP and manually, no differences in clinical interpretation was observed.
T327	244124-244380	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Although the WASP is a very promising automated instrument for planting and streaking of bulk samples like urines and MRSA-screening samples in microbiology laboratories, a conscientious validation is recommended before the implementation in daily routine.
T328	244602-244800	Epistemic_statement	denotes	MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry is a fast and reliable technology for microorganism identification, which has been shown useful for microorganisms identification both from culture and from some samples.
T329	244801-244944	Epistemic_statement	denotes	We have compared the correlation between biochemical identification and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (ME) for anaerobic bacteria identification.
T330	245021-245106	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Early and adequate antimicrobial therapies correlate with positive clinical outcomes.
T331	245289-245441	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The direct identification of microorganisms from a positive blood culture can shorten the diagnostic significantly enabling an earlier specific therapy.
T332	245635-245905	Epistemic_statement	denotes	In the first part of the study 192 positive blood cultures have been investigated by using tubes with separator gels (BD) to enrich microorganisms in the serum followed by the standard ethanol/formic acid protein extraction for the preparation of the bacterial extracts.
T333	245906-246077	Epistemic_statement	denotes	In the second part of the study MALDI Sepsityper Kit from Bruker Daltonic has been used for the preparation of the bacterial extracts out from 132 positive blood cultures.
T334	246979-247150	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Objectives: Natriuretic peptides compose a family of peptides that present diuretic and vasoconstrictive properties and are associated with left heart ventricle functions.
T335	248100-248267	Epistemic_statement	denotes	In respiratory truck positive cultures it was found statistically significant correlation between NT-proBNP and CRP (p < 0.01) and also between PCT and CRP (p < 0.05).
T336	248271-248354	Epistemic_statement	denotes	NT-proBNP levels are significantly correlated with CRP levels in severe infections.
T337	248358-248473	Epistemic_statement	denotes	There is no significant correlation between the isolated bacteria from positive cultures and NT-proBNP, PCT or CRP.
T338	250151-250913	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The present study was undertaken to evaluate potential value of Acute Phase Proteins (Serum Amyloid A and Haptoglobin) in detecting clinical and subclinical mastitis and their correlation with pH and electro-conductivity in Zebu (Sahiwal) R2492 Performance evaluation of the Access ® HIV combo assay on the UniCel ® DxI 800 E. Roux, N. Groleau, C. Chandelier, F. Margotteau, C. Stoia, D. Duhamel, B. Roussel, C. Bonchamp, V. Potelle, D. Nogues, M. Cottin, R. Falcou-Briatte*, O. Flecheux (Marnes la Coquette, Steenvoorde, FR) Objectives: A new automated HIV combo assay has been developed by Bio-Rad for the qualitative detection of HIV-1 p24 antigen and antibodies to HIV-1 (groups M-N-O) and HIV-2 using the UniCel DxI 800 Immunoassay system (Beckman Coulter).
T339	251629-251839	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The precision study has been studied following CLSI EP5A2 guidance by the analysis of 13 samples: a negative sample, 2 low positive samples, a medium positive sample for HIV-1, HIV-2, HIV-1-O and HIV-1 antigen.
T340	254250-254497	Epistemic_statement	denotes	We decided to investigate whether or not the Brucella Blood Agar supplemented with hemin and vitamin K (BBA), recommended for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of anaerobic bacteria with gradient strips, might also be suited for disk diffusion.
T341	255668-255892	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Whether this small variability can be reproduced with clinical isolates and whether resistant isolates can be separated from wild type zone diameter distributions of the Bacteroides fragilis group remains to be investigated.
T342	255893-255965	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Also the impact of different temperatures needs to be evaluated further.
T343	255966-256244	Epistemic_statement	denotes	T. Büyükgüçlü, H. Iakar, N. Balaban, D.Çaliskan, B. Yalcin, U. Cinar, E. Guner, M. Eksioglu, N. Atakan, B. Esen (Kirsehir, Ankara, Mersin, Karabuk, TR) Objectives: The heterogenous expression of methicillin resistance in S. aureus make the phenotypic testing difficult and slow.
T344	256245-256446	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The aim of this study was to compare the results of phenotypic and genotypic methods used for methicillin resistance, determine susceptibilities to antibiotics used for skin and soft tissue infections.
T345	257274-257479	Epistemic_statement	denotes	85-11.74, p = 0.001 The most ideal spreading pattern to create evenly spread growth and uniform circular inhibition zones was pattern 5 with 1 mm distance between the laps and a full length primary streak.
T346	257881-258024	Epistemic_statement	denotes	It is possible to use InoqulA ® for inoculation and spreading of agar plates for susceptibility testing according to the new EUCAST guidelines.
T347	259714-259802	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Correlation between conventional CFU assay and Flow Cytometry was successfully achieved.
T348	259934-260092	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Flow cytometry proved to be an excellent and accurate method representing an alternative approach to evaluate the susceptibility of bacteria to ciprofloxacin.
T349	261236-261336	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Besides, breakpoints for several antibiotics tested in our lab are lacking in EUCAST-guidelines e.g.
T350	263342-263457	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Two out of the 4 remaining MRCNS were detected after induction (around cefoxitin disc) and 2 could not be retested.
T351	264078-264203	Epistemic_statement	denotes	For CNS, the test has an acceptable PPV but a low NPV and improvement would probably require an optimization of the protocol.
T352	264204-264319	Epistemic_statement	denotes	For BNSA and BNPBP2a, evaluation study as well as preliminary results from the prospective study appears promising.
T353	264320-264488	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Objectivity required accepting the fact that infectious diseases and responsibility of them challenge the health system to increase the immunization coverage up to 95%.
T354	266020-266107	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The neurological complications were rare − in analyzing study 0.36% with benign ending.
T355	266456-266627	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusions: Although this population theoretically had a low risk for HBV, HCV and HDV infection, these results are higher than expected in accordance with the age range.
T356	266628-266679	Epistemic_statement	denotes	It has not been found any recruits positive to HIV.
T357	266680-266805	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Based on the prevalence of serological markers we recommend vaccination against HBV infection after prevaccination screening.
T358	270013-270189	Epistemic_statement	denotes	For five of the six remaining patients, consumption of an unidentified contaminated handmade spread produced and distributed in the Graz area is the likely source of infection.
T359	271004-271243	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The densitometric analysis of the electrophoretic bands obtained in multiplex PCR showed different intensities, suggesting that, in a number of cases, the lipase or DN-ase genes could be lost in a great percent in the bacterial population.
T360	271735-271827	Epistemic_statement	denotes	In most laboratories however, onesample testing is performed for reasons of cost efficiency.
T361	272728-272884	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The CT detection rate for SVS, FCU and SVS/FCU combination were 94%, 90% and 94%, respectively, if results of NAAT by SDA and by PCR were analyzed together.
T362	272989-273097	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Discordance in NAAT results within the different sample types was found in 16 out of 96 CT positive results.
T363	273268-273433	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Moreover, SVS is the most costeffective sample type for a STD clinic population We can therefore conclude that SVS is the specimen of choice to detect CT in females.
T364	274033-274165	Epistemic_statement	denotes	All ten patients had active oral infection foci, most often untreated periodontitis (5/10), likely to cause spontaneous bacteraemia.
T365	274367-274501	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: Patients with predisposing medical conditions seem to be more susceptible for distant site infections caused by S. mutans.
T366	275020-275119	Epistemic_statement	denotes	However, patients and clinicians may not share the same assumptions about the meaning of this term.
T367	275948-276133	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Nevertheless, the over-use of antibiotics was a strong central concept in almost all patients' explanations, whether they viewed resistance as located in either the body or in bacteria.
T368	276134-276220	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Most patients were aware of the link between antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance.
T369	276221-276658	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The identification of the misinterpretation of antibiotic resistance as being located in the body could lead to clinician-patient discussions and public health interventions which are much clearer about the location and mechanism of antibiotic resistance, explaining the transferability and societal relevance rather than focusing on individualised risk, thereby emphasising the public health argument for the prudent use of antibiotics.
T370	276659-276924	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Objectives: Diarrhoea remains one of the main sources of morbidity and mortality in the world and enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) have been increasingly recognized as an emerging pathogen, causing diarrhoea in both developing and industrialized countries.
T371	276925-277105	Epistemic_statement	denotes	In Romania, the real contribution of EAEC to diarrhoea disease burden is not known because of the lack of routine EAEC detection protocols in clinical microbiological laboratories.
T372	277106-277245	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of faecal carriage of EAEC in Romanian children with sporadic acute diarrhoea.
T373	278542-278659	Epistemic_statement	denotes	This study revealed that EAEC pathotype might be a significant cause of sporadic diarrhoea among children in Romania.
T374	278660-278775	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Our results provide additional support for the reconsideration of the local diagnostic and surveillance strategies.
T375	278976-279417	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Especially, in the segregated settlements with illegal huts (mostly built of wood, iron waste, flat metal stock and other materials obtained from waste dumps or surrounding countryside), devastated environment and with no access to basic infrastructure such as electricity, tap water (they mostly use water wells or streams), sewerage system and waste disposal what in many cases has influence on bad health status and troubles with hygiene.
T376	279644-279851	Epistemic_statement	denotes	According to several studies in many settlements, which are often built on loose soils are lacking in their drinking water, sewage, waste pits and landfills, sanitary facilities and lack of garbage disposal.
T377	279994-280200	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Aim: The aim of this study was to describe and to categorize different clinical pictures of patients with neurobrucellosis in our clinic, and to present demographical and laboratory data about the patients.
T378	281740-281886	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: Although neurobrucellosis is most frequently accompanied by subacute-chronic meningitis, it may have many different clinical pictures.
T379	281887-282017	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The classical triad of meningitis (fever, neck stiffness, and unconscious state) is rarely seen in brucellosis-related meningitis.
T380	282018-282144	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Brucellosis should be kept in mind in patients with unexplained neurological findings in regions where brucellosis is endemic.
T381	285234-285475	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Objectives: The main aim of the study is to evaluate the role of microbial air contamination on the risk of surgical site infection (SSI) in hip and knee arthroprosthesis controlling for adherence to guidelines for antimicrobial prophylaxis.
T382	287272-287571	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Although one year of follow-up after implant is requested for SSIs surveillance, the study has depicted the epidemiological scenario in which a complex network of risk factors for SSIs is embedded, already highlighting potential areas for improvement both for air quality and antibiotic prophylaxis.
T383	287719-287834	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Brucellosis shows the involvement of many systems and it seems to be responsible for the high incidence of relapse.
T384	288686-288950	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: Our findings suggest that boric acid is a safe, alternative, economic option for women with recurrent and chronic symptoms of vaginitis when conventional treatment fails due to the involvement of non-albicans Candida species or azole-resistant strains.
T385	290545-290823	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: The findings of the present survey underline the presence of Y. enterocolitica in marine and lake water as an indicator of microbiological pollution and a potential threat for public health if the contaminated aquatic environment is used for recreational activities.
T386	290965-291212	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Objectives: The aim of the present study is to report the event of tick invasion in the premises of the blood transfusion unit (BTU) of a General Hospital following the unusual climatic conditions of spring and summer 2010 in North-western Greece.
T387	292648-292817	Epistemic_statement	denotes	However, the 2010 appearance of large numbers of ticks is correlated with the earlier spring with high temperatures and heavy rainfalls continued through middle of July.
T388	293002-293177	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Purpose: This study has been planned to indicate the clinical course and termination of brucellosis in our region during the recent years, and to compare it to the literature.
T389	293178-293352	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The study has been based on a review of the medical records of adult patients older than 14 years, followed with the diagnosis of brucellosis from March 1997 to October 2010.
T390	293569-293725	Epistemic_statement	denotes	There was a statistically significant relationship between advanced age and development of spondylitis and arthritis (respectively p = 0.000 and p = 0.028).
T391	293994-294161	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Also there was a statistically significant relationship between high ESR and spondylitis, sacroilliitis and visceral abscess (p = 0,001, 0,013 and 0,049 respectively).
T392	294297-294470	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Osteoarticular involvement, and particularly the presence of spondylitis should be searched, and the advanced aged patients should be meticulously scanned for complications.
T393	294471-294572	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Laboratory parameters, patient's age and duration of symptoms may help to identify complicated cases.
T394	294573-294690	Epistemic_statement	denotes	From arthropod-borne infections it has been confirmed cases of Lyme disease, Mediterranean spotted fever and Q-fever.
T395	294839-294980	Epistemic_statement	denotes	There were a few cases of sexually transmitted diseases and viral hepatitis C but they were not a significant problem during this deployment.
T396	295381-295521	Epistemic_statement	denotes	A few diseases (brucellosis, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and Q-fever) caused by potential biological weapon agents were prevalent.
T397	295522-295715	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Background: Campylobacter has been recognised as a causative agent of bacterial infectious diarrhoea and remains one of the most prevalent bacterial enteropathogens in the industrial countries.
T398	295772-295952	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Objectives: The aim of this report is the study of Campylobacter cases recorded during the decade 2001-2010, as well as the susceptibility of Campylobacter isolates to antibiotics.
T399	297913-298085	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Background: The association between Chlamydia pneumoniae and atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolaemia subjects in the absence of other conventional risk factors is unclear.
T400	298086-298325	Epistemic_statement	denotes	This study was done to determine whether C. pneumoniae seropositivity is associated with increase in intima media thickness (IMT) of the carotid artery, hs-C reactive protein (CRP) and oxidant stress in subjects with hypercholesterolaemia.
T401	299789-300062	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: Our data demonstrates that seropositivity to C. pneumoniae increases the oxidative stress but it is not associated with increase in carotid IMT or in hs-CRP in subjects with hypercholesterolaemia in the absence of other conventional cardiovascular risk factors.
T402	300063-300331	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Objectives: The rapid and reliable identification of the three potentially toxigenic Corynebacterium species Corynebacterium diphtheriae, C. ulcerans and C. pseudotuberculosis is usually essential for diagnosis and treatment of diphtheria and diphtheria-like diseases.
T403	300332-300470	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Classical differentiation of suspected isolates is done by biochemical tests, which are time consuming and may often give unclear results.
T404	301594-301760	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Moreover, both the positive and negative predictive values for identification of potentially toxigenic Corynebacterium species were 100% with MALDI-TOF, respectively.
T405	301761-301856	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: In conclusion, species identification of potentially toxigenic Corynebacterium spp.
T406	301857-301907	Epistemic_statement	denotes	can be accomplished by MALDI-TOF MS within 15 min.
T407	301945-302135	Epistemic_statement	denotes	In this scenario, MALDI-TOF MS technology might be used as a rapid screening method helping to decide whether suspicious colonies should be analyzed for the presence of tox by real time PCR.
T408	302136-302269	Epistemic_statement	denotes	We propose an algorithm for fast and reliable diagnosis of diphtheria incorporating MALDI-TOF MS, real-time tox PCR and Elek testing.
T409	302398-302433	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Severe complications are very rare.
T410	302709-302899	Epistemic_statement	denotes	However, if affected patients recover with pharmacologic therapy and mechanical circulatory support, they may have a better long-term prognosis than patients with other forms of myocarditis.
T411	303424-303622	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Since the first case report of human infection in Denmark in 1968, human infection with S. suis has been reported in many countries and especially Southeast Asia because of its high density of pigs.
T412	303707-303863	Epistemic_statement	denotes	To the best of our knowledge, a case in which S. suis is isolated from joint fluid is very rare and this is first case report of S. suis infection in Korea.
T413	304670-304790	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Objectives: Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE) is an infectious zoonotic disease present in Central Europe but rare in Italy.
T414	306311-306393	Epistemic_statement	denotes	There was no need for any treatment because of spontaneous regression of symptoms.
T415	306458-306778	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Generally the disease was transmitted by a tick of the genus Ixodes, even if there have already been described sporadic cases from non-pasteurized cow's milk, and it manifested by the typical diphasic febrile course (a flu-like syndrome in the first phase, involvement of the central nervous system in the second phase).
T416	307006-307153	Epistemic_statement	denotes	These show that in children it is impossible to define a single clinical picture that characterizes the TBE, because of its several clinical forms.
T417	307154-307327	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Background: Clostridium sordellii (C. sordellii) is a Gram-positive anaerobic bacillus that has been reported as a rare cause of fatal toxic syndrome after medical abortion.
T418	309671-309772	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The aim of the study was to evaluate the patients with tularemia and to make a point for the disease.
T419	310593-310647	Epistemic_statement	denotes	However there wasn't any response to these treatments.
T420	310950-311069	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Lymph node aspiration was performed when fluctuation was detected but F. tularensis could not be grown in the cultures.
T421	311637-311673	Epistemic_statement	denotes	No severe complication was observed.
T422	311674-311963	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: Tularemia should be kept in mind in the differential diagnosis of patients with fever, pharyngitis or tonsillitis and cervical lymphadenopathy, especially unresponsive to b-lactam antibiotics in the endemic regions and early treatment with proper antibiotics should be started.
T423	312446-312598	Epistemic_statement	denotes	This might be due to change of its ecolo-gical pattern since the year 2003 and the environmental conditions favoured by breeding and flaring mosquitoes.
T424	312599-312774	Epistemic_statement	denotes	El-Sharkia and El-Fayoum Governorates (G.) were next in order (18.7%) and (12.5%) and this might be due to increased rural areas and agricultural projects and reestablishment.
T425	312961-313097	Epistemic_statement	denotes	However, P. falciparum was also present in 6.2% of cases from El Fayoum Governorate while P. ovale and P. malariae were not encountered.
T426	313274-313455	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Such cases included the "runway" or "airport" malaria, in which local transmission of disease has been attributed to an infected mosquito that was transported on a long haul flight.
T427	313577-313638	Epistemic_statement	denotes	However, the thick blood film was the most sensitive (97.2%).
T428	314221-314305	Epistemic_statement	denotes	In immunocompromised patients, however, more severe forms of presentation can occur.
T429	314306-314370	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Diagnosis is usually possible by serology and or histopathology.
T430	315035-315099	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The patient, however, continued to run high grade fever (>40ºC).
T431	315723-315794	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Serology, however, proved negative (IFA titre: IgG: <1:64; IgM: <1:20).
T432	315974-316060	Epistemic_statement	denotes	To the best of our knowledge this is the first case of CSD being reported from Kuwait.
T433	316061-316193	Epistemic_statement	denotes	We recommend to consider CSD in the differential diagnosis in children presenting with PUO, lymphadenopathy and splenic involvement.
T434	316194-316340	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Despite several antibiotic courses, which included those recommended in CSD our patient showed defervescence only after splenectomy was performed.
T435	317408-317783	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: Combining phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, the most frequent pattern (54%) appeared the one with phage type DT120, R-type ASSuT (plus additional resistances) and the closely related PFGE profiles (A,B,C), followed by the pattern (18%) with phage type DT193, R-type ASSuT (with or without additional resistances) and closely related PFGE profiles (A,B,C).
T436	317784-317955	Epistemic_statement	denotes	These results are consistent with the possible presence of two different clones of S. enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:-, that prevail in both human and pig isolates in Greece.
T437	318283-318385	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Brucella suis is an uncommon cause of endocarditis, not previously reported in association with a PPM.
T438	319377-319619	Epistemic_statement	denotes	It is hypothesised that cutaneous exposures when while skinning and butchering or ingestion of undercooked meat resulted in zoonotic transmission of the organism to our patient causing bacteraemia and secondary seeding of his pacemaker wires.
T439	319722-319945	Epistemic_statement	denotes	It is important that clinicians be aware of the possible zoonotic transmission of B. suis to patients exposed to caribou in the Canadian north and the risk of secondary infection of underlying foreign bodies (such as PPMs).
T440	321379-321478	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Background: Arcanobacterium haemolyticum (AH) is an extremely rare cause of infective endocarditis.
T441	321479-321661	Epistemic_statement	denotes	We present here an unusual case of superinfection with AH in a primary Staphylococcus aureus (SA) mitral valve endocarditis in a Hepatitis B/C positive intravenous drug user [IVDU] .
T442	323439-323598	Epistemic_statement	denotes	This is the first report about relationship between clinical and environmental isolates according to the climate or environmental change in Jeju island, Korea.
T443	323599-323777	Epistemic_statement	denotes	21st ECCMID/27th ICC, Abstracts accepted for publication only observed a radiographic pattern of areas of consolidation often associated with patchy or interstitial infiltration.
T444	323874-324052	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Extensive involvement of both lungs, presence of bilateral opacities, interstitial infiltration, lobar consolidation, and patchy infiltration were associated with poor prognosis.
T445	324289-324576	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: Chest CT findings may be significant in prediction of clinical outcome and management of the disease (e.g., initiation of antibiotics) in patients with influenza infection but CT findings alone does not exactly predict the outcome and other risk factors should be considered.
T446	325129-325214	Epistemic_statement	denotes	However, we observed an association between GGT levels and the course of the disease.
T447	325215-325343	Epistemic_statement	denotes	In this study we aimed to figure out the relation between serum GGT levels and CCHF and its effect on survival, if there is any.
T448	326700-326779	Epistemic_statement	denotes	A positive correlation was detected between higher AST/GGT ratio and mortality.
T449	326780-326853	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: Serum GGT levels can be used as a prognostic factor for CCHF.
T450	326854-326955	Epistemic_statement	denotes	However an increase of GGT level during the recovery period of CCHF has not yet been fully explained.
T451	326956-327015	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Therefore more studies are needed in this area of research.
T452	327098-327156	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Immunopathogenesis of the disease is not clear enough yet.
T453	327337-327540	Epistemic_statement	denotes	IL-12 has an immunoregulatory functions which may play a role in promoting endogenous protective responses during infections and/or contribute to pathology resulting from unregulated cytokine expression.
T454	330271-330467	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusions: In our study BNP and PCT levels measured soon after admission were increased significantly in sepsis and they seem to be a valuable prognostic marker in the outcome of these patients.
T455	330549-330935	Epistemic_statement	denotes	T. Cirkin Guzel*, N. Baykam, S. Menekse Yilmaz, A. Kocagul Celikbas, S. Eren Gok, H. Esener, S. Yaprakci, B. Dokuzoguz (Ankara, TR) Introduction: H1N1 influenza pandemic caused higher morbidity and mortality among pregnant women than in the general population underscores the medical community's urgent need for data regarding the safe and effective use of medications during pregnancy.
T456	330936-331144	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Although the benefits of treatment appears to outweigh the theoretical risks of antiviral use there is few data about the newborns who borned from mothers who took medications for H1N1 during their pregnancy.
T457	332502-332739	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Conclusion: Although early evidence suggests that pregnant women may be at higher risk for severe complications (including stillbirth) from novel H1N1, the benefits of treatment appears to outweigh the theoretical risks of antiviral use.
T458	332740-332815	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Early anti-viral therapy, may bring clinical benefits to pregnant patients.
T459	334265-334424	Epistemic_statement	denotes	After this outbreak, no other symptoms have been described among animals and human beings in the farm and no other news about CPXV have been reported in Italy.
T460	334567-334679	Epistemic_statement	denotes	we can suppose that the virus has been introduced in the farm through bred mice, used as food for birds of prey.
T461	335909-336047	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Ciprofloxacin prophylaxis was the most effective regimen with lower PB, however susceptibility of E. coli isolates wasn't optimal (73.5%).
T462	336048-336205	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Taking into account that E. coli susceptibility to ceftriaxone was of 98%, the use of this antibiotic as a new prophylaxis regimen could reduce PB incidence.
T463	336459-336541	Epistemic_statement	denotes	We also searched for associations between observed compliance and various factors.
T464	336970-337088	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Results: During 41 observation sessions with average duration of 18.6 min, we recorded 587 hand hygiene opportunities.
T465	337226-337447	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Professional category (doctor vs. nurse), type of indication (before contact vs. after contact), day of observation (after "on take" day vs. other days) and activity index were found to correlate strongly with compliance.
T466	337800-337917	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Behavioral beliefs in favor of hand hygiene seemed to be strong and produced a positive attitude toward the behavior.
T467	338475-338625	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Doctors' and nurses' level of knowledge is not satisfactory, while low perceived behavioral control seems to exert strong influence on HCWs' behavior.
T468	338626-338719	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Action needs to be taken, involving a combination of system change, education and motivation.
T469	341194-341475	Epistemic_statement	denotes	However, the slightly decreased 15% (41.1 to 34.9) incidence of VAP by episodes per 1000 catheter-day and 31% (24.3 to 16.7) incidence of NP by 1000 patient-day were observed during the intervention period suggests a possible benefit of oral hygiene for ventilated patients in ICU.
T470	341764-342076	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Moreover, nonscreening pre-emptive isolation and cohorting (NSPEI&C) were applied to the patients undergoing endotracheal intubation or tracheotomy who were admitted to single rooms (isolation) and multiple patients with similar conditions in one room (cohorting), regardless of whether or not MRSA was isolated.
T471	342077-342263	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Since August 1997, however, the idea of evidencebased medicine (EBM) has spread over Japan so that we had no other choice than stopping NSPEI&C because NSPEI&C had no confirmed evidence.
T472	342342-342578	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Then, NSPEI&C was strictly instituted again, and the dosing period of prophylactic antibiotics for postoperative infection being shortened or extended, the isolation rate of MRSA after digestive surgeries could be significantly reduced.
T473	342657-342880	Epistemic_statement	denotes	However, NSPEI&C was stopped in period C, but was implemented again, and prophylactic antibiotics were administered only on the day of surgery in period D. In period E, prophylactic antibiotics were administered for 3 days.
T474	344958-345040	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Microbiological diagnosis should exclude as fast as possible an infection by MRSA.
T475	345041-345137	Epistemic_statement	denotes	If infection is caused by an MSSA, combination of gentamicin and clindamycin can be recommended.
T476	345138-345230	Epistemic_statement	denotes	For treatment of MRSA, application of an vancomycin-containing cement seems to be necessary.
T477	345232-345527	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii using the supersonic wave and plasma irradiation Y. Nakano*, S. Fujimura, T. Sato, H. Takane, A. Watanabe (Sendai, JP) Objectives: The nosocomial infection caused by Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been problem worldwide.
T478	345665-345737	Epistemic_statement	denotes	And it is extremely difficult to sanitize strains on these environments.
T479	345738-345890	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The aim of the present study is to evaluate the bactericidal effect against biofilmformed these strains using the supersonic wave or plasma irradiation.
T480	346823-346902	Epistemic_statement	denotes	However, biofilm-formed both strains were not sterilized by that of 30 minutes.
T481	350651-350777	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Cephalosporin resistance was not observed but, local continuous antimicrobial surveillance is paramount and should be ongoing.
T482	350778-350910	Epistemic_statement	denotes	There was no distinct link between the phadebact monoclonal typing of these isolates and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern.
T483	351027-351179	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Heczko (Cracow, PL) Nosocomial infections have been a very well-know public health problem with many consequences like medical, economical, ethical etc.
T484	351420-351554	Epistemic_statement	denotes	The aim of this work was to analyze the epidemiology of infections and multidrug resistance organisms among 108 residents in one LTCF.
T485	351945-352078	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Objectives: Foreign body (external fixator, prosthesis) infections cause a significant morbidity and mortality in orthopedic surgery.
T486	352079-352183	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Silver ion coating of metal external fixators can reduce bacterial colonization consequently infections.
T487	352869-353115	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Quantitative culture of bacteria on the external fixators was performed in addition to microscopic examination and the possible antibacterial efficacy of implants due to silver ion coating was investigated for 8 weeks (day 2, week 2, 4, 6 and 8).
T488	354229-354354	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Such effect may help preventing post-operative infections caused by external fixators commonly used in orthopedic operations.
T489	354355-354402	Epistemic_statement	denotes	In-vivo evaluation of this effect is warranted.
T490	354885-355461	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Results: The proposed European Core Competencies aim to be helpful in: -standardizing Infection Control/Hospital Hygiene Professionals (IC/HHPs) competencies in Europe; -designing and implementing training courses according to different national contexts and facilitating the mutual recognition of competence across Europe; -providing an opportunity for IC/HHPs to review their own performance and to plan their professional development; -providing an opportunity for health care institutions and organizations to evaluate their needs in terms of professional human resources.
T491	355718-355965	Epistemic_statement	denotes	For each professional task, competencies were classified into foundation practice (this applies to newly appointed IC/HHP staff with little or no previous experience and expert practice (for a IC/HHP confident and experienced in all competencies).
T492	356083-356226	Epistemic_statement	denotes	However, to ensure that they will make ae a positive impact it will be necessary to spread and endorse them with all the relevant stakeholders.
T493	356830-357035	Epistemic_statement	denotes	There is a potential benefit in reducing the overall costs of treatment, due to direct costs of antibiotic treatment and shortening the length of stay in the hospital without increasing the mortality rate.
T494	357036-357201	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Background: This is the first large-scale study that focused on the prevalence of LTBI in the laboratory personnel, especially in the intermediate incidence setting.
T495	357677-357809	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Age and duration of health care profession were significantly associated with positive QFT-G and TST results by univariate analyses.
T496	357810-358051	Epistemic_statement	denotes	With multivariate logistic regression analyses, household contact to TB patients (P = 0.013), the laboratory sections of microbiology (P = 0.045) and chemistry/immunology (P = 0.014) were significantly associated with positive QFT-G results.
T497	358214-358271	Epistemic_statement	denotes	QFT-G seems to be superior to TST for the LTBI screening.
T498	358272-358518	Epistemic_statement	denotes	T. Panayea, G. Petrikkos, A. Armaganidis, H. Giamarellou (Chaidari, Athens, GR) Objectives: Copper has been shown to have antimicrobial properties and when used on hospital surfaces it minimized environmental contamination by pathogenic bacteria.
T499	360251-360414	Epistemic_statement	denotes	Viable bacteria could not be recovered from 10/13 tested strains incubated on coupon A after 5 hours and from 8/13 strains after 6 hours of incubation on coupon B.
T500	360599-360761	Epistemic_statement	denotes	These data suggest that the use of copper as surface material in the hospital could aid in diminishing the environmental reservoir of MDR Gram-negative pathogens.

T1

268-378

Epistemic_statement

denotes

These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

T2

379-616

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Abstracts accepted for publication only Pathogenesis R2249 Effect of a probiotic dairy product containing Lactobacillus casei Shirota on the gut microbiota in irritable bowel syndrome: a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind study

T3

617-761

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Objectives: It has been hypothesized that disturbances in the intestinal flora could be a factor in the onset and persistence of IBS complaints.

T4

762-882

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The aim of the study was to analyse the effect of Lactobacillus casei Shirota (LcS) on the faecal flora of IBS patients.

T5

3009-3130

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Interestingly, specific findings are likely to be associated with a specific IBS subtype rather than with IBS in general.

T6

4944-5108

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Ozone (O3), known as a cytotoxic gas, has recently been shown to support immune system by activating oxidative mechanisms and increasing pro-inflammatory cytokines.

T7

6145-6275

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Our results conclude that Ozone therapy should be used in addition to antibiotic treatment in serious infections such as myositis.

T8

6276-6543

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Introduction: Mutations in the DNA Mismatch Repair (MMR) genes, mutSL (equivalent to hexAB locus of pneumococci), have been associated with hypermutability phenotypes in various bacterial species and may play a significant role in the antibiotic resistance emergence.

T9

7894-8056

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In addition, a nonsense mutation of the arginine at position 341 led to the inactivation of MutS; this mutation was associated with the hypermutability of Ef1497.

T10

8325-8495

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Hypermutation capability of strains should be detected by the simple agar diffusion method using a fosfomycin disk, prior to a prolonged antibiotic monotherapy treatment.

T11

8496-8634

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Our study gives the first evidence of an association of a MMR gene inactivation with a mutator phenotype in a clinical E. faecalis strain.

T12

8860-8966

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) play an important role as a causative agent of children diarrhea.

T13

9742-9904

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Results: During the study period 28 cases of Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strains was detected and serotype O86 and O127 were appeared as dominant serotypes.

T14

9905-10151

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Twenty two strains (79%) appeared to harbor class 1 integron among which the variable region was defined to be dfrA7, aadA1, dfrA1/aadA1, dfrA12/aadA2 which related to amplicons of approximately 750, 1000, 1700 and 2000 bp in sizes, respectively.

T15

10152-10417

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The presence of class 1 integron in 79% reveals that, this genetic element plays a very important role in the transfer of antibiotic resistance among the strains studied and may transfer resistance to aminoglycosides and trimetoprim to other Gram-negative bacteria.

T16

10418-10729

Epistemic_statement

denotes

D. Plachouras*, I. Galani, Z. Chrysouli, F. Kontopidou, T. Panagea, M. Souli, G. Petrikkos (Haidari, GR) Objectives: Colistin resistance in Salmonella enterica has been associated with mutations in the PmrAB two component regulatory system that controls the composition of the outer membrane lipopolysachharide.

T17

10730-10852

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The mechanism of recently described colistin resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical strains has not been elucidated.

T18

11876-12049

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However mutations in the two component regulatory system BasRS in clinical isolates do not explain most of the cases of colistin resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae strains.

T19

13002-13183

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The isolate, despite the high-level resistance to oxacillin (MIC: 256 mg/L), did not carry the mecA gene, while no overproduction of penicillinase or mutation of PBP4 were detected.

T20

13184-13328

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However some mutations were found in PBP1: an alteration in the 482 position (L482P) and an insertion in 570 position of four aminoacids (SAYG).

T21

13387-13603

Epistemic_statement

denotes

As b-lactams bind to the penicillin-binding motif KTG in the transpeptidase region, that is located in 582 position, alterations in or around the motif possibly confer resistance due to reduced affinity to b-lactams.

T22

13749-14143

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Escherichia coli causing septic diarrhoea in calves in Italy: emergence of a multi-resistant O78 clonal group A. Marchese*, E. Coppo, R. Barbieri, S. Zoppi, C. Pruzzo, F. Rossi, S. Bergagna, A. Dondo, E. Debbia (Genoa, Turin, IT) Objectives: The emergence of antibiotic-resistant epidemic clones among animals should be monitored since clonal relatedness among certain O serogroup strains (i.e.

T23

14144-14369

Epistemic_statement

denotes

E. coli O78) capable of causing disease in different hosts, humans included, has been shown and, although different molecules are employed, cross-resistance exists among fluoroquinolones used in human and veterinary medicine.

T24

14370-14548

Epistemic_statement

denotes

An increased incidence of enrofloxacin-resistant E. coli associated with septic diarrhoea in calves was recently observed in northern Italy (from 14.3% in 2002 to >30% in 2007) .

T25

14549-14606

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The aim of this study was to investigate this phenomenon.

T26

15502-15737

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: Overall, 37 different RAPD profiles and 18 different O serogroups could be distinguished among the typable strains indicating a substantial heterogeneity and suggesting the occurence of several independent selection events.

T27

15738-15943

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, approximately one fourth (11/47) of the strains belonged to serogroup O78 and PFGE revealed that the majority (7/11) of these were clonally related, indicating the selection of a O78 clonal group.

T28

15944-16134

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Since animals have been suggested as a possible source of serogroup O78 E. coli infections in humans, further studies are needed to clearly determine the zoonotic potential of these strains.

T29

16135-16374

Epistemic_statement

denotes

A. Barguigua, M. Bouchakour, M. Talmi, K. Zerouali, F. El Otmani, M. Timinouni* (Casablanca, El Jadida, MA) Objectives: The Morocco, like other countries worldwide, has a growing problem with CTX-M b-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae.

T30

16375-16536

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The present study sought to characterize blaCTX-M-15-containing plasmids associated with Klebsiella pneumoniae CTX-M-15 isolates recovered in Moroccan community.

T31

17737-17877

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The plasmids encoding CTX-M-15 conferred similar multidrug resistance phenotypes, suggesting that they may share a similar genetic scaffold.

T32

17977-18381

Epistemic_statement

denotes

21st ECCMID/27th ICC, Abstracts accepted for publication only R2303 Macrolide resistance and in vitro selection of antibiotic resistance in different human isolated Lactobacillus strains V. Rodighiero *, E. De Vecchi, R. Mattina, T. Celeste, M. Toscano, L. Drago (Milan, IT) Objectives: Spreading of antibiotic resistance is of concern due to the increasing rate of isolation of multiresistant pathogens.

T33

18382-18568

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Since commensal bacteria can transfer determinants of resistance to pathogens, studies on resistance should include lactic acid bacteria, especially those intended for use as probiotics.

T34

20234-20303

Epistemic_statement

denotes

All tested antibiotics could select stable resistance in all species.

T35

20400-20534

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusions: Our results suggest that a decrease in susceptibility following exposure to antibiotics might occur in some lactobacilli.

T36

20535-20749

Epistemic_statement

denotes

So, evaluation of the ability to acquire resistance to common antibiotics should be performed in parallel with investigations on the presence of resistance determinants in strains intended for human and animal use.

T37

20750-21080

Epistemic_statement

denotes

S. Ikeda*, H. Hanaki, Y. Ikeda-Dantsuji, H. Matsui, M. Iwatsuki, K. Shiomi, T. Nakae, K. Sunakawa, S. Omura (Tokyo, Kanagawa, JP) Background: Patients who suffer from MRSA infection are often coinfected with Gram-negative bacteria, and they are likely to be treated with a combination of vancomycin (VAN) and b-lactam antibiotics.

T38

21081-21311

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, this combination therapy causes the emergence of VAN-resistant MRSA, designated as b-lactam antibiotic-induced VAN-resistant MRSA (BIVR), which traps a large amount of VAN and lower free drug concentration in the mi-lieu.

T39

21505-21750

Epistemic_statement

denotes

We hypothesized that peptidoglycan fragments generated by the action of b-lactam antibiotics and autolysins were incorporated into the cytoplasm for recycling and promote synthesis of nascent lipid-II, an analogy to the case in Escherichia coli.

T40

25101-25219

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Clinical and molecular data indicated that cross-transmission of carbapenem-resistant E. cloacae in CT-ICU was likely.

T41

25220-25389

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Laboratory detection of VIM-producing Enterobacteriaceae remains challenging, while the need for active surveillance in highrisk patients warrants further consideration.

T42

26957-27217

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusions: A higher percentage of class 2 integrons association with ESBL strains is being noted for the first time from our region, also the co-existence of both class 1 and class 2 types increases the higher risk of multidrug resistant gene transfer rates.

T43

27218-27375

Epistemic_statement

denotes

These findings strongly suggest that integrons have a major role in the dissemination of ESBL mediated resistance among nosocomial isolates of K. pneumoniae.

T44

27376-27725

Epistemic_statement

denotes

T. Alarcon*, E. Aznar, M. Espinola, A. Somodevilla, M. Lopez-Brea (Madrid, ES) Objective: The aim of this study was to detect the presence of prophages by the induction of its lytic cycle after culturing clinical isolates in the presence of low concentrations of mitomycin C and determine its association with the resistance to antimicrobial agents.

T45

29340-29625

Epistemic_statement

denotes

(2) A high percentage of H. pylori strains showed prophage detected by mitomycin C induction and (3) the presence of these prophages seems to be associated with a higher percentage of resistance to the antimicrobial agents most frequently used to treat infection produced by H. pylori.

T46

29885-30002

Epistemic_statement

denotes

To highlight problems with detection and difficulties with treatment of multi drug resistant Gram negative organisms.

T47

30648-30772

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Potential carbapenemase activity was examined by a plate assay (Clover Leaf test), followed by enzyme identification by PCR.

T48

31416-31493

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: OXA48 has not previously been identified in an E. coli in the UK.

T49

31494-31710

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Detection of this carbapenemase is problematic as resistance to ertapenem may be the only indicator, yet the MIC of ertapenem can be readily raised by impermeability alone, making its use as a single maker uncertain.

T50

31711-31857

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Dissemination of OXA48 has to date, been geographically and species restricted and not previously associated with E. coli or with travel to Egypt.

T51

31858-32130

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Tigecycline concentrates well in the gall bladder and should be considered for sensitivity testing in these circumstances; however concerns remain around the achievement of adequate serum levels of the agent in patients with severe sepsis with a single confirmed pathogen.

T52

32492-32726

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The aim of this study was to evaluate the in-vitro susceptibility of M. tuberculosis (MT) and mycobacteria other than tubercle bacilli (MOTT) strains to the two main second line anti-mycobacterial agents (ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin).

T53

33625-33831

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin could be effectively used against Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains and also mycobacteria other than tubercle bacilli strains.

T54

35725-35786

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Interestingly, strain ST133 harboured the lukDE + lukM genes.

T55

36142-36512

Epistemic_statement

denotes

R2311 Antimicrobial resistance and vancomycin heteroresistance of MRSA strains from a tertiary hospital in Greece T. Panayea*, M. Souli, I. Galani, I. Karantani, H. Giamarellou, G. Petrikkos (Athens, GR) Methicillin resistant S. aureus strains cause a variety of infections that are sometimes difficult to treat and are spread both in hospital environment and community.

T56

37924-38133

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusions: Our data suggests that, given the time and in the absence of antimicrobial pressure, E. coli with fewer antimicrobial resistances will outgrow EEC, probably due to a better fitness of the isolate.

T57

38663-38776

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The procedural details interpretations were as recommended by the Clinical laboratory standards Institute (CLSI).

T58

39198-39727

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: Antimicrobial resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii is a major emerging problem particularly in the intensive care unit, Strict infection control measures, judicious prescribing of antibiotics, antibiotic stewardship programs and antibiotic cycling should be adopted to control infections due to these bacteria in patients admitted to intensive care Continuous monitoring of antimicrobial susceptibility and strict adherence to infection prevention guidelines are essential to eliminate major outbreaks in the future.

T59

40005-40099

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Due to the constant potential of emergency of resistance, long term survey studies are needed.

T60

40100-40242

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The aim of this study was to assess the activity of tigecycline against MDR and ESBL Enterobacteriaceae isolates during a period of ten years.

T61

41212-41388

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However for the first time in Portugal it was identified a KPC-3 E. coli resistant to tigecycline and nine K. pneumoniae isolates producing KPC-3 showed reduced activity (33%).

T62

41507-41650

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The analysis of tigecycline MICs showed a poor correlation with values obtained and disk zone diameters, 38% of the MIC results are concordant.

T63

41799-42065

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, the high frequency of isolates in intermediate category found and the discordant correlation between MICs and inhibition zone diameters, suggest that further selective pressure will lead to an overall reduced susceptibility to tigecycline in Enterobacteria.

T64

42066-42200

Epistemic_statement

denotes

For instances, the tigecycline resistance found in KPC-3 isolates collected in 2010 may indicate an indiscriminate use of tigecycline.

T65

42201-42340

Epistemic_statement

denotes

These results indicate that the use of tigecycline in hospital setting should be carefully controlled to avoid the emergence of resistance.

T66

44110-44278

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The TLV activity against SA and CoNS suggests this drug as an option for staphylococcal infections, including those caused by strains with decreased S to glycopeptides.

T67

44612-44832

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The aim of this study is to evaluate the antibiotic resistance of E. coli strains isolated in community-acquired UTIs, and to see the prevalence of extended-spectrum b-lactamase (ESBL) producing strains in the community.

T68

46494-46616

Epistemic_statement

denotes

For this reason, these antibiotics should not be used for the empiric treatment of community-acquired UTIs in our country.

T69

46617-46819

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, low resistance rates are shown for nitrofurantoin and fosfomycin, in both ESBL and not ESBL E. coli, which suggests that these antibiotics may be a good option in the empiric treatment of UTIs.

T70

46919-47051

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The aim of this study was to determine antimicrobial susceptibility levels of environmental bacteria from a national park in Turkey.

T71

48874-49043

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The use of antimicrobials select resistance strains in hospitals but also the dispersion of antimicrobials to the nature may cause selection of resistance in the nature.

T72

49165-49248

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The effect of environmental resistant strains on public health should be evaluated.

T73

49413-49582

Epistemic_statement

denotes

It is well known that antimicrobial usage can select for resistant forms of bacteria and resistant strains can be exchanged between humans, animals and other ecosystems.

T74

49583-49824

Epistemic_statement

denotes

To the aim of monitoring resistance against selected antimicrobial agents commonly used in sheep producing milk, a survey was carried out on S. aureus strains isolated from milk of animals with mastitis problems in seven years from 87 farms.

T75

53061-53160

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, CTX-Ms of groups 2 (1.1%, CTX-M-2) and 9 (3.1%, CTX-M-14 and CTX-M-27) were also detected.

T76

54617-54768

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Coagulase negative Staphylococci (CNS) were excluded as it was not possible to retrospectively differentiate between true infections and contamination.

T77

55300-55457

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, age specific proportions of Gram-positives and Gram-negatives remained similar, suggesting this relates to overall aging of the hospital population.

T78

55687-55815

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Ceftazidime resistance also remained stable, suggesting no increase in extended spectrum b-lactamase (ESBL) producing organisms.

T79

57121-57265

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Using regression analysis, resulting PECs were ranked in relation to resistance potential, chronic and acute toxicity and hazard quotient (HQ) .

T80

57754-57890

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The observed results infer that current antimicrobial use can lead to levels in the environment which may increase resistance formation.

T81

57891-58022

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The legislation of new antimicrobials should consider metabolism, as it will greatly influence levels emitted into the environment.

T82

58023-58231

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The in-depth understanding of antimicrobial presence in the environment is lacking; specifically, with regard to lower limits of minimum inhibitory concentrations acting as selectors for resistance formation.

T83

58232-58443

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The use of ECOSAR ® for antimicrobial toxicity reference values is limited as the bacteria targeted by antimicrobials are phylogenetically distinct from the cyanobacteria used to calculate the EC/LCsub50 values.

T84

58444-58622

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The results and limitations presented here accentuate the need for further research into antimicrobials in the environment and the development of antimicrobial resistant strains.

T85

59772-59972

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The aim of the study was to determine penicillin and macrolide resistance mechanisms in invasive S. mitis and S. oralis bacteremia strains isolated from patients that have haematological malignancies.

T86

61248-61450

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: Erythromycin resistance is highly due to ermB and followed by mefE genes and penicillin susceptibility can partially be explained by the presence of pbp2b and pbp2x genes among our isolates.

T87

61451-61701

Epistemic_statement

denotes

It is important to be aware of high level resistance of penicillin and erythromycin in S. mitis and S. oralis in patients with haematological malignancies as an emerging threat since susceptible empirical antibiotics may not reduce overall mortality.

T88

63043-63292

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Although the cause of this increase is obscure, recent request for strict observance of the dosing period is probably implicated because drug use reviews do not show any decrease of the amount of levofloxacin used nationwide in the field of urology.

T89

63428-63636

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The rate of 4 drugs resistant isolate to levofloxacin, ceftazidime, amikacin and imipenem was about 1% until 1998, however increased to 4.6% abruptly in 2000 and then shifted at the level of approximately 4%.

T90

64369-64452

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The infections can be particularly severe in patients with impaired immune systems.

T91

64453-64670

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The infections of this agent are frequently difficult to treat because of both the natural resistance of the species and its ability to acquire further resistance mechanisms to multiple groups of antimicrobial agents.

T92

64671-64806

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Resistance of P. aeruginosa strains to the broad-spectrum cephalosporins may be mediated by the extended-spectrum b-lactamases (ESBLs).

T93

64807-64970

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The aim of this study was to determination of P. aeruginosa antibacterial resistance patterns and the prevalence of ESBLs producing strains as PER-1 and VEB genes.

T94

65219-65482

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The susceptibility of the investigate P. aeruginosa isolates to 12 antimicrobial agents was determine by the disc diffusion method on Mueller Hinton agar plates and was interpreted according to the Clinical an Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) recommendation.

T95

66514-66701

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The high prevalence of multidrug resistance and production of ESBLS in P. aeruginosa isolates in patient confirm that Protocols considering these issues should be considered in hospitals.

T96

68458-68618

Epistemic_statement

denotes

This emphasizes an urgent need to strengthen both appropriate use of antimicrobials and strict infection control measures to help reduce the occurrence of DRSP.

T97

70790-70917

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusions: Although there was no resistance for PEN among the blood isolates, PEN resistance was high among the CSF isolates.

T98

71054-71214

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The predominant mechanism of macrolide resistance is associated with the erm(B) gene with strains showing co-resistance to clindamycin in the majority of cases.

T99

71215-71304

Epistemic_statement

denotes

in large conjugative plasmids of enterococci from different ecological niches are scarce.

T100

73221-73414

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The co-transference of tcrB with other ABR genes located in the same or different plasmids suggest that the intensive use of copper in some niches might favour the selection of ABR enterococci.

T101

73919-74147

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The most common mechanism responsible for carbapenem-resistance are carbapenem-hydrolysing-b-lactamases belonging to molecular class D (OXA enzymes) and also may be associated with the presence of an insertion sequence (ISAba1).

T102

74148-74231

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The aim of the study was detection of:1) OXA encoding genes; 2) presence of ISAba1.

T103

75390-75695

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusions: Carbapenem resistance in tested isolates might be associated with: 1) expression of acquired oxacillinases belonging to OXA-23-like and OXA-24-like groups; 2) extended expression of intrinsic oxacillinases belonging to OXA-51-like group supported by the presence of insertion sequence ISAba1.

T104

75752-75847

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Ferrús (Valencia, ES) Objectives: Arcobacter butzleri has been associated with human infection.

T105

75848-75899

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Fluoroquinolones are potential drugs for treatment.

T106

75900-75982

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, there is evidence of increasing resistance to these antimicrobial agents.

T107

75983-76094

Epistemic_statement

denotes

This resistance may occur due to mutations in a quinolone resistancedetermining region (QRDR) of the gyrA gene.

T108

76095-76218

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Therefore the goal of this study was to look for the mutations associated with quinolone resistance in Arcobacter isolates.

T109

76482-76757

Epistemic_statement

denotes

As there is not any recommendation about antibiotic resistance of arcobacters, the disc diffusion breakpoints and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were determined as recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI ® ) for campylobacters.

T110

77779-77906

Epistemic_statement

denotes

This C-254 to T mutation could be the cause of quinolones resistance as this change was absent in all the susceptible isolates.

T111

77907-78053

Epistemic_statement

denotes

This study shows high rates of quinolone resistance in arcobacters that was always associated to one mutation in the QRDR region of the gyrA gene.

T112

78054-78255

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The increasing resistance to this class of antibiotics could be a public health concern as they have been reported to be the most commonly used and best performing fluoroquinolones against arcobacters.

T113

78256-78511

Epistemic_statement

denotes

A. Ergin *,Ö. Köseoglu Eser, N. Pakasticali, G. Hasçelik (Ankara, TR) Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate antimicrobial susceptibility, metallo b-lactamase production (MBL) and dissemination of oxacillinase genes among multidrug resistant (

T114

78512-78553

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Salmonella serovars isolated in Iran M.R.

T115

78717-78897

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Sadat, A. Moshiri, A. Rahimi (Tehran, IR) Objective: High levels of multidrug resistance are normally associated with mobile genetic elements that encode specific resistance genes.

T116

78898-79015

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Among these genetic elements are the integrons, which are structures that can integrate and express resistance genes.

T117

81542-81646

Epistemic_statement

denotes

PFGE analysis suggested presence of the multiple clones of nontypable clinical isolates of this serovar.

T118

81983-82101

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Penicillin remains the first line therapy for GAS infections, but in the case of allergy, macrolides are used instead.

T119

82102-82202

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, resistance to these antibiotics among GAS population is in rise in many European countries.

T120

82390-82565

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate phenotypes, genotypes and emm type distribution among macrolide resistant GAS isolates from pharyngitis patients in Serbia.

T121

83117-83239

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Results: Out of 51 GAS isolates, the majority (71%) harbored mef A, 25% had ermA, while, ermB was rarely encountered (4%).

T122

83569-83738

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The relation of emm types and particular resistance mechanisms could be observed: all emm 75 type isolates were mefA positive and all emm 77 isolates were ermA positive.

T123

84106-84173

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Genotypes associated with resistance were mainly emm 75 and emm 77.

T124

87544-87651

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of PVL toxin co-carriage both in wound and nasal samples.

T125

88864-88999

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Preliminary results indicate that in our C. striatum isolates the gene ermX is chromosomic and does not take part of transposon Tn5432.

T126

89190-89316

Epistemic_statement

denotes

First results show that in our C. striatum collection the ermX gene is chromosomic and is not associated to transposon Tn5432.

T127

89608-89709

Epistemic_statement

denotes

These variants may exist but their phenotypic patterns could be confused with those of IRT or IR-SHV.

T128

89710-90051

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The objectives of this work were: i) to test if an automatic susceptibility testing system (Wider) and blind expert analysis might identify different CTX-Ms harbouring different laboratory-introduced mutations conferring increased MICs to BBLIs; ii) to compare the efficiency to detect IR-CTX-M enzymes when using CLSI or EUCAST breakpoints.

T129

91380-91504

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Interestingly, CTX-M-14-K234R and CTX-M-35-S130G were classified as IR-ESBL when using EUCAST but not with CLSI breakpoints.

T130

91505-91723

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusions: Not a single IR-CTX-M phenotype was detectable either by the automatic system or the blind expert analysis, suggesting that these IR-CTX-M variants could be overlooked in the clinical microbiology setting.

T131

91813-91925

Epistemic_statement

denotes

This result suggests that EUCAST must be considered as reference to detect these IR-CTX-M mutants in the future.

T132

92691-92874

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Nevertheless, the epidemic potential of these broad-spectrum b-lactamases should incite ICUs and microbiology laboratories to strengthen surveillance measures to prevent their spread.

T133

93105-93266

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, detection of these enzymes is a challenge for laboratories since there is no reliable method for the routine detection of plasmid mediated AmpC enzymes.

T134

95681-95851

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusions: The present study positions RTS within the spectrum of ecological niches that may be reservoirs/vehicles for ABR bacteria/ genes with clinical interest (e.g.

T135

96941-97039

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Modules from small theta replicating plasmids (pCIZ2, pEF418 and pEF1071) were rarely found (<5%).

T136

97192-97283

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusions: Most Efc isolates harboured mosaic plasmids associated with the repA_N family.

T137

97284-97536

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The influence of particular plasmids or plasmid modules in the success of major Efc lineages and in the distribution of antibiotic resistance genes among different clonal lineages of the same or different enterococcal species remains to be established.

T138

98013-98198

Epistemic_statement

denotes

K. Klesiewicz, N. Szkaradek, A. Gunia, H. Marona, A. Budak (Krakow, PL) Objectives: The aim of the study was to determine anti-H. pylori activity of a series of 14 xanthone derivatives.

T139

100092-100446

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: Performed research on anti-H. pylori activity of the series of xanthone derivatives, it could be stated that: chlorine atom as well as allyl moiety are favorable, substitution in the xanthone structure in position 2 is more favorable than in position 3 and 4 and carbonyl group in a side chain is responsible for the partial loss of activity.

T140

100447-100533

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Further studies will be necessary to investigate the effect of these active compounds.

T141

102365-102571

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Some MRSA isolates recovered from different sources showed genetic and phenotypic similarity in the patterns obtained, suggesting that contamination with human origin has been occurred during food handling.

T142

104154-104344

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Further studies should be done to evaluate the circulation and the characteristics of PVL-positive MSSA since it can cause serious infections similarly to its counterpart, PVL-positive MRSA.

T143

104764-104882

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The ST17 strains belonged to 4 clearly distinguishable PFGE clones, but were generally closely related to one another.

T144

105188-105371

Epistemic_statement

denotes

ST17 comprised 46.2% of asymptomatic carriers among the pregnant women, and could be transmitted to the newborns at high rates, with a potential of causing severe neonatal infections.

T145

105664-105828

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In this study we surveyed the nasal carriage of students of a medical university, who already attend hospital wards, so they can be a potential source of infection.

T146

107721-107857

Epistemic_statement

denotes

This, and the dissimilarity of isolates within the same groups, indicate that there is no extensive exchange between the students flora.

T147

108508-108677

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Although the majority of the carried strains was sensitive to antibiotics, nearly half of the pilus + strains was also R to macrolides and non-susceptible to penicillin.

T148

108751-108890

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The rate of pilus positive clinical strains correlates well with international data, but it was significantly lower in the carried strains.

T149

108891-108982

Epistemic_statement

denotes

This suggests that pili are required more for invasion rather than merely for colonisation.

T150

108983-109118

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Very probably there is no direct correlation between pili and resistance, but rather we found pili only in certain resistant serotypes.

T151

109234-109389

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The conjugate vaccines seem to be quite effective in preventing colonisation with pilus positive strains, hence preventing subsequent invasion in the body.

T152

109753-109886

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Despite of it information of population structure and global epidemiology of Staphylococcus epidermidis and some other CoNS is scare.

T153

109887-110004

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The goal of investigation was to analyze collection of CoNS from diverse clinical origins using molecular genotyping.

T154

110628-110876

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Results: Identification of CoNS at the species level indicated that S. epidermidis was the most common species with 46 isolates, followed by S. haemolyticus (18), Staphylococcus hominis (10), Staphylococcus warneri (7), Staphylococcus pasteuri (1).

T155

111945-111993

Epistemic_statement

denotes

CoNS may serve as reservoir of new types SCCmec.

T156

115670-115859

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The remaining 29 CA-MRSA corresponded to spa types more associated to the hospital environment what suggests the interchange of genetic lineages of MRSA among community and hospital niches.

T157

115860-116039

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Although Staphylococcus sciuri is only occasionally isolated from humans, less is known about the carriage of this bacterium in humans, especially methicillin-resistant S. sciuri.

T158

116040-116199

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The aim of the present study was to provide the analysis of carriage of methicillin-resistant S. sciuri in hospitalized patients and healthcare workers (HCWs).

T159

116487-116598

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Susceptibility to antibiotics was performed by disk diffusion method in accordance to the CLSI recommendations.

T160

118018-118143

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Carriage of methicillin-resistant S. sciuri among hospitalized patients and HCWs was determined to be surprisingly high, 5%,.

T161

118950-119211

Epistemic_statement

denotes

There were great similarities between strains of Staphylococcus found and the sensitivity of the drugs tested, when comparing samples found in the same basic health unit, which may indicate the presence of a possible clone of Staphylococcus in several patients.

T162

119212-119412

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The results also call attention to the high rate of multidrug resistance found in strains isolated these patients with predominance of SCCmec type III which complicates the treatment these infections.

T163

121588-121868

Epistemic_statement

denotes

We were concerned about the risk of cross infection and the frequency of such isolates and whether empirical therapy of febrile patients should be with a carbapenem rather than the more conventional piperacillin-tazobactam, ceftazidime or ciprofloxacin with or without gentamicin.

T164

122783-122895

Epistemic_statement

denotes

PCR showed that 20 of the 24 isolates belonged to CTX-M group 1, potentially CTX-M-15s by inference of the MICs.

T165

123124-123420

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusions: MICs, PCR and phylogrouping of the 24 isolates suggest that despite the profile of sensitivity being consistently to only amikacin and carbapenem, that this profile was created by expression of heterogeneous resistance mechanisms, which would preclude concerns about cross infection.

T166

123421-123591

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Further work to characterise the CTX-M group 1 ESBL cluster and molecular environment of these genes could clarify the resistance mechanisms and origins of these strains.

T167

123823-124054

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The aim of this study was to investigate a massive colonization of neonates with ESBL producing E. cloacae in a 30-bed, university-affiliated, level II-IV Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) at a large pediatric hospital in Athens.

T168

126031-126312

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Objectives: The occurrence of carbapenemase producing Gram-negative bacteria is of high clinical interest as they can hydrolyze most b-lactam agents including carbapenems recognised as antibiotics of choice in ESBL or acquired AmpC producers usually resistant to other antibiotics.

T169

126313-126551

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The resistance to carbapenems, generally very rare in Klebsiella pneumoniae strains in the Czech Republic, is predominantly caused by an alteration of the cell wall, together with a production of extendedspectrum and/or AmpC b-lactamases.

T170

128906-129588

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Three major groups of isolates mostly associated with 3 genotypes could be identified: (i) ASSuT type (n = 48; blaTEM, strA-strB, sul2 and tetB), also carrying the pcoD copper efflux gene and assigned to the ST34 (SLV of ST19); (ii) MDR (3−8 antibiotics) type (n = 45), being more frequent the phenotype ACGSSuTTr (n = 27; blaTEM, cmlA1, aac(3)-IV, aadA, sul1-sul2-sul3, tetA and dfrA12;) carrying an unusual class 1 integron with estX-psp-aadA2-cmlA1-aadA1 associated to qacH, IS440 and sul3, and in addition a class 1 integron of 2000 bp (dfrA12-orfX-aadA2) or an empty one with qacEdelta1 and sul1 in the 3 CS, and belonging to the worldwide spread ST19 and DT104/U302 phagetype.

T171

129589-129827

Epistemic_statement

denotes

(iii) CSSuTTr type (n = 15; cmlA1, aadA, sul3, tetB and dfrA12), carrying a class 1 integron with the dfrA12-orfF-aadA2-cmlA1-aadA1 gene cassettes associated to an unusual 3 sequence region with qacH, IS440 and sul3 and belonging to ST19.

T172

129941-130172

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The spread of three MDR genotypes belonging to worldwide spread clonal lineages in association with biocide resistance determinants (pcoD, qacEdelta1 and/or qacH) might account for the recent emergence and success of this serotype.

T173

130295-130456

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Dispersion of integrons carrying blaVIM-2, clonal spreading and the association of MBL genes with transposons may contribute to the observed dissemination rates.

T174

131756-131843

Epistemic_statement

denotes

No close relationships (single or double locus variants) were observed among these STs.

T175

132152-132268

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Our data indicate that these isolates belong to an extremely polyclonal population with no apparent common ancestry.

T176

132269-132396

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Further studies are imperative to follow-up the relevance of specific clones in the dissemination of blaVIM2 carrying isolates.

T177

133175-133350

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Case definition: Patient with suggestive clinical course and epidemiology (coming from the epizootic area) and positive serology (antibodies to Francisella tularensis >1/160).

T178

134536-134695

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusions: Tularaemia should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with fever, pharyngitis, conjunctivitis, and cervical lymphadenopathies.

T179

134696-134805

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Hence, early diagnosis and treatment of tularaemia are important, every clinicians must be aware of diseases.

T180

137181-137286

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Carbapenems and aminoglycosides could be the best choice for empiric treatement in hospitalized patients.

T181

137287-137384

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Quinolones and cotrimoxazole should not be recommended due to the high resistance rates observed.

T182

137712-137954

Epistemic_statement

denotes

By this novel approach it is possible to identify the major characteristics of resistance and virulence and to trace the evolution of specific plasmid families, recognizing their basis for virulence, host range, transferability and stability.

T183

138346-138563

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Mobile DNA elements associated with resistance genes, regions implicated in replication and plasmid host ranges, maintenance (toxinantitoxin, plasmid partitioning and exclusion properties) and transfer were annotated.

T184

138780-138975

Epistemic_statement

denotes

This plasmid family was characterized by a novel replicase gene that we previously identified in a Salmonella Montevideo from The Netherlands associated to the qnrS1 gene (García-Fernández et al.

T185

138984-139319

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The novel fully sequenced IncR-SHV-12 plasmid confers resistance to b-lactams and cephalosporines (blaSHV-12, blaTEM-1, blaOXA9), but also to mercuric ions, aminoglycosides (strA-strB, aacA4, aadA1) and sulphonamides and is negative for the conjugative transfer locus, suggesting in trans mobilization mediated by co-resident plasmids.

T186

139582-139786

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The susceptible ST258 contained virulence-like plasmids of the FIIK type that likely contributed to the successful spread of this clone, independently by the acquisition of antimicrobial resistance genes.

T187

139787-140064

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Since plasmids can be considered as "genomes" within the bacterial genome, a fully sequence approach may help to identify the characteristics enhancing the successful spread of specific plasmid families, but also the ability of plasmids to support the host survival and spread.

T188

140065-140107

Epistemic_statement

denotes

A. Novais*, J. Pires, L. Peixe (Porto, PT)

T189

140108-140312

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Objectives: Specific UTI-causing E. coli clones have been linked to the emergence and spread of AbR genes but the complete virulence profile of these UPEC clones has only been assessed for a few lineages.

T190

142360-142497

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: Consistent VFs profiles were found within STs, and differences could not be explained by origin, pathogenesis or AbR profile.

T191

142498-142638

Epistemic_statement

denotes

A and B1 UPEC profile was linked to the presence of fimH (adhesion), iutA (iron uptake), traT (surface exclusion) colV (colicin) and/or usp.

T192

145041-145218

Epistemic_statement

denotes

This study reveals a complex allodemic scenario associated with the emergence of ertapenem resistance among different ESBL/AmpC Enterobacteriaceae widespread clones in Portugal.

T193

145512-145605

Epistemic_statement

denotes

After the first description of a KPC-KP in Italy in 2009 only few reports has been published.

T194

146800-146897

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: Before November 2009 at the San Gerardo Hospital no KPC-KP strains has been isolated.

T195

147565-147688

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The rep-PCR approach here described appear to be a rapid and robust technique to investigate clonal relationship of KPC-KP.

T196

149661-149778

Epistemic_statement

denotes

6 to 12 months later, however, urine was the only positive site, in 1 of the patients even on 2 subsequent occasions.

T197

149907-150048

Epistemic_statement

denotes

We can assume that rectal swab is an appropriate method for routine screening for colonisation with E. coli and K. pneumoniae producing ESBL.

T198

150049-150135

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, in some patients the urine may at least transitory be the only positive site.

T199

152434-152547

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Carbapenem MICs tend to be variable for these strains and early detection remains a challenge for the laboratory.

T200

154058-154179

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusions: Acquired AmpC b-lactamases has recently been described mobilised by integrative conjugative elements (ICEs).

T201

154277-154511

Epistemic_statement

denotes

As bla(DHA-1) was present on the chromosome of the donor and was transferred to the chromosome of all 25 transconjugants, we hypothesize that an ICE could be involved in the mobilisation the bla(DHA-1) genes in these E. coli isolates.

T202

154747-155004

Epistemic_statement

denotes

With the use of an adapted plugin tool, BioNumerics automatically assembles and processes sequence trace files, connects to the online MLST database, and retrieves corresponding allele numbers, sequence types as well as available clonal complex information.

T203

155511-155643

Epistemic_statement

denotes

With the principle of maximum parsimony (MP), MST shares the idea that evolution should be explained with as few events as possible.

T204

155644-155828

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In contrast to MP, a "classical" MST does not allow the creation of hypothetical nodes, relying on all states present in the sampled dataset to explain the relationships and evolution.

T205

157909-158065

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Results: All Klebsiella spp isolates except one K. oxytoca had the blaVIM-1 gene and all K. pneumoniae had, also, blaSHV gene associated to ESBL production.

T206

158184-158366

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The combined use of MALDI-TOF for species identification and DiversiLab System for clonal strain typing may be a useful tool for fast and accurate management of nosocomial outbreaks.

T207

158589-158729

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Dosing of b-lactam antibiotics by continuous infusion has been suggested to improve treatment outcome, as compared to intermittent infusion.

T208

158730-158821

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, continuous infusion is critical in neonates because of fluid and salt restriction.

T209

158822-158947

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Glucose 10% is often used as a nutrient supply in neonates and could at the same time serve as a good solvent for cefotaxime.

T210

158948-159075

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Yet, stability data of cefotaxime in glucose 10% are lacking, restraining pediatricians from continuous infusion of cefotaxime.

T211

159756-159905

Epistemic_statement

denotes

After 24 hours, the cefotaxime concentration declined to 98.1% (SEM 1.65), indicating that cefotaxime is stable for at least 24 hours in glucose 10%.

T212

161857-162078

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Clinicians have a high degree of suspicion about correct original focus of bacteremia, higher in the respiratory origin and lowest in those of vascular origin, and these data are consistent with the type of microorganism.

T213

164468-164611

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: Aerosolized colistin could be beneficial as adjunctive treatment for the management of pneumonia associated with MDR P. aeruginosa.

T214

164612-164777

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Objectives: Inappropriate use of antimicrobial drugs is associated with increased hospital expenditure, emergence of resistant bacteria and unnecessary side-effects.

T215

164778-164890

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Concerning this, antibiotic stewardship is among the main concerns of the hospital infection control programmes.

T216

164974-165139

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The aim of this study was to investigate the point prevalence of antibiotic prophylaxis in surgery clinics and to evaluate the appropriateness of the antibiotic use.

T217

166474-166634

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The reasons for the inappropriateness were as follows: wrong antibiotic (8.9%), wrong doses and duration (84.4%) and no antibiotics in spite of the need (6.7%).

T218

166891-167076

Epistemic_statement

denotes

As conclusion we suggest that the hospital infection control programmes must include the follow up of the use of established guidelines, just introducing them seems to be not efficient.

T219

169010-169287

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: Reasons for appearance of complications during therapy of tularemic patients: 1. inadequate initial antibiotic treatment 2. late onset of adequate antibiotic therapy 3. possible appearence of resistant species of F. tularensis in the region of South-eastern Serbia.

T220

169411-169504

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for prevention of complication and complete curing.

T221

169601-169759

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The aim of our study was to investigate the influence of an antimicrobial stewardship program on antibiotic use at the Hospital Sant Joan de Déu de Martorell.

T222

169807-169866

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Antibiotic consumption was monitored one year prior (2008)

T223

169867-170118

Epistemic_statement

denotes

A. Dinh*, J. Salomon, J. Bru, L. Bernard (Garches, Annecy, Tours, FR) Objective: For several years, antimicrobial resistance rates among bacteria have continued to rise, with limited therapeutic options due to the shortage of new antimicrobial agents.

T224

170459-170642

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Parenteral fosfomycin combined with another antibiotic appears to be safe and effective treatment for severe infections caused by resistant bacteria sensitive only to this antibiotic.

T225

170643-170765

Epistemic_statement

denotes

A further benefit is its low (~3%) and stable rate of resistance in countries in which it has been in use for a long time.

T226

170766-170839

Epistemic_statement

denotes

This should be confirmed by further studies to substantiate this finding.

T227

172856-173020

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusions: Despite the number of prior antibiotic failures and multiple comorbidites in these pts the overall clinical success rate in this UK population was 73%.

T228

173021-173222

Epistemic_statement

denotes

There is emerging evidence that DAP is being used to treat infections caused by other Gram-positive species that are of increasing importance in IE, particularly where treatment options may be limited.

T229

174654-174826

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Surveillance of outpatient antibiotic use might contribute to the efforts made for preventing the spread of Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) within regional networks.

T230

175168-175282

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Furthermore, in 2006, a possibility for reimbursement of MRSA eradication therapy in outpatients has been created.

T231

176566-176657

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Regional trends which may reflect effects of interventions can be observed in routine data.

T232

176815-176899

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Of note, there are no objective clinical and diagnostic findings in both CB and CFS.

T233

176900-177158

Epistemic_statement

denotes

A low-molecular-mass (37 kDa) isoform of RNAse L has been described in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) extracts and the ratio of two isoforms of RNAse L (37 kDa/83 kDa) has been proposed as a potential biochemical marker of CFS (Tiev et al., 2003) .

T234

177229-177381

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The aim of this study was to determine the ratio of the 37kDa/83KDa isoforms in CB patients and compare the results with healthy wellmatched volunteers.

T235

178585-178730

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The chronic brucellosis patients are more likely to show a higher ratio of the two isoforms of RNAse L (37 kDa/83 kDa) than the healthy subjects.

T236

178731-178825

Epistemic_statement

denotes

A high 37 kDa/83 kDa ratio of the RNase L could distinguish CB patients from healthy subjects.

T237

178826-178977

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Objectives: Recent publications suggest that 20−30% of surgical site infections are caused by S. aureus, and half of these arise from endogenous flora.

T238

180213-180275

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Further studies are needed in order to reduce invalid results.

T239

180342-180521

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Three months after completion of the treatment, the patient resumed it for 6 months, because he considered that his clinical improvement was associated with antimicrobial therapy.

T240

181065-181224

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: This may be the first report of CB with MMN as neurological complication described, thanks to the high sensitivity and specificity of a PCRQ assay.

T241

181329-181463

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Immunoprophylaxy and immunotherapy may be considered as desirable ways for control and treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections.

T242

181673-181756

Epistemic_statement

denotes

It also may play an important role in the induction of protective immune responses.

T243

181819-181919

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In future, its immunological effect would be evaluated on animal and compared with native flagellin.

T244

182432-182630

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Symptoms may be mild, nonproductive persistent cough, malaise, and fever, but more severe illness occurs when the lower respiratory tracts is affected, given rise to acute bronchitis and pneumoniae.

T245

182631-182799

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The agents causing respiratory infections are difficult to distinguish clinically, since many bacterial and viral infection share clinical features, including symptoms.

T246

182937-183069

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Currently culture and serological confirmation of the diagnosis of C. pneumoniae and M. pneumoniae are difficult and time-consuming.

T247

183155-183254

Epistemic_statement

denotes

We propose a new real-time PCR based diagnsotic tool for C. pneumoniae and M. pneumoniae diagnosis.

T248

184138-184343

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The high quality associated with its compatibility with the major extraction and real time PCR platforms allows an immediate integration of Chla/Myco pneumo r-gene™ in most routine diagnostic laboratories.

T249

184557-184670

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The rapid detection of pathogens in blood is critical for a favourable outcome of patients with suspected sepsis.

T250

186358-186665

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: This rapid, multiplex pathogen detection LC-SF system complemented traditional culture-based methods and offered some added diagnostic value for the timely detection of causative pathogens having a relevant impact on clinical management for a subset of patients with clinically suspected sepsis.

T251

186666-186883

Epistemic_statement

denotes

N. Brankova*, V. Levterova, S. Panaiotov, K. Tankova, T. Kantardjiev (Sofia, BG) Bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of whooping cough is endemic in Bulgaria despite extensive nationwide vaccination since 1950s.

T252

189062-189214

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Objectives: Implementation of rapid molecular diagnostics in bloodstream infections could significantly improve speed of diagnosis, and thereby outcome.

T253

189512-189595

Epistemic_statement

denotes

This may lead to an increase in input volume and subsequent diagnostic sensitivity.

T254

190987-191068

Epistemic_statement

denotes

These results might therefore represent additional yield of the Sepsitest™-assay.

T255

191199-191303

Epistemic_statement

denotes

-The Sepsitest™-assay can be used in clinical practice for molecular analysis directly on blood samples.

T256

191304-191446

Epistemic_statement

denotes

-Implementation of the assay may provide additional detection of bacteraemic patients, but results have to be evaluated with sequence results.

T257

191447-191542

Epistemic_statement

denotes

-Gel-based analysis is applicable, but may be troublesome to implement in the routine workflow.

T258

192074-192275

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a negative single-stranded RNA virus of the family Paramyxoviridae, and may be the second most common cause (after RSV) of lower respiratory infection in young children.

T259

193779-194026

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Results from these studies indicate that our room temperature stable reagents, coupled with the simplified workflow for our AmpliVue molecular assays, provides end-users with sensitive and specific assays for the detection of Flu A&B and hMPV/RSV.

T260

194574-194686

Epistemic_statement

denotes

By performing PCR, 20 extra cases of active infection were diagnosed, for which no antibodies could be detected.

T261

195445-195781

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: Quantative PCR CMV assay is rapid, and linear for quantifying CMV viral load, and it seems to be useful in the diagnosis and management of affected patients for predicting disease and monitoring response to antiviral therapy and can serve as surrogate markers for antiviral resistance and clinical relapse in these patients.

T262

196862-197126

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Both assays were shown to be tolerant to common exogenous and endogenous substances that may be present in external anogenital lesion specimens, including but not limited to blood, mucus, semen, leukocytes and various prescription and over-the-counter medications.

T263

197127-197288

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In addition, both assays were found not to cross-react with a variety of bacteria, viruses and fungi that could be found in external anogenital lesion specimens.

T264

198175-198350

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, due to its high level of conservation, the 5-UTR is limited in its ability to discriminate genotype 6 from genotype 1 and subtypes within genotypes 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6.

T265

199726-199840

Epistemic_statement

denotes

This improvement can be attributed to the additional information available from the core region of the HCV genome.

T266

199841-200069

Epistemic_statement

denotes

As the clinical management of patients infected by genotype 1a and 1b is equal, disagreements among both tests may present epidemiological consequences but at least Versant 1.0 errors do not affect treatment dosage and duration.

T267

200071-200280

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The high prevalence observed in women aged 14−17 years is probably due to both the increased susceptibility of this population and an early sexual debut, major risk factor for the acquisition of HPV infection.

T268

200387-200488

Epistemic_statement

denotes

These data support the existence of an inverse relationship between age and HPV infection prevalence.

T269

200489-200592

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In addition, vaccination of this whole population would have prevented about 6% of occurred infections.

T270

200761-200968

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Since HPV is one of the major pathogen sexually transmitted worldwide, it will be important to extend the surveillance also to the adolescent males, who could be the next target of the immunization strategy.

T271

202685-202891

Epistemic_statement

denotes

These infections were supported both by high-and/or low-risk genotypes and, among these, 45% (5/11) could now be preventable by the available vaccines that include one or two types found (HPV-6 and HPV-16).

T272

202892-203026

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Molecular testing on urine sample seems to be a good alternative to those conducted on cervical swab, especially for very young women.

T273

203027-203099

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Finally, this method seems to be applicable also to the male population.

T274

203100-203289

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The aim of this study was the evaluation of the often underestimated potential role of herpes viruses in the onset or inauspicious evolution of respiratory pathologies in critical patients.

T275

203471-203757

Epistemic_statement

denotes

For the retrospective study we used viral isolation methods and Real-Time PCR, respectively, for viral replication activity and the clinical significance expressed in terms of viral load, correlated with the days the patients were on assisted ventilation until the time of the analysis.

T276

204031-204264

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Based on the data relative to the finding of viral nucleic acid and the duration of mechanical ventilation, a statistically significant association was found only for HSV1 DNA with assisted ventilation of more than 7 days (p < 0.05).

T277

204459-204698

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The prevalence of herpes viruses, and above all the finding of HSV1, accompanied by a substantial viral load, would confirm the importance that these viruses could have in the onset of respiratory pathologies in immunocompromised subjects.

T278

204699-204994

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Therefore, the introduction of tests for the detection of the above mentioned viruses in diagnostic protocols would favor early diagnosis and correct therapy that could reduce the rate of mortality in critical long-term patients affected by respiratory pathologies who need assisted ventilation.

T279

205110-205196

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In most cases the aetiology is unknown, yet most result in an antibiotic prescription.

T280

207264-207504

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: The molecular assay has increased our understanding of the epidemiology of respiratory viral infections and should assist us in the diagnosing the etiology of respiratory tract infections in individual and in outbreak situation.

T281

208403-208506

Epistemic_statement

denotes

These data would suggest a potential indication for rhinovirus detection in acute respiratory diseases.

T282

209212-209327

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: Our results indicated that HPV infections represent a significant public health concern in Herzegovina.

T283

209515-209816

Epistemic_statement

denotes

G. Gioula*, E. Chatzopoulou, M. Exindari, A. Melidou, D. Chatzidimitriou, F. Chatzopoulou, N. Malisiovas (Thessaloniki, GR) Objectives: Influenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) are the most common pathogens that cause acute respiratory disease in children.

T284

209817-210020

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The aim of this study is to present the contribution of the above three pathogens to influenza-like illness (ILI) in children (aged <6 years old) during 2-year (2008-2010) influenza seasons in N. Greece.

T285

211952-212127

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, the molecular method could identify one sample with mixed infection caused by C. albicans and C. glabrata, while the conventional culture identified just C. albicans.

T286

212128-212302

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Moreover, 3 samples identified as C. parapsilosis by the classical method were molecularly identified as C. orthopsilosis, a species belonging to the C. parapsilosis complex.

T287

212303-212477

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusions: Organic DNA extraction, PCR assay and sequencing could efficiently identify mixed infections, as well as Candida species that only can be molecularly identified.

T288

212478-212633

Epistemic_statement

denotes

This test can be easily implemented in routine laboratories providing earlier and low cost species identification when compared to the traditional methods.

T289

212903-213033

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Some of the PCR ribotypes were lately associated with outbreaks and with increased mortality and morbidity: 027, 078, 017 and 053.

T290

213034-213110

Epistemic_statement

denotes

It is therefore important to recognize these ribotypes as rapid as possible.

T291

213223-213419

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Here we describe for the first time the modification of PCR ribotyping that can be used for direct detection in stool samples and its use during emergence of PCR ribotype 027 in a single hospital.

T292

214067-214193

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Results: Direct PCR ribtyping from stool samples was possible in 37 out of 50 C. difficile positive samples using new primers.

T293

215700-215987

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Factors that determine cost effectiveness in various settings are the baseline prevalence rate of MRSA, applying screening and pre-emptive isolation to high-risk patients, the availability and cost of isolation and last but not least, the assay characteristics and individual test costs.

T294

216271-216567

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Although more studies are urgently needed, especially in severe infections diagnosis, infection control teams for MRSA in hospitals can be preliminarily informed about the particulars of the cost effectiveness of molecular assays over traditional techniques according to each hospital's settings.

T295

216568-216802

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Objectives: The aim of the study was the evaluation of genomic diversity differences among B. pertussis strains collected from patients before and after the 90-ties in respect to vaccine strains used for production of the DTP vaccine.

T296

216972-217060

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Despite the prolonged incubation period, culture remains the standard diagnostic method.

T297

217061-217362

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Alternative methods like antigen detection and molecular techniques are expensive, often unavailable and give no information regarding Legionella pneumophila viability, which can be of minor importance in clinical specimens but of major impact in water samples and therefore in public health security.

T298

217363-217533

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Considering its high mortality rate and the need of specific treatment, the development of a rapid, sensitive and specific method for L. pneumophila detection is crucial.

T299

217534-217610

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Also, distinction between viable and non-viable cells in water is warranted.

T300

217611-217757

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Therefore, we propose a flow cytometry protocol for L. pneumophila detection in clinical and water samples and viability evaluation in the latter.

T301

219080-219301

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Furthermore, while it has been used in the detection of Legionella in environmental specimens and experimental systems, this is the first time that this technique is applied to detect L. pneumophila in clinical specimens.

T302

220997-221183

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Quality improvement is a process by which the components of smear microscopy diagnostic services are analyzed with the aim of looking for ways to permanently remove obstacles to success.

T303

222236-222289

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In titres reached some differences could be observed.

T304

222290-222382

Epistemic_statement

denotes

All tests were reasonably specific (92-100%), however the sensitivity showed more variation.

T305

222773-222975

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Discussion: The higher sensitivity of the IFA was supported in the serial dilution, however these observations were based on a limited number of samples and should be refined using a larger set of sera.

T306

222976-223050

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The IFA appears the method of choice if high sensitivity is required (e.g.

T307

223076-223146

Epistemic_statement

denotes

ELISAs can be an alternative or for screening of large sample numbers.

T308

223278-223380

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The aim of this study was to evaluate the nature of brown pigment produced by Acinetobacter baumannii.

T309

225233-225348

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Excess gluconic acid in strain A leads to brown pigmentation which may offer protection against antioxidant stress.

T310

225349-225471

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The results show that strain A has multiple routes of metabolism which offers it better chance for survival than strain B.

T311

225472-225651

Epistemic_statement

denotes

S. Iyer*, M. Reed, A. Stacey, N. Virgincar (Reading, UK) Objectives: Prompt empirical antimicrobial treatment, after blood culture is recommended for optimal management of sepsis.

T312

225652-225879

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Rapid pathogen identification (ID) and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) results permit early streamlining of the empirical antimicrobial treatment to the pathogen-directed treatment with potential healthcare benefits.

T313

227350-227529

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The aim of the study was to detect seasonal variation, if any, in the recovery rate of different pathogens from the positive blood cultures obtained from patients of our hospital.

T314

229079-229181

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, the highest prevalence of antibodies to rickettsiae was observed in women aged >40 years old.

T315

229895-230056

Epistemic_statement

denotes

When antibodies to HIV are revealed, antigen p24 is often no longer detectable as a result of formation of a complex between the antigen and antibodies in blood.

T316

234527-234604

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In order to increase sensitivity, negative results should be confirmed by IF.

T317

235616-235755

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Objectives: Campylobacter jejuni is the organism that has most frequently been described in association with Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS).

T318

235756-235971

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Although infections with C. jejuni are recognized mainly by culture, serodiagnosis is often useful tool in diagnosis of neurological complications and reactive arthritis occurred after intestinal campylobacteriosis.

T319

237646-237833

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The results of our study showed that serological investigation may be a useful tool for identification of C. jejuni infections in patients with post-infectious neurological complications.

T320

237834-238021

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Therefore, development of a worldwide available, standardized ELISA assay which can be used in serological diagnosis of C. jejuni infections, and its complications such as GBS, is needed.

T321

238236-238359

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The aim of this procedure is to isolate discrete colonies for further identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing.

T322

238525-238884

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The aim of this study was: -to compare the number of discrete colonies obtained by manual spreading with automatic spreading performed by InoqulA ® -to study the variation and reproducibility of discrete colonies created by InoqulA ® Methods: Bacteria from two different species were selected, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922.

T323

240378-240479

Epistemic_statement

denotes

-Reproducibility and evaluation of different InoqulA ® streaking pattern needs to be further studied.

T324

240601-240696

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Considering different etiologies of abdominal pain, the role of Helicobacter pylori is unclear.

T325

242437-242552

Epistemic_statement

denotes

PCT level was1.54 ng/ml after hospitalization ( The level of S100B is directly correlate with PCT level (r = 0.51).

T326

243895-244054

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Although there were numeric differences between colony count of plates inoculated by WASP and manually, no differences in clinical interpretation was observed.

T327

244124-244380

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Although the WASP is a very promising automated instrument for planting and streaking of bulk samples like urines and MRSA-screening samples in microbiology laboratories, a conscientious validation is recommended before the implementation in daily routine.

T328

244602-244800

Epistemic_statement

denotes

MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry is a fast and reliable technology for microorganism identification, which has been shown useful for microorganisms identification both from culture and from some samples.

T329

244801-244944

Epistemic_statement

denotes

We have compared the correlation between biochemical identification and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (ME) for anaerobic bacteria identification.

T330

245021-245106

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Early and adequate antimicrobial therapies correlate with positive clinical outcomes.

T331

245289-245441

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The direct identification of microorganisms from a positive blood culture can shorten the diagnostic significantly enabling an earlier specific therapy.

T332

245635-245905

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In the first part of the study 192 positive blood cultures have been investigated by using tubes with separator gels (BD) to enrich microorganisms in the serum followed by the standard ethanol/formic acid protein extraction for the preparation of the bacterial extracts.

T333

245906-246077

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In the second part of the study MALDI Sepsityper Kit from Bruker Daltonic has been used for the preparation of the bacterial extracts out from 132 positive blood cultures.

T334

246979-247150

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Objectives: Natriuretic peptides compose a family of peptides that present diuretic and vasoconstrictive properties and are associated with left heart ventricle functions.

T335

248100-248267

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In respiratory truck positive cultures it was found statistically significant correlation between NT-proBNP and CRP (p < 0.01) and also between PCT and CRP (p < 0.05).

T336

248271-248354

Epistemic_statement

denotes

NT-proBNP levels are significantly correlated with CRP levels in severe infections.

T337

248358-248473

Epistemic_statement

denotes

There is no significant correlation between the isolated bacteria from positive cultures and NT-proBNP, PCT or CRP.

T338

250151-250913

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The present study was undertaken to evaluate potential value of Acute Phase Proteins (Serum Amyloid A and Haptoglobin) in detecting clinical and subclinical mastitis and their correlation with pH and electro-conductivity in Zebu (Sahiwal) R2492 Performance evaluation of the Access ® HIV combo assay on the UniCel ® DxI 800 E. Roux, N. Groleau, C. Chandelier, F. Margotteau, C. Stoia, D. Duhamel, B. Roussel, C. Bonchamp, V. Potelle, D. Nogues, M. Cottin, R. Falcou-Briatte*, O. Flecheux (Marnes la Coquette, Steenvoorde, FR) Objectives: A new automated HIV combo assay has been developed by Bio-Rad for the qualitative detection of HIV-1 p24 antigen and antibodies to HIV-1 (groups M-N-O) and HIV-2 using the UniCel DxI 800 Immunoassay system (Beckman Coulter).

T339

251629-251839

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The precision study has been studied following CLSI EP5A2 guidance by the analysis of 13 samples: a negative sample, 2 low positive samples, a medium positive sample for HIV-1, HIV-2, HIV-1-O and HIV-1 antigen.

T340

254250-254497

Epistemic_statement

denotes

We decided to investigate whether or not the Brucella Blood Agar supplemented with hemin and vitamin K (BBA), recommended for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of anaerobic bacteria with gradient strips, might also be suited for disk diffusion.

T341

255668-255892

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Whether this small variability can be reproduced with clinical isolates and whether resistant isolates can be separated from wild type zone diameter distributions of the Bacteroides fragilis group remains to be investigated.

T342

255893-255965

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Also the impact of different temperatures needs to be evaluated further.

T343

255966-256244

Epistemic_statement

denotes

T. Büyükgüçlü, H. Iakar, N. Balaban, D.Çaliskan, B. Yalcin, U. Cinar, E. Guner, M. Eksioglu, N. Atakan, B. Esen (Kirsehir, Ankara, Mersin, Karabuk, TR) Objectives: The heterogenous expression of methicillin resistance in S. aureus make the phenotypic testing difficult and slow.

T344

256245-256446

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The aim of this study was to compare the results of phenotypic and genotypic methods used for methicillin resistance, determine susceptibilities to antibiotics used for skin and soft tissue infections.

T345

257274-257479

Epistemic_statement

denotes

85-11.74, p = 0.001 The most ideal spreading pattern to create evenly spread growth and uniform circular inhibition zones was pattern 5 with 1 mm distance between the laps and a full length primary streak.

T346

257881-258024

Epistemic_statement

denotes

It is possible to use InoqulA ® for inoculation and spreading of agar plates for susceptibility testing according to the new EUCAST guidelines.

T347

259714-259802

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Correlation between conventional CFU assay and Flow Cytometry was successfully achieved.

T348

259934-260092

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Flow cytometry proved to be an excellent and accurate method representing an alternative approach to evaluate the susceptibility of bacteria to ciprofloxacin.

T349

261236-261336

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Besides, breakpoints for several antibiotics tested in our lab are lacking in EUCAST-guidelines e.g.

T350

263342-263457

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Two out of the 4 remaining MRCNS were detected after induction (around cefoxitin disc) and 2 could not be retested.

T351

264078-264203

Epistemic_statement

denotes

For CNS, the test has an acceptable PPV but a low NPV and improvement would probably require an optimization of the protocol.

T352

264204-264319

Epistemic_statement

denotes

For BNSA and BNPBP2a, evaluation study as well as preliminary results from the prospective study appears promising.

T353

264320-264488

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Objectivity required accepting the fact that infectious diseases and responsibility of them challenge the health system to increase the immunization coverage up to 95%.

T354

266020-266107

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The neurological complications were rare − in analyzing study 0.36% with benign ending.

T355

266456-266627

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusions: Although this population theoretically had a low risk for HBV, HCV and HDV infection, these results are higher than expected in accordance with the age range.

T356

266628-266679

Epistemic_statement

denotes

It has not been found any recruits positive to HIV.

T357

266680-266805

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Based on the prevalence of serological markers we recommend vaccination against HBV infection after prevaccination screening.

T358

270013-270189

Epistemic_statement

denotes

For five of the six remaining patients, consumption of an unidentified contaminated handmade spread produced and distributed in the Graz area is the likely source of infection.

T359

271004-271243

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The densitometric analysis of the electrophoretic bands obtained in multiplex PCR showed different intensities, suggesting that, in a number of cases, the lipase or DN-ase genes could be lost in a great percent in the bacterial population.

T360

271735-271827

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In most laboratories however, onesample testing is performed for reasons of cost efficiency.

T361

272728-272884

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The CT detection rate for SVS, FCU and SVS/FCU combination were 94%, 90% and 94%, respectively, if results of NAAT by SDA and by PCR were analyzed together.

T362

272989-273097

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Discordance in NAAT results within the different sample types was found in 16 out of 96 CT positive results.

T363

273268-273433

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Moreover, SVS is the most costeffective sample type for a STD clinic population We can therefore conclude that SVS is the specimen of choice to detect CT in females.

T364

274033-274165

Epistemic_statement

denotes

All ten patients had active oral infection foci, most often untreated periodontitis (5/10), likely to cause spontaneous bacteraemia.

T365

274367-274501

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: Patients with predisposing medical conditions seem to be more susceptible for distant site infections caused by S. mutans.

T366

275020-275119

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, patients and clinicians may not share the same assumptions about the meaning of this term.

T367

275948-276133

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Nevertheless, the over-use of antibiotics was a strong central concept in almost all patients' explanations, whether they viewed resistance as located in either the body or in bacteria.

T368

276134-276220

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Most patients were aware of the link between antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance.

T369

276221-276658

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The identification of the misinterpretation of antibiotic resistance as being located in the body could lead to clinician-patient discussions and public health interventions which are much clearer about the location and mechanism of antibiotic resistance, explaining the transferability and societal relevance rather than focusing on individualised risk, thereby emphasising the public health argument for the prudent use of antibiotics.

T370

276659-276924

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Objectives: Diarrhoea remains one of the main sources of morbidity and mortality in the world and enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) have been increasingly recognized as an emerging pathogen, causing diarrhoea in both developing and industrialized countries.

T371

276925-277105

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In Romania, the real contribution of EAEC to diarrhoea disease burden is not known because of the lack of routine EAEC detection protocols in clinical microbiological laboratories.

T372

277106-277245

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of faecal carriage of EAEC in Romanian children with sporadic acute diarrhoea.

T373

278542-278659

Epistemic_statement

denotes

This study revealed that EAEC pathotype might be a significant cause of sporadic diarrhoea among children in Romania.

T374

278660-278775

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Our results provide additional support for the reconsideration of the local diagnostic and surveillance strategies.

T375

278976-279417

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Especially, in the segregated settlements with illegal huts (mostly built of wood, iron waste, flat metal stock and other materials obtained from waste dumps or surrounding countryside), devastated environment and with no access to basic infrastructure such as electricity, tap water (they mostly use water wells or streams), sewerage system and waste disposal what in many cases has influence on bad health status and troubles with hygiene.

T376

279644-279851

Epistemic_statement

denotes

According to several studies in many settlements, which are often built on loose soils are lacking in their drinking water, sewage, waste pits and landfills, sanitary facilities and lack of garbage disposal.

T377

279994-280200

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Aim: The aim of this study was to describe and to categorize different clinical pictures of patients with neurobrucellosis in our clinic, and to present demographical and laboratory data about the patients.

T378

281740-281886

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: Although neurobrucellosis is most frequently accompanied by subacute-chronic meningitis, it may have many different clinical pictures.

T379

281887-282017

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The classical triad of meningitis (fever, neck stiffness, and unconscious state) is rarely seen in brucellosis-related meningitis.

T380

282018-282144

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Brucellosis should be kept in mind in patients with unexplained neurological findings in regions where brucellosis is endemic.

T381

285234-285475

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Objectives: The main aim of the study is to evaluate the role of microbial air contamination on the risk of surgical site infection (SSI) in hip and knee arthroprosthesis controlling for adherence to guidelines for antimicrobial prophylaxis.

T382

287272-287571

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Although one year of follow-up after implant is requested for SSIs surveillance, the study has depicted the epidemiological scenario in which a complex network of risk factors for SSIs is embedded, already highlighting potential areas for improvement both for air quality and antibiotic prophylaxis.

T383

287719-287834

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Brucellosis shows the involvement of many systems and it seems to be responsible for the high incidence of relapse.

T384

288686-288950

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: Our findings suggest that boric acid is a safe, alternative, economic option for women with recurrent and chronic symptoms of vaginitis when conventional treatment fails due to the involvement of non-albicans Candida species or azole-resistant strains.

T385

290545-290823

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: The findings of the present survey underline the presence of Y. enterocolitica in marine and lake water as an indicator of microbiological pollution and a potential threat for public health if the contaminated aquatic environment is used for recreational activities.

T386

290965-291212

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Objectives: The aim of the present study is to report the event of tick invasion in the premises of the blood transfusion unit (BTU) of a General Hospital following the unusual climatic conditions of spring and summer 2010 in North-western Greece.

T387

292648-292817

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, the 2010 appearance of large numbers of ticks is correlated with the earlier spring with high temperatures and heavy rainfalls continued through middle of July.

T388

293002-293177

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Purpose: This study has been planned to indicate the clinical course and termination of brucellosis in our region during the recent years, and to compare it to the literature.

T389

293178-293352

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The study has been based on a review of the medical records of adult patients older than 14 years, followed with the diagnosis of brucellosis from March 1997 to October 2010.

T390

293569-293725

Epistemic_statement

denotes

There was a statistically significant relationship between advanced age and development of spondylitis and arthritis (respectively p = 0.000 and p = 0.028).

T391

293994-294161

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Also there was a statistically significant relationship between high ESR and spondylitis, sacroilliitis and visceral abscess (p = 0,001, 0,013 and 0,049 respectively).

T392

294297-294470

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Osteoarticular involvement, and particularly the presence of spondylitis should be searched, and the advanced aged patients should be meticulously scanned for complications.

T393

294471-294572

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Laboratory parameters, patient's age and duration of symptoms may help to identify complicated cases.

T394

294573-294690

Epistemic_statement

denotes

From arthropod-borne infections it has been confirmed cases of Lyme disease, Mediterranean spotted fever and Q-fever.

T395

294839-294980

Epistemic_statement

denotes

There were a few cases of sexually transmitted diseases and viral hepatitis C but they were not a significant problem during this deployment.

T396

295381-295521

Epistemic_statement

denotes

A few diseases (brucellosis, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and Q-fever) caused by potential biological weapon agents were prevalent.

T397

295522-295715

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Background: Campylobacter has been recognised as a causative agent of bacterial infectious diarrhoea and remains one of the most prevalent bacterial enteropathogens in the industrial countries.

T398

295772-295952

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Objectives: The aim of this report is the study of Campylobacter cases recorded during the decade 2001-2010, as well as the susceptibility of Campylobacter isolates to antibiotics.

T399

297913-298085

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Background: The association between Chlamydia pneumoniae and atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolaemia subjects in the absence of other conventional risk factors is unclear.

T400

298086-298325

Epistemic_statement

denotes

This study was done to determine whether C. pneumoniae seropositivity is associated with increase in intima media thickness (IMT) of the carotid artery, hs-C reactive protein (CRP) and oxidant stress in subjects with hypercholesterolaemia.

T401

299789-300062

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: Our data demonstrates that seropositivity to C. pneumoniae increases the oxidative stress but it is not associated with increase in carotid IMT or in hs-CRP in subjects with hypercholesterolaemia in the absence of other conventional cardiovascular risk factors.

T402

300063-300331

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Objectives: The rapid and reliable identification of the three potentially toxigenic Corynebacterium species Corynebacterium diphtheriae, C. ulcerans and C. pseudotuberculosis is usually essential for diagnosis and treatment of diphtheria and diphtheria-like diseases.

T403

300332-300470

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Classical differentiation of suspected isolates is done by biochemical tests, which are time consuming and may often give unclear results.

T404

301594-301760

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Moreover, both the positive and negative predictive values for identification of potentially toxigenic Corynebacterium species were 100% with MALDI-TOF, respectively.

T405

301761-301856

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: In conclusion, species identification of potentially toxigenic Corynebacterium spp.

T406

301857-301907

Epistemic_statement

denotes

can be accomplished by MALDI-TOF MS within 15 min.

T407

301945-302135

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In this scenario, MALDI-TOF MS technology might be used as a rapid screening method helping to decide whether suspicious colonies should be analyzed for the presence of tox by real time PCR.

T408

302136-302269

Epistemic_statement

denotes

We propose an algorithm for fast and reliable diagnosis of diphtheria incorporating MALDI-TOF MS, real-time tox PCR and Elek testing.

T409

302398-302433

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Severe complications are very rare.

T410

302709-302899

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, if affected patients recover with pharmacologic therapy and mechanical circulatory support, they may have a better long-term prognosis than patients with other forms of myocarditis.

T411

303424-303622

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Since the first case report of human infection in Denmark in 1968, human infection with S. suis has been reported in many countries and especially Southeast Asia because of its high density of pigs.

T412

303707-303863

Epistemic_statement

denotes

To the best of our knowledge, a case in which S. suis is isolated from joint fluid is very rare and this is first case report of S. suis infection in Korea.

T413

304670-304790

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Objectives: Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE) is an infectious zoonotic disease present in Central Europe but rare in Italy.

T414

306311-306393

Epistemic_statement

denotes

There was no need for any treatment because of spontaneous regression of symptoms.

T415

306458-306778

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Generally the disease was transmitted by a tick of the genus Ixodes, even if there have already been described sporadic cases from non-pasteurized cow's milk, and it manifested by the typical diphasic febrile course (a flu-like syndrome in the first phase, involvement of the central nervous system in the second phase).

T416

307006-307153

Epistemic_statement

denotes

These show that in children it is impossible to define a single clinical picture that characterizes the TBE, because of its several clinical forms.

T417

307154-307327

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Background: Clostridium sordellii (C. sordellii) is a Gram-positive anaerobic bacillus that has been reported as a rare cause of fatal toxic syndrome after medical abortion.

T418

309671-309772

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The aim of the study was to evaluate the patients with tularemia and to make a point for the disease.

T419

310593-310647

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However there wasn't any response to these treatments.

T420

310950-311069

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Lymph node aspiration was performed when fluctuation was detected but F. tularensis could not be grown in the cultures.

T421

311637-311673

Epistemic_statement

denotes

No severe complication was observed.

T422

311674-311963

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: Tularemia should be kept in mind in the differential diagnosis of patients with fever, pharyngitis or tonsillitis and cervical lymphadenopathy, especially unresponsive to b-lactam antibiotics in the endemic regions and early treatment with proper antibiotics should be started.

T423

312446-312598

Epistemic_statement

denotes

This might be due to change of its ecolo-gical pattern since the year 2003 and the environmental conditions favoured by breeding and flaring mosquitoes.

T424

312599-312774

Epistemic_statement

denotes

El-Sharkia and El-Fayoum Governorates (G.) were next in order (18.7%) and (12.5%) and this might be due to increased rural areas and agricultural projects and reestablishment.

T425

312961-313097

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, P. falciparum was also present in 6.2% of cases from El Fayoum Governorate while P. ovale and P. malariae were not encountered.

T426

313274-313455

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Such cases included the "runway" or "airport" malaria, in which local transmission of disease has been attributed to an infected mosquito that was transported on a long haul flight.

T427

313577-313638

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, the thick blood film was the most sensitive (97.2%).

T428

314221-314305

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In immunocompromised patients, however, more severe forms of presentation can occur.

T429

314306-314370

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Diagnosis is usually possible by serology and or histopathology.

T430

315035-315099

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The patient, however, continued to run high grade fever (>40ºC).

T431

315723-315794

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Serology, however, proved negative (IFA titre: IgG: <1:64; IgM: <1:20).

T432

315974-316060

Epistemic_statement

denotes

To the best of our knowledge this is the first case of CSD being reported from Kuwait.

T433

316061-316193

Epistemic_statement

denotes

We recommend to consider CSD in the differential diagnosis in children presenting with PUO, lymphadenopathy and splenic involvement.

T434

316194-316340

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Despite several antibiotic courses, which included those recommended in CSD our patient showed defervescence only after splenectomy was performed.

T435

317408-317783

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: Combining phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, the most frequent pattern (54%) appeared the one with phage type DT120, R-type ASSuT (plus additional resistances) and the closely related PFGE profiles (A,B,C), followed by the pattern (18%) with phage type DT193, R-type ASSuT (with or without additional resistances) and closely related PFGE profiles (A,B,C).

T436

317784-317955

Epistemic_statement

denotes

These results are consistent with the possible presence of two different clones of S. enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:-, that prevail in both human and pig isolates in Greece.

T437

318283-318385

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Brucella suis is an uncommon cause of endocarditis, not previously reported in association with a PPM.

T438

319377-319619

Epistemic_statement

denotes

It is hypothesised that cutaneous exposures when while skinning and butchering or ingestion of undercooked meat resulted in zoonotic transmission of the organism to our patient causing bacteraemia and secondary seeding of his pacemaker wires.

T439

319722-319945

Epistemic_statement

denotes

It is important that clinicians be aware of the possible zoonotic transmission of B. suis to patients exposed to caribou in the Canadian north and the risk of secondary infection of underlying foreign bodies (such as PPMs).

T440

321379-321478

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Background: Arcanobacterium haemolyticum (AH) is an extremely rare cause of infective endocarditis.

T441

321479-321661

Epistemic_statement

denotes

We present here an unusual case of superinfection with AH in a primary Staphylococcus aureus (SA) mitral valve endocarditis in a Hepatitis B/C positive intravenous drug user [IVDU] .

T442

323439-323598

Epistemic_statement

denotes

This is the first report about relationship between clinical and environmental isolates according to the climate or environmental change in Jeju island, Korea.

T443

323599-323777

Epistemic_statement

denotes

21st ECCMID/27th ICC, Abstracts accepted for publication only observed a radiographic pattern of areas of consolidation often associated with patchy or interstitial infiltration.

T444

323874-324052

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Extensive involvement of both lungs, presence of bilateral opacities, interstitial infiltration, lobar consolidation, and patchy infiltration were associated with poor prognosis.

T445

324289-324576

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: Chest CT findings may be significant in prediction of clinical outcome and management of the disease (e.g., initiation of antibiotics) in patients with influenza infection but CT findings alone does not exactly predict the outcome and other risk factors should be considered.

T446

325129-325214

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, we observed an association between GGT levels and the course of the disease.

T447

325215-325343

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In this study we aimed to figure out the relation between serum GGT levels and CCHF and its effect on survival, if there is any.

T448

326700-326779

Epistemic_statement

denotes

A positive correlation was detected between higher AST/GGT ratio and mortality.

T449

326780-326853

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: Serum GGT levels can be used as a prognostic factor for CCHF.

T450

326854-326955

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However an increase of GGT level during the recovery period of CCHF has not yet been fully explained.

T451

326956-327015

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Therefore more studies are needed in this area of research.

T452

327098-327156

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Immunopathogenesis of the disease is not clear enough yet.

T453

327337-327540

Epistemic_statement

denotes

IL-12 has an immunoregulatory functions which may play a role in promoting endogenous protective responses during infections and/or contribute to pathology resulting from unregulated cytokine expression.

T454

330271-330467

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusions: In our study BNP and PCT levels measured soon after admission were increased significantly in sepsis and they seem to be a valuable prognostic marker in the outcome of these patients.

T455

330549-330935

Epistemic_statement

denotes

T. Cirkin Guzel*, N. Baykam, S. Menekse Yilmaz, A. Kocagul Celikbas, S. Eren Gok, H. Esener, S. Yaprakci, B. Dokuzoguz (Ankara, TR) Introduction: H1N1 influenza pandemic caused higher morbidity and mortality among pregnant women than in the general population underscores the medical community's urgent need for data regarding the safe and effective use of medications during pregnancy.

T456

330936-331144

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Although the benefits of treatment appears to outweigh the theoretical risks of antiviral use there is few data about the newborns who borned from mothers who took medications for H1N1 during their pregnancy.

T457

332502-332739

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: Although early evidence suggests that pregnant women may be at higher risk for severe complications (including stillbirth) from novel H1N1, the benefits of treatment appears to outweigh the theoretical risks of antiviral use.

T458

332740-332815

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Early anti-viral therapy, may bring clinical benefits to pregnant patients.

T459

334265-334424

Epistemic_statement

denotes

After this outbreak, no other symptoms have been described among animals and human beings in the farm and no other news about CPXV have been reported in Italy.

T460

334567-334679

Epistemic_statement

denotes

we can suppose that the virus has been introduced in the farm through bred mice, used as food for birds of prey.

T461

335909-336047

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Ciprofloxacin prophylaxis was the most effective regimen with lower PB, however susceptibility of E. coli isolates wasn't optimal (73.5%).

T462

336048-336205

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Taking into account that E. coli susceptibility to ceftriaxone was of 98%, the use of this antibiotic as a new prophylaxis regimen could reduce PB incidence.

T463

336459-336541

Epistemic_statement

denotes

We also searched for associations between observed compliance and various factors.

T464

336970-337088

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Results: During 41 observation sessions with average duration of 18.6 min, we recorded 587 hand hygiene opportunities.

T465

337226-337447

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Professional category (doctor vs. nurse), type of indication (before contact vs. after contact), day of observation (after "on take" day vs. other days) and activity index were found to correlate strongly with compliance.

T466

337800-337917

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Behavioral beliefs in favor of hand hygiene seemed to be strong and produced a positive attitude toward the behavior.

T467

338475-338625

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Doctors' and nurses' level of knowledge is not satisfactory, while low perceived behavioral control seems to exert strong influence on HCWs' behavior.

T468

338626-338719

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Action needs to be taken, involving a combination of system change, education and motivation.

T469

341194-341475

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, the slightly decreased 15% (41.1 to 34.9) incidence of VAP by episodes per 1000 catheter-day and 31% (24.3 to 16.7) incidence of NP by 1000 patient-day were observed during the intervention period suggests a possible benefit of oral hygiene for ventilated patients in ICU.

T470

341764-342076

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Moreover, nonscreening pre-emptive isolation and cohorting (NSPEI&C) were applied to the patients undergoing endotracheal intubation or tracheotomy who were admitted to single rooms (isolation) and multiple patients with similar conditions in one room (cohorting), regardless of whether or not MRSA was isolated.

T471

342077-342263

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Since August 1997, however, the idea of evidencebased medicine (EBM) has spread over Japan so that we had no other choice than stopping NSPEI&C because NSPEI&C had no confirmed evidence.

T472

342342-342578

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Then, NSPEI&C was strictly instituted again, and the dosing period of prophylactic antibiotics for postoperative infection being shortened or extended, the isolation rate of MRSA after digestive surgeries could be significantly reduced.

T473

342657-342880

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, NSPEI&C was stopped in period C, but was implemented again, and prophylactic antibiotics were administered only on the day of surgery in period D. In period E, prophylactic antibiotics were administered for 3 days.

T474

344958-345040

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Microbiological diagnosis should exclude as fast as possible an infection by MRSA.

T475

345041-345137

Epistemic_statement

denotes

If infection is caused by an MSSA, combination of gentamicin and clindamycin can be recommended.

T476

345138-345230

Epistemic_statement

denotes

For treatment of MRSA, application of an vancomycin-containing cement seems to be necessary.

T477

345232-345527

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii using the supersonic wave and plasma irradiation Y. Nakano*, S. Fujimura, T. Sato, H. Takane, A. Watanabe (Sendai, JP) Objectives: The nosocomial infection caused by Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been problem worldwide.

T478

345665-345737

Epistemic_statement

denotes

And it is extremely difficult to sanitize strains on these environments.

T479

345738-345890

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The aim of the present study is to evaluate the bactericidal effect against biofilmformed these strains using the supersonic wave or plasma irradiation.

T480

346823-346902

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, biofilm-formed both strains were not sterilized by that of 30 minutes.

T481

350651-350777

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Cephalosporin resistance was not observed but, local continuous antimicrobial surveillance is paramount and should be ongoing.

T482

350778-350910

Epistemic_statement

denotes

There was no distinct link between the phadebact monoclonal typing of these isolates and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern.

T483

351027-351179

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Heczko (Cracow, PL) Nosocomial infections have been a very well-know public health problem with many consequences like medical, economical, ethical etc.

T484

351420-351554

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The aim of this work was to analyze the epidemiology of infections and multidrug resistance organisms among 108 residents in one LTCF.

T485

351945-352078

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Objectives: Foreign body (external fixator, prosthesis) infections cause a significant morbidity and mortality in orthopedic surgery.

T486

352079-352183

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Silver ion coating of metal external fixators can reduce bacterial colonization consequently infections.

T487

352869-353115

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Quantitative culture of bacteria on the external fixators was performed in addition to microscopic examination and the possible antibacterial efficacy of implants due to silver ion coating was investigated for 8 weeks (day 2, week 2, 4, 6 and 8).

T488

354229-354354

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Such effect may help preventing post-operative infections caused by external fixators commonly used in orthopedic operations.

T489

354355-354402

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In-vivo evaluation of this effect is warranted.

T490

354885-355461

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Results: The proposed European Core Competencies aim to be helpful in: -standardizing Infection Control/Hospital Hygiene Professionals (IC/HHPs) competencies in Europe; -designing and implementing training courses according to different national contexts and facilitating the mutual recognition of competence across Europe; -providing an opportunity for IC/HHPs to review their own performance and to plan their professional development; -providing an opportunity for health care institutions and organizations to evaluate their needs in terms of professional human resources.

T491

355718-355965

Epistemic_statement

denotes

For each professional task, competencies were classified into foundation practice (this applies to newly appointed IC/HHP staff with little or no previous experience and expert practice (for a IC/HHP confident and experienced in all competencies).

T492

356083-356226

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, to ensure that they will make ae a positive impact it will be necessary to spread and endorse them with all the relevant stakeholders.

T493

356830-357035

Epistemic_statement

denotes

There is a potential benefit in reducing the overall costs of treatment, due to direct costs of antibiotic treatment and shortening the length of stay in the hospital without increasing the mortality rate.

T494

357036-357201

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Background: This is the first large-scale study that focused on the prevalence of LTBI in the laboratory personnel, especially in the intermediate incidence setting.

T495

357677-357809

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Age and duration of health care profession were significantly associated with positive QFT-G and TST results by univariate analyses.

T496

357810-358051

Epistemic_statement

denotes

With multivariate logistic regression analyses, household contact to TB patients (P = 0.013), the laboratory sections of microbiology (P = 0.045) and chemistry/immunology (P = 0.014) were significantly associated with positive QFT-G results.

T497

358214-358271

Epistemic_statement

denotes

QFT-G seems to be superior to TST for the LTBI screening.

T498

358272-358518

Epistemic_statement

denotes

T. Panayea, G. Petrikkos, A. Armaganidis, H. Giamarellou (Chaidari, Athens, GR) Objectives: Copper has been shown to have antimicrobial properties and when used on hospital surfaces it minimized environmental contamination by pathogenic bacteria.

T499

360251-360414

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Viable bacteria could not be recovered from 10/13 tested strains incubated on coupon A after 5 hours and from 8/13 strains after 6 hours of incubation on coupon B.

T500

360599-360761

Epistemic_statement

denotes

These data suggest that the use of copper as surface material in the hospital could aid in diminishing the environmental reservoir of MDR Gram-negative pathogens.

T501

362550-362660

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Compliance to maximum barrier precautions was 41%, but this rate was correlated with doctors' education years.

T502

362847-362982

Epistemic_statement

denotes

There was a relationship between the clinic which inserted the catheter and compliance to maximum barrier precautions for CVCs and UCs.

T503

364192-364330

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The aim of this study is to describe the incidence of MRSA in our hospital after the implementation of a prevention and control programme.

T504

364660-364815

Epistemic_statement

denotes

This computing record is linked to the hospital information system (HIS) that allows us to detect the hospital readmissions of colonized/infected patients.

T505

367273-367386

Epistemic_statement

denotes

We can not deduce from our data that this policy has had any impact on the decrease of nosocomial MRSA infection.

T506

368351-368423

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In May-September 2008, an unexpected high incidence of VRE was reported.

T507

368424-368642

Epistemic_statement

denotes

AFLP analysis of these VRE strains documented a genetic relationship between two different groups of isolates: 2 isolates show similar AFLP patterns but different from those of the other 4 genetically related isolates.

T508

368643-368703

Epistemic_statement

denotes

These data suggest a possible person to person transmission.

T509

369426-369561

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Among the reasons for poor negative predictive value are the labile nature of the toxins and the limitations of available technologies.

T510

369848-369993

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, these successes brought to the front the significance of high false positive rates especially with the ultra-sensitive new technologies.

T511

369994-370152

Epistemic_statement

denotes

It is wellestablished that toxin-producing C. difficile can colonise young children and older patients with history of repeated and prolonged hospitalisation.

T512

370808-370894

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Results: Patients who had alternative explanations for their transient diarrhoea (e.g.

T513

370947-371051

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, 86% of these samples were positive by PCR and all produced cytotoxic effects following culture.

T514

371118-371258

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusions: These results suggest that combined clinical/laboratory interpretation is of more value at the current epidemiological setting.

T515

371259-371407

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Highly sensitive technologies, such as PCR, may detect the presence of toxin genes in cases of colonisation or subclinical presence of C. difficile.

T516

371408-371590

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Our data suggest that samples found to be Antigen positive but toxin negative by EIA, in the presence of alternative clinical causes for diarrhoea, should be treated as colonisation.

T517

371591-371728

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, these patients should be monitored closely and should be isolated, while having diarrhoea, to limit environmental contamination.

T518

372208-372321

Epistemic_statement

denotes

This study aims to evaluate factors influencing successful outcome in patients (pts) with CFO with or without DF.

T519

374126-374218

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, 34% were treated for up to 3 months, 42% up to 6 months and 24% more than 6 months.

T520

374251-374364

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Cure Analysis demonstrated that only HbA1C more than 7 was independently related to adverse outcome (p = 0.0001).

T521

374632-374694

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Improved chromogenic media can detect MRSA within 18−24 hours.

T522

376992-377125

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Aim: The compartmental immune response of ascitic fluid seems to be important, especially in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP).

T523

377126-377267

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The aim of our study was to determine the pattern of cytokine synthesis in the ascitic fluid (AF) of cirrhotic patients, with or without SBP.

T524

378742-378857

Epistemic_statement

denotes

It is remarkable that IL-1b was not expressed in patients either with or without spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.

T525

379064-379204

Epistemic_statement

denotes

It seems, therefore, that an ascitic fluid anti-inflammatory response is characteristic in SBP,and this might compromise the final outocome.

T526

379446-379584

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Carriers of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae remain colonized for prolonged periods, possibly representing an important source of spread.

T527

379742-379841

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The aim of this study therefore, was to determine the frequency of colonization for each body site.

T528

380088-380321

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Throat swabs and wound samples were positive in less than 5% of all specimens, suggesting that these sites are not useful for screening, however should be considered in the individual patient if a decolonization regimen is performed.

T529

380392-380622

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Carrillo, E. Gómez, B. Padilla, P. Martín-Rabadán, E. Bouza (Madrid, ES) Assessment of knowledge of CDC guidelines for the prevention of central venous catheter (CVC)-related infection is recommended for healthcare workers (HCWs).

T530

380623-380835

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Information on this knowledge in pediatric and neonatal intensive care units (P-ICU, N-ICU) is very scarce, and there are no comparative data on knowledge between physicians, nurses, and medical/nursing students.

T531

381861-382092

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Moreover, years of experience were associated with better scores (>10y, 8.1 vs. <1y, 6.9 and 1−5 y, 6.7) and those participants who received training sessions in the last year had better scores than those who did not (7.7 vs. 6.6).

T532

382208-382311

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Simple, easyto-obtain scores can help to evaluate the impact of educational and interventional bundles.

T533

382389-382599

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Background: Aim of this study was to investigate the risk factors associated with high antibiotic resistance rates belong to Gram positive and negative organisms isolated in 2010 using epidemiological analysis.

T534

383442-383660

Epistemic_statement

denotes

There was a correlation between ESBL (+) production and resistant to many antibiotics that are generally used for ampiric treatment (p < 0,05, Pearson correlation r: 0,78), except for piperacillintazobactam (p > 0,05).

T535

384443-384752

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Piperacillin-tazobactam could be thought as an option to treat the resistant Gram negative infections associated with K. pneumoniae, E. cloacae, E. sakazakii and A. baumannii whose ESBL rates are frequently higher in our local settings but carbapenems, should be opted for serious patients with co-morbidites.

T536

384877-385012

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Objective: Infections in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) are associated with prolonged hospitalisation and adverse outcomes.

T537

385013-385113

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The acknowledgement of the pre-disposing risk factors may help decrease the morbidity and mortality.

T538

386348-386689

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Multivariate analysis showed that SSI development was independently associated with performance of >2 procedures (p < 0.001), presence of concomitant infections, namely VAP (p = 0.004) and urinary tract infections (p = 0.001), insertion of lumbar (p = 0.002) and ventricular drains (p = 0.050) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak (p = 0.050).

T539

386690-386845

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Meningitis was independently associated with prolonged hospitalisation (p = 0.001) and insertion of lumbar (p < 0.001) and ventricular drains (p = 0.0017).

T540

387270-387425

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The prevalence of the pathogens must be determined upon institutional basis for the establishment of proper treatment of these life threatening infections.

T541

391154-391264

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, an increase in strains resistant to fluconazole and voriconazole was observed in the last four years.

T542

391772-391855

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Rupture of cyst can occur spontaneously or during surgery as well as due to trauma.

T543

393527-393647

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: Rupture of hydatid cyst is rare and can occur spontaneously following serious injuries or even minor trauma.

T544

393730-393821

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Echinococcus liver cysts should be suspected in cases of anaphylaxis of uncertain etiology.

T545

393822-393975

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Acute vascular collapse, generalized cutaneous erythema, urticaria and edema are suggestive of anaphylaxis from hydatidosis, especially in endemic areas.

T546

394269-394484

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Pre-travel services are rarely sought by VFRs, whereas misconceptions that they possess life-long immunity against malaria make them less likely to receive or adhere to antimalarial chemoprophylaxis recommendations.

T547

396103-396190

Epistemic_statement

denotes

There is an urgent need to increase health's travel advice in this group of travellers.

T548

397330-397619

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Duration of the disease before the diagnostic and treatment had no effect on the frequency of complications (p = 0,643), while there was statistically significant correlation between the duration of the sickness before the diagnosis was made and duration of the hospitalisation (p < 0.05).

T549

397620-397759

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: Although trihinellosis is a rare disease, it still represents a significant medical problem which we need to be reminded about.

T550

397928-398250

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Spain could be a potential area in Europe for the development and spread of emerging diseases from the tropics due to its characteristics, and their important migratory flows We analyzed clinical-epidemiological characteristics of infectious diseases imported by immigrants from developing countries in the north of Spain.

T551

399512-399589

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Information on these diseases is essential to early diagnostic and treatment.

T552

400122-400305

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The parasitological methods present complex interferences, such as NNN culture has a low sensitivity and seeing the parasites fixed in glass slides after Giemsa staining is difficult.

T553

401638-401826

Epistemic_statement

denotes

We should consider the possibility of other pathogens in addition to ETEC in patients with TD who visit South-East Asia and travelers need to educate about risk factors associated with TD.

T554

401827-402067

Epistemic_statement

denotes

I. Marincu*, L. Negrutiu, I. Iacobiciu, M. Mares, A. Neghina, L. Marincu, R. Neghina (Timisoara, Iasi, RO) Objectives: Diarrhea is an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, although its etiology remains unknown in many cases.

T555

402068-402243

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The present study aimed at establishing the etiological spectrum of pathogens causing diarrhea in a group of refugee arrivals to Center for Immigrants from Timisoara, Romania.

T556

403748-404017

Epistemic_statement

denotes

I. Marincu*, L. Negrutiu, I. Iacobiciu, M. Mares, A. Neghina, L. Marincu, R. Neghina (Timisoara, Iasi, RO) Objectives: Scabies is a highly contagious parasitic dermatosis with a worldwide distribution that may cause significant morbidity and large nosocomial outbreaks.

T557

405289-405465

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Scabies was mainly associated with respiratory diseases (22.6%), liver diaseases (19.4%), intestinal diseases (12.9%), psychiatric disorders (16.1%), urinary infections (9.7%).

T558

406576-406754

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The current nomenclature suggests, for all cryptosporidial organisms with an oocyst size of 4−6 um, a number of cryptic species that are identified based on molecular genotyping.

T559

406755-406857

Epistemic_statement

denotes

This is believed to facilitate better understanding of transmission and other epidemiological factors.

T560

406858-407035

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Objectives: This study was designed to assess the value, to the clinician and the epidemiologist, of the new cryptic species and whether this information would improve practice.

T561

407567-407653

Epistemic_statement

denotes

This may represent epidemiological differences between the various travel desinations.

T562

407654-407793

Epistemic_statement

denotes

One patient has both C. parvum and Shigella sonnei isolated, this would be strongly suggestive of a contaminated water source of infection.

T563

407905-408184

Epistemic_statement

denotes

It is possible that both pathogens contributed to the diarrhoea, or that the Campylobacter was the cause of the diarrhoea while the presence C. felis oocysts (a primary pathogen of feline hosts) may represent oocysts passing through the patient's gut rather than tissue invasion.

T564

408342-408410

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Further studies are needed to confirm the trends seen in this study.

T565

408724-408831

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Methods: In this study, the broth microdilution method was performed according to the CLSI recommendations.

T566

410746-410889

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The Neo-Sensitabs method may be an alternative and easy method for the clinical laboratories to determine the susceptibility of yeast isolates.

T567

412727-412799

Epistemic_statement

denotes

If this activity might be used in the clinical ground has to be studied.

T568

414183-414240

Epistemic_statement

denotes

This could partly be shown after continuous input of VRC.

T569

416133-416419

Epistemic_statement

denotes

We observed a progressive increase during the study period; this trend could be due to the increase of immunocompromised patients admitted to our institution, in particular hematological patients, solid organ transplant recipients and surgical patients admitted to intensive care units.

T570

416582-416931

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Kurt Azap, H. Arslan (Istanbul, Ankara, TR) Objectives: The objective of this prospective, observational, multicenter study was to describe factors associated with bloodstream infections (BSIs) with Candida non-albicans (NAC) species, compared with Candida albicans BSIs, and antifungal susceptibility patterns in intensive care unit (ICU) patients.

T571

417163-417398

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Potential factors occurring up to 30 days before candidemia, including demographic characteristics, comorbidities, exposure to antibiotics and antifungals, ICU-related factors (i.e TPN, invasive procedures) and outcome were determined.

T572

417851-418188

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Multivariate logistic regression analysis of the factors showed that presence of glucocorticosteroid treatment and a central venous catheter were variables independently associated with BSI due to NAC, compared with BSI due to C. albicans (P:0,001, OR: 7,18, 95% CI: 2,22−23,22; and P0,001, OR: 20,13, 95% CI: 3,64-111,18, respectively).

T573

418381-418431

Epistemic_statement

denotes

was independently associated with death (P: 0.04).

T574

418687-418821

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: Presence of a central venous catheter and glucocorticosteroid treatment were significantly associated with BSI due to NAC.

T575

418822-418915

Epistemic_statement

denotes

BSI due to NAC was significantly associated with death, compared with BSI due to C. albicans.

T576

418916-419109

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The in-vitro activity of fluconazole is encouraging, and this agent, an efficacious, inexpensive and safe drug, can continue to play an important role in the management of invasive candidiasis.

T577

419110-419364

Epistemic_statement

denotes

D. Kofteridis, D. Dimopoulou*, A. Valachis, S. Maraki, A. Thanasia, V. Theodorakopoulou, I. Aristeidou, N. Spernovasilis, G. Samonis (Heraklion Crete, GR) Objectives: Candiduria is encountered in cancer patients (pts) but its significance is not defined.

T578

419365-419449

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, it may be indicator of urinary tract infection (UTI) or invasive infection.

T579

420779-420831

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, only 4 pts (6%) had Candida in their blood.

T580

420880-420982

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Factors associated with death included disease progression in 7 (27%) and sepsis syndrome in 19 (73%).

T581

420996-421044

Epistemic_statement

denotes

has been present in the blood of 2 pts who died.

T582

421296-421456

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Candiduria was rarely associated with candidemia, however, has been associated with high mortality, probably because it occurred in pts with advanced neoplasia.

T583

423254-423442

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The epidemiological data collected would serve as reference for future research while many factors that contribute to the change of prevalence of dermatophytoses alter to the pass of time.

T584

423443-423532

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Background: Voriconazole (VRZ) remains the first line therapy for invasive aspergillosis.

T585

423533-423692

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Because some Aspergillus species are resistant to azoles and because the prognosis or aspergillosis remains poor; antifungal combinations could be of interest.

T586

425304-425355

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Confirmation of these results in vivo is warranted.

T587

425473-425678

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Johansen (Copenhagen,Århus, Odense, Herlev, Hvidovre, Køge, DK) Objectives: This study investigated diagnostic issues, underlying host factors, management and outcome factors for Danish fungaemia patients.

T588

427004-427165

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Initial antifungal choice was deemed suboptimal upon species identification in 15% of the cases, which would have been 6.5% had current guidelines been followed.

T589

427298-427348

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Optimisation of diagnosis and therapy is possible.

T590

428999-429194

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: Voriconazole has promising activity against filamentous fungi and may prove useful in the management of fungal keratitis but it shows no response in Candida keratitis from our centre.

T591

429617-429774

Epistemic_statement

denotes

This was the first case in the world of Pythium insidiosum involving left common carotid artery and producing septic emboli, causing pythiosis brain abscess.

T592

431683-431780

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Cerebral pythiosis should be the differential diagnoses of brain abscess in thalassemic patients.

T593

431781-431883

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Early recognition and prompt surgical treatment should be considered to reduce mortality or morbidity.

T594

432451-432547

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Material obtained was split into 'highly mucoid' material and more liquid material, if possible.

T595

433504-433661

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Improved culture methods may be of value for sputum but are inferior to real time PCR using the MycXtra DNA extraction system and MycAssay Aspergillus assay.

T596

433662-433757

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Bronchoscopy sampling has considerable variability in diagnostic yield; sputum may be superior.

T597

435674-435801

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The immunological defects associated with this malignancy, as well as the management of refractory sporotrichosis are reviewed.

T598

436383-436553

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Results: Risks factor weren't brake down into their different headings due to the difficulty of ensuring that patients received Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Ultralevura ® ).

T599

436924-437030

Epistemic_statement

denotes

We should unify criteria to decide which patients can be given or not Ultralevura ® to prevent infections.

T600

437031-437203

Epistemic_statement

denotes

We should study phenotypic and genotypic factors of yeast related to its ability to invade the host and antifungal test to establish epidemiological criteria for treatment.

T601

437204-437258

Epistemic_statement

denotes

It is complicated to know the origin of S. cerevisiae.

T602

437830-437961

Epistemic_statement

denotes

It can be attributed to increasing trend towards farming activity in this region which predisposes the people to vegetative injury.

T603

438193-438273

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Diabetes mellitus was found in some patients which can be a predisposing factor.

T604

439525-439621

Epistemic_statement

denotes

First line antifungal treatments have been established according to local recommendations (96%).

T605

440073-440286

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Among the proposals from this study include the systematic monitoring of Candidaemia during our antifungal team meetings wathever the drug and the search for a possible nosocomial cause of these severe infections.

T606

441168-441307

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Two had a good outcome but the other, in spite of treatment with amphotericin B, had a rapidly progress to a multiorganic failure and died.

T607

441781-441964

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: Most infected people by histoplasmosis remain asymptomatic, but they can develop serious clinical forms depending on the level of exposure and the patient's immune status.

T608

441965-442127

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Usually, severe forms are seen in HIV positive patients, but as has occurred in our series of cases it's also possible in patients with immunosuppressive therapy.

T609

444317-444398

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The increasing incidence of non-albicans Candida species could also be important.

T610

444399-444528

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The aim of the present study was to record the epidemiology, risk factors, mortality, strains susceptibility to antifungal drugs.

T611

446412-446590

Epistemic_statement

denotes

A high Apache II score at admission, multiple site colonization in combination with abdominal surgery should raise a high suspicion index and a prophylactic therapy should start.

T612

446827-446904

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusions: Confirmation of the diagnosis should be considered as essential.

T613

446992-447047

Epistemic_statement

denotes

We should assay sensibility to antifungals in our area.

T614

447680-447829

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Data related to age, gender, comorbidities, signs, diagnostic tools, therapeutic modalities, and mortality were analysed from the retrieved articles.

T615

448128-448256

Epistemic_statement

denotes

We could not achieve the full texts of two reports published in international databases and three reports in national databases.

T616

448996-449106

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The efficacious AUC/MIC for posaconazole is probably above 200, but this could not be achieved in our patient.

T617

449107-449341

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Plasma levels >4 microg/ml would have been required to achieve the pharmacodynamic target for these A. fumigatus strains with posaconazole MIC of 0.25 and 0.5, which was impossible to achieve with the current posaconazole formulation.

T618

449342-449535

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Posaconazole should be used caution in invasive aspergillosis caused by strains with attenuated posaconazole susceptibility, as drug exposure may be inadequate resulting in therapeutic failure.

T619

450526-450601

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Susceptibility testing followed the recommendations proposed by the EUCAST.

T620

451307-451436

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The aim of the study was to identify changes in the epidemiology, the clinical manifestation and the outcome in these two groups.

T621

452877-453000

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: Although much progress has been made in the treatment of Candida albicans, mortality of patients is still high.

T622

456182-456435

Epistemic_statement

denotes

M. Mahelova*, F. Ruzicka, V. Hola, M. Votava (Brno, CZ) The most commonly isolated yeats Candida albicans as well as other yeasts can colonize the gastrointestinal tract of humans and be a reservoir for the development of infections at other body sites.

T623

456867-456956

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The occurrence of C. dubliniensis in the human feces samples has been tested only rarely.

T624

457057-457184

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of C. dubliniensis in human clinical material, especially in stool samples.

T625

460934-461259

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Y. Toyoda, K. Cieply, M. Nguyen (Pittsburgh, US) Background: The diagnosis of invasive asperigllosis (IA) is limited by poor sensitivity and specificity of microbiologic cultures, and the inability of conventional histopathologic tests to distinguish IA from invasive fungal infections (IFI) caused by non-Aspergillus moulds.

T626

461260-461394

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Aspergillus-specific immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in situ hybridization (ISH) could facilitate direct diagnosis of IA within tissue.

T627

462573-462719

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The specificity of IHC and ISH was 100% (12/12), as the tests were each negative in all sections associated with IFI due to non-Aspergillus fungi.

T628

462720-462869

Epistemic_statement

denotes

IHC was associated with significant levels of non-specific background staining in 33% of the sections that could be analyzed, compared to 0% for ISH.

T629

462870-463032

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: Data from this pilot study suggest that Aspergillus-specific IHC and ISH will facilitate diagnosis of IA and exclude IFI due to non-Aspergillus fungi.

T630

463205-463407

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Objectives: Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is increasing in frequency and associated with mortality exceeding 70% in some series.

T631

463408-463623

Epistemic_statement

denotes

We conducted this study to find out the approximate incidence of IPA in patients hospitalized with acute exacerbation of COPD (AECOPD), its true mortality and to identify potential factors associated with mortality.

T632

464946-465042

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Neither daily dose of steroids nor voiconazole therapy were associated with increased mortality.

T633

465043-465136

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In multivariate analysis, only increase dyspnoea was significantly associated with mortality.

T634

465269-465358

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Neither previous nor high steroid doses during admittance were associated with mortality.

T635

465359-465515

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Objectives: The diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP), which affects various types of immunocompromised patients, can be at times problematic.

T636

466305-466403

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The positive and negative likelihood ratios were 7.1 (5.1−9.9) and 0.06 (0.03-0.12), respectively.

T637

466404-466637

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The area under the HSROC curve was 0.964 (0.944-0.977 Objectives: This study assessed a pilot antifungal prevention strategy based on itraconazole levels in consecutive high risk patients with the aim of reducing empirical treatment.

T638

467382-467461

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Three patients with possible IFD died (all had received iv antifungal therapy).

T639

467827-467933

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Current treatment with itraconazole (itra) is associated with a 40% failure rate and adverse events (AEs).

T640

467934-468060

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Very little is known about the response rates or appropriateness of treatment with voriconazole (vori) or posaconazole (posa).

T641

470812-470981

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Below 37 copies, the system can still see some signal (SS) or no signal at all (NS), suggesting that the virus concentration in the sample in this case is extremely low.

T642

471473-471632

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, group A was on average in 11th treatment line with a mean GSS = 1,88, while group B was scattered around the 5th line, having a GSS = 2,83, P < 0,001.

T643

471710-471892

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Reaching NS viremia does not seem to be correlated with lower baseline viral load (4,6 in NS vs 2,9 log copies/mL in SS, P = 0,69), nor even with baseline GSS (2,3 vs 2,4, P = 0,81).

T644

472043-472198

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Overall, a fair proportion of subjects in rescue therapy had NS viral loads (57%), and late treatment lines were not associated to worse virologic outcome.

T645

472199-472327

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The relationship between extreme viral load suppression (NS) and the latently infected T-cell pool will be further investigated.

T646

472501-472641

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusions: These results may have relevant implication in understanding the complex mechanism of maturation of the immune response to HIV.

T647

472642-472779

Epistemic_statement

denotes

We will expand our study to other patients with recent HIV-1 infection and to treated patients in order to confirm this preliminary data.

T648

472896-473101

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusions: Although the HIV associated immunosuppression may initially predict a more severe clinical course of influenza, our results suggest that evolution does not differ from not HIV-infected people.

T649

473795-473972

Epistemic_statement

denotes

We investigated the association between the presence of the S180L SNP of Mal and the risk of severe infection in individuals with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection.

T650

474909-475065

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusions: This study suggests a protection effect of the Mal S180L SNP against serious infections in HIV-1 infected individuals with low CD4 cell counts.

T651

475461-475644

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Despite an excellent virological response to antiretroviral treatment with an undetectable plasma viral load the patient remained severely immunosuppressed with 107 CD4 cells/ml (5%).

T652

476656-476773

Epistemic_statement

denotes

MCD is a HHV-8 associated lymphoproliferative disease and should be considered as a possible cause of episodic fever.

T653

476774-476865

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Disease presentation varies widely and the optimal treatment-regime is not yet established.

T654

476866-476950

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Improvement of the immune system and treatment of the underlying disease is crucial.

T655

477005-477071

Epistemic_statement

denotes

A promising approach for treatment in selected cases is rituximab.

T656

477198-477312

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Because of the unspecific findings, MCD can be difficult to diagnose in the setting of episodic fever and malaise.

T657

477313-477573

Epistemic_statement

denotes

We present a case of MCD for which it was extremely challenging to establish the diagnosis and assume that MCD is still underestimated even though it is more important than ever to have MCD diagnosed timely as new very promising therapeutical approaches exist.

T658

478132-478575

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Non immune patients (anti-HBs <10 IU/L) and patients with unknown immunity were eligible for nurse intervention, consisting of (1) documenting HBV serostatus in patients with previously missing information, (2) providing vaccination (3 doses with a minimal interval of 1 and 6 months) to non-immune patients, (3) measuring vaccination effectiveness 1 month after the 3rd dose and (4) providing a second course of vaccination to non-responders.

T659

479116-479251

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusions: HBV immunity in the HIV population is insufficient in Switzerland and can be significantly improved by nurse intervention.

T660

479856-480029

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusions: HIV testing in hepatitis B and C patients is far from universal, however the same applies to testing for a second blood borne hepatitis virus in these patients.

T661

480171-480270

Epistemic_statement

denotes

This should be extended to include considering testing for other blood borne viruses including HIV.

T662

480271-480445

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The results suggest that a substantial number of requests did not come from the specialist teams in the hospital suggesting they may not have been involved with all patients.

T663

480446-480528

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Further investigation is warranted to establish the targets for further education.

T664

480945-481015

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Therefore the gp120-CD4 interaction is critical for virus-cell fusion.

T665

481222-481432

Epistemic_statement

denotes

This antibody is one of the four known human monoclonal antibodies identified that can efficiently neutralize a broad array of primary isolates of HIV-1 in vitro and can protect against viral challenge in vivo.

T666

481433-481653

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The goal of this project is to evaluate the potential of CD4 targeting and virus-cell fusion inhibition of HIV-1 by a single domain antibody grafted with the gp120 highly conserved epitope recognized by the B12 antibody.

T667

481654-481807

Epistemic_statement

denotes

This will be done using the 23 amino acids loop of gp120, grafted at the CDR1 of a highly stable rabbit single domain VL antibody, and designated VL-B12.

T668

481808-481983

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The potential of this VL-B12 construct has been tested for CD4 binding by ELISA assay against soluble CD4 and by FACS analysis using HeLa, HeLa-P4, 293T and Jurkat cell lines.

T669

482071-482437

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Preliminary inhibition assays performed in Jurkat cells, a Human T lymphocyte cell line, in the presence of the VL-B12 construct show no apparent HIV-1NL4−3 inhibition, indicating that VL-B12-CD4 binding alone is not sufficient to block virus-cell fusion and that a steric effect due to the presence of a larger molecule may be necessary for HIV-1 fusion inhibition.

T670

482438-482638

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The VL-B12 is being tested in Cell-to-cell inhibition assays and standard Jurkat cell line inhibition assays in interaction with different molecules to further evaluate its HIV-1 inhibition potential.

T671

482639-482759

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In conclusion, this VL-B12 appears to be very promising for CD4 targeting and a valuable mediator of biopharmaceuticals.

T672

482760-483124

Epistemic_statement

denotes

To fill these gaps, the CCH Fever project proposes to create a multidisciplinary collaborative research environment by bringing together selected competitive advantages such as: operative capacity with appropriate high security research facilities, reference centers and clinical samples from endemic areas and an international network of e xperienced researchers.

T673

484603-484691

Epistemic_statement

denotes

There was observed the relationship of LUTI relapses with menstrual cycle in each woman.

T674

485390-485528

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In the patients with frequent episodes (more than 4 per year) of LUTI symptoms and normal urinalysis herpes genitalis should be suspected.

T675

485529-485612

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The fluorescence immunoassay may be used in case of receiving negative PCR results.

T676

486603-486750

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: In Taiwan, this is the first study to unravel the relationship between clinical outcome and susceptibility testing of bacterial strain.

T677

486751-486885

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Optimal anti-mycobacterial regimens have not well been established, all drugs had been reported as successful agents or failed agents.

T678

487115-487175

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Pulmonary NTM infection appears not to be a uniform disease.

T679

487176-487282

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The clinical and radiological presentation varies, but seems independent of mycobacteria species involved.

T680

490183-490335

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, there were improvement of the CD8 counts after treatment; baseline counts of 1136.0±512.1 versus 1316.5±286.2 after treatment (P value, 0.002).

T681

490543-490653

Epistemic_statement

denotes

We therefore conclude that tuberculosis is associated with CD4 lymphoenia independent of other notable causes.

T682

490654-490720

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The counts are reversible and may indicate a success of treatment.

T683

491542-491618

Epistemic_statement

denotes

We considered as vaccinated persons those presenting with a suggestive scar.

T684

491619-491687

Epistemic_statement

denotes

CDC recommendations were followed for the interpretation of the QFT.

T685

493058-493199

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Further studies addressing IFN-g sero-conversion and -reversion in health care workers for the follow-up of health care personnel are needed.

T686

493572-493648

Epistemic_statement

denotes

We considered as vaccinated persons those presenting with a suggestive scar.

T687

493649-493746

Epistemic_statement

denotes

CDC recommendations were followed for the interpretation of the QFT and the treatment of the TBI.

T688

494850-495276

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Background: Global control of tuberculosis is hampered by slow, insensitive diagnostic methods, particularly for the detection of drugresistant forms and in immunocompramised patient's Early detection of tuberculosis is essential to reduce the overall mortality and morbidity as well as elimination of disease transmission, but the complexity and infrastructure needs of sensitive methods limit their accessibility and effect.

T689

495440-495743

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Schmit (Amiens, Rennes, Tourcoing, Caen, Lille, Rouen, FR) Introduction: Lymph node tuberculosis (LNTB) is the most frequent extrapumonary tuberculosis (TB), but some authors reported huge differences between duration of treatment instead of WHO 2003 recommendations for 6 to 9 months of antiTB therapy.

T690

495744-495872

Epistemic_statement

denotes

We conducted a retrospective multiple centre study in the aim to describe the clinical factors for prolongation of antiTB drugs.

T691

497480-497545

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: LNTB is treated much longer than WHO recommendations.

T692

497546-497758

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Only 58% of treatment length is in accordance with 2003 recommendations, and 23% with 2009 recommendations which suggest that 6 months are sufficient for all extrapulmonary TB except for bone and neurological TB.

T693

497759-497872

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Factors associated with treatment duration are HIV infection, loss of weight and other tuberculosis localisation.

T694

498271-498461

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and to identify the aetiological pathogens of ASB in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) with and without microalbuminuria (MA).

T695

503797-504098

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The form included the following information: age, gender, primary disease, cold ischemia time, type of transplantation, immunosuppressive treatment scheme, duration of valganciclovir use, adverse effects, CMV antigenemia level and whether CMV infection/ disease developed after transplantation or not.

T696

505078-505175

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The cases were in separate but adjacent rooms raising the possibility of nosocomial transmission.

T697

505176-505373

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Lymphopenia was present in both as a complication of chemotherapy for anaplastic large cell lymphoma (case one) and after autologous peripheral stem cell transplant for multiple myeloma (case two).

T698

506148-506234

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: HMPV infection is associated with significant morbidity and poor outcomes.

T699

506387-506474

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Neutrophil recovery and hypogammaglobulinaemia may contribute to severity of infection.

T700

506505-506682

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Late treatment with intravenous ribavirin for seven days did not eradicate viral shedding in one patient, and may have contributed to clinical and virological cure in the other.

T701

506683-506852

Epistemic_statement

denotes

HMPV may be detected in respiratory secretions for greater than 6 weeks in adult patients with haemopoeitic malignancy, with implications for infection control measures.

T702

507614-507809

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Recognition of the risk factors for PBSIs and knowledge of their microbiology are important for the selection of appropriate empirical antimicrobial treatment that may result in improved outcome.

T703

508842-508942

Epistemic_statement

denotes

This high percentage of resistant pathogens causes difficulties in the management of these patients.

T704

509062-509214

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The aim of this study is to determine the disribution and etiologic agents of bacterial infections seen in the early period after liver transplantation.

T705

510995-511232

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Data regarding the transplantation patients are limited but common usage of extended spectrum antibiotics among these patients both during the preoperative and postoperative phases undoubtedly predispose to difficult-to treat infections.

T706

512334-512465

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Microbial etiology of peritoneal dialysis (PD) related peritonitis seems to vary widely in children and data for adults are scarce.

T707

512466-512722

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The objective of this study was to determine the microbial etiology, correlation between leucocyte (wbc) count and culture results as well as the concordance between culture and the Gram stain of PD related cases of peritonitis in both children and adults.

T708

513207-513399

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Logistical and linear regression were used in addition to a mixed effects model with repeated patient effect to determine the degree of correlation between the wbc count and positive cultures.

T709

514665-514724

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The concordance between Gram stain and culture appears low.

T710

514846-515029

Epistemic_statement

denotes

R2703 International PMEN clones equal or exceed the fitness of other strains despite the accumulation of antibiotic resistance D. Rudolf, N. Michaylov, M. van der Linden, L. Hoy, K.P.

T711

515238-515405

Epistemic_statement

denotes

It remains unclear why PMEN clones spread so successfully despite the scientific paradigm that a loss in biological fitness is the price for acquisition of resistance.

T712

515406-515749

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The aim of this study was to detect PMEN clone related clinical isolates from adult patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) collected by the German CAPNETZ surveillance study during [2002] [2003] [2004] [2005] [2006] and to compare them to unrelated clones in terms of antibioticresistance, biological fitness and clinical parameters.

T713

516452-516575

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Results: We analysed 154 pneumococcal isolates and 46 (30%) isolates showed a close relationship to the global PMEN clones.

T714

516863-517059

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: The success of international PMEN clones is based on the combination of resistance and fitness and may result in the endurance of these strains despite a reduction of antibiotic usage.

T715

517060-517263

Epistemic_statement

denotes

New vaccines can interrupt the transmission of resistant strains, but continued attention to the replacement of nonvaccine serotypes and development of vaccines with a broader coverage will be necessary.

T716

517264-517453

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the occurrence of genital Chlamydia trachomatis, genital mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas in semen samples of fertile and infertile men in Kuwait.

T717

518181-518228

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Mixed infections were detected in 14% (44/315).

T718

518852-519055

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Infections caused by these urogenital pathogens were more common among infertile men than fertile men and may possibly play a role, in part, in the etiology of male infertility in this part of the world.

T719

519056-519141

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Genital mycoplasmas and chlamydial infections may negatively influence semen quality.

T720

520058-520170

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Patients with clinical symptoms suggestive of empyema in association with compatible radiographic features (e.g.

T721

520331-520427

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Results: We could retrieve the medical records of 224/225 sampled patients with empyema (99.6%).

T722

520875-521132

Epistemic_statement

denotes

PPVs of empyema diagnosed in 1995-1999, 2000-2004, and 2005-2009 were 90.7% (95% CI 81.7-96.2), 94.6% (95% CI 86.7-98.5), and 86.7% (95% CI 76.8-93.4), respectively, indicating that no major changes in coding validity occurred over the 15-year study period.

T723

521453-521565

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Registry-based discharge codes may be a suitable source of data on pleural empyema for epidemiological research.

T724

521566-521679

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Introduction: Nocardia is a rare pathogen causing predominantly pulmonary and/or skin and soft tissue infections.

T725

521680-521847

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Since immunosuppression is one main predisposing factor, nociardial infections may increase because of the rising number of patients on immunosuppressive therapy (e.g.

T726

521893-522026

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Data on futher risk factors, clinical course and treatment of nocardial infections are limited to case reports and small case series.

T727

522027-522126

Epistemic_statement

denotes

We aim to establish a register for nocardia infections in Germany, Switzerland and the Netherlands.

T728

522426-522543

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Results: Twenty-one cases of pulmonary nocardiosis could be identified (18 male, 3 female; mean age 54.7±18.1 years).

T729

523591-523648

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: Pulmonary nocardiosis remains a rare disease.

T730

523682-523830

Epistemic_statement

denotes

drug induced immunosuppression or malignancies) is its major risk factor, it can also occur in patients without obviously impaired immunocompetence.

T731

523960-524060

Epistemic_statement

denotes

may lead to misdiagnosis or underestimation of nocardiosis in patients without typical risk factors.

T732

524652-524718

Epistemic_statement

denotes

We aim to study patients with early death for clinical predictors.

T733

525762-525943

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Our study showed that hypotensive patients needing ventilatory support for pneumonia with inactive empiric antibiotic were more likely to die before blood culture could be notified.

T734

525944-526011

Epistemic_statement

denotes

It is crucial to ensure adequate empiric antibiotic in this cohort.

T735

526871-527019

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Results: AR detected 170 Ct-positive while RCA 176 among 297 samples with the correlation of 0,966 for Ct-positive and of 1,05 for negative results.

T736

527090-527216

Epistemic_statement

denotes

AR detected as Ct-positive 45 out of 75 samples while RCA 47 with the correlation of 0,957 and SV 49 with 1,042, respectively.

T737

527751-527821

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The manual pipetting may have been the risk for false-positivity, too.

T738

527822-527952

Epistemic_statement

denotes

There is also possibility of false-negative samples, because of inability to detect the new variant of Ct (nvCt) unlike AR and SV.

T739

527953-528010

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Sample storing as frozen may have some effect on results.

T740

528681-528743

Epistemic_statement

denotes

But recent studies reveal change about types of actinomycosis.

T741

529783-529969

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Incidence of invasive pneumococcal diseases in different age groups is well known but the effect of age on the clinical outcome of invasive pneumococcal diseases has not been documented.

T742

529970-530114

Epistemic_statement

denotes

We wanted to analyze whether our clinical impression that children recover more quickly from invasive pneumococcal diseases than adults is true.

T743

530440-530618

Epistemic_statement

denotes

During the study period vaccination against pneumococcal diseases was recommended only to specific risk groups (patients with immune deficiencies and people older than 65 years).

T744

531315-531456

Epistemic_statement

denotes

This may explain the differences in the attitudes towards pneumococcal vaccination among physicians taking care of either children or adults.

T745

531695-531794

Epistemic_statement

denotes

At the same time VMF is an open ecosystem that can be significantly affected by sexual intercourse.

T746

533944-534184

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Our study aimed to determine whether AQP1 and AQP4 are present in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and if BM induced an increase of these proteins in the CSF, and whether these concentrations correlated with routine CSF parameters of inflammation.

T747

534199-534525

Epistemic_statement

denotes

AQP1 and AQP4 concentrations in the CSF of BM patients were inversely inter-correlated (R = −0.47, p = 0.004) but we could not find any other correlation between the concentrations of AQP1 or AQP4 with routine CSF parameters (leukocytes, lactate, protein, Qalbumin), age, a prediction-score, outcome-score or GCS at admission.

T748

534618-534780

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Whether the significant elevation of AQP1 is due to a higher expression on intact choroidal cells or due to the destruction of glial cells needs to be determined.

T749

535405-535515

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In order to quantify the costs of the treatment we consider the average weekly costs of antimicrobial therapy.

T750

536094-536176

Epistemic_statement

denotes

there is a significant proportion of PJIs where the pathogen remains unidentified.

T751

536291-536584

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Taken as a whole, our data suggest the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to the management of prosthetic joint infections at all stages, allowing a timely identification of the microorganism whenever is possible and a medical and surgical approach that allows more favourable outcome.

T752

536585-536788

Epistemic_statement

denotes

MRSA/MRSE continue to be a serious challenge in patients with prosthetic infections, being associated to have a worse outcome and greater costs when compared to infections caused by other microorganisms.

T753

538007-538099

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The present findings indicate that DNI may be useful prognostic marker of bacteremic sepsis.

T754

540341-540416

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The main group associated with CAP was children aged from 1 to 3 years old.

T755

540417-540544

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In the future, immunization with the use of licensed pneumococcal and influenza vaccines may reduce the frequency of pneumonia.

T756

540994-541146

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Comparing our results to previous studies we can clearly observe a decrease in seropositivity rates during the last decades (1984: 35.6%, 1994: 25.6%) .

T757

541240-541646

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Possible sources of infection for susceptible individuals, taking into account people's habits in Drama Province: Eating habits: low consumption of undercooked meat, high consumption of lamp, goat, sheep, smoked pork sausages, and salads consisting of raw and wild vegetables and fruits (well documented sources of T. gondii) Great number of stray cats unknown responses, was the primary efficacy endpoint.

T758

543419-543541

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The lowest incidence of side-effects to standard therapy has been observed when probiotics were combined with antibiotics.

T759

543542-543795

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Because of the low eradication rates and lack of treatment regimens alternative approaches for H. pylori have been explored to assess the efficacy and safety of synbiotic compared with prebiotic for H. pylori eradication in duodenal ulcer (DU) patients.

T760

545684-545812

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Monotherapy with synbiotic increases the risk of DU relapse, indicating H. pylori is the major cause of DU but not the only one.

T761

545813-546330

Epistemic_statement

denotes

R2726 Phase 2 prospective randomised study investigating daptomycin 6 and 8 mg/kg versus standard antibiotic therapy in the treatment of staphylococcal prosthetic joint infections I. Byren, A. Wheeler*, E. Campanaro, S. Yankelev, D. Anastasiou, G. Kuropatkin, R. Evans, D. Osmon (Oxford, UK; Lexington, US; Samara, RU; Little Rock, Rochester, US) Objectives: Evolving resistance of Gram-positive organisms support the investigation of higher doses of daptomycin in the management of prosthetic joint infections (PJI).

T762

547154-547259

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: Our results support the proposal that H. pylori infection is associated with IDA in children.

T763

548980-549106

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Maternal VDRL titers were strongly associated with birth weight; higher mother VDRL titers correlated with lower birth weight.

T764

549532-549657

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Treatment of the etiologic agent is considered effective for prevention of vertical transmission and is recommended for STDs.

T765

549912-550000

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Pregnant women may also develop Parvo B19 infection with severe conjenital malformation.

T766

550978-551214

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusions: Early and accurate diagnosis of Parvo B19 infection based on IgM antibody detection or an increase of IgG antibody titre is crucial in hospitalized children with infectious rash and leukopenia or chronic haemolytic anaemia.

T767

552717-552948

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusions: Toxoplasma gondii is an important cause of lymphadenopathy during childhood in Greece, with low incidence, probably due to the habit of eating well-cooked meat and the good socioeconomic status of the study population.

T768

552987-553044

Epistemic_statement

denotes

in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in preterm neonates is rare.

T769

553193-553292

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Methods: The first case was about a set of female dizygotic twins, who were born at 32 w gestation.

T770

554710-554791

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Gestation age (GA) <29 weeks was significantly associated with sepsis (P < 0.01).

T771

555650-555756

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The present study aimed to investigate whether nonviable b240 can prevent S. pneumoniae infection in mice.

T772

556613-556792

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: These results suggest that Lactobacillus pentosus ON-RICb0240 intake can facilitate protection against S. pneumoniae infection via the modulation of innate immunities.

T773

557492-557682

Epistemic_statement

denotes

To determine whether oral administration of heat-killed b240 would affect the survival of mice after S. Typhimurium infection, mice were orally administered b240 or saline daily for 3 weeks.

T774

558503-558769

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The oral administration of Lactobacillus pentosus ON-RICb0240 protected mice from S.Typhimurium infection through the inhibition of adhesion and invasion of S.Typhimurium to intestinal epithelial cells in association with a reduction of bacterial systemic infection.

T775

558770-558899

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Our results suggest that nonviable lactic acid bacteria also play an important role in preventing infection by enteric pathogens.

T776

560615-560727

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, no significant effect on carriage rate in general or carriage rates for vaccine serotypes was observed.

T777

561492-561629

Epistemic_statement

denotes

At the same time in 10 patients presence of S. aureus could not be detected in throat smears obtained at the time of the second sampling.

T778

561630-561825

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: The effective immune response against S. aureus seems to depend on levels of circulating cytokines IL-1b and TNF-a, the production of which may be stimulated by S. aureus autovaccine.

T779

561826-561942

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Background: Some evidence has shown a relationship between human cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and pregnancy loss.

T780

561943-562126

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, whether recurrent or latent CMV infection or altered immune response to CMV may relate to recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is unclear and few data are available in this regard.

T781

563865-563933

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, we found no relationship between IgG avidity index and RPL.

T782

563934-564236

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Whether Latent CMV infection starting an indirect process of autoimmune etiology in RPL's or women with RPL had recurrent or reactivation of CMV infection but avidity index is not the best index to detect it, mostly because of altered immune function to CMV in RPL patients need further investigations.

T783

564274-564411

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Ignatyev (Minsk, BY) Mumps virus-neutralizing antibodies are believed to be the most predictable surrogate marker of protective immunity.

T784

564412-564537

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The remote history of vaccination also suggests that waning immunity could have contributed to the vaccinees' susceptibility.

T785

565780-566165

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Antibodies capable of neutralizing the heterologous MuV genotypes in the absence of antigenic boosting demonstrated a decrease to the critical levels ( 1:8) in a part of vaccinees after the third year post vaccination, while the specific IgG neutralizing activity against the vaccine strain still demonstrated a titer previously associated with protection against MuV infection ( 1:8).

T786

566166-566403

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The current study possessing several limitations demonstrated for the first time a broad-spectrum neutralizing activity of the specific IgG in recipients of one dose vaccine containing the L-3 MuV strain within 3 years after vaccination.

T787

567545-567639

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Interestingly, plant derived LAB including b240 tended to show higher activity than dairy LAB.

T788

567942-568080

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Preliminary results show higher antigen specific IFN-g levels in response to heat shock protein and ESAT-6 family member protein antigens.

T789

568247-568392

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, animals in the older age group responded well to the MAP multi-antigens and might need only one booster compared to the younger animals.

T790

568393-568569

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Findings from this work could be interesting to determine the appropriate age of vaccination so as to generate the memory T cell pool and for MAP vaccine challenge experiments.

T791

568751-568811

Epistemic_statement

denotes

However, adverse reaction could result, so it was abandoned.

T792

570318-570508

Epistemic_statement

denotes

These vaccine candidates have been shown as protective as the traditional vaccine (1G) against an i.n cowpox challenge in mice, and they have been closely as safe as MVA strain in NUDE mice.

T793

570780-570918

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Our results show that several deleted vaccines could advantageously complete the range of the third generation vaccines already developed.

T794

570919-571055

Epistemic_statement

denotes

The utilisation of one of these candidates as a viral vector for a vaccine against Ebola virus is under investigation in our laboratory.

T795

571719-571856

Epistemic_statement

denotes

In statistical analysis, univariate logistic regression was performed to identify risk factors associated with adherence to vaccinations.

T796

572215-572452

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Statistically significant differences were observed for both vaccines when comparing vaccinated to unvaccinated professionals as for age, professional category and workplace, while sex differences were only related to pandemic influenza.

T797

572977-573186

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusions: Adherence to pandemic H1N1 and seasonal influenza vaccination program was very low, which suggests the need to implement new strategies into vaccination programs aimed at healthcare professionals.

T798

573649-573786

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Hence approach has been made to identify the relevant B-cell & T-cell epitopes to design vaccine against adenovirus using bioinformatics.

T799

573992-574167

Epistemic_statement

denotes

These synthesized estimates may therefore serve as a baseline measure against which to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of new strategies for preventing pneumococcal infection.

T800

575060-575227

Epistemic_statement

denotes

Conclusion: Our findings support the potential of BPZE1 as a novel live attenuated pertussis vaccine strongly activating the maturation of DC with full-blown activity.

T801

575353-575585

Epistemic_statement

denotes

BPZE1-committed DC have the ability to orchestrate a broad spectrum of Th1/Th17 responses, protective in experimental B. pertussis infection, and regulatory T cell responses, likely balancing each other to restore local homeostasis.

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CORD-19:22616110b79baaf4c9d23f130a9ee35c64d991f7 JSONTXT 9 Projects

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CORD-19:22616110b79baaf4c9d23f130a9ee35c64d991f7 JSON TXT 9 Projects