CORD-19_Custom_license_subset  

CORD-19:5b86e6307a43623963d73738a991a2f37e91488b JSONTXT 9 Projects

Annnotations TAB TSV DIC JSON TextAE-old TextAE

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 0-844 Sentence denotes The Alimentary System Oral Cavity Developmental Anomalies of Teeth Degenerative Conditions of Teeth and Dental Tissue Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases of Teeth and Periodontium Tonsils Salivary Glands Esophagus Stomach and Abomasum Regulation of Gastric Secretion Gastric Mucosal Barrier Intestine Small Intestine Large Intestine Electrolyte and Water Transport in the Intestine Immune Elements of the Gastrointestinal Tract Mechanisms of Bacterial Disease Arising in the Intestine Stenosis and Obturation Extrinsic Obstruction Functional Obstruction Eventration Cecal Dilatation and Torsion in Cattle Left Dorsal Displacement of the Colon Internal Hernia External Hernia INTESTINAL ISCHEMIA AND INFARCTION Venous Infarction Arterial Thromboembolism Reduced Perfusion Malabsorption Diarrhea Protein Metabolism in Enteric Disease Anemia 1 1.
T2 845-1129 Sentence denotes T H E A L I M E N T A R Y S Y S T E M Colorectal Polyps in Dogs Polypoid Tumors in Other Species Intestinal Adenocarcinoma Carcinoid Tumors of the Intestine Intestinal Mast-Cell Tumors Other Mesenchymal Intestinal Tumors Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract
T3 1131-1139 Sentence denotes Abstract
T4 1142-1212 Sentence denotes Facial clefts may involve the skin only or the deeper tissues as well.
T5 1213-1301 Sentence denotes They are variously located, and not all are obviously related to normal lines of fusion.
T6 1302-1315 Sentence denotes All are rare.
T7 1316-1408 Sentence denotes The least uncom-mon is a complete cleft from one angle of the mouth to the ear of that side.
T8 1409-1511 Sentence denotes This results from failure of fusion of the lateral portions of the maxillary and mandibular processes.
T9 1512-1718 Sentence denotes A defect extending from a harelip to the eye results from failure of fusion of the maxillary and frontonasal processes; its least expression is superficial and a failure of closure of the nasolacrimal duct.
T10 1719-1851 Sentence denotes Primary cleft palate (harelip) includes developmental anomalies of the lips anterior to the nasal septum, columella, and premaxilla.
T11 1852-1924 Sentence denotes They may be uni-or bilateral and superficial or extend into the nostril.
T12 1925-2022 Sentence denotes The defect arises from incomplete fusion of the frontonasal process with the maxillary processes.
T13 2023-2136 Sentence denotes Secondary cleft palate (cleft palate, palatoschisis) (Fig. L I B ) is often associated with primary cleft palate.
T14 2137-2314 Sentence denotes The hard palate is formed, except for a small anterior contribution from the frontonasal process, by the bilateral ingrowth of the palatine shelves from the maxillary processes.
T15 2315-2441 Sentence denotes At the midline, they fuse with each other and the nasal septum, except in their posterior part, which becomes the soft palate.
T16 2442-2563 Sentence denotes Inadequate growth of either palatine shelf leaves a central defect that communicates between the oral and nasal cavities.
T17 2564-2633 Sentence denotes Cleft palates have been reported in most species of domestic animals.
T18 2634-2788 Sentence denotes Secondary cleft palate and arthrogryposis frequently occur together in Charolais calves and appear to be hereditary (probably simple autosomal recessive).
T19 2789-2849 Sentence denotes In calves, cleft palate is one of the most common anomalies.
T20 2850-3002 Sentence denotes The defect is uncommon in lambs, in which it may be genetic in origin (possibly simple recessive) or associated with ingestion of Veratrum californicum.
T21 3003-3126 Sentence denotes In swine, primary cleft palate is less common than secondary cleft palate, although the two anomalies often occur together.
T22 3127-3276 Sentence denotes The defects are probably polygenic or multifactorial developmental anomalies in this species and also may be associated with Crotalaria intoxication.
T23 3277-3427 Sentence denotes Secondary cleft palate occurs in Siamese cats and is thought to be hereditary in this breed, although the mode of inheritance has not been determined.
T24 3428-3477 Sentence denotes Anomalies of the growth of jaws are quite common.
T25 3478-3587 Sentence denotes Brachygnathia superior, shortness of the maxillae, is an inherited breed characteristic among dogs and swine.
T26 3588-3647 Sentence denotes It has been reported in the Large White or Yorkshire breed.
T27 3648-3795 Sentence denotes The condition is progressive with age, resulting in malapposition of the incisor and cheek teeth, which interferes with prehension and mastication.
T28 3796-3868 Sentence denotes In swine, brachygnathia superior may be confused with atrophic rhinitis.
T29 3869-3955 Sentence denotes In Jersey cattle, brachygnathia superior occurs as a simple autosomal recessive trait.
T30 3956-4016 Sentence denotes It may, in any species, be associated with chondrodysplasia.
T31 4017-4185 Sentence denotes Brachygnathia inferior or micrognathia, shortness of the mandibles, may be a mild to lethal defect in cattle and sheep and is a breed characteristic of long-nosed dogs.
T32 4186-4228 Sentence denotes Micrognathia is a common defect in calves.
T33 4229-4293 Sentence denotes It is inherited, probably as a simple autosomal recessive trait.
T34 4294-4331 Sentence denotes There is a higher incidence in males.
T35 4332-4500 Sentence denotes In Aberdeen Angus calves the defect may occur concurrently with cerebellar hypoplasia, and with osteopetrosis in this and other breeds (see Bones and Joints, Volume 1).
T36 4501-4600 Sentence denotes Mild brachygnathia inferior, termed ' 'parrot mouth,'' is a common conformational defect in horses.
T37 4601-4665 Sentence denotes Prognathism refers to an abnormal prolongation of the mandibles.
T38 4666-4710 Sentence denotes It too is rather common especially in sheep.
T39 4711-4813 Sentence denotes It may develop with recovery from calcium deficiency in this species (see Bones and Joints, Volume 1).
T40 4814-4985 Sentence denotes The malformation is relative, and it is not always easy to determine whether the jaw is absolutely long or merely apparently so, relative to a mild brachygnathia superior.
T41 4986-5156 Sentence denotes Agnathia is a mandibulofacial malformation characterized by absence of the lower jaw, due to failure of development of the first branchial arch and associated structures.
T42 5157-5235 Sentence denotes The defect is one of the most common anomalies in lambs but is rare in cattle.
T43 5236-5392 Sentence denotes Associated malformations in lambs may include ateloprosopia (incomplete development of the face), microglossia or aglossia, and atresia of the oral pharynx.
T44 5393-5463 Sentence denotes Concurrent anomalies affecting other body systems may also be evident.
T45 5464-5701 Sentence denotes Epitheliogenesis imperfecta is an anomaly causing widespread defects in cutaneous epithelium that also affects the epithelial lining of the oral cavity, especially the tongue ( Fig. 1.1 A) (see diseases of Skin and Appendages, Volume 1).
T46 5702-5804 Sentence denotes The condition is characterized by irregular, well-demarcated, red, ulcerated areas in the oral mucosa.
T47 5805-5941 Sentence denotes Histologically, these consist of abruptly ulcerated areas in the squamous mucosa with inflammation of the submucosal connective tissues.
T48 5942-6121 Sentence denotes The anomaly occurs in most species and is inherited as a simple autosomal recessive character in cattle, horses, and pigs; the mode of inheritance is unknown in the other species.
T49 6122-6262 Sentence denotes A lethal glossopharyngeal hereditary defect, termed "bird tongue" and caused by a simple recessive autosomal gene has been reported in dogs.
T50 6263-6322 Sentence denotes The breed in which the condition occurred was not revealed.
T51 6323-6454 Sentence denotes The affected pups have a narrow tongue, especially the anterior half where the margins are folded medially onto the dorsal surface.
T52 6455-6486 Sentence denotes The pups are unable to swallow.
T53 6487-6555 Sentence denotes The muscle fibers of the affected tongues are normal histologically.
T54 6556-6842 Sentence denotes There are several hereditary skin conditions in animals that have minor involvement of the lips and oral mucosa, such as epidermolysis bullosa simplex in collie dogs, ovine epidermolysis bullosa in Suffolk and South Dorset Down sheep, and familial acantholysis of Aberdeen Angus calves.
T55 6843-6951 Sentence denotes The reader is referred to the Skin and Appendages (Volume 1 ) for detailed descriptions of these conditions.
T56 6952-7133 Sentence denotes Dental examinations in animals are usually cursory, except to assess age, but dental disease is common and often is the factor that limits the useful life span, especially of sheep.
T57 7134-7346 Sentence denotes The "borderland of embryology and pathology" is never more nebulous than it is for teeth, and the comments on dental development and anatomy given below are intended to assist the understanding of dental disease.
T58 7347-7438 Sentence denotes Teeth develop from horseshoe-shaped thickenings in the oral ectoderm called dental laminae.
T59 7439-7543 Sentence denotes Neural crest cells beneath the laminae induce formation of tooth buds, which generate the enamel organs.
T60 7544-7683 Sentence denotes These epithelial structures grow into the underlying ectomesenchyme and organize it to form dental papillae, which they enclose like a cap.
T61 7684-7753 Sentence denotes Surrounding both is another mesenchymal condensation, the dental sac.
T62 7754-7877 Sentence denotes The inner enamel epithelium of the enamel organ induces differentiation of odontoblasts from the mesenchyme of the papilla.
T63 7878-7969 Sentence denotes They produce dentin, which in turn induces enamel formation by the inner enamel epithelium.
T64 7970-8027 Sentence denotes Formation of dentin is essential for formation of enamel.
T65 8028-8178 Sentence denotes These inductive interactions of epithelium and mesenchyme are considered to be important in the histodifferentiation of some tumors of dental tissues.
T66 8179-8318 Sentence denotes The free edge of the enamel organ extends beyond the enamel-dentin junction, and this extension is called Hertwig's epithelial root sheath.
T67 8319-8381 Sentence denotes It molds dental papilla to form the root or apex of the tooth.
T68 8382-8553 Sentence denotes Subsequently it fragments, allowing mesenchymal cells from the dental sac to contact the root dentin, differentiate into cementoblasts, and deposit cementum on the dentin.
T69 8554-8622 Sentence denotes Remnants of the root sheath are called epithelial rests of Malassez.
T70 8623-8701 Sentence denotes They persist in the periodontal ligament and may give rise to tumors or cysts.
T71 8702-8813 Sentence denotes They may be important in the induction or repair of cementum, and in periodontal reattachment following injury.
T72 8814-8895 Sentence denotes If cells of the root sheath adhere to the dentin, they may produce enamel pearls.
T73 8896-8980 Sentence denotes Once the dental lamina has produced the buds of the permanent teeth, it degenerates.
T74 8981-9065 Sentence denotes Epithelial remnants persist as epithelial pearls or islands in the gingiva and jaws.
T75 9066-9120 Sentence denotes These remnants also may give rise to tumors and cysts.
T76 9121-9308 Sentence denotes There are important differences between the brachydont teeth of humans, carnivores, and swine, in which the enamel is restricted to the tooth crown, and the hypsodont teeth of herbivores.
T77 9309-9421 Sentence denotes In hypsodont teeth, enamel extends far down on the roots and is invaginated into the dentin to form infundibula.
T78 9422-9573 Sentence denotes Also, the hypsodont teeth of herbivores, except the mandibular premolars of ruminants, are covered by cementum that more or less fills the infundibula.
T79 9574-9784 Sentence denotes Exceptions to these rules are provided by the tusks of boars, which are hypsodont but not covered by cementum, and by ruminant incisors, which are brachydont but do have enamel covering part of the root dentin.
T80 9785-9850 Sentence denotes The three hard tissues of teeth are dentin, enamel, and cementum.
T81 9851-9908 Sentence denotes Dentin is light yellow and constitutes most of the tooth.
T82 9909-9965 Sentence denotes It consists of about 35% organic matter and 65% mineral.
T83 9966-10049 Sentence denotes Thus its composition is similar to bone, and like bone it contains type I collagen.
T84 10050-10184 Sentence denotes Dentin is produced by columnar cells with basal nuclei called odontoblasts, which differentiate from mesenchyme of the dental papilla.
T85 10185-10250 Sentence denotes Initially it is unmineralized (predentin), but later mineralized.
T86 10251-10374 Sentence denotes The odontoblasts move away from the dentinenamel junction, gradually encroaching on the pulp cavity as they produce dentin.
T87 10375-10508 Sentence denotes Each odontoblast has a process extending into the dentin, encased in a dentinal tubule, that arborizes at the dentin-enamel junction.
T88 10509-10579 Sentence denotes The process also anastomoses with the processes of other odontoblasts.
T89 10580-10661 Sentence denotes Dentinal tubules are visible in histologic sections, but the anastomoses are not.
T90 10662-10755 Sentence denotes Except for the processes, and nerve endings in the dentin near the pulp, dentin is acellular.
T91 10756-10906 Sentence denotes Normal dentin contains incremental or imbrication lines of von Ebner, which are fine basophilic lines running at right angles to the dentinal tubules.
T92 10907-10986 Sentence denotes They represent normal variations in the structure and mineralization of dentin.
T93 10987-11183 Sentence denotes Sublethal injury caused by certain infections, metabolic stresses, or toxic states may injure the odontoblasts, which then produce accentuated incremental lines known as the contour lines of Owen.
T94 11184-11300 Sentence denotes Sometimes, irregular zones of unmineralized or poorly mineralized dentin form between foci of normal mineralization.
T95 11301-11382 Sentence denotes These are zones of interglobular dentin, which may be caused by hypophosphatemia.
T96 11383-11532 Sentence denotes Odontoblasts normally are active throughout life, producing layers of secondary dentin that often contain fewer dentinal tubules than primary dentin.
T97 11533-11691 Sentence denotes Reparative dentin is produced locally in response to injury and contains a limited number of twisted tubules and sometimes a few odontoblasts, which soon die.
T98 11692-11785 Sentence denotes Sclerotic (transparent) dentin is formed when dentinal tubules are occluded by calcium salts.
T99 11786-11893 Sentence denotes The junctions between primary, secondary, and reparative dentin are usually demarcated by basophilic lines.
T100 11894-11945 Sentence denotes Enamel has about 5% organic matter and 95% mineral.
T101 11946-12026 Sentence denotes It is produced by the tall, columnar ameloblasts of the inner enamel epithelium.
T102 12027-12107 Sentence denotes Enamel is produced in the form of prisms or rods, cemented together by a matrix.
T103 12108-12235 Sentence denotes Mineralization begins as soon as it is formed and is a two-stage process, somewhat similar to that in bone but much more rapid.
T104 12236-12400 Sentence denotes The cells of the inner enamel epithelium also move away from the dentin-enamel junction as the tooth is formed, but unlike odontoblasts, they do not have processes.
T105 12401-12476 Sentence denotes Enamel is hard, dense, brittle, and permeable and is translucent and white.
T106 12477-12627 Sentence denotes Mature enamel is not present in demineralized sections, but some of the matrix of immature enamel may be visible near ameloblasts of developing teeth.
T107 12628-12684 Sentence denotes Ameloblasts are very sensitive to environmental changes.
T108 12685-12866 Sentence denotes Normal enamel contains incremental lines of Retzius, which are analagous to the incremental lines of von Ebner in dentin and also reflect variations in structure and mineralization.
T109 12867-12940 Sentence denotes The incremental lines are accentuated during periods of metabolic stress.
T110 12941-13070 Sentence denotes More severe injury, in fluorosis or infections by some viruses (Fig. 1.2A,B) , can produce focal hypoplasia or aplasia of enamel.
T111 13071-13118 Sentence denotes Formation of enamel ends before tooth eruption.
T112 13119-13282 Sentence denotes The inner enamel epithelium then merges with the cells of the underlying stratum intermedium and the outer enamel epithelium to form the reduced enamel epithelium.
T113 13283-13421 Sentence denotes It protects the enamel of the formed tooth prior to eruption and digests the connective tissue separating it from the gingival epithelium.
T114 13422-13485 Sentence denotes Fusion of the two epithelia is necessary for eruption to occur.
T115 13486-13654 Sentence denotes Degeneration of this protective layer permits connective tissue to contact the enamel, and there may be resorption of enamel or deposition of a layer of cementum on it.
T116 13655-13707 Sentence denotes This normally occurs during odontogenesis in horses.
T117 13708-13836 Sentence denotes Cementum is an avascular, bonelike substance, produced by cementoblasts; it contains about 55% organic and 45% inorganic matter.
T118 13837-13940 Sentence denotes In general, the dentin of brachydont teeth is covered by cementum wherever it is not covered by enamel.
T119 13941-14110 Sentence denotes When dentin formation has begun in the root, degeneration of Hertwig's epithelial root sheath begins and permits mesenchymal cells from the dental sac to contact dentin.
T120 14111-14198 Sentence denotes They differentiate into cementoblasts, which produce cementoid and later mineralize it.
T121 14199-14323 Sentence denotes Some layers of cementum do not contain cells (acellular cementum), but in other layers cementocytes are enclosed in lacunae.
T122 14324-14389 Sentence denotes Sharpey's fibers from alveolar bone are embedded in the cementum.
T123 14390-14579 Sentence denotes Cementum is more resistant to resorption than bone, and unlike bone, normally is not resorbed and replaced as it ages; instead, a new layer of cementum is deposited on top of the old layer.
T124 14580-14725 Sentence denotes In some pathologic conditions cementum is resorbed; subsequently, cellular or acellular cementum is deposited, more or less repairing the defect.
T125 14726-14826 Sentence denotes Hypercementosis is abnormal thickening of cementum and may involve part or all of one or many teeth.
T126 14827-14969 Sentence denotes When extra cementum improves the functional properties of teeth, it is called cementum hypertrophy; if not, it is called cementum hyperplasia.
T127 14970-15057 Sentence denotes Extensive hyperplasia often is associated with chronic inflammation of the dental root.
T128 15058-15173 Sentence denotes The periodontal ligament is a very cellular, well-vascularized connective tissue that develops from the dental sac.
T129 15174-15280 Sentence denotes The periodontium comprises the periodontal ligament, gingival lamina propria, cementum, and alveolar bone.
T130 15281-15355 Sentence denotes The ligament supports the tooth and adjusts to its movement during growth.
T131 15356-15435 Sentence denotes It is well supplied with nerves and lymphatics, which drain into alveolar bone.
T132 15436-15544 Sentence denotes The periodontal ligament also is a source of the cells that remodel alveolar bone and, in disease, cementum.
T133 15545-15675 Sentence denotes Epithelial rests of Malassez are present in the periodontal ligament and are particularly numerous in the incisor region of sheep.
T134 15676-15778 Sentence denotes In all species, they may proliferate and become cystic when there is inflammation of the periodontium.
T135 15779-15831 Sentence denotes The periodontium is also a site of origin of tumors.
T136 15832-15946 Sentence denotes The periodontal ligament normally is visible in radiographs as a radiolucent line between tooth and alveolar bone.
T137 15947-16163 Sentence denotes In prolonged hyperparathyroidism, alveolar bone is resorbed and the ligament is no longer outlined radiographically, a change referred to as ' i o s s of the lamina dura." pseudoanodontia result from failed eruption.
T138 16164-16262 Sentence denotes These defects may be associated with bone modeling defects in grey lethal mice with osteopetrosis.
T139 16263-16338 Sentence denotes Delayed eruption of permanent teeth occurs in Lhasa Apso and Shih Tsu dogs.
T140 16339-16492 Sentence denotes Polyodontia, excessive teeth, occurs in brachycephalic dogs; the incisors are involved, and the defect is probably related to breeding for broad muzzles.
T141 16493-16624 Sentence denotes A high incidence of canine polyodontia, involving particularly an extra maxillary premolar, has been reported from the Netherlands.
T142 16625-16710 Sentence denotes Polyodontia also occurs in horses and cats, involving either incisors or cheek teeth.
T143 16711-16803 Sentence denotes Pseudopolyodontia is retention of deciduous teeth after eruption of the permanent dentition.
T144 16804-16876 Sentence denotes It occurs in horses, cats, and dogs, especially in the miniature breeds.
T145 16877-16957 Sentence denotes Heterotopic polyodontia is an extra tooth, or teeth, outside the dental arcades.
T146 16958-17050 Sentence denotes The best known example is the "ear tooth" of horses, which develops in a branchiogenic cyst.
T147 17051-17178 Sentence denotes The cysts originate from failure of closure of the first branchial cleft, or from the inclusion of cellular rests in this area.
T148 17179-17370 Sentence denotes They are lined by a stratified mucous-or cutaneous-type epithelium and may contain one or more teeth, either loosely attached in the cyst wall or deeply embedded in the petrous temporal bone.
T149 17371-17512 Sentence denotes The tooth is derived from misplaced tooth germ of the first branchial arch, which is displaced toward the ear with the first branchial cleft.
T150 17513-17584 Sentence denotes The cysts form in the parotid region and may fistulate to the exterior.
T151 17585-17735 Sentence denotes They are occasionally bilateral, and rarely the tooth may form a pedunculated mass enclosed by skin and attached by a pedicle to the skin of the head.
T152 17736-17805 Sentence denotes Heterotopic polyodontia also occurs in cattle, dogs, pigs, and sheep.
T153 17806-17888 Sentence denotes Malformation and malpositioning of teeth accompany abnormalities of the jaw bones.
T154 17889-18062 Sentence denotes Aberdeen Angus and Hereford calves with congenital osteopetrosis have brachygnathia inferior, malformed mandibles, and impacted cheek teeth (see Bones and Joints, Volume 1).
T155 18063-18208 Sentence denotes Impacted molars occur as an inherited lethal in shorthorns; an association with osteopetrosis apparently has not been investigated in this breed.
T156 18209-18375 Sentence denotes Odontogenic cysts are epithelium-lined cysts derived from cell rests of Malassez, cell rests of dental laminae, reduced enamel epithelium, or malformed enamel organs.
T157 18376-18482 Sentence denotes Dentigerous cysts are, by definition, cysts that contain part or all of a tooth, which often is malformed.
T158 18483-18832 Sentence denotes Of the odontogenic cysts just listed, all except those derived from cell rests of Malassez are potentially dentigerous. (The rests of Malassez are the probable source of periodontal cysts.) Dentigerous cysts originating in malformed enamel organs should include malformed teeth, since development of enamel is incomplete until the organ degenerates.
T159 18833-18939 Sentence denotes Those teeth in cysts of reduced enamel epithelium or rests of dental laminae are not necessarily abnormal.
T160 18940-19001 Sentence denotes The affected teeth probably "erupt" into the preformed cysts.
T161 19002-19084 Sentence denotes Dentigerous cysts enclose at least the crown of the tooth, but may include it all.
T162 19085-19252 Sentence denotes The most common form of odontogenic dentigerous cysts in animals are those involving the vestigial wolf teeth of horses and the vestigial canines, especially of mares.
T163 19253-19389 Sentence denotes The smaller cysts appear as tumors of the gums, while some of the larger ones may cause swelling of the jaw or adjacent maxillary sinus.
T164 19390-19550 Sentence denotes Dentigerous cysts of animals are not as destructive as those in humans, in which they are regarded as the most common benign destructive lesion of the skeleton.
T165 19551-19673 Sentence denotes The ear tooth of horses is probably the most common nono-dontogenic dentigerous cyst (see heterotopic polyodontia, above).
T166 19674-19807 Sentence denotes Occasionally, true dentigerous cysts form when a tumor prevents normal eruption or when there is maleruption due to odontody strophy.
T167 19808-19940 Sentence denotes Cystic dental inclusions about vestigial supernumerary teeth also occur in the juxtamolar positions in cattle but are insignificant.
T168 19941-20104 Sentence denotes These too may be dentigerous, or they may be primordial cysts developed before the stage of enamel formation, and hence containing no mineralized tooth structures.
T169 20105-20157 Sentence denotes Either type of cyst may give rise to ameloblastomas.
T170 20158-20271 Sentence denotes A high incidence of dentigerous cysts involving incisors occurs in some sheep flocks in Scotland and New Zealand.
T171 20272-20363 Sentence denotes Permanent teeth are unique in that their development continues for a long time after birth.
T172 20364-20466 Sentence denotes Thus inflammatory and metabolic disease of postnatal life can produce hypoplasia of dentin and enamel.
T173 20467-20579 Sentence denotes Hypoplasia of enamel of deciduous teeth occurs in some calves with intrauterine bovine virus diarrhea infection.
T174 20580-20794 Sentence denotes Extreme fragility of deciduous teeth is a feature of bovine osteogenesis imperfecta, but the variety of inherited dentinal dysplasias and enamel anomalies that occur in humans is not recognized in domestic animals.
T175 20795-20895 Sentence denotes shiny, but normal cementum is off-white to light yellow and normal dentin is slightly darker yellow.
T176 20896-21002 Sentence denotes Depending on the tooth, or the part of the tooth being examined, the normal color may be any one of these.
T177 21003-21037 Sentence denotes Normal enamel is never discolored.
T178 21038-21129 Sentence denotes Hypoplastic enamel of chronic fluorosis is discolored yellow through brown to almost black.
T179 21130-21303 Sentence denotes Discoloration of brachydont teeth results from pigmentation of dentin, which is then visible through the semitransparent enamel, or pigmentation of the cementum of the root.
T180 21304-21428 Sentence denotes Dentin may be colored red-brown by pulpal hemorrhages or inflammation, gray-green in putrid pulpitis, and yellow in icterus.
T181 21429-21636 Sentence denotes Congenital erythropoietic porphyrias of calves, cats, and swine discolor the dentin red in young animals (pink tooth) and darker brown in adults, although in swine the discoloration may disappear with aging.
T182 21637-21717 Sentence denotes Transient porphyria with pink discoloration of teeth has been reported in a dog.
T183 21718-21934 Sentence denotes Yellow to brown discoloration of teeth, and bright yellow fluorescence in ultraviolet light, due to deposition of tetracycline antibiotics in mineralizing dentin, enamel, and probably cementum, occurs in all species.
T184 21935-22020 Sentence denotes Treatment of the pregnant dam may cause staining of deciduous teeth in the offspring.
T185 22021-22169 Sentence denotes Tetracyclines are toxic to ameloblasts in the late differentiation and early secretion stages and, at high dose rate, may produce enamel hypoplasia.
T186 22170-22334 Sentence denotes Black discoloration of ruminant cheek teeth is extremely common and is caused by impregnation of mineral salts with chlorophyll and porphyrin pigments from herbage.
T187 22335-22352 Sentence denotes DENTAL ATTRITION.
T188 22353-22535 Sentence denotes The mature conformation of teeth is largely the outcome of opposed growth and wear, and the degree of wear depends on the type of tooth, the species of animal, and the matter chewed.
T189 22536-22637 Sentence denotes Wear is most evident in herbivores, and irregularities of wear are perhaps the most common dental ab-
T190 22638-22650 Sentence denotes normalities.
T191 22651-23023 Sentence denotes In general, with normal occlusion and use, the extraalveolar portion of the tooth does not shorten; instead, its length is maintained initially by growth (the period of growth depending on the species) then by hypertrophy of the root cementum and proliferation of alveolar bone (which serves to push the tooth out), and finally by senile atrophy of the alveolar processes.
T192 23024-23194 Sentence denotes Cementum hypertrophy and alveolar atrophy may result in loss of teeth in senility, or if combined with subnormal wear, produce teeth that in old age are excessively long.
T193 23195-23301 Sentence denotes Normal wear of the complicated cheek teeth of horses and cattle causes smoothing of the occlusal surfaces.
T194 23302-23437 Sentence denotes As soon as wear of enamel exposes the dentin, which being softer wears more rapidly, secondary dentin is deposited to protect the pulp.
T195 23438-23506 Sentence denotes In time, this may fill the pulp cavity and cause death of the tooth.
T196 23507-23576 Sentence denotes Abnormalities of wearing are most common in herbivores ( Fig. 1.2D ).
T197 23577-23750 Sentence denotes Subnormal wear, due to loss of the opposing tooth, occurs in oligodontia, abnormal spacing of adjacent teeth, and acquired loss of teeth; it results in abnormal lengthening.
T198 23751-23876 Sentence denotes Such elongated teeth may grow against the opposing gum or, if deviated, into an adjacent soft structure such as cheek or lip.
T199 23877-24100 Sentence denotes These teeth usually wear in abnormal places because complete loss of antagonism is unusual, because the upper and lower arcades do not coincide exactly, and the coincidence is further reduced by the displacement of chewing.
T200 24101-24233 Sentence denotes Incomplete longitudinal coincidence of the molar arcades allows irregular wear and hook formation on the first and last cheek teeth.
T201 24234-24363 Sentence denotes Abnormal wear due to abnormal chewing is caused by voluntary, as in painful conditions, or mechanical impairment of jaw movement.
T202 24364-24505 Sentence denotes Lateral movements of the jaws without the normal rotary grinding movements allow the ridges of the teeth of herbivores to become accentuated.
T203 24506-24714 Sentence denotes Steep angulation of the occlusal surfaces results from inadequate lateral movement of the jaws, and sharp edges form on the buccal aspect of the maxillary teeth and the lingual aspect of the mandibular teeth.
T204 24715-24828 Sentence denotes This may be unilateral when the animal chews with only one side of its mouth, the other side then being affected.
T205 24829-25114 Sentence denotes The teeth wear progressively sharper and pass each other like shear blades, hence the term "shear mouth." Subnormal resistance to wear on the part of the molar teeth is common and results in "weave mouth" or "step mouth," in which successive teeth in an arcade wear at different rates.
T206 25115-25228 Sentence denotes The weave or step form of the antagonistic arcade is reversed so that the teeth of the two arcades interdigitate.
T207 25229-25367 Sentence denotes This pattern of attrition is caused by variation in the hardness of opposing teeth, and usually is caused by intermittent odontodystrophy.
T208 25368-25517 Sentence denotes Opposing teeth of the upper and lower jaws do not develop at the same time, thus discontinuous nutritional deficiencies often result in unequal wear.
T209 25518-25581 Sentence denotes Certain vices, such as crib biting, also produce abnormal wear.
T210 25582-25709 Sentence denotes In severely worn ruminant incisors a central black core may be visible, which is secondary dentin deposited in the pulp cavity.
T211 25710-25782 Sentence denotes It is not carious but stains darker than the surrounding primary dentin.
T212 25783-25802 Sentence denotes ODONTODYSTROPHIES .
T213 25803-25895 Sentence denotes Odontodystrophies are diseases of teeth caused by nutritional, metabolic, and toxic insults.
T214 25896-25990 Sentence denotes They are manifest by changes in the hard tissues of the teeth and their supporting structures.
T215 25991-26040 Sentence denotes Lesions of enamel and dentin are emphasized here.
T216 26041-26179 Sentence denotes The most prominent affects of odontodystrophies appear in enamel, and lesions of enamel are most significant because they are irreparable.
T217 26180-26224 Sentence denotes Formation of enamel occurs in a set pattern.
T218 26225-26290 Sentence denotes It begins at the occlusal surface and progresses toward the root.
T219 26291-26430 Sentence denotes Mineral maturation occurs in the same sequence, but for each level it begins at the dentin-enamel junction and moves toward the ameloblast.
T220 26431-26547 Sentence denotes Deleterious influences have their most severe affects on those ameloblasts that are forming and mineralizing enamel.
T221 26548-26670 Sentence denotes Depending of the severity of the insult, ameloblasts may produce no enamel, a little enamel, or poorly mineralized enamel.
T222 26671-26764 Sentence denotes Removal of the insult permits those ameloblasts not yet active to begin making normal enamel.
T223 26765-26899 Sentence denotes Thus enamel defects vary in severity from isolated opaque spots or pits on the surface to deep and irregular, horizontal indentations.
T224 26900-27012 Sentence denotes These defects are most clearly seen on the incisor teeth and canine teeth and are usually bilaterally symmetric.
T225 27013-27175 Sentence denotes Similar lesions are also produced by infectious agents that injure ameloblasts, such as the viruses of canine distemper and bovine virus diarrhea ( Fig. 1.2A,B) .
T226 27176-27331 Sentence denotes Odontoblasts are susceptible to many of the same influences as ameloblasts, but they can be replenished from the undifferentiated cells of the dental pulp.
T227 27332-27425 Sentence denotes Thus lesions in actively forming dentin may be repaired, while those in enamel are permanent.
T228 27426-27551 Sentence denotes Because of their close anatomic association with the jaws, teeth are very susceptible to disruption in the harmony of growth.
T229 27552-27702 Sentence denotes This harmonious arrangement often is upset in the odontodystrophies and osteodystrophies and leads to malocclusion and anomalous development of teeth.
T230 27703-27783 Sentence denotes There are several nutritional and toxic conditions that produce odontodystrophy.
T231 27784-27880 Sentence denotes Fluorine poisoning is exemplary (see metabolic diseases of bone, in Bones and Joints, Volume 1).
T232 27881-27991 Sentence denotes In vitamin A deficiency, ameloblasts do not differentiate normally, and their organizing ability is disturbed.
T233 27992-28047 Sentence denotes As a result, odontoblastic differentiation is abnormal.
T234 28048-28204 Sentence denotes Several lesions develop, including enamel hypoplasia and hypomineralization, cellular, vascularized dentin (osteodentin), and retarded or obviated eruption.
T235 28205-28297 Sentence denotes Calcium deficiency retards eruption and causes enamel hypoplasia and mild dentin hypoplasia.
T236 28298-28372 Sentence denotes Teeth formed during the period of deficiency are very susceptible to wear.
T237 28373-28476 Sentence denotes Recovery from prolonged calcium deficiency results in malocclusion due to inferior prognathia in sheep.
T238 28477-28568 Sentence denotes This reflects inadequate maxillary, but normal mandibular repair during the recovery phase.
T239 28569-28725 Sentence denotes Phosphorus deficiency, combined with vitamin D deficiency, depresses dentin formation slightly but has virtually no effect on enamel, at least not in sheep.
T240 28726-28806 Sentence denotes Hypophosphatemia is associated with formation of interglobular dentin in humans.
T241 28807-28902 Sentence denotes Malocclusion and abnormalities of bite in rachitic sheep are secondary to mandibular deformity.
T242 28903-28964 Sentence denotes Severe, experimental malnutrition also produces malocclusion.
T243 28965-29112 Sentence denotes Recovery from malnutrition does not correct the lesion and in addition is associated with misshapen, malformed teeth, oligodontia, and polyodontia.
T244 29113-29212 Sentence denotes The major effects of odontodystrophies in herbivores are malocclusion and/or accelerated attrition.
T245 29213-29347 Sentence denotes Sometimes a high incidence of these abnormalities is attributable to one of the causes discussed above, but often they are idiopathic.
T246 29348-29443 Sentence denotes Most of the lesions described in experimental odontodystrophies also occur in natural diseases.
T247 29444-29742 Sentence denotes A syndrome of dental abnormalities of sheep on the North Island of New Zealand is characterized by excessive wear of deciduous teeth, maleruption and excessive wear of permanent teeth, periodontal disease involving permanent teeth, and development of dentigerous cysts involving permanent incisors.
T248 29743-29781 Sentence denotes Mandibular osteopathy is also present.
T249 29782-29847 Sentence denotes All animals more than 5 years old are culled for dental problems.
T250 29848-30002 Sentence denotes The odontodystrophy (and osteodystrophy) possibly is caused by deficiencies of calcium and copper, and perhaps other nutrients such as protein and energy.
T251 30003-30074 Sentence denotes Sheep from an affected flock, pastured elsewhere, have minimal lesions.
T252 30075-30231 Sentence denotes This syndrome exemplifies the naturally occurring odontodystrophies in that it probably has a complex pathogenesis and is associated with an osteodystrophy.
T253 30232-30339 Sentence denotes The latter association is to be expected since bones and teeth usually are susceptible to the same insults.
T254 30340-30400 Sentence denotes The role of viruses in enamel hypoplasia is mentioned above.
T255 30401-30482 Sentence denotes Bacterial plaque is discussed below along with other tooth-accumulated materials.
T256 30483-30651 Sentence denotes Tooth enamel is covered by a translucent pellicle, which is formed by selective adsorption of salivary constituents and which is essential to the development of plaque.
T257 30652-30783 Sentence denotes Dental plaque is a dense, nonmineralized, bacterial mass, firmly adherent to tooth surfaces, that resists removal by salivary flow.
T258 30784-30889 Sentence denotes Formation of plaque involves adhesion of bacteria to the pellicle and adhesion of bacteria to each other.
T259 30890-31053 Sentence denotes Only organisms with the ability to adhere to pellicle can initiate the formation of plaque; those that cannot are removed by oral secretions and mechanical action.
T260 31054-31103 Sentence denotes The bacteria in plaque are usually Gram-positive.
T261 31104-31199 Sentence denotes Most are streptococci and Actinomyces spp., which form an organized array on the tooth surface.
T262 31200-31362 Sentence denotes Some plaque-forming bacteria synthesize extracellular polymers that constitute the matrix of the plaque and permit adhesion between organisms of the same species.
T263 31363-31523 Sentence denotes Some utilize polymers derived from host secretions to adhere to the pellicle, while others attach to bacteria of a different species already fixed to the tooth.
T264 31524-31698 Sentence denotes Plaque increases in mass with time, and its composition becomes more complex as Gramnegative bacteria join the streptococci and actinomycetes that initiated plaque formation.
T265 31699-31730 Sentence denotes Plaque is metabolically active.
T266 31731-31906 Sentence denotes It utilizes dietary carbohydrates to produce the adhesive polymers and, as energy sources, for maintenance and the production of various enzymes and mediators of inflammation.
T267 31907-32012 Sentence denotes Dental plaque is important because it initiates the development of dental caries and periodontal disease.
T268 32013-32145 Sentence denotes Enamel may harbor extensive deposits of supragingival plaque that are virtually invisible unless treated with a disclosing solution.
T269 32146-32193 Sentence denotes Dental calculus (tartar) is mineralized plaque.
T270 32194-32231 Sentence denotes The mineral mainly comes from saliva.
T271 32232-32309 Sentence denotes In horses, it is predominantly calcium carbonate; in dogs, calcium phosphate.
T272 32310-32418 Sentence denotes Calculus is often found in old dogs and cats, occasionally in horses and sheep, and rarely in other species.
T273 32419-32516 Sentence denotes The distribution is often uneven, but it is most abundant next to the orifices of salivary ducts.
T274 32517-32572 Sentence denotes Calculus on horses' teeth is chalky and easily removed.
T275 32573-32632 Sentence denotes In dogs, it is hard, firmly attached, and often discolored.
T276 32633-32720 Sentence denotes Red-brown to black calculus with a metallic sheen develops in pastured sheep and goats.
T277 32721-32805 Sentence denotes It usually involves all the incisors, principally on the neck of the buccal surface.
T278 32806-33014 Sentence denotes Minor amounts are common along the gum-tooth junction of the molar teeth, but occasionally, larger (up to 2.0 cm), hard, black, rounded concretions may protrude from between opposed surfaces of the premolars.
T279 33015-33155 Sentence denotes Materia alba is a mixture of salivary proteins, desquamated epithelial cells, disintegrating leukocytes, and bacteria that adheres to teeth.
T280 33156-33223 Sentence denotes The bacteria are not organized, and materia alba is easily removed.
T281 33224-33328 Sentence denotes It is distinct from dental plaque, and from food debris, which also accumulates between uncleaned teeth.
T282 33329-33344 Sentence denotes DENTAL CARIES .
T283 33345-33506 Sentence denotes Dental caries is a disease of the hard tissues of teeth, characterized by demineralization of the inorganic part and enzymatic degradation of the organic matrix.
T284 33507-33609 Sentence denotes This definition permits the inclusion of equine infundibular necrosis as a form of caries (see below).
T285 33610-33700 Sentence denotes Dental caries is the principal disease of teeth in humans up to about the age of 30 years.
T286 33701-33746 Sentence denotes It is then superseded by periodontal disease.
T287 33747-33810 Sentence denotes Caries is common in horses and sheep but rare in dogs and cats.
T288 33811-33898 Sentence denotes There are two types of caries, " p i t " or "fissure" caries and smooth-surface caries.
T289 33899-34033 Sentence denotes The first type develops in irregularities or indentations, usually on the occlusal surface of the tooth, which trap food and bacteria.
T290 34034-34149 Sentence denotes Plaque is not essential for initiation of this form of caries, of which equine infundibular necrosis is an example.
T291 34150-34331 Sentence denotes Smooth-surface caries usually occurs on proximal (adjacent) surfaces of teeth, typically just below contact points or around the neck, and requires dental plaque for its initiation.
T292 34332-34466 Sentence denotes The organic acids, principally lactic, that initiate demineralization are produced by bacterial fermentation of dietary carbohydrates.
T293 34467-34569 Sentence denotes In smooth-surface caries, plaque produces the acid and maintains a low pH on the surface of the tooth.
T294 34570-34698 Sentence denotes Progression of lesions depends on various factors such as salivary pH and hardness and resistance to demineralization of enamel.
T295 34699-34840 Sentence denotes The enzymes that lyse the organic matrix probably are produced by plaque but may be derived from leukocytes, for which plaque is chemotactic.
T296 34841-34908 Sentence denotes Carious enamel loses its sheen and becomes dull, white, and pocked.
T297 34909-34959 Sentence denotes When dentin is exposed, it becomes brown or black.
T298 34960-35124 Sentence denotes Dentin is softer and more readily demineralized than enamel, and a pinpoint lesion in enamel may lead to a large defect when the carious process reaches the dentin.
T299 35125-35225 Sentence denotes In horses and dogs, caries develops most often on the occlusal surface of the maxillary first molar.
T300 35226-35352 Sentence denotes In sheep, the proximal surfaces of mandibular teeth are usually affected, and caries is commonly accompanied by periodontitis.
T301 35353-35497 Sentence denotes Cats, whose teeth do not have retaining centers where food can collect, sometimes develop caries-like lesions of the neck region of cheek teeth.
T302 35498-35556 Sentence denotes In some cases they are associated with hypervitaminosis A.
T303 35557-35653 Sentence denotes These lesions seem to be distinct from conventional caries, but their pathogenesis is not known.
T304 35654-35779 Sentence denotes The enamel invaginations (infundibula) in the cheek teeth of horses normally are filled with cementum before the teeth erupt.
T305 35780-35883 Sentence denotes Filling proceeds from the occlusal surface toward the apex, but often is not completed before eruption.
T306 35884-36010 Sentence denotes At this time the blood supply is cut off, and ischemic necrosis of any residual cementogenic tissue in the infundibula occurs.
T307 36011-36059 Sentence denotes The deficiency of cementum is called hypoplasia.
T308 36060-36190 Sentence denotes Anterior infundibula are affected more frequently than posterior, and the first molar more often than other teeth ( Fig. 1.2E ,F).
T309 36191-36386 Sentence denotes Teeth with incompletely filled infundibula may accumulate food material and bacteria, and in some animals the necrotic area expands to involve all the cementum and the adjacent enamel and dentin.
T310 36387-36551 Sentence denotes Decay of the mineralized tissues sometimes progresses to coalescence of the cement lakes, fracture of the tooth, root abscess, and empyema of the paranasal sinuses.
T311 36552-36676 Sentence denotes The incidence of infundibular necrosis increases with age, and 80-100% of horses more than 12 years old may have the lesion.
T312 36677-36742 Sentence denotes Most are without signs, and in most the lesion does not progress.
T313 36743-36946 Sentence denotes Inflammation of the dental pulp, in horses and in other species, may result from direct expansion of caries, or from penetration of bacteria and bacterial degradation products along the dentinal tubules.
T314 36947-37010 Sentence denotes Production of reparative dentin in the pulp cavity is expected.
T315 37011-37021 Sentence denotes PULPITIS .
T316 37022-37073 Sentence denotes The dental pulp is derived from the dental papilla.
T317 37074-37187 Sentence denotes It is surrounded by odontoblasts and dentin, except at the apical foramen, through which vessels and nerves pass.
T318 37188-37301 Sentence denotes Pulp is a loose syncytium of stellate fibrocytes and contains histiocytes and undifferentiated mesenchymal cells.
T319 37302-37342 Sentence denotes The latter are odontoblastic precursors.
T320 37343-37495 Sentence denotes The apical foramen is narrow, and this predisposes to vascular occlusion, ischemic necrosis of the pulp, and death of the tooth in pathologic processes.
T321 37496-37607 Sentence denotes Production of abundant secondary dentin and reparative dentin can do this, but the usual cause is inflammation.
T322 37608-37731 Sentence denotes Pulp is the only vascular tissue of the tooth, and along with the periodontium, the only site of conventional inflammation.
T323 37732-37990 Sentence denotes Pulpitis is always related to infection, the effector bacteria or their products entering through fractures; carious perforations, especially in teeth with enamel defects; perforations resulting from abnormal wear; periodontitis; and possibly hematogenously.
T324 37991-38117 Sentence denotes In herbivores the pulp is divided by enamel foldings, inflammation usually is limited to one division and is usually purulent.
T325 38118-38211 Sentence denotes Very mild pulpitis may heal, but usually it terminates in necrosis, suppuration, or gangrene.
T326 38212-38281 Sentence denotes Inflammation of the pulp may extend to the periodontium and the jaws.
T327 38282-38359 Sentence denotes Osteomyelitis of the jaws is a complication of clipping the tusks of piglets.
T328 38360-38508 Sentence denotes Some chronic inflammations are confined to the periodontium and become slowly expansive, spherical granulomas about the root apex (root granulomas).
T329 38509-38629 Sentence denotes Occasionally these granulomas are enclosed by an epithelial cyst (periodontal cyst) derived from cell rests of Malassez.
T330 38630-38736 Sentence denotes The epithelium contains plasma cells, and the combination may have a protective role in periapical sepsis.
T331 38737-38909 Sentence denotes Periodontal disease is the most common chronic disease of humans, the most common dental disease of sheep and dogs, and an important problem in horses, ruminants, and cats.
T332 38910-39154 Sentence denotes Although there are minor differences between species, in general, periodontal disease begins as plaqueassociated gingivitis and may progress through gingival recession and loss of alveolar bone to chronic periodontitis and exfoliation of teeth.
T333 39155-39286 Sentence denotes The gingival sulcus or crevice is an invagination formed by the gingiva as it joins with the tooth surface at the time of eruption.
T334 39287-39539 Sentence denotes Clinically normal animals have a few lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages under the crevicular epithelium of the gingiva, which forms the outer wall of the crevice, and under the junctional epithelium, which is apposed to the enamel of the tooth.
T335 39540-39701 Sentence denotes Clinical gingivitis usually is initiated by accumulation of plaque in the crevice, but may be associated with impaction of feed, especially seeds, between teeth.
T336 39702-39940 Sentence denotes The gingivitis initially is characterized by increased leukocytes and fluid in the gingival crevice, then by acute exudative inflammation and accumulation of plasma cells, lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils in the marginal gingiva.
T337 39941-40077 Sentence denotes Marked loss of gingival collagen occurs in a few days due to the activity of enzymes from neutrophil lysosomes, or possibly from plaque.
T338 40078-40106 Sentence denotes Grossly, the gingiva is red.
T339 40107-40209 Sentence denotes Acute gingivitis may become quiescent, with lymphocyte aggregations beneath the junctional epithelium.
T340 40210-40349 Sentence denotes Continuation and exacerbations of the inflammation cause apical recession of the tooth-gingiva attachment, and resorption of alveolar bone.
T341 40350-40508 Sentence denotes If gingival recession precedes bone loss, the sulcus is deepened to form a periodontal pocket, which is the site of chronic active inflammation ( Fig. 1.2C ).
T342 40509-40628 Sentence denotes When gingival recession is accompanied by concomitant loss of alveolar bone and gingival collagen, pockets do not form.
T343 40629-40766 Sentence denotes In either case, destruction of the periodontium and resorption of alveolar bone, cementum, and root dentin leads to exfoliation of teeth.
T344 40767-40882 Sentence denotes In dogs, pocket formation is quite unpredictable and may be present on one root of a tooth and absent on the other.
T345 40883-41065 Sentence denotes Gingivitis in dogs is unusually proliferative, the gingiva being replaced by collagen-poor, highly vascular granulation tissue, which appears as a red, rolled edge next to the tooth.
T346 41066-41172 Sentence denotes Bone loss in dogs is often more severe at the bifurcation of two-rooted teeth than in interproximal areas.
T347 41173-41289 Sentence denotes Resorption of bone is associated with osteitis as the inflammation extends from the periodontium into alveolar bone.
T348 41290-41471 Sentence denotes In dogs, the premolars and, to a lesser extent, the first molars and central incisors are most severely affected, while the second molars and mandibular canines are quite resistant.
T349 41472-41640 Sentence denotes In sheep, periodontal disease may involve all teeth, but the effects are most severe on the incisors, and periodontal disease is a major cause of premature exfoliation.
T350 41641-41767 Sentence denotes Sheep develop acute gingivitis during tooth eruption, in association with accumulation of subgingival plaque around the tooth.
T351 41768-41904 Sentence denotes Chronic gingivitis ensues, and on farms with a high incidence of' 'broken mouth," this progresses to chronic active periodontal disease.
T352 41905-42044 Sentence denotes A major part of chronic periodontal disease is resorption of alveolar bone, which modifies the attachment site of the periodontal ligament.
T353 42045-42255 Sentence denotes Evidence that periodontal disease in humans and other animals is primarily a nutritional disease, and that the bone resorption is caused by hyperparathyroidism, has been presented but is not generally accepted.
T354 42256-42413 Sentence denotes It seems reasonable, however, that the less bone that is present when the disease is initiated, the more rapid the progression of this aspect of the disease.
T355 42414-42511 Sentence denotes The sequelae of suppurative periodontitis are many, being variations on a theme of osteomyelitis.
T356 42512-42579 Sentence denotes The osteomyelitis frequently leads to the development of a fistula.
T357 42580-42660 Sentence denotes If the mandible is involved, the fistula usually develops on the ventral margin.
T358 42661-42746 Sentence denotes If the maxillary molars are involved, fistulation may occur into the maxillary sinus.
T359 42747-42838 Sentence denotes If the premolars are involved, fistulation may develop into the nasal cavity or externally.
T360 42839-43037 Sentence denotes In dogs, involvement of the canine teeth may produce internal or external fistulas, and involvement of the maxillary carnassials usually produces a fistula beneath the eye, and orbital inflammation.
T361 43038-43144 Sentence denotes Fistulation may be prevented for some time or permanently by ossifying periostitis over the involved bone.
T362 43145-43193 Sentence denotes Fistulas in the upper jaw tend to be persistent.
T363 43194-43273 Sentence denotes In the lower jaw, they may heal, usually with extensive deposition of new bone.
T364 43274-43449 Sentence denotes Occasionally, especially in horses, chronic mild periodontitis may be confined by the periodontium, which is, however, expanded by granulation tissue to form a root granuloma.
T365 43450-43531 Sentence denotes Under the same circumstances there may be hyperplastic exostosis of the cementum.
T366 43532-43638 Sentence denotes Pigmentation Melanotic pigmentation is normal and common in most breeds of animals and increases with age.
T367 43639-43700 Sentence denotes It may be irregular, or the mucosa may be entirely pigmented.
T368 43701-43754 Sentence denotes Diffuse, yellow discoloration may be seen in icterus.
T369 43755-43853 Sentence denotes Examination of the mucous membranes is an essential detail in any clinical or autopsy examination.
T370 43854-43912 Sentence denotes Pallor may indicate anemia but is misleading in a cadaver.
T371 43913-43966 Sentence denotes In cyanosis, the mucosa is a dark reddish blue color.
T372 43967-44010 Sentence denotes The mucosae are muddy in methemoglobinemia.
T373 44011-44121 Sentence denotes Congestion and edematous swelling of the tongue and buccal mucosa are specific lesions of bluetongue of sheep.
T374 44122-44240 Sentence denotes An acute congestion and cyanosis associated with ulceration is common in dogs and sometimes in cats in chronic uremia.
T375 44241-44371 Sentence denotes Hemorrhages are indicative of septicemia, and larger ones may accompany local inflammation, trauma, and the hemorrhagic diatheses.
T376 44372-44536 Sentence denotes Petechiae on the ventral surface of the tongue and frenulum in horses are consistent with equine infectious anemia or other thrombocytopenic or purpuric conditions.
T377 44537-44734 Sentence denotes The active hyperemia that gives the diffuse, pink coloration to the mucosa in diffuse stomatitis disappears immediately at death, so that at autopsy the inflamed mucosa is disappointingly blanched.
T378 44735-44794 Sentence denotes The presence of feed in the mouth of a cadaver is abnormal.
T379 44795-44901 Sentence denotes In most cases it is attributable to disease that results in paralysis of deglutition or semiconsciousness.
T380 44902-44994 Sentence denotes It is common in horses with encephalitis, leukoencephalomalacia, and hepatic encephalopathy.
T381 44995-45104 Sentence denotes The food in such cases is usually poorly masticated and readily differentiated from that refluxed postmortem.
T382 45105-45211 Sentence denotes Bones or other large foreign bodies lodged in the pharynx of cattle suggest pica of phosphorus deficiency.
T383 45212-45288 Sentence denotes They may cause asphyxiation or pressure necrosis in the wall of the pharynx.
T384 45289-45348 Sentence denotes Large portions of root crops may also lodge in the pharynx.
T385 45349-45395 Sentence denotes In dogs, bones, sticks, or balls may be found.
T386 45396-45480 Sentence denotes The bones and sticks tend to be wedged across the mouth behind the carnassial teeth.
T387 45481-45638 Sentence denotes In this species, too, a foreign-body glossitis occurs, caused by plant fibers, burrs, or quills that become deeply embedded and provoke exuberant granulomas.
T388 45639-45683 Sentence denotes These must be differentiated from neoplasms.
T389 45684-45784 Sentence denotes Sharp foreign bodies that cause laceration of the mucosa predispose to necrotic and deep stomatitis.
T390 45785-46001 Sentence denotes Grass grains and awns frequently impact between the retracted gingival margin and teeth in periodontitis of ruminants and exacerbate the local initial lesion, perhaps predisposing to the development of osteomyelitis.
T391 46002-46193 Sentence denotes Swine have a diverticulum of the pharynx in the posterior wall immediately above the esophagus, and barley awns and other rough plant fibers occasionally lodge here and penetrate the pharynx.
T392 46194-46269 Sentence denotes This occurs mainly in young pigs, and death fol-lows pharyngeal cellulitis.
T393 46270-46344 Sentence denotes Similar problems occur in sheep, following improper use of drenching guns.
T394 46345-46593 Sentence denotes Inflammatory processes of the oral cavity may be diffuse (stomatitis) or localized predominantly in certain regions to produce, if the pharynx is involved, pharyngitis; the tongue, glossitis; the gums, gingivitis; the tonsils, tonsillitis ( Fig. 1.
T395 46594-46628 Sentence denotes ID) ; and the soft palate, angina.
T396 46629-46714 Sentence denotes Lesions limited to the mucosa of the oral cavity are termed superficial stomatitides.
T397 46715-46845 Sentence denotes Processes seated in connective tissues of the mouth, the deep stomatitides, are usually sequelae to transient superficial lesions.
T398 46846-46959 Sentence denotes Inflammatory changes may be associated with ingestion of irritating chemicals such as caustic or toxic compounds.
T399 46960-47049 Sentence denotes An example is paraquat, a herbicide, which may cause a severe erosive stomatitis in dogs.
T400 47050-47146 Sentence denotes Electrical burns are occasionally seen in puppies or kittens that chew through electrical wires.
T401 47147-47310 Sentence denotes It is often not possible to differentiate the cause of diffuse stomatitides, but an attempt to do so is important because it may indicate a systemic disease state.
T402 47311-47444 Sentence denotes Viral diseases causing stomatitis will be considered in detail under Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract.
T403 47445-47567 Sentence denotes Inflammatory disease, localized to the buccal cavity and not part of systemic viral disease, is also common and important.
T404 47568-47622 Sentence denotes It is generally due to the indigenous bacterial flora.
T405 47623-47826 Sentence denotes The oral microbiota ordinarily contains many microbial species, mainly anaerobes, such as Actinomyces, Fusobacterium, and spirochetes, which exist in balance with each other and in harmony with the host.
T406 47827-47904 Sentence denotes The oral mucosa is quite resistant to microbial invasion for several reasons.
T407 47905-48106 Sentence denotes These include the squamous mucosal lining, antibacterial constituents of saliva (e.g., lysozyme), immunoglobulins (especially IgA) in oral secretions, and the presence of submucosal inflammatory cells.
T408 48107-48184 Sentence denotes Factors altering the balance of indigenous organisms are not well delineated.
T409 48185-48340 Sentence denotes Systemic illness, stress, and nutritional and hormonal imbalances may alter the microbial population by altering the amount, composition, and pH of saliva.
T410 48341-48492 Sentence denotes The integrity of the oral epithelium depends on a high rate of epithelial regeneration to balance loss due to a high rate of abrasion and desquamation.
T411 48493-48568 Sentence denotes Rapid epithelial replication promotes quick healing of superficial lesions.
T412 48569-48678 Sentence denotes The lamina propria of the oral epithelium is well vascularized, but generally dense and relatively inelastic.
T413 48679-48883 Sentence denotes For this reason, there is little distention of lymphatics and tissue spaces with fluid exudate, and therefore, swelling due to edema is not a significant part of stomatitis involving gums and hard palate.
T414 48884-49040 Sentence denotes Catarrhal stomatitis is a superficial inflammation of the oral mucosa that usually involves the posterior fauces and may be associated with mild gingivitis.
T415 49041-49134 Sentence denotes It is a common nonspecific lesion that often develops in the course of debilitating diseases.
T416 49135-49244 Sentence denotes The mucosae are hyperemic, and the loose texture of the submucosa in the fauces permits development of edema.
T417 49245-49380 Sentence denotes The swelling is aggravated by edema and hyperplasia of the abundant lymphoid tissues of the soft palate, tonsil, and pharyngeal mucosa.
T418 49381-49423 Sentence denotes The epithelium accumulates, producing a 1.
T419 49424-49425 Sentence denotes T
T1 49426-49453 Sentence denotes dull, gray mucosal surface.
T2 49454-49509 Sentence denotes There is excessive mucus production by palatine glands.
T3 49510-49580 Sentence denotes Catarrhal stomatitis resolves with the return of normal oral function.
T4 49581-49656 Sentence denotes Thrush, or oral candidiasis, occurs most commonly in foals, pigs, and dogs.
T5 49657-49771 Sentence denotes It involves the proliferation of yeasts and hyphae in the parakeratotic superficial layers of the oral epithelium.
T6 49772-49947 Sentence denotes It appears grossly as patchy, pale pseudomembranous material on the oral mucosa and back of the tongue and probably reflects alterations in epithelial turnover and oral flora.
T7 49948-50046 Sentence denotes It is considered more fully under Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract.
T8 50047-50070 Sentence denotes VESICULAR STOMATITIDES.
T9 50071-50170 Sentence denotes Stomatitis, characterized by the formation of vesicles, occurs in most species of domestic animals.
T10 50171-50296 Sentence denotes The vesicles develop as accumulations of serous fluid within the epithelium or between the epithelium and the lamina propria.
T11 50297-50463 Sentence denotes These may coalesce to form bullae, and the elevated epithelium is easily rubbed off during chewing to leave raw eroded patches with bits of epithelium still adherent.
T12 50464-50574 Sentence denotes The transition from vesicle to erosion occurs rapidly so that in individual animals, vesicles may not be seen.
T13 50575-50651 Sentence denotes This is especially so in dogs and cats because the oral mucosa is very thin.
T14 50652-50846 Sentence denotes Because the basal epithelium or basement membrane remains intact, regeneration and healing are complete in a few days unless the local lesions are complicated by bacterial or mycotic infections.
T15 50847-50969 Sentence denotes However, foci of previous erosion may be identifiable for some months by their slight depression and lack of pigmentation.
T16 50970-51091 Sentence denotes Vesicular stomatitides in animals have been associated with viral infections, and these are still the most common causes.
T17 51092-51286 Sentence denotes In horses, cattle, and swine, oral vesicles should be regarded as indicating foot and mouth disease, vesicular stomatitis, swine vesicular disease, or vesicular exanthema until proven otherwise.
T18 51287-51398 Sentence denotes These conditions are described in detail under Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract.
T19 51399-51670 Sentence denotes Since the early 1970s, the bullous immune skin diseases have been reported with increased frequency, especially in dogs, and some of these have severe oral lesions, which will be described in detail here; the reader is also referred to the Skin and Appendages (Volume 1).
T20 51671-51749 Sentence denotes Pemphigus vulgaris is a severe chronic, vesicular, bullous autoimmune disease.
T21 51750-51946 Sentence denotes It is characterized by acantholysis of the epidermis, which results in formation of flaccid bullae and erosions involving mainly mucocutaneous junctions, oral mucosa, and to a lesser extent, skin.
T22 51947-52021 Sentence denotes The disease is similar, if not identical, to pemphigus vulgaris in humans.
T23 52022-52143 Sentence denotes Clinically, affected dogs and cats show excessive salivation, halitosis, and erosions and ulcerations of the oral mucosa.
T24 52144-52226 Sentence denotes The oral lesions are generally more prominent than, and precede, the skin lesions.
T25 52227-52383 Sentence denotes They are most obvious on the dorsal surface of the tongue, which is bright red with a few scattered pink raised areas representing islands of normal mucosa.
T26 52384-52492 Sentence denotes The lesions vary greatly in severity and distribution, although the hard palate is often severely ulcerated.
T27 52493-52565 Sentence denotes Bullae are rarely seen in the oral cavity because they ulcerate rapidly.
T28 52566-52687 Sentence denotes Microscopically, the earliest lesion consists of suprabasilar acantholysis, which is followed by the formation of clefts.
T29 52688-52727 Sentence denotes These lead to ulceration of the mucosa.
T30 52728-52841 Sentence denotes The basal cells of the epidermis remain attached to the basement membrane and form a so-called row of tombstones.
T31 52842-52906 Sentence denotes A few neutrophils and eosinophils may infiltrate the epithelium.
T32 52907-52989 Sentence denotes There is a variable lymphocytic and plasmacytic lichenoid reaction in the propria.
T33 52990-53111 Sentence denotes The presence of suprabasilar clefts and bullae due to acantholysis are considered to be diagnostic of pemphigus vulgaris.
T34 53112-53246 Sentence denotes However, extensive erosion and ulceration of the mucosa and secondary bacterial infections frequently obscure these clefts and bullae.
T35 53247-53362 Sentence denotes Several biopsies from different areas of the oral mucosa may be required to demonstrate the characteristic lesions.
T36 53363-53567 Sentence denotes A presumptive histologic diagnosis should be supported by direct immunofluorescence tests showing autoantibodies (usually IgG) and complement in the intercellular spaces of stratified squamous epithelium.
T37 53568-53727 Sentence denotes Bullous pemphigoid is characterized by mucocutaneous, superficial vesicobullous or ulcerative disease of mucous membranes (including the oral mucosa) and skin.
T38 53728-53811 Sentence denotes Clinically, the disease is often impossible to distinguish from pemphigus vulgaris.
T39 53812-53868 Sentence denotes Bullous pemphigoid has been reported in humans and dogs.
T40 53869-53977 Sentence denotes The characteristic microscopic lesions are subepidermal blisters, which may contain fibrinocellular exudate.
T41 53978-54092 Sentence denotes Direct immunofluorescence of lesions shows autoantibody (IgG) and complement deposits along the basement membrane.
T42 54093-54446 Sentence denotes The oral lesions of pemphigus vulgaris and bullous pemphigoid must be differentiated from lesions due to trauma, toxic epidermal necrolysis, drug eruptions, chronic uremia, mucocutaneous candidiasis, and lymphoreticular malignancies, which are described in other sections of this chapter and with diseases of skin (in the Skin and Appendages, Volume 1).
T43 54447-54546 Sentence denotes Feline calicivirus belongs to the Picornaviridae and causes mainly a respiratory infection in cats.
T44 54547-54639 Sentence denotes The disease is complicated by lingual and oropharyngeal ulcers, which start out as vesicles.
T45 54640-54735 Sentence denotes They are 5 -1 0 mm in diameter, smooth, and well demarcated from the surrounding normal mucosa.
T46 54736-54857 Sentence denotes They occur mainly on the anterodorsal and lateral surfaces of the tongue and each side of the midline of the hard palate.
T47 54858-54927 Sentence denotes The palatine lesions are apparently more severe in cats fed dry food.
T48 54928-55056 Sentence denotes Microscopically, the earliest lesions consist of foci of pyknotic cells in the stratum corneum and superficial stratum spinosum.
T49 55057-55166 Sentence denotes They progress to foci of necrosis with vesicle formation and subsequent erosion and ulceration of the mucosa.
T50 55167-55260 Sentence denotes Regeneration of the oral mucosa in the ulcerated areas generally occurs within 10 to 12 days.
T51 55261-55370 Sentence denotes A single layer of squamous epithelial cells extends from the margins of the ulcer beneath a layer of exudate.
T52 55371-55522 Sentence denotes Active viral replication also takes place in the tonsillar crypt epithelial cells, and virus may be recovered from these areas for weeks postinfection.
T53 55523-55582 Sentence denotes Inclusions have not been observed in oral epithelial cells.
T54 55583-55768 Sentence denotes Erosive and ulcerative stomatitides are characterized by local epithelial defects of the oral mucosa and nasolabium and usually associated with acute diffuse stomatitis and pharyngitis.
T55 55769-55902 Sentence denotes Erosions are circumscribed areas of loss of epithelium that leave the stratum germinativum and basement membrane more or less intact.
T56 55903-55981 Sentence denotes They are usually associated with acute inflammation in the underlying propria.
T57 55982-56173 Sentence denotes The erosions vary in size and shape, and although they are often a nonspecific development in a wide variety of condi-tions, they are also an essential part of a number of important diseases.
T58 56174-56273 Sentence denotes They heal cleanly and quickly, but if secondarily infected or complicated, may develop into ulcers.
T59 56274-56371 Sentence denotes Ulcers, in contrast to erosions, are deeper deficiencies that extend into the substantia propria.
T60 56372-56500 Sentence denotes They too vary greatly in size and shape, the edges tend to be elevated and ragged, and when they heal it is with scar formation.
T61 56501-56580 Sentence denotes The causes of ulcerative stomatitis are in general those of erosive stomatitis.
T62 56581-56702 Sentence denotes There are, however, a number of recognized syndromes and specific diseases in which the predominant change is ulcerative.
T63 56703-56853 Sentence denotes Viral diseases causing erosive-ulcerative stomatitis in ungulates are described under Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract.
T64 56854-56921 Sentence denotes Erosive-ulcerative conditions in other species are discussed below.
T65 56922-57154 Sentence denotes Ulcerative stomatitis and glossitis in cats is an ulcerative and chronic inflammation of the mucosa of the fauces, the angle of the jaws, and less commonly, the hard palate, gingiva, and tongue, occurring particularly in older cats.
T66 57155-57235 Sentence denotes These lesions may comprise the largest group of feline oral clinical conditions.
T67 57236-57371 Sentence denotes The cause is unknown but is probably multifactorial, involving imbalance in the oral microbial flora, with predominance of spirochetes.
T68 57372-57618 Sentence denotes Eosinophilic ulcer (eosinophilic granuloma, lick granuloma, labial ulcer, "rodent ulcer") is a chronic, superficial ulcerative lesion of the mucocutaneous junctions of the lips and to a lesser extent the oral mucosa and skin, in cats of all ages.
T69 57619-57741 Sentence denotes The cause is unknown, but the lesions may respond to corticosteroid or radiation therapy, although recurrences are common.
T70 57742-57879 Sentence denotes Typically, well-demarcated, red-brown, shallow ulcers, often with elevated margins, occur on the upper lip on either side of the midline.
T71 57880-57949 Sentence denotes They are usually a few millimeters wide and several centimeters long.
T72 57950-58053 Sentence denotes Occasionally, ulcers are present elsewhere in the mouth, such as the gums, palate, pharynx, and tongue.
T73 58054-58165 Sentence denotes Skin lesions are located in those areas that are frequently licked, such as the neck, lumbar area, and abdomen.
T74 58166-58375 Sentence denotes Microscopically, eosinophilic ulcer is characterized by ulceration of the squamous mucosa, with large areas of necrosis of the underlying connective tissues, accompanied by a marked inflammatory cell reaction.
T75 58376-58553 Sentence denotes The cellular reaction consists predominantly of neutrophils at the periphery of the ulcers, with a mainly mononuclear-cell reaction (plasma cells and mast cells) in the propria.
T76 58554-58607 Sentence denotes Eosinophils and histiocytes may be seen occasionally.
T77 58608-58751 Sentence denotes In our experience, the eosinophils and mast cells may predominate, but this difference may be only a reflection of the evolution of the lesion.
T78 58752-58910 Sentence denotes Eosinophilic ulcer is considered to be one of the three different types of lesion that have been associated with the so-called eosinophilic granuloma complex.
T79 58911-59081 Sentence denotes The other two conditions, eosinophilic plaque and linear granuloma, cause mainly skin lesions, which are different clinically and morphologically from eosinophilic ulcer.
T80 59082-59150 Sentence denotes The differences are discussed in the Skin and Appendages (Volume 1).
T81 59151-59261 Sentence denotes Oral eosinophilic granuloma (linear granuloma) in dogs occurs as a familial disease in young Siberian huskies.
T82 59262-59434 Sentence denotes Affected dogs have single or multiple, firm, often ulcerated, raised plaques, which are covered by a yellow-brown exudate, on the lateral or ventral surfaces of the tongue.
T83 59435-59565 Sentence denotes Lesions on the soft palate are less common, and there they tend to be oval to circular ulcers that have slightly elevated borders.
T84 59566-59716 Sentence denotes Cytologic preparations made from scrapings of the oral lesions show many eosinophils, a few neutrophils, occasional macrophages, and epithelial cells.
T85 59717-59916 Sentence denotes Microscopically, the lesions are characterized by foci of collagen degeneration (necrobiosis), in the mid and deep zones of the lingual submucosa, surrounded by a granulomatous inflammatory reaction.
T86 59917-60050 Sentence denotes The reaction consists mainly of histiocytes, including epithelioid macrophages, with fewer lymphocytes, plasma cells, and mast cells.
T87 60051-60127 Sentence denotes Eosinophils are a constant feature, but their numbers vary from few to many.
T88 60128-60175 Sentence denotes Multinucleated giant cells may also be present.
T89 60176-60244 Sentence denotes The lesions are identical to those seen in linear granuloma of cats.
T90 60245-60392 Sentence denotes The cause is unknown, although the morphology of the lesion and the response to corticosteroid therapy are suggestive of hypersensitivity reaction.
T91 60393-60465 Sentence denotes The familial tendency may indicate that hereditary factors are involved.
T92 60466-60577 Sentence denotes Eosinophilic granuloma must be differentiated from oral mast-cell tumors, which also affect the tongue in dogs.
T93 60578-60775 Sentence denotes Necrobiosis of collagen fibers is often a feature of mast-cell tumors; however, the characteristic mixture of mast cells and eosinophils infiltrate the tongue and connective tissues more diffusely.
T94 60776-60892 Sentence denotes The mast cells may be in various stages of degranulation, and inflammation is minimal or absent in mast-cell tumors.
T95 60893-61049 Sentence denotes Feline viral rhinotracheitis is a common upper respiratory tract infection of cats caused by feline herpesvirus-1 (see the Respiratory System, this volume).
T96 61050-61129 Sentence denotes This virus may cause ulcerative lesions in the mouth, especially on the tongue.
T97 61130-61229 Sentence denotes Rarely, oral and skin ulcers may occur, without evidence of concurrent respiratory tract infection.
T98 61230-61376 Sentence denotes Microscopic lesions are characterized by foci of cytoplasmic vacuolation in squamous epithelium that evolve into areas of necrosis and ulceration.
T99 61377-61444 Sentence denotes The ulcers are often covered by a layer of fibrinocellular exudate.
T100 61445-61531 Sentence denotes Herpetic inclusions may be present in epithelial cells at the periphery of the ulcers.
T101 61532-61693 Sentence denotes Ulcerative stomatitis in uremia occurs commonly in dogs and less commonly in cats; a fetid ulcerative stomatitis develops in the course of chronic renal disease.
T102 61694-61760 Sentence denotes The buccal cavity, and especially the tongue, are deeply cyanotic.
T103 61761-61904 Sentence denotes Dirty grayish brown ulcers occur on the gums, lateral surface and margin of the tongue ( Fig. 1.3D) , and inner surface of the lips and cheeks.
T104 61905-61957 Sentence denotes The margins of the ulcers are swollen and hyperemic.
T105 61958-62032 Sentence denotes The pathogenesis of the oral lesions in uremia is still poorly understood.
T106 62033-62137 Sentence denotes Urease-producing bacteria, normally present in the oral microflora, generate ammonia from salivary urea.
T107 62138-62196 Sentence denotes Ammonia has a caustic effect on the oral mucous membranes.
T108 62197-62292 Sentence denotes This may explain why the lesions are mainly located where salivary ducts enter the oral cavity.
T109 62293-62479 Sentence denotes There is apparently a poor correlation between the levels of blood urea nitrogen and the development of uremic stomatitis, suggesting that other factors are involved in its pathogenesis.
T110 62480-62680 Sentence denotes Ulcerative glossitis and stomatitis in swine is commonly part of exudative epidermitis ("greasy-pig disease") of preweaning pigs (see bacterial diseases of skin, in the Skin and Appendages, Volume 1).
T111 62681-62805 Sentence denotes In addition to the characteristic skin lesions, about a third of the piglets may develop ulcers on the dorsum of the tongue.
T112 62806-62880 Sentence denotes Erosions and ulcers of the hard palate occur in a small number of piglets.
T113 62881-63049 Sentence denotes Microscopically, there is ulceration of the squamous mucosa with coagulation necrosis, and vesicle and pustule formation in the superficial epithelium of the rete pegs.
T114 63050-63140 Sentence denotes A pleocellular inflammatory reaction is evident in the connective tissue below the ulcers.
T115 63141-63292 Sentence denotes Lesions of the oral mucosa may permit the entry of pyogenic bacteria, often normal oral flora, into the connective tissues of the submucosa and muscle.
T116 63293-63394 Sentence denotes Purulent inflammation or cellulitis may develop in the lips, tongue, cheek, soft palate, and pharynx.
T117 63395-63459 Sentence denotes Abscesses may form and may fistulate through the mucosa or skin.
T118 63460-63553 Sentence denotes Abscesses in the wall of the pharynx may result from necrosis of retropharyngeal lymph nodes.
T119 63554-63767 Sentence denotes Necrotic stomatitis with simple necrosis of the epithelium and lamina propria may be produced by thermal or chemical agencies, but in animals, it is usually caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum and other anaerobes.
T120 63768-63837 Sentence denotes necrophorum is the principal cause of necrotic stomatitis in animals.
T121 63838-63945 Sentence denotes It is also associated with necrotizing lesions elsewhere in the upper and lower alimentary tract and liver.
T122 63946-64034 Sentence denotes Wherever it occurs, it is usually a secondary invader following previous mucosal damage.
T123 64035-64167 Sentence denotes The organism produces a variety of exo-and endotoxins, whose exact role in the pathogenesis of the lesions has yet to be determined.
T124 64168-64310 Sentence denotes The exotoxins include leukocidins, hemolysins, and a cytoplasmic toxin, all of which probably enhance the necrotizing ability of the organism.
T125 64311-64417 Sentence denotes Once established in a suitable focus, F. necrophorum proliferates, causing extensive coagulation necrosis.
T126 64418-64568 Sentence denotes The best known form of necrobacillary stomatitis is calf diphtheria, an acute necrotizing ulcerative inflammation of the buccal and pharyngeal mucosa.
T127 64569-64672 Sentence denotes The predisposing lesions may include trauma, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, and papular stomatitis.
T128 64673-64729 Sentence denotes Necrosis of palatine and pharyngeal tonsils may be seen.
T129 64730-64808 Sentence denotes The incidence of diphtheria in slaughtered beef cattle may be as high as 1.4%.
T130 64809-64900 Sentence denotes The same syndrome is rather common in housed lambs as a complication of contagious ecthyma.
T131 64901-65055 Sentence denotes The infection also may be initiated in the gums about erupting teeth in any species, and by the trauma produced in baby pigs by removing the needle teeth.
T132 65056-65145 Sentence denotes It is frequently fatal in young animals, in which extension often occurs to other organs.
T133 65146-65286 Sentence denotes In adults, oral necrobacillosis tends to remain localized to the oral cavity, where it may complicate vesicular and ulcerative stomatitides.
T134 65287-65369 Sentence denotes It is not unusual, however, for the infection to spread down the alimentary tract.
T135 65370-65497 Sentence denotes In the lower alimentary tract, the Peyer's patches especially are involved, perhaps as a complication of bovine virus diarrhea.
T136 65498-65639 Sentence denotes The early lesions are large, well-demarcated, yellowish gray, dry areas of necrosis, surrounded by a zone of hyperemia (Fig. 1.1C and 1.3E) .
T137 65640-65787 Sentence denotes They are found on the sides or dorsal groove of the tongue and on the cheeks, gums, palate, and pharynx, especially the recesses beside the larynx.
T138 65788-65839 Sentence denotes Primary foci may occur in the laryngeal ventricles.
T139 65840-65878 Sentence denotes Death may be associated with asphyxia.
T140 65879-65997 Sentence denotes The necrotic tissue projects slightly above the normal surface and is friable but adherent and is not easily detached.
T141 65998-66073 Sentence denotes In time it may slough and leave deep ulcers, which may heal by granulation.
T142 66074-66294 Sentence denotes The necrotic tissues are histologically structureless and are surrounded at first by a zone of vascular reaction, later by a dense but narrow rim of leukocytes, and later still by thick, encapsulating granulation tissue.
T143 66295-66390 Sentence denotes The bacteria are arranged in long filaments, particularly at the advancing edge of the lesions.
T144 66391-66494 Sentence denotes The submucosal extension of the lesions may take them deeply into the underlying soft tissues and bone.
T145 66495-66619 Sentence denotes Spread from the oral foci occurs down the trachea (causing aspiration pneumonia), down the esophagus, and via blood vessels.
T146 66620-66756 Sentence denotes Death may occur acutely in septicemia with only multiple small serosal hemorrhages as evidence, or metastases may occur in other tissue.
T147 66757-66875 Sentence denotes Venous drainage from the face to the vascular sinuses of the meninges may lead to pituitary and cerebral abscessation.
T148 66876-67019 Sentence denotes More recently, Fusobacterium necrophorum has been associated with a syndrome of necrotic stomatitis, enteritis, and granulocytopenia in calves.
T149 67020-67150 Sentence denotes Affected calves have a nonregenerative anemia, leukopenia, absolute neutropenia, hypoproteinemia, and increased fibrinogen levels.
T150 67151-67268 Sentence denotes In addition to the characteristic oral lesions, there is marked depletion of lymphoid tissues and necrotic enteritis.
T151 67269-67377 Sentence denotes Fusobacterium-Yikt organisms are present in large numbers in a variety of organs, including the bone marrow.
T152 67378-67527 Sentence denotes Possibly, very virulent strains of F. necrophorum produce enough leukotoxins, especially in immunodeficient calves, to suppress bone marrow activity.
T153 67528-67655 Sentence denotes A gross diagnosis of oral necrobacillosis is ordinarily possible but may be confirmed by a smear from the margin of the lesion.
T154 67656-67726 Sentence denotes The organism is difficult to cultivate due to its strict anaerobiasis.
T155 67727-67732 Sentence denotes NOMA.
T156 67733-67948 Sentence denotes Noma is a rapidly spreading pseudomembranous or gangrenous stomatitis; it is not caused by a specific pathogen but is associated with tissue invasion by the normal oral flora, particularly spirochetes and fusiforms.
T157 67949-68069 Sentence denotes The predisposing factors are unknown, but they are probably nonspecific and associated with mucosal trauma and debility.
T158 68070-68196 Sentence denotes The disease, which is observed occasionally in horses, dogs, and monkeys, is in many respects similar to oral necrobacillosis.
T159 68197-68323 Sentence denotes In the lesions, the spirochetes can be found in large numbers at the advancing margins as well as in peripheral viable tissue.
T160 68324-68455 Sentence denotes In the deep layers of necrosis, fusiforms predominate, and toward the surface there is a variety of other organisms, chiefly cocci.
T161 68456-68628 Sentence denotes The initial lesion is a small, tattered ulcer of the cheek or gum, which spreads rapidly and may involve much of the buccal surface of the gums and the mucosa of the cheek.
T162 68629-68742 Sentence denotes It is intensely fetid and consists of a dirty necrotic pseudomembrane surrounded by a zone of acute inflammation.
T163 68743-68876 Sentence denotes The necrotic tissue may slough to leave deep ulcers; the cheek may be perforated to leave a gaping defect, or gangrene may supervene.
T164 68877-68996 Sentence denotes Actinobacillosis is a deep stomatitis caused in cattle by Actinobacillus lignieresi, a member of the normal oral flora.
T165 68997-69141 Sentence denotes When introduced into the submucosa it causes pyogranulomatous inflammatory foci centered on club colonies containing Gram-negative coccobacilli.
T166 69142-69228 Sentence denotes Morphologically similar lesions may be caused by a variety of organisms ( Fig. 1.3C) .
T167 69229-69448 Sentence denotes Actinomyces bovis, a Gram-positive filamentous organism, causes pyogranulomatous mandibular and maxillary osteomyelitis in cattle (see inflammatory diseases of bones, in Bones and Joints, Volume 1) and mastitis in sows.
T168 69449-69639 Sentence denotes Staphylococci may cause pyogranulomatous lesions (botryomycosis) in any species, especially mastitis in sows (see the Skin and Appendages, Volume 1, and the Female Genital System, Volume 3).
T169 69640-69786 Sentence denotes Less common causes of similar microscopic lesions include Nocardia and the various agents associated with mycetomas (see the Skin and Appendages).
T170 69787-69918 Sentence denotes Actinobacillosis is typically a disease of soft tissue, spreading as a lymphangitis and usually involving the regional lymph nodes.
T171 69919-69987 Sentence denotes This distinguishes it from actinomycosis, which causes bone lesions.
T172 69988-70098 Sentence denotes The tongue is often involved in actinobacillosis, and the chronic condition produces clinical "wooden tongue."
T173 70099-70248 Sentence denotes Entry of actinobacilli to the tongue may be gained through traumatic erosions along its sides, but often the primary lesion is in the lingual groove.
T174 70249-70316 Sentence denotes Here, trapped grass grains and awns may provoke the initial trauma.
T175 70317-70480 Sentence denotes Lesions elsewhere in the soft tissue of the mouth may be attributed to disruption of the mucosa by similar types of insults and eruption of, or abrasion by, teeth.
T176 70481-70668 Sentence denotes Microscopically, the lesion is a pyogranuloma, centered on a mass of coccobacilli, surrounded by radiating eosinophilic " c l u b s , " probably made up of immune complexes ( Fig. 1.3B ).
T177 70669-70794 Sentence denotes The club colonies, in turn, are surrounded by variable numbers of neutrophils and are invested by macrophages or giant cells.
T178 70795-70912 Sentence denotes Lymphocytic and plasmacytic infiltrates are present in the surrounding reactive fibrous stroma or granulation tissue.
T179 70913-71128 Sentence denotes An individual inflammatory focus appears grossly as a nodular, firm, pale, fibrous mass a few millimeters to 1.0 cm in diameter, containing in the center minute yellow "sulfur granules," which are the club colonies.
T180 71129-71203 Sentence denotes Actinobacillosis causes a lymphangitis, and lymphogenous spread is common.
T181 71204-71286 Sentence denotes Affected lymphatics are thickened, and nodules are distributed along their course.
T182 71287-71469 Sentence denotes This distribution is best seen beneath the mucosa of the dorsum and the lateral surface of the tongue and can often be traced through to the pharyngeal lymphoid tissue ( Fig. 1.3A) .
T183 71470-71588 Sentence denotes Some of these more superficial nodules erode the overlying epithelium, and coalescence may produce quite large ulcers.
T184 71589-71759 Sentence denotes The most common form of lingual actinobacillosis consists of granulation tissue in which are embedded many small abscesses surrounded by a dense connectivetissue capsule.
T185 71760-71835 Sentence denotes The epithelium overlying these large granulomas may be intact or ulcerated.
T186 71836-72023 Sentence denotes Diffuse sclerosing actinobacillosis of the tongue (wooden tongue) is characterized by firmness, the result of extensive proliferation of connective tissue that replaces the muscle fibers.
T187 72024-72091 Sentence denotes Granulomatous nodules are sparsely scattered in the fibrous stroma.
T188 72092-72356 Sentence denotes Although actinobacillosis in cattle is best known as a disease of the tongue, the infection may occur in any of the exposed soft tissues, especially those of mouth and neck; occasionally it involves the wall of the forestomachs, any portion of skin, and the lungs.
T189 72357-72420 Sentence denotes Lesions in these sites resemble those described for the tongue.
T190 72421-72468 Sentence denotes Actinobacillosis causes regional lymphadenitis.
T191 72469-72765 Sentence denotes The cut surface of the node reveals small, soft yellow or orange granulomatous masses that project somewhat above the capsular contour and contain "sulfur granules." There is also sclerosing inflammation of the surrounding tissues, which may cause adhe-sion to overlying skin or mucous membranes.
T192 72766-72914 Sentence denotes The retropharyngeal and submaxillary nodes are most often affected, as well as the lymphoid tissues of the submucosa of the soft palate and pharynx.
T193 72915-73010 Sentence denotes Involvement of the pharynx and the retropharyngeal lymph nodes may cause dyspnea and dysphagia.
T194 73011-73105 Sentence denotes Oral actinobacillosis in swine causes lesions similar to those in cattle, including glossitis.
T195 73106-73227 Sentence denotes Actinobacillosis may also occur sporadically or as outbreaks in sheep, but in this species the tongue seems to be exempt.
T196 73228-73409 Sentence denotes The characteristic lesions in sheep occur in the subcutaneous tissue of the head, especially of the cheeks, nose, lips, submaxillary and throat regions, and on the nasal turbinates.
T197 73410-73510 Sentence denotes They may also occur on the soft palate and pharynx as complications of wounds received at drenching.
T198 73511-73683 Sentence denotes congolensis is a bacterium that commonly causes an exudative dermatitis in a wide variety of species (see bacterial diseases of skin, in the Skin and Appendages, Volume 1).
T199 73684-73804 Sentence denotes In cats, the organism is uncommonly associated with oral granulomas affecting especially the tongue and tonsillar crypt.
T200 73805-73984 Sentence denotes Large numbers of Gram-positive, filamentous, branching organisms, with longitudinal and transverse divisions, may be demonstrated in the necrotic centers of submucosal granulomas.
T201 73985-74040 Sentence denotes The organisms most likely enter through damaged mucosa.
T202 74041-74135 Sentence denotes The lesion must be differentiated from the more common squamous-cell carcinomas of the tongue.
T203 74136-74227 Sentence denotes In cattle, cutaneous streptothricosis involving the muzzle may extend into the oral cavity.
T204 74228-74291 Sentence denotes Parasitic disease of the oral cavity are of minor significance.
T205 74292-74490 Sentence denotes Sarcosporidiosis and cysticercosis occur in the striated muscles of the tongue and produce the same lesions as they do elsewhere (see parasitic diseases of muscle, in Muscles and Tendons, Volume 1).
T206 74491-74566 Sentence denotes Trichinella spiralis may be found in muscles of the tongue and mastication.
T207 74567-74707 Sentence denotes Gongylonema spp. are found in the mucosal lining of the tongue, especially in swine allowed to graze, and less commonly in cattle and sheep.
T208 74708-74869 Sentence denotes They evoke little or no inflammation of the mucosa, but a mild to moderate lymphocytic and eosinophilic reaction may be evident in the underlying lamina propria.
T209 74870-75057 Sentence denotes The larvae of Gasterophilus spp. in the horse and of Oestrus ovis in sheep are found attached to the pharyngeal mucosa, where they may cause focal ulceration and excite mild inflammation.
T210 75058-75235 Sentence denotes The larvae of Gasterophilus nasalis migrate from the lips and invade the gums around and between the teeth and behind the alveolar processes to cause small, suppurating pockets.
T211 75236-75337 Sentence denotes The tonsils are normally prominent and protrude slightly from the tonsillar fossa in the dog and cat.
T212 75338-75419 Sentence denotes In swine, tonsillar lymphoid tissue is concentrated in the posterior soft palate.
T213 75420-75462 Sentence denotes In other species, the tonsils are diffuse.
T214 75463-75564 Sentence denotes They are subject to the usual conditions of lymphoid tissue and undergo progressive atrophy with age.
T215 75565-75687 Sentence denotes By virtue of their function in immune surveillance in the oropharynx, tonsils are constantly exposed to antigenic stimuli.
T216 75688-75787 Sentence denotes As a result, they are a usual site of functional lymphoid hyperplasia and physiologic inflammation.
T217 75788-75875 Sentence denotes Many bacteria native to the oropharyngeal mucosa probably inhabit the tonsillar crypts.
T218 75876-75984 Sentence denotes A significant percentage of swine may carry Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae and Salmonella spp. in the tonsils.
T219 75985-76163 Sentence denotes They consequently may serve as portal of entry for a variety of bacterial agents, including Streptococcus suis and intracellular organisms, and for viruses that are lymphotropic.
T220 76164-76294 Sentence denotes Desquamated epithelium, bacteria, necrotic debris, and neutrophils may normally be present to moderate degree in tonsillar crypts.
T221 76295-76515 Sentence denotes This reaction is exaggerated and may be associated with ulceration of the crypt and suppuration of involuted tonsillar lymphoid tissue, in certain bacterial infections, causing the formation of visible yellowish nodules.
T222 76516-76650 Sentence denotes Conditions in which such bacterial tonsillitis may occur include pasteurellosis in sheep and pigs, and necrobacillosis in all species.
T223 76651-76719 Sentence denotes In porcine anthrax, hemorrhagic necrotizing tonsillitis is reported.
T224 76720-77014 Sentence denotes Involution of B-dependent tonsillar lymphoid follicles due to viral lymphocytolysis may occur during the early phase of a number of lymphotropic diseases such as feline panleukopenia, canine parvovirus infection, canine distemper, bovine virus diarrhea, rinderpest, and swine vesicular disease.
T225 77015-77112 Sentence denotes Numerous karyorrhexic nuclei, lymphocyte depletion, and prominent histiocytes signal such damage.
T226 77113-77209 Sentence denotes In distemper, involuted tonsils are susceptible to secondary bacterial invasion and suppuration.
T227 77210-77322 Sentence denotes Compensatory lymphoid hyperplasia may occur during the postviremic phase of parvoviral infections and distemper.
T228 77323-77486 Sentence denotes Many of the lumps, bumps, and cysts that develop in and around the oral cavity are malformations, hyperplasias, and neoplasias originating in tooth germs or teeth.
T229 77487-77614 Sentence denotes The classification of these masses, especially those containing more than one tissue, is not established and must be arbitrary.
T230 77615-77717 Sentence denotes Malformations of dental origin have been considered previously under Developmental Anomalies of Teeth.
T231 77718-77841 Sentence denotes Gingival masses of all types, many of which are of tooth germ origin, are common in dogs and rarely occur in other species.
T232 77842-77935 Sentence denotes The oral and pharyngeal mucosa is the fourth most common site of malignant tumors in the dog.
T233 77936-78050 Sentence denotes It is also a common site of malignant tumors in cats; large domestic animals have a low prevalence of such tumors.
T234 78051-78115 Sentence denotes When they do occur in ungulates, they usually are nonaggressive.
T235 78116-78226 Sentence denotes Regional geographic differences exist in the prevalence of certain oral tumors, especially in dogs and cattle.
T236 78227-78395 Sentence denotes These differences may be related to types and levels of carcinogens in the environment and warrant further investigation from the point of view of comparative oncology.
T237 78396-78574 Sentence denotes The most common types of malignant oral tumors in dogs and cats are, in order of their frequency, squamous-cell carcinomas, malignant melanomas (in dogs only), and fibrosarcomas.
T238 78575-78651 Sentence denotes They vary considerably in their behavior, depending on species and location.
T239 78652-78710 Sentence denotes Dogs and cats 7 years of age or older are mainly affected.
T240 78711-78877 Sentence denotes Typical clinical signs associated with these tumors are excessive salivation, halitosis, pain, dysphagia, loose teeth, oral bleeding, coughing, and a change in voice.
T241 78878-78941 Sentence denotes All of these signs are determined by the location of the tumor.
T242 78942-79081 Sentence denotes All malignant oral tumors in dogs and cats tend to follow a rapid course, and re-gardless of the type of malignancy, the prognosis is poor.
T243 79082-79190 Sentence denotes Radiography and exfoliative cytology are useful diagnostic aids in concert with histopathologic examination.
T244 79191-79211 Sentence denotes ORAL PAPILLOMATOSIS.
T245 79212-79312 Sentence denotes Oral papillomas, benign epithelial tumors ("warts") in dogs and cattle, are caused by papovaviruses.
T246 79313-79410 Sentence denotes In dogs, they occur mainly in young animals, but older dogs in close contact may become infected.
T247 79411-79447 Sentence denotes The virus is host and site specific.
T248 79448-79538 Sentence denotes It can be transmitted only to the scarified oral mucosa and not to other mucous membranes.
T249 79539-79582 Sentence denotes The incubation period is generally 1 month.
T250 79583-79668 Sentence denotes Spontaneous recovery, followed by solid immunity usually occurs within 2 to 3 months.
T251 79669-79784 Sentence denotes The warts first develop on the lips as single, smooth, papular elevations that are pale or the color of the mucosa.
T252 79785-79896 Sentence denotes These lesions progress to multiple, proliferative, cauliflower-like, firm, white to gray growths ( Fig. 1.4F ).
T253 79897-80001 Sentence denotes Similar lesions develop on the inside of the cheeks and on the tongue, palate, and walls of the pharynx.
T254 80002-80039 Sentence denotes The gingiva are usually not affected.
T255 80040-80070 Sentence denotes The esophagus may be involved.
T256 80071-80234 Sentence denotes The microscopic structure is typically papillomatous with a very thick squamous epithelium covering thin, branching, often pedunculated cores of proprial papillae.
T257 80235-80405 Sentence denotes Individual or small groups of epithelial cells in the upper areas of the stratum spinosum undergo hydropic or acidophilic degeneration with loss of intercellular bridges.
T258 80406-80438 Sentence denotes There is also marked acanthosis.
T259 80439-80528 Sentence denotes Intranuclear basophilic inclusions may be found in the cells in the outer spinose layers.
T260 80529-80608 Sentence denotes Oral papillomas, due to bovine papillomavirus type 4, occur commonly in cattle.
T261 80609-80767 Sentence denotes Their morphology and distribution are similar to the papillomas of dogs, and they are considered more fully under Neoplasia of the Esophagus and Forestomachs.
T262 80768-80828 Sentence denotes Pyogenic granuloma is a bright red or blue mass on the gums.
T263 80829-80925 Sentence denotes It is composed of extremely vascular chronic granulation tissue and ulcerates and bleeds easily.
T264 80926-81001 Sentence denotes Pyogenic granuloma is probably an exaggerated response to local irritation.
T265 81002-81137 Sentence denotes Kelly.) Epulides are firm to hard, gray-pink neoplasms, often projecting from between the teeth or from the hard palate near the teeth.
T266 81138-81237 Sentence denotes They are most common around the carnassial and canine teeth of brachycephalic breeds ( Fig. 1.4A ).
T267 81238-81307 Sentence denotes Often they are mushroom-shaped and have an irregular, smooth surface.
T268 81308-81527 Sentence denotes Epulides are stromal tumors, and the stromal tissue occasionally resembles periodontal membrane, comprising well-vascularized, interwoven bundles of cellular fibrous tissue; usually the stroma is mature, dense collagen.
T269 81528-81632 Sentence denotes About 60% contain branching cords or islands of epithelium that usually are continuous with the gingiva.
T270 81633-81746 Sentence denotes The epithelium is bordered by a row of cuboidal cells somewhat resembling odontogenic epithelium ( Fig. 1 .4B,C).
T271 81747-81952 Sentence denotes Epulides sometimes are divided into fibromatous and ossifying types, depending on the abundance of hard tissue (osteoid, bone, cementum, etc.) that develops by stromal metaplasia in ~ 60% of affected dogs.
T272 81953-82063 Sentence denotes There is no prognostic value in this distinction since these are all benign tumors that are cured by excision.
T273 82064-82121 Sentence denotes Indeed, some authorities believe them to be hyperplasias.
T274 82122-82249 Sentence denotes Easily confused with these benign epulides is the epithelial tumor variously called oral adamantinoma and acanthomatous epulis.
T275 82250-82420 Sentence denotes Clinically, these initially resemble epulis, but in many dogs recurrence and local invasion of alveolar bone (Fig. 1.4E) with loss of teeth follow conservative treatment.
T276 82421-82554 Sentence denotes Histologically, the tumor is composed of sheets and anastomosing cords of epithelium bordered by a row of cuboidal to columnar cells.
T277 82555-82644 Sentence denotes Prominent intercellular bridges are present between many of the central polyhedral cells.
T278 82645-82796 Sentence denotes In some tumors there are intraepithelial cysts containing vacuolated, otherwise structureless, eosinophilic material and cellular debris ( Fig. 1.4D ).
T279 82797-82850 Sentence denotes These cysts probably form from degenerate epithelium.
T280 82851-82941 Sentence denotes Small areas of hard tissue may develop by metaplasia in the stroma between the epithelium.
T281 82942-83025 Sentence denotes Some of these neoplasms transform to squamous-cell carcinoma when they invade bone.
T282 83026-83133 Sentence denotes Others have reported development of squamous-cell carcinoma at the site of irradiated acanthomatous epulis.
T283 83134-83327 Sentence denotes The characteristic appearance of these tumors, and of the epithelial component of benign epulides, is probably a function of epithelial-mesenchymal interaction between tissues of dental origin.
T284 83328-83626 Sentence denotes The naming of these tumors is unsettled. "Adamantinoma" is an obsolete synonym for ameloblastoma and is therefore unsatisfactory. "Acanthomatous epulis" is morphologically more accurate for the superficial lesion and is used widely but does not disclose the behavioral characteristics of the tumor.
T285 83627-83749 Sentence denotes Indeed, it is confusing, since epulis is widely recognized in veterinary medicine as a nonneoplastic or benign oral tumor.
T286 83750-83903 Sentence denotes Nevertheless, until more of the invasive tumors have been studied and a suitable alternative established, * 'acanthomatous epulis'' is likely to persist.
T287 83904-83982 Sentence denotes Squamous-cell carcinoma, acanthomatous type, may prove to be more appropriate.
T288 83983-84102 Sentence denotes Tumors of dental tissues are classified as epithelial tumors, with or without inductive effects, and mesodermal tumors.
T289 84103-84139 Sentence denotes The latter are very rare in animals.
T290 84140-84212 Sentence denotes Some of the former are neoplasms, and others are probably malformations.
T291 84213-84390 Sentence denotes Tooth development provides the classic example of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, and it is generally accepted that inductive influences are active in certain mixed tumors.
T292 84391-84527 Sentence denotes Familiarity with dental embryology assists an understanding of the origin, appearance, and classification of the tumors discussed below.
T293 84528-84612 Sentence denotes Most tumors of dental tissues are rare, nonmalignant, and infiltrative or expansive.
T294 84613-84700 Sentence denotes Their location involves destruction of bone, however, and they are difficult to remove.
T295 84701-84807 Sentence denotes Ameloblastoma is an invasive tumor consisting of proliferating odontogenic epithelium in a fibrous stroma.
T296 84808-84861 Sentence denotes The proportions of epithelium and stroma vary widely.
T297 84862-84939 Sentence denotes Ameloblastoma is preferable to the synonyms adamantinoma and enameloblastoma.
T298 84940-85075 Sentence denotes These tumors are more common in dogs and cattle than in cats and horses, and seem to occur more often in the mandible than the maxilla.
T299 85076-85298 Sentence denotes Ameloblastomas occur at any age and originate from the dental lamina, the outer enamel epithelium, the dental follicle around retained unerupted teeth, the oral epithelium, or odontogenic epithelium in extraoral locations.
T300 85299-85435 Sentence denotes Because of their predominantly intraosseous location, they may destroy large amounts of bone and extend into the oral cavity or sinuses.
T301 85436-85496 Sentence denotes Large tumors undergo central degeneration and become cystic.
T302 85497-85631 Sentence denotes The odontogenic epithelium, which is the criterion for diagnosis of ameloblastoma, may form any one of several patterns ( Fig. 1.5D ).
T303 85632-85774 Sentence denotes Follicular and plexiform patterns are most common, consisting of discrete islands or irregular masses and strands of epithelium, respectively.
T304 85775-85809 Sentence denotes Many tumors contain both patterns.
T305 85810-86054 Sentence denotes In both, central masses of cells, often resembling the stellate reticulum of the enamel organ, but sometimes with an acanthomatous appearance, are surrounded by a single layer of cuboidal or columnar cells that resemble inner enamel epithelium.
T306 86055-86156 Sentence denotes Cysts originate from degeneration of the centers of epithelial islands, or from stromal degeneration.
T307 86157-86205 Sentence denotes Small cysts may coalesce to form gross cavities.
T308 86206-86257 Sentence denotes Ameloblastomas occasionally undergo keratinization.
T309 86258-86300 Sentence denotes In some there is stromal osteoid and bone.
T310 86301-86360 Sentence denotes Stromal ossification may be an epithelial inductive effect.
T311 86361-86462 Sentence denotes Ameloblastic fibroma (fibroameloblastoma) is a rare tumor in calves and in the maxilla of young cats.
T312 86463-86588 Sentence denotes It consists of cords of epithelium resembling dental lamina, intimately associated with spindle cells resembling dental pulp.
T313 86589-86622 Sentence denotes It behaves like an ameloblastoma.
T314 86623-86782 Sentence denotes Ameloblastic fibroma corresponds to that stage of odontogenesis when dental epithelium invests the dental papilla but odontoblasts have not yet differentiated.
T315 86783-86953 Sentence denotes Ameloblastic odontoma (ameloblastic fibro-odontoma) resembles ameloblastic fibroma but contains dentin and enamel, and the epithelium is more typical of the enamel organ.
T316 86954-87017 Sentence denotes It occurs in horses, cows, and dogs, often in immature animals.
T317 87018-87118 Sentence denotes Complex and compound odontomas are malformations in which all of the dental tissues are represented.
T318 87119-87330 Sentence denotes In complex odontomas the tissues are disorganized, while in compound odontomas toothlike structures (denticles) are present, each one containing enamel, dentin, cementum, and pulp, arranged as in a normal tooth.
T319 87331-87370 Sentence denotes Separation of the two may be arbitrary.
T320 87371-87463 Sentence denotes Separate areas of ameloblastic epithelium are not present in complex and compound odontomas.
T321 87464-87587 Sentence denotes A tumor that contains areas of ameloblastic epithelium and areas of complex or compound odontoma is an odontoameloblastoma.
T322 87588-87715 Sentence denotes Odontomas are usually located in the mandibular or maxillary arch and are less rare in cattle and horses than in other species.
T323 87716-87856 Sentence denotes They are connected with existing dental alveoli and are detected when they bulge the contour of the host bone or interfere with other teeth.
T324 87857-87971 Sentence denotes They may originate from normally or abnormally placed dental anlagen as well as from supernumerary dental anlagen.
T325 87972-88039 Sentence denotes Squamous-cell carcinoma is the most common oral malignancy of cats.
T326 88040-88127 Sentence denotes It is most frequently located on the ventral lateral surface of the body of the tongue.
T327 88128-88174 Sentence denotes The tonsils and gingiva are less common sites.
T328 88175-88232 Sentence denotes Microscopically, the tumor is conventional in appearance.
T329 88233-88314 Sentence denotes It is locally invasive and metastatic to regional lymph nodes and distant organs.
T330 88315-88393 Sentence denotes In the dog, this tumor is second to melanoma in prevalence in the oral cavity.
T331 88394-88466 Sentence denotes It usually involves the tonsils, although the gingivae are common sites.
T332 88467-88542 Sentence denotes Squamous-cell carcinoma is apparently more common in male than female dogs.
T333 88543-88599 Sentence denotes Grossly, tonsillar carcinoma usually appears unilateral.
T334 88600-88698 Sentence denotes The earliest lesion appears as a small, slightly elevated, granular plaque on the mucosal surface.
T335 88699-88837 Sentence denotes In the advanced stages, the affected tonsil is two to three times normal size, nodular, firm, and white, and the surface may be ulcerated.
T336 88838-88903 Sentence denotes There is often extensive infiltration of the surrounding tissues.
T337 88904-88998 Sentence denotes Histologic examination of the grossly unaffected tonsil frequently also shows early carcinoma.
T338 88999-89177 Sentence denotes Squamous-cell carcinomas originating in the tongue and tonsils often metastasize to the regional nodes, with distant metastases to visceral organs, especially the lungs, in dogs.
T339 89178-89269 Sentence denotes Tonsillar carcinoma must be differentiated from involvement of the tonsil in lymphosarcoma.
T340 89270-89357 Sentence denotes Gingival squamous-cell carcinomas may be associated with chronic periodontitis in dogs.
T341 89358-89484 Sentence denotes It is not always clear whether they have predisposed to periodontitis or have resulted from chronic irritation of the gingiva.
T342 89485-89572 Sentence denotes Their appearance is conventional, though often obscured by chronic active inflammation.
T343 89573-89689 Sentence denotes They are most common about the incisor and canine teeth and are locally invasive, and may invade bone ( Fig. 1.5C ).
T344 89690-89778 Sentence denotes However, they are less likely to metastasize than squamous-cell carcinoma of the tonsil.
T345 89779-89919 Sentence denotes It is assumed that some originate in the gingiva and others in subgingival or periodontal epithelium (see also acanthomatous epulis, above).
T346 89920-90110 Sentence denotes In horses, squamous-cell carcinomas are rarely found on the gums and hard palate, possibly arising in chronically irritated hyperplastic alveolar epithelium in cases of chronic periodonitis.
T347 90111-90207 Sentence denotes They are slow growing, exceedingly destructive, and metastatic only to the regional lymph nodes.
T348 90208-90362 Sentence denotes Such tumors are large when first observed and may project from the palate or gums as grayish, extensively ulcerated masses, or appear as craterous ulcers.
T349 90363-90471 Sentence denotes The large ones are extensively necrotic and putrid, and the teeth are lost or loosely embedded in the tumor.
T350 90472-90633 Sentence denotes These tumors of the maxilla rapidly fill the adjacent sinuses and cause bulging of the face and may extend further into the nasal, orbital, and cranial cavities.
T351 90634-90815 Sentence denotes In cattle, oral squamous-cell carcinomas are very rare, with the exception of a few geographic foci where they are associated with oral papillomatosis and ingestion of bracken fern.
T352 90816-91008 Sentence denotes A similar association is made in the etiology of squamous carcinomas of the esophagus and forestomachs in cattle and is considered more fully under Neoplasia of the Esophagus and Forestomachs.
T353 91009-91139 Sentence denotes In contrast to cutaneous melanomas in the dog, which are usually benign, melanomas of the oral mucosa are almost always malignant.
T354 91140-91199 Sentence denotes Melanomas are the most common malignant oral tumor in dogs.
T355 91200-91286 Sentence denotes They are usually located on the gums, buccal mucosa, lips, and palate ( Fig. 1.5A,B ).
T356 91287-91334 Sentence denotes The prevalence is higher in males than females.
T357 91335-91573 Sentence denotes The degree of pigmentation of these tumors varies considerably, and there appears to be no relationship between the amount of pigment and biologic behavior, although the information supporting this last observation is quite controversial.
T358 91574-91716 Sentence denotes They grow rapidly; necrosis and ulceration are common, and 7 0 -9 0 % metastasize to the regional lymph nodes, mainly the submandibular nodes.
T359 91717-91793 Sentence denotes They may spread via hematogenous and lymphatic routes to more distant sites.
T360 91794-91945 Sentence denotes The histologic appearance of melanomas varies greatly from a fairly well differentiated, heavily pigmented type to a highly anaplastic amelanotic type.
T361 91946-91993 Sentence denotes The diagnosis of the latter is often difficult.
T362 91994-92071 Sentence denotes However, there are certain features that are evident in most of these tumors.
T363 92072-92292 Sentence denotes Anaplastic melanocytes, which have large oval or elongated nuclei with distinct nucleoli and abundant cytoplasm, show junctional activity, infiltrating the junction between the basilar epithelial cells and the submucosa.
T364 92293-92459 Sentence denotes Frequently there is a characteristic mixture of epithelial-like and spindleshaped cells, which have a marked tendency to form nests extending deep into the submucosa.
T365 92460-92507 Sentence denotes Multinucleated giant cells may also be present.
T366 92508-92644 Sentence denotes About 75% of melanomas have melanin pigment, but detection of this pigment often requires careful examination of individual tumor cells.
T367 92645-92810 Sentence denotes Melanin, free and in macrophages, is often found in superficial areas of the submucosa in a variety of nonneoplastic lesions resulting from irritation to the mucosa.
T368 92811-92897 Sentence denotes This so-called pigmentary incontinence must be differentiated from malignant melanoma.
T369 92898-93034 Sentence denotes Although cutaneous melanomas are common in horses and certain breeds of swine, these species have no tendency to develop oral melanomas.
T370 93035-93070 Sentence denotes These tumors are also rare in cats.
T371 93071-93132 Sentence denotes elevated, red, and granular or smooth on the mucosal surface.
T372 93133-93167 Sentence denotes The cut surface is white and firm.
T373 93168-93302 Sentence denotes Microscopically, the mass consists of large, polyhedral to round, epithelioid cells that have abundant acidophilic granular cytoplasm.
T374 93303-93377 Sentence denotes The cytoplasmic granules are strongly periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) positive.
T375 93378-93456 Sentence denotes The nuclei are round to oval, centrally located, and have one or two nucleoli.
T376 93457-93482 Sentence denotes Mitotic figures are rare.
T377 93483-93599 Sentence denotes The tumor cells have a marked tendency to form nests, which are separated by a delicate network of reticulin fibers.
T378 93600-93683 Sentence denotes None of these tumors in dogs has recurred after excision, nor has any metastasized.
T379 93684-93792 Sentence denotes Similar tumors occur in humans, where they are most common in the skin but may occur in a variety of organs.
T380 93793-93951 Sentence denotes The most common affections of the salivary glands are functional, ptyalism being an increased secretion of saliva and aptyalism a reduced or ceased secretion.
T381 93952-94064 Sentence denotes Ptyalism (to be differentiated from failure to swallow) is seen as abnormal accumulation of saliva in the mouth.
T382 94065-94210 Sentence denotes It occurs in a variety of conditions, including heavy-metal poisoning, poisoning with organophosphates, encephalitis, and most often, stomatitis.
T383 94211-94319 Sentence denotes Decreased secretion of saliva is less common but accompanies fever, dehydration, and salivary gland disease.
T384 94320-94390 Sentence denotes Ptyalism in cattle and horses may be an expression of a mycotoxicosis.
T385 94391-94496 Sentence denotes Rhizoctonia leguminicola, which causes "black patch" disease of several legumes, is the offensive fungus.
T386 94497-94566 Sentence denotes On well-cured legume hay, the mycelial growth is not visible grossly.
T387 94567-94613 Sentence denotes The fungus has a wide geographic distribution.
T388 94614-94887 Sentence denotes The toxic principle is a parasympathomimetic alkaloid called slaframine, which literally means " a n amine that causes an animal to salivate." In addition to excessive salivation, other signs include anorexia, excessive lacrimation, diarrhea, frequent urination, and bloat.
T389 94888-94949 Sentence denotes Milk production is reduced, and there is loss of body weight.
T390 94950-95017 Sentence denotes No specific lesions have been associated with slaframine toxicosis.
T391 95018-95067 Sentence denotes Guinea pigs are extremely sensitive to the toxin.
T392 95068-95207 Sentence denotes Presumptive diagnosis may be based on feeding trials in that species, if chromatographic analysis for slaframine is not readily accessible.
T393 95208-95318 Sentence denotes Foreign bodies occasionally are present in the ducts, usually the parotid duct but sometimes the submaxillary.
T394 95319-95373 Sentence denotes They are usually of plant origin, being awns or fiber.
T395 95374-95513 Sentence denotes They invariably cause some degree of inflammation with secondary infection; if the duct epithelium is destroyed, a local cellulitis occurs.
T396 95514-95588 Sentence denotes Salivary calculi (sialoliths) may also cause obstruction and inflammation.
T397 95589-95639 Sentence denotes They are more common in horses than other species.
T398 95640-95766 Sentence denotes Calculi are composed largely of calcium carbonate, possibly centered on a small foreign body and whitish, hard, and laminated.
T399 95767-95837 Sentence denotes Calculi are usually single and cylindric, and they may be quite large.
T400 95838-95995 Sentence denotes Most of them lodge at the orifice and cause some degree of salivary retention, glandular atrophy, and a predisposition to infection and further inflammation.
T401 95996-96149 Sentence denotes Dilations of the duct are due to stagnation of flow, and this in turn is a result of obstruction by foreign bodies, calculi, and inflammatory strictures.
T402 96150-96230 Sentence denotes The dilated ducts appear as fluctuating cords, sometimes with local diverticula.
T403 96231-96319 Sentence denotes Ranula is the term applied to a cystic distension of the duct in the floor of the mouth.
T404 96320-96403 Sentence denotes These present as a smooth, rounded prominence with a bluish tinge and fluctuations.
T405 96404-96460 Sentence denotes The contents may be serous or of thick, tenacious mucus.
T406 96461-96658 Sentence denotes Rupture of a duct or a gland to an epithelial surface results in permanent fistulas as the continued flow of saliva prevents normal restoration, the duct epithelium fusing with that of the surface.
T407 96659-96889 Sentence denotes While ranula by definition is a dilation of a duct with its lining epithelium more or less intact, accumulation of salivary secretions in single or multiloculated cavities adjacent to ducts is now referred to as salivary mucocele.
T408 96890-96947 Sentence denotes These cystic formations do not have an epithelial lining.
T409 96948-97057 Sentence denotes Small mucoceles, seldom exceeding 0.5 cm in size, are occasionally observed on the side of the bovine tongue.
T410 97058-97168 Sentence denotes Their origin is presumably from rupture of the fine tortuous ducts of the dorsal part of the sublingual gland.
T411 97169-97257 Sentence denotes Mucoceles in dogs are well known because they are large enough to be a surgical problem.
T412 97258-97290 Sentence denotes They occur in dogs of any breed.
T413 97291-97365 Sentence denotes There may be a history of an antecedent ranula-like swelling in the mouth.
T414 97366-97427 Sentence denotes Many mucoceles are probably the result of trauma to the duct.
T415 97428-97560 Sentence denotes They may be located anywhere, from the mandibular symphysis to the middle of the neck, the latter due to gravitational displacement.
T416 97561-97646 Sentence denotes Most are ventrolateral, sometimes bilateral or midline, at the angle of the mandible.
T417 97647-97826 Sentence denotes It appears that they arise most commonly from the sublingual salivary gland, either from individual units of the polystomatic portion or from the duct of the monostomatic portion.
T418 97827-97916 Sentence denotes Zygomatic salivary mucoceles also occur, associated with local swelling and exophthalmos.
T419 97917-98014 Sentence denotes Most mucoceles are subcutaneous and are up to 10 cm in diameter, the larger ones being pendulous.
T420 98015-98107 Sentence denotes The wall is of soft, pliable connective tissue, well vascularized, with a glistening lining.
T421 98108-98204 Sentence denotes The contents are brown and mucinous, becoming progressively inspissated and tenacious with time.
T422 98205-98309 Sentence denotes The histologic appearance of mucoceles varies greatly, apparently depending on the stage of development.
T423 98310-98458 Sentence denotes Initially, the wall consists of an outer, highly vascularized layer of immature connective tissue and an inner zone of loosely arranged fibroblasts.
T424 98459-98597 Sentence denotes A pleocellular inflammatory reaction is evident in the central area, which also contains much amorphous acidophilic or amphophilic debris.
T425 98598-98659 Sentence denotes Collagenous connective tissue forms the wall in later stages.
T426 98660-98742 Sentence denotes The inflammatory cells are mainly mononuclear, and plasma cells often predominate.
T427 98743-98806 Sentence denotes The debris in the center becomes progressively more basophilic.
T428 98807-98854 Sentence denotes Cysts of other origins do occur in this region.
T429 98855-98962 Sentence denotes Cysts of the thyroglossal duct are midline and distinguishable readily when they contain thyroid follicles.
T430 98963-98997 Sentence denotes Cystic salivary adenomas are rare.
T431 98998-99109 Sentence denotes Branchial cleft cysts may be located ventrolaterally, as are the salivary cysts, or dorsolaterally on the neck.
T432 99110-99290 Sentence denotes Their distinction is probably valid when no demonstrable connection occurs with a salivary duct and a pseudostratified columnar or stratified squamous lining epithelium is present.
T1 99291-99451 Sentence denotes Sialoadenitis, inflammation of the salivary glands, is uncommon in animals though inflammation of the zygomatic gland in dogs is a cause of retrobulbar abscess.
T2 99452-99584 Sentence denotes The infection usually gains entrance via the excretory duct, although the infection may be hematogenous or develops by local trauma.
T3 99585-99689 Sentence denotes Inflammation of the duct results in its obstruction by exudate, desquamated epithelial cells, and mucus.
T4 99690-99792 Sentence denotes Some of this may be expressed from the ductal orifice as pus; the orifice is usually acutely inflamed.
T5 99793-100003 Sentence denotes Obstruction of the duct, whether partial or complete, produces secondary atrophic changes in the glands, although there is initial enlargement due to the combined effects of retained secretion and inflammation.
T6 100004-100090 Sentence denotes The ducts throughout the gland dilate, and leukocytes infiltrate the lumen and stroma.
T7 100091-100174 Sentence denotes The acini undergo compression atrophy or swell and rupture from retained secretion.
T8 100175-100326 Sentence denotes In acute infections this often leads to suppuration, and in chronic ones only remnants of atrophic epithelium remain in a mass of inflamed scar tissue.
T9 100327-100480 Sentence denotes Specific inflammations of the salivary glands in domestic animals are unusual, although sialoadenitis does occur in rabies and malignant catarrhal fever.
T10 100481-100618 Sentence denotes In rabies there is often focal lysis of acinar cells, a mononuclear infiltration, and uncommonly, Negri bodies in the ganglionic neurons.
T11 100619-100768 Sentence denotes The lesions of malignant catarrhal fever, also specific in type, are described under Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract.
T12 100769-100883 Sentence denotes Probably the most common associations with sialoadenitis in animals are strangles in horses and distemper in dogs.
T13 100884-100933 Sentence denotes It is suggested that mumps virus may infect dogs.
T14 100934-101063 Sentence denotes Sialoadenitis also occurs in vitamin A deficiency in calves and pigs and in cattle poisoned with highly chlorinated naphthalenes.
T15 101064-101328 Sentence denotes In these latter conditions, the inflammations, often purulent, are secondary to squamous metaplasia of the ducts, with stasis of flow and secondary infection; squamous metaplasia of interlobular ducts is an early and rather specific lesion of vitamin A deficiency.
T16 101329-101450 Sentence denotes Neoplasms of the salivary glands are rare in all species but have been reported in cattle, sheep, pigs, horses, and cats.
T17 101451-101545 Sentence denotes Local invasion by tumors originating in adjacent tissue is more common than primary neoplasia.
T18 101546-101627 Sentence denotes Only in dogs do salivary tumors occur often enough to permit a general statement.
T19 101628-101797 Sentence denotes They may arise from either the major or the minor salivary glands, involvement of the major glands being twice as frequent; of these the most susceptible is the parotid.
T20 101798-101932 Sentence denotes The tumors develop almost exclusively in aged animals; the majority grow rapidly, become fixed to the overlying skin, and are painful.
T21 101933-102032 Sentence denotes Salivary tumors have two main sites of origin within the gland: the ducts and the glandular tissue.
T22 102033-102189 Sentence denotes In most cases, the histogenesis can be recognized, the duct neoplasms being papillomatous if benign, and carcinomas squamous or mucoepidermoid if malignant.
T23 102190-102253 Sentence denotes Tumors arising in the glandular tissue are usually adenomatous.
T24 102254-102357 Sentence denotes Their malignant potential may be manifest only by carcinomatous areas at the periphery of the neoplasm.
T25 102358-102480 Sentence denotes The histologic structure of salivary tumors in animals is as diverse as in humans, and the accepted classifications apply.
T26 102481-102634 Sentence denotes The most frequent variety in dogs is of acinar-cell origin, and although there are various structural patterns, an acinar arrangement is usually evident.
T27 102635-102819 Sentence denotes This arrangement is emphasized by the common occurrence of pseudocystic dissolution, in which tumor cells with clear vesicular cytoplasm rupture, the secretion forming cystlike spaces.
T28 102820-102882 Sentence denotes Mixed tumors, comparable to those of the mammary gland, occur.
T29 102883-102954 Sentence denotes The mesenchymal component probably originates from myoepithelial cells.
T30 102955-103107 Sentence denotes It is similar to that in mammary tumors, with areas of myoepithelial cells embedded in a mucinous matrix that also contains neoplastic epithelial cells.
T31 103108-103147 Sentence denotes Bone and cartilage form in these areas.
T32 103148-103334 Sentence denotes The esophagus merits particular attention during the examination of animals with inadequate growth rate, cachexia, ptyalism, dysphagia, regurgitation, vomition, and aspiration pneumonia.
T33 103335-103398 Sentence denotes In the ruminant, tympany may be a sequel to esophageal disease.
T34 103399-103583 Sentence denotes The presence of a "bloat line" in the esophagus at the thoracic inlet may indicate a condition causing increased intraabdominal pressure, such as gastric dilatation or luminal tympany.
T35 103584-103718 Sentence denotes The squamous mucosa is frequently eroded or ulcerated in viral diseases, with similar lesions elsewhere in the upper alimentary tract.
T36 103719-103863 Sentence denotes Conditions of striated muscle such as nutritional myodegeneration and eosinophilic myositis will occur in the esophageal muscle of the ruminant.
T37 103864-104067 Sentence denotes Congenital anomalies of the esophagus are very rarely recorded, and their interpretation as such can be difficult, since some similar defects may develop as sequelae of esophageal trauma or inflammation.
T38 104068-104148 Sentence denotes Rare segmental aplasia of the proximal esophagus may be apparent in the neonate.
T39 104149-104327 Sentence denotes A short, blind pouch communicates with the pharynx, and a thin, fibrous band connects it to the distal patent limb of the esophagus, which follows a normal course to the stomach.
T40 104328-104493 Sentence denotes Esophageal aplasia and congenital esophagorespiratory communications result from anomalies occurring when the respiratory primordium buds from the embryonic foregut.
T41 104494-104688 Sentence denotes Esophagorespiratory fistulas without esophageal atresia are more commonly recognized in animals, and in calves and dogs strong circumstantial evidence suggests that some of these are congenital.
T42 104689-104923 Sentence denotes Short, fibrous bands with a narrow, mucosa-lined lumen connecting an esophagus of normal diameter with trachea or bronchus are reported, as are small apertures connecting the lining of esophageal diverticula with the respiratory tree.
T43 104924-105062 Sentence denotes The lining of such defects changes from stratified squamous to columnar respiratory epithelium in the fistula or wall of the diverticulum.
T44 105063-105188 Sentence denotes Gastric distention by air in calves, and pneumonia due to aspiration, have been associated with esophagorespiratory fistulas.
T45 105189-105379 Sentence denotes The diagnosis of esophagorespiratory fistulas and diverticula as congenital anomalies is best based on recognition early in life, since both may be acquired following esophageal obstruction.
T46 105380-105586 Sentence denotes Gradual-pressure necrosis caused by an intraluminal mass and adhesion of esophagus to underlying trachea, or lung, with development of a fistula into the adjacent airway, creates the acquired communication.
T47 105587-105666 Sentence denotes This may be lined eventually by epithelium of esophageal or respiratory origin.
T48 105667-105807 Sentence denotes Esophageal diverticula are irregular outpouchings or herniations of the esophageal mucosa through the muscularis, with a thin, fibrous wall.
T49 105808-105889 Sentence denotes They communicate with the esophagus by variously sized, often slitlike apertures.
T50 105890-105917 Sentence denotes Most are probably acquired.
T51 105918-106138 Sentence denotes Increased intraluminal pressure associated with foreign bodies, obstruction, or stenosis is considered the cause of "pulsion' ' diverticula, in which the mucosa is forced out through the distended or ruptured muscularis.
T52 106139-106218 Sentence denotes Such diverticula may be large in the horse and dog, where they are most common.
T53 106219-106434 Sentence denotes Traction diverticulum is the result of maturation of a periesophageal fibrous adhesion, following perforation and inflammation, drawing with it a pouch of esophageal mucosa that is usually small and inconsequential.
T54 106435-106613 Sentence denotes Ingesta and foreign bodies may accumulate in diverticula, causing gradual enlargement, with the potential for local esophagitis, ulceration, and perforation or fistula formation.
T55 106614-106793 Sentence denotes Rare anomalies of the mucosa include epithelial inclusion cysts, the presence of papillae resembling those of the rumen in the distal esophagus of cattle, and gastric heterotopia.
T56 106794-107028 Sentence denotes The presence of gastric glands of the cardiac mucous type in the distal esophagus of dogs and cats is uncommon, and whether it is a developmental anomaly or a metaplastic response to mucosal injury, perhaps gastric reflux, is unclear.
T57 107029-107150 Sentence denotes Hyperkeratosis and thickening of the epithelium may be signs of vitamin A deficiency or chlorinated naphthalene toxicity.
T58 107151-107274 Sentence denotes Squamous metaplasia in the ducts of submucosal esophageal mucous glands and in ducts and glands elsewhere should be sought.
T59 107275-107519 Sentence denotes Mild hyperkeratosis may be difficult to assess since in herbivores some degree of keratinization may be normal, and anorexia or failure to swallow results in loss of the abrasive effect of food passage, with accumulation of keratinized squames.
T60 107520-107758 Sentence denotes Parakeratotic thickening and basal hyperplasia of the epithelium should be considered indicative of response to epithelial injury, and in the distal esophagus of pigs it is a concomitant of ulceration of the pars esophagea of the stomach.
T61 107759-107853 Sentence denotes Parakeratosis of the esophagus occurs in pigs with cutaneous parakeratosis of zinc deficiency.
T62 107854-107999 Sentence denotes Erosive and ulcerative esophagitis is a common finding associated with viral diseases causing similar lesions in the oropharynx or reticulorumen.
T63 108000-108377 Sentence denotes Bovine virus diarrhea, rinderpest, and malignant catarrhal fever tend to produce longitudinal epithelial defects in cattle; bovine papular stomatitis, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, the herpesviruses of small ruminants and calicivirus in cats may on occasion produce focal necrotizing esophageal lesions, which tend to be punctate or round, perhaps with a raised periphery.
T64 108378-108432 Sentence denotes Healing focal esophageal ulcers repair by granulation.
T65 108433-108565 Sentence denotes Local epithelial proliferation and thickening produce an opaque, pearly appearance of the edge of the lesion or surface of the scar.
T66 108566-108741 Sentence denotes Caustic or irritant chemicals, ionizing radiation, or hot ingesta may cause mucosal injury, the severity of which depends on the nature of the insult and duration of exposure.
T67 108742-108815 Sentence denotes Mild acute insult may result in diffuse or local reddening of the mucosa.
T68 108816-109061 Sentence denotes Deep sloughing of the mucosa, liquefactive necrosis associated with alkalis, and coagulation necrosis following acid and toxins such as paraquat reflect more severe insult and may result in ulceration extending to deeper layers of the esophagus.
T69 109062-109219 Sentence denotes Superficial epithelial damage heals uneventfully, though repeated insult may cause thickening of the epithelium, with the development of prominent rete pegs.
T70 109220-109349 Sentence denotes Ulcerated mucosa will granulate, and raised islands of surviving pearly proliferative epithelium may be present over the surface.
T71 109350-109436 Sentence denotes The inflammatory reaction in ulceration frequently involves muscularis and adventitia.
T72 109437-109614 Sentence denotes The ultimate development of a contracted fibrous scar causes stricture or stenosis if the original mucosal defect involved a significant portion of the esophageal circumference.
T73 109615-109774 Sentence denotes Reflux esophagitis results from the action on the esophageal mucosa of gastric acid, pepsin, probably regurgitated bile salts, and possibly pancreatic enzymes.
T74 109775-109940 Sentence denotes Stratified squamous epithelium appears more susceptible to the corrosive effects of gastric secretion than other types of mucosa in the lower gastrointestinal tract.
T75 109941-110176 Sentence denotes Relatively short duration of exposure to re-fluxed gastric content is required to induce epithelial damage, signaled by hyperemia or linear erosions and ulcers, perhaps with superficial fibrinonecrotic debris, and erythematous margins.
T76 110177-110300 Sentence denotes Such damage is most common in the distal esophagus but may extend well forward, in some instances to the esophageal origin.
T77 110301-110479 Sentence denotes The expected microscopic basal epithelial activation, rete-peg elongation, and epithelial transmigration of neutrophils occur in response to mild superficial epithelial necrosis.
T78 110480-110588 Sentence denotes A thinned epithelium following recent moderate insult or granulation of an ulcerated surface may be evident.
T79 110589-110695 Sentence denotes Reepithelialization with a columnar mucous cell type may occur in distal esophagus adjacent to the cardia.
T80 110696-110844 Sentence denotes Papillomatous esophagitis of unknown etiology has been reported in the distal esophagus of the cat, which normally has a somewhat corrugated mucosa.
T81 110845-111073 Sentence denotes Functional integrity of the lower esophageal sphincter may be compromised or overwhelmed by airway occlusion and increased intraabdominal pressure, the pharmacologic effects of preanesthetic agents, or abnormality of the hiatus.
T82 111074-111275 Sentence denotes Reflux esophagitis is thus most common in dogs and cats as a sequel to surgery involving general anesthesia, though it may follow chronic gastric regurgitation or vomition for any cause ( Fig. 1.6D ).
T83 111276-111398 Sentence denotes In swine and horses, it may be associated with ulceration of the squamous esophageal portion of the stomach ( Fig. 1.6E ).
T84 111399-111453 Sentence denotes In dogs, it is associated with rare hiatus herniation.
T85 111454-111634 Sentence denotes Hiatus hernia usually involves sliding herniation of all or part of the abdominal esophagus, cardia, and stomach into the thoracic esophagus, rather than periesophageal herniation.
T86 111635-111776 Sentence denotes It is usually self-reducing and associated with lower esophageal sphincter failure and reflux rather than gastric herniation and obstruction.
T87 111777-111934 Sentence denotes Gastroesophageal intussusception is a very rare event, most reported in puppies of large breeds of dogs, and may be associated with congenital megaesophagus.
T88 111935-112038 Sentence denotes The entire stomach everts into the esophagus, and occasionally the spleen and pancreas may be involved.
T89 112039-112218 Sentence denotes Thrush, or mycotic esophagitis caused by Candida albicans, is seen in piglets and weaner swine, where the lesions may involve squamous mucosa of the entire upper alimentary canal.
T90 112219-112449 Sentence denotes The condition is probably secondary to other intercurrent problems, including antibiotic therapy, inanition, and possibly esophageal gastric reflux and is considered more fully under Mycotic Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract.
T91 112450-112649 Sentence denotes Similarly, secondary zygomycotic granulomatous involvement of the esophagus is a rarely recorded complication of debilitating systemic disease states and heavy use of glucocorticoids and antibiotics.
T92 112650-112909 Sentence denotes " C h o k e , " obstruction, or impaction of the esophagus occurs when large or inadequately chewed and lubricated foods such as beets, potatoes, corncobs, apples, bones, or masses of grain or fibrous ingesta lodge in the lumen of the esophagus ( Fig. 1.6C ).
T93 112910-113140 Sentence denotes Sites of lodgment are often where the esophagus deviates or is slightly restricted normally, and include the area over the larynx, the thoracic inlet, at the base of the heart, and immediately anterior to the diaphragmatic hiatus.
T94 113141-113260 Sentence denotes Complications of obstruction include pressure necrosis and ulceration of the mucosa, which may progress to perforation.
T95 113261-113293 Sentence denotes Usually, fatal cellulitis of the
T96 113295-113468 Sentence denotes periesophageal tissue ensues, which may involve the mediastinum directly or by extension along fascial planes from the cervical region, depending on the site of perforation.
T97 113469-113577 Sentence denotes Alternatively, perforation of the thoracic esophagus may lead to sepsis of the pleural space, and pleuritis.
T98 113578-113829 Sentence denotes Perforations of the pharyngoesophageal diverticulum above the cricoid cartilage, due to injuries caused by administration of medication by balling or drenching guns, or by passage of a stomach tube, probang, or endoscope may have similar consequences.
T99 113830-113947 Sentence denotes Sharp objects, such as needles, quills, grass grains (seeds), awns, etc., may penetrate and track from the esophagus.
T100 113948-114047 Sentence denotes Diverticulum or esophagorespiratory fistula may also ensue following obstruction by foreign bodies.
T101 114048-114181 Sentence denotes The cervical esophagus may be perforated by sharp objects such as wire or needles, penetrating from the external surface of the skin.
T102 114182-114359 Sentence denotes Removal or dissolution of an obstructing object may be followed by scarring of the segmentally ulcerated esophagus, resulting in a narrowing of the lumen, stricture or stenosis.
T103 114360-114433 Sentence denotes Esophagitis, especially due to gastric reflux, may have a similar sequel.
T104 114434-114668 Sentence denotes Although hypertrophy of internal and external muscle layers is seen occasionally in the distal esophagus of cattle and horses (in which species the distal esophageal muscle is normally somewhat thickened), obstruction is not apparent.
T105 114669-114778 Sentence denotes Stenosis may also result from rare intramural or intraluminal neoplasia, or commonly by external compression.
T106 114779-114938 Sentence denotes Among causes of external compression may be enlarged hyperplastic or neoplastic thyroids, and neoplasia of the thymus and cervical and mediastinal lymph nodes.
T107 114939-115099 Sentence denotes The most common causes of external constriction of the esophagus are "vascular ring" anomalies, seen in dogs, occasionally in cats, and rarely in other species.
T108 115100-115233 Sentence denotes Dextraaorta, or development of the aortic arch from the right instead of the left fourth arch, is the most common of these anomalies.
T109 115234-115471 Sentence denotes This results in entrapment and constriction of the esophagus between the heart and pulmonary artery ventrally, the anomalous right-sided aortic arch dorsally, and the ligamentum arteriosum or remnant of the ductus arteriosus on the left.
T110 115472-115853 Sentence denotes Other vascular anomalies that may constrict the esophagus, and reported only in the dog, are persistence of both right and left aortic arches; persistent right ductus arteriosus; aberrant left subclavian artery, in association with persistent right aortic arch; aberrant right subclavian artery, arising distal to the left subclavian artery and passing dorsally over the esophagus.
T111 115854-116072 Sentence denotes Esophageal deviation and stenosis have been associated in English bulldogs with * 'thoracic shortening'' due to hemivertebra and esophageal compression between the left subclavian artery and the brachiocephalic artery.
T112 116073-116165 Sentence denotes The site of stricture, with its narrowed esophageal lumen, is readily identified at autopsy.
T113 116166-116270 Sentence denotes Constricting mural fibrosis or other causative internal or external obstructive lesions will be obvious.
T114 116271-116437 Sentence denotes The mucosa at the site of stricture may be ulcerated, as the result of impaction of ingesta or as a sequel to antecedent esophagitis, pressure necrosis, or neoplasia.
T115 116438-116568 Sentence denotes The esophagus anterior to the stenotic area is dilated, may contain retained ingesta, and itself may have evidence of esophagitis.
T116 116569-116645 Sentence denotes Dysphagia, or disorder of swallowing, is a major sign of esophageal disease.
T117 116646-116760 Sentence denotes Swallowing is a complex and highly coordi-nated physical act, which may be conveniently divided into three phases.
T118 116761-116986 Sentence denotes Oral-phase dysphagias are the product of painful physical lesions of the oral cavity and tongue, such as stomatitis, glossitis, gingivitis, or lesions that limit movement of the tongue or delivery of the bolus to the pharynx.
T119 116987-117107 Sentence denotes Loss of hypoglossal nerve function associated with hydrocephalus, trauma, or myasthenia gravis impairs lingual function.
T120 117108-117166 Sentence denotes Cleft palate results in nasal regurgitation at this phase.
T121 117167-117287 Sentence denotes Pharyngeal dysphagia may be associated with painful pharyngitis, tonsillitis, retropharyngeal abscesses, and granulomas.
T122 117288-117430 Sentence denotes Abscesses, granulomas, and neoplastic processes involving the tonsils and regional lymph nodes may physically intrude on the pharyngeal space.
T123 117431-117675 Sentence denotes Encephalitis involving the medulla oblongata and the nuclei or tracts of the major cranial nerves involved in pharyngeal contraction and lingual function (V, IX, X, XII) should be sought in pharyngeal dysphagia, unexplained on physical grounds.
T124 117676-117831 Sentence denotes Rabies and brain abscess in all species, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, and listeriosis in cattle are candidate central causes of pharyngeal paralysis.
T125 117832-117947 Sentence denotes Retropharyngeal abscesses and lesions of the equine guttural pouch may cause peripheral nerve damage and paralysis.
T126 117948-118065 Sentence denotes Idiopathic myodegeneration and myasthenia gravis have been reported as causes of impaired pharyngeal muscle function.
T127 118066-118208 Sentence denotes Bluetongue and Ibaraki disease cause necrosis of lingual, pharyngeal, and esophageal muscle, resulting in dysphagia and aspiration of ingesta.
T128 118209-118397 Sentence denotes Cricoesophageal incoordination or achalasia may impede the first stage of the esophageal phase of swallowing, the opening of the upper esophageal sphincter to accept the approaching bolus.
T129 118398-118455 Sentence denotes This condition is recognized in the dog, but not the cat.
T130 118456-118543 Sentence denotes It is probably a result of a neurologic rather than local physical or muscular deficit.
T131 118544-118747 Sentence denotes Microscopic examination of the cricopharyngeal muscle has produced inconsistent observations, though either hypertrophy or degeneration might impede relaxation of the muscle and opening of the esophagus.
T132 118748-118885 Sentence denotes Megaesophagus or esophageal ectasia is the result of atony of the esophageal muscle, flaccidity, and luminal dilatation ( Fig. 1,6A ,B) .
T133 118886-118977 Sentence denotes This is the product of segmental or diffuse motor dysfunction of the body of the esophagus.
T134 118978-119133 Sentence denotes This results in failure of peristaltic propulsion of the food bolus to, and through, the lower esophageal sphincter, or high-pressure zone, to the stomach.
T135 119134-119226 Sentence denotes Ingesta accumulates in the esophageal lumen, with eventual regurgitation of undigested food.
T136 119227-119341 Sentence denotes Retention of some ingesta in the esophagus may lead to putrefaction and esophagitis in dilated or dependent areas.
T137 119342-119507 Sentence denotes The volume of the dilated thoracic and cervical esophagus may greatly exceed that of the stomach, and the intrathoracic trachea and heart may be displaced ventrally.
T138 119508-119752 Sentence denotes Animals presenting with esophageal hypomotility or megaesophagus may have signs of marked malnutrition, including emaciation, dehydration, and osteopenia, often in association with rhinitis and aspiration pneumonia resulting from regurgitation.
T139 119753-119828 Sentence denotes Idiopathic megaesophagus is a relatively common congenital disease in dogs.
T140 119829-119962 Sentence denotes It is considered to be a neuromuscular developmental disorder or immaturity, which may improve functionally to some extent with time.
T141 119963-120093 Sentence denotes Megaesophagus in this manifestation is not secondary to physical obstruction or failure to open by the lower esophageal sphincter.
T142 120094-120155 Sentence denotes Hence it is not comparable to esophageal achalasia in humans.
T143 120156-120256 Sentence denotes No consistent reduction in number of ganglia in the esophageal myenteric plexus has been recognized.
T144 120257-120503 Sentence denotes The functional defect in the dog has no basis in the vagal dorsal motor nucleus, since the external muscle layers of the entire esophagus are striated and are innervated directly by fibers arising from lower motor neurons in the nucleus ambiguus.
T145 120504-120583 Sentence denotes These fibers are not parasympathetic, despite being carried in the vagus nerve.
T146 120584-120738 Sentence denotes The striated esophageal muscle does not show consistent signs of neurogenic atrophy in idiopathic megaesophagus, and vagal stimulation causes contraction.
T147 120739-120796 Sentence denotes Hence it is inferred that the lower motor unit is intact.
T148 120797-120990 Sentence denotes The functional lesion may reside in the upper motor neurons of the central swallowing center or in the afferent sensory arm of the reflex controlling peristalsis, which arises in the esophagus.
T149 120991-121050 Sentence denotes The pathogenesis of the lesion in megaesophagus in unknown.
T150 121051-121186 Sentence denotes Congenital idiopathic megaesophagus in dogs has its highest prevalence in Great Danes, followed by German shepherds, and Irish setters.
T151 121187-121370 Sentence denotes The condition appears to be heritable, with a pattern in miniature schnauzers compatible with a simple autosomal dominant, or a 60% penetrance autosomal recessive mode of inheritance.
T152 121371-121459 Sentence denotes Analagous idiopathic functional and morphologic defects may also develop in mature dogs.
T153 121460-121675 Sentence denotes In addition, megaesophagus in older dogs may be secondary to myasthenia gravis, hypoadrenocorticism, canine giant axonal neuropathy, immunemediated polymyositis and systemic lupus erythematosus, and Chagas' disease.
T154 121676-121814 Sentence denotes Megaesophagus in the cat may be congenital, with signs appearing about weaning time, and is associated particularly with Siamese breeding.
T155 121815-121843 Sentence denotes The pathogenesis is unclear.
T156 121844-122067 Sentence denotes Since the esophageal muscle of the cat is smooth in the distal half, dependent on the myenteric plexus for motor control and the vagus for coordination of peristalsis, the pathogenesis probably differs from that in the dog.
T157 122068-122145 Sentence denotes One report associates megaesophagus in cats with functional pyloric stenosis.
T158 122146-122244 Sentence denotes Neuronal degeneration or denervation atrophy of muscles are not recognized in the esophageal wall.
T159 122245-122339 Sentence denotes Several foals have been reported with esophageal dilatation or ectasia, apparently congenital.
T160 122340-122451 Sentence denotes Dilation of the anterior portion, with a normal or thickened caudal thoracic esophagus, was found in two cases.
T161 122452-122603 Sentence denotes Examination of the wall, which is smooth muscle in the caudal half, revealed equivocal muscle abnormalities, and no anomalies of the autonomic ganglia.
T162 122604-122671 Sentence denotes Sarcosporidiasis occurs in the striated esophageal muscle of sheep.
T163 122672-122802 Sentence denotes Esophageal sarcocysts appear as ovoid, white, thinwalled nodules -1.0 cm long projecting from the esophageal muscle ( Fig. 1.7A ).
T164 122803-122992 Sentence denotes The species producing large esophageal cysts and similar large cysts in skeletal muscle is spread by cats, where gametogony and sporogony occur in the lamina propria of the small intestine.
T165 122993-123087 Sentence denotes Other species of microscopic sarcocysts also may be encountered in esophageal striated muscle.
T166 123088-123345 Sentence denotes Sarcocysts in esophageal muscle normally incite little or no local inflammatory reaction and are of significance only in meat inspection, though lesions of eosinophilic myositis, possibly associated with rupture of cysts, are found in the esophageal muscle.
T167 123346-123505 Sentence denotes Larvae of Gasterophilus may be temporarily attached to the caudal pharyngeal and cranial esophageal mucosa, and to the mucosa cranial to the cardia, in horses.
T168 123506-123574 Sentence denotes Insignificant focal ulceration may occur at the sites of attachment.
T169 123575-123746 Sentence denotes The larvae of the warble fly (Hypoderma lineatum) migrate to the dermis of the back following a period of residence in the submucosa or adventitia of the bovine esophagus.
T170 123747-123883 Sentence denotes The easily overlooked translucent larvae may be only 2 -4 mm in length, but they instigate local hemorrhage and neutrophil infiltration.
T171 123884-124042 Sentence denotes Hypoderma assumes significance in a small proportion of animals treated with systemic organophosphate insecticides while larvae reside in the esophageal wall.
T172 124043-124170 Sentence denotes An acute inflammatory reaction, probably an allergic response to products of dead larvae, develops in the esophageal submucosa.
T173 124171-124303 Sentence denotes This leads to swelling, hemorrhage, and necrosis, causing usually fatal esophageal obstruction, tympany, and esophageal perforation.
T174 124304-124480 Sentence denotes Spirurid nematodes of the genus Gongylonema may be encountered in the stratified squamous mucosa of the upper alimentary tract, including the esophagus, in ruminants and swine.
T175 124481-124612 Sentence denotes White, threadlike worms up to 10 to 15 cm long, they burrow in the epithelium, and occasionally the propria of the esophageal wall.
T176 124613-124703 Sentence denotes They usually produce white or red, blood-filled zigzag tracks in the mucosa ( Fig. 1.7B ).
T177 124704-124750 Sentence denotes Their presence is inconsequential to the host.
T178 124751-124863 Sentence denotes Spirocera lupi is a spirurid nematode that parasitizes the esophageal wall of Canidae and some other carnivores.
T179 124864-125086 Sentence denotes It is most common in warm climatic zones where appropriate species of dung beetles are found to act as intermediate hosts and where the opportunity for dogs to obtain access to larvae in vertebrate transport hosts is high.
T180 125087-125313 Sentence denotes The normal site for the adult nematode is in large, thick-walled cystic granulomas in the submucosa of the caudal portion of the esophagus, where one or more pink worms surrounded by purulent exudate are found ( Fig. 1.7C,D) .
T181 125314-125500 Sentence denotes A fistulous tract to the esophageal lumen is usually present, through which the tail of the female worm may protrude, and which provides the outlet for ova to the gastrointestinal tract.
T182 125501-125667 Sentence denotes Third-stage larvae, ingested with dung beetles or encysted in the insectivorous transport hosts, penetrate the gastric mucosa and migrate along arteries to the aorta.
T183 125668-125796 Sentence denotes Here they migrate, often subintimally, forward to the caudal thoracic area, which they attain within several weeks of infection.
T184 125797-125994 Sentence denotes Following 2 -4 months in an inflammatory granuloma in the aortic adventitia, worms migrate to the subjacent esophagus, where they develop to adulthood in the submucosa and perforate the epithelium.
T185 125995-126166 Sentence denotes Larvae that adopt aberrant migratory pathways may be found in granulomas in sites such as the subcutis, bladder, and kidney as well as stomach and intrathoracic locations.
T186 126167-126511 Sentence denotes Aortic lesions associated with Spirocerca are detailed under diseases of the Cardiovascular System (Volume 3) but include subintimal and medial hemorrhage and necrosis with eosinophilic inflammation, intimal roughening with thrombosis, aneurysm with rare aortic rupture, and subintimal and medial mineralization and heterotopic bone deposition.
T187 126512-126656 Sentence denotes The presence of persistent aortic lesions in the dog, even in the absence of esophageal granuloma, is evidence for prior infection with S. lupi.
T188 126657-126747 Sentence denotes Spondylosis of the ventral aspects of thoracic vertebral bodies 5-10 occurs in some cases.
T189 126748-126903 Sentence denotes Exostoses or bony spurs arise from one or both ends of the vertebral bodies and presumably are instigated by the local irritant effects of migrating worms.
T190 126904-127110 Sentence denotes In some animals with Spirocerca lupi, mesenchymal neoplasms develop in the wall of the esophageal granuloma ( Fig. 1.7E) , and there is a report of a pulmonary fibrosarcoma associated with an ectopic worm.
T191 127111-127245 Sentence denotes The granulomas around Spirocerca contain highly reactive pleomorphic fibroblasts with large, open nuclei and numerous mitotic figures.
T192 127246-127422 Sentence denotes Neoplasms arising from such lesions have cytologic characteristics typical of fibrosarcoma and osteosarcoma with local tissue invasion and, in many cases, pulmonary metastasis.
T193 127423-127508 Sentence denotes The carcinogenic stimuli associated with the development of these tumors are unknown.
T194 127509-127642 Sentence denotes Hypertrophic pulmonary osteopathy is a concomitant lesion found in animals with Spirocerca-associated sarcoma and, rarely, granuloma.
T195 127643-127850 Sentence denotes Clinical disease, exclusive of that associated with neoplasia, is uncommon in animals with S. lupi and is restricted to aortic thrombosis, aneurysmal rupture, or occasionally, partial esophageal obstruction.
T196 127851-127949 Sentence denotes The importance of closely examining the rumen contents is often overlooked during routine autopsy.
T197 127950-128100 Sentence denotes The first, and sometimes only, indication of the presence of certain toxic substances may be provided by the odor and appearance of the rumen content.
T198 128101-128170 Sentence denotes Urea toxicity may be indicated by an ammoniacal odor and alkaline pH.
T199 128171-128266 Sentence denotes Organophosphates have a characteristic pungent insecticidal smell reminiscent of cooked turnip.
T200 128267-128374 Sentence denotes Taxus toxicity is signified by an aromatic odor like cedar oil, and the presence of needles in the ingesta.
T201 128375-128470 Sentence denotes In other suspected plant poisonings, characteristic foliage should be sought in rumen contents.
T202 128471-128602 Sentence denotes The presence of paint flakes, pieces of metallic lead, and oily content and odor (from used crankcase oil) point to lead poisoning.
T203 128603-128679 Sentence denotes Frothy voluminous rumen content will support a diagnosis of primary tympany.
T204 128680-128778 Sentence denotes Porridge-like content with a fermentative odor and perhaps acid pH (<5.0) suggests grain overload.
T205 128779-128895 Sentence denotes The ruminal papillae in the newborn are rudimentary, which gives the mucosa a relatively smooth and pale appearance.
T206 128896-128982 Sentence denotes Subsequent development of the ruminal papillae depends mainly on the type of diet fed.
T207 128983-129062 Sentence denotes Little or no growth of papillae occurs in animals as long as they are fed milk.
T208 129063-129185 Sentence denotes Animals on rations containing adequate levels of roughage develop long, slender, regular, white to gray, ruminal papillae.
T209 129186-129229 Sentence denotes The ruminal pillars normally lack papillae.
T210 129230-129335 Sentence denotes Microscopically, the normal papilli are covered by a thin layer of keratinized squamous epithelial cells.
T211 129336-129475 Sentence denotes Rations high in concentrate give rise to black, club-and tongue-shaped papillae that have a tendency to form clumps, nodules, and rosettes.
T212 129476-129598 Sentence denotes They are distributed over the entire mucosa, except for a small area in the dorsal sac where the gas cap would be located.
T213 129599-129755 Sentence denotes The most prominent changes are mainly in the atrium ruminis and ventral caudal sac, depending somewhat on the age of the animal and the type of concentrate.
T214 129756-129882 Sentence denotes Microscopically, there is marked acanthosis, hyper-and parakeratosis, and hyperpigmentation of the papillary epithelial cells.
T215 129883-130004 Sentence denotes Hyperplasia of secondary papillae is also prominent, which may explain the formation of clumps and rosettes seen grossly.
T216 130005-130082 Sentence denotes The wall is thickened due to fibroplasia of the lamina propria and submucosa.
T217 130083-130141 Sentence denotes Rumens in animals fed barley rations have similar changes.
T218 130142-130328 Sentence denotes In addition, animal and vegetable hairs, from the rachillas of barley, adhere to the mucosa, especially in the interpapillary areas, giving it a distinct matted appearance ( Fig. 1.8F ).
T219 130329-130387 Sentence denotes Large numbers of hairs are seen in sections of the mucosa.
T220 130388-130516 Sentence denotes They penetrate the mucosa and lamina propria, where they evoke a leukocytic inflammatory reaction, often causing microabscesses.
T221 130517-130591 Sentence denotes A diffuse pleocellular reaction is evident in the thickened fibrotic wall.
T222 130592-130686 Sentence denotes The pathogenesis of morphologic variations in the ruminal papillae depends on several factors.
T223 130687-130852 Sentence denotes These include the level, type, and proportion of volatile fatty acids evolved in the ruminal contents, the pH, and the proportion and coarseness of the roughage fed.
T224 130853-130889 Sentence denotes Other factors are probably involved.
T225 130890-131013 Sentence denotes High concentrate rations result in increased levels of propionic and butyric acids and lower concentrations of acetic acid.
T226 131014-131081 Sentence denotes The pH is also lowered, but not enough to cause chemical rumenitis.
T227 131082-131204 Sentence denotes Hyper-and parakeratosis do not occur when ruminants are fed rations containing adequate levels (~ 15%) of coarse roughage.
T228 131205-131320 Sentence denotes The dystrophic changes in the mucosa are reversible when high concentrates are replaced by such levels of roughage.
T229 131321-131528 Sentence denotes Such a change in the ratio of roughage to concentrate in the diet results in a rise in pH and a shift in the proportions of fatty acids; acetic acid levels increase, and propionic and butyric acids decrease.
T230 131529-131629 Sentence denotes Roughage is also thought to remove keratinaceous debris and food particles from the mucosal surface.
T231 131630-131793 Sentence denotes The animal and vegetable hairs in barley rations may provide the portal of entry for bacteria that cause the mild rumenitis and microabscesses in the ruminal wall.
T232 131794-131880 Sentence denotes Hyperkeratosis of the ruminal epithelium also occurs in calves deficient in vitamin A.
T233 131881-131947 Sentence denotes The ruminal mucosa usually sloughs within a few hours after death.
T234 131948-132057 Sentence denotes It separates from the lamina propria in large gray patches, which cover the ingesta when the rumen is opened.
T235 132058-132111 Sentence denotes Persistent firm attachment of epithelium is abnormal.
T236 132112-132285 Sentence denotes This undue adhesion occurs in dystrophic changes, described earlier, in acute rumenitis, especially if caused by fungi, and about healed lesions of necrobacillary rumenitis.
T237 132286-132349 Sentence denotes Adhesion may not occur in the early stages of ruminal acidosis.
T238 132350-132481 Sentence denotes Tympanitic distension of the forestomachs may be acute, or chronic and recurrent, and there is a basic distinction between the two.
T239 132482-132702 Sentence denotes The acute tympany of cattle fed legumes is characterized by foaming of the rumen contents, whereas in chronic or recurrent tympany the gas is free but retained because of some physical or functional defect of eructation.
T240 132703-132747 Sentence denotes Primary tympany is also called frothy bloat.
T241 132748-132800 Sentence denotes Foam production in ruminal contents occurs normally.
T242 132801-132872 Sentence denotes The amount of foam produced is small, however, and it is also unstable.
T243 132873-132948 Sentence denotes There is apparently a delicate balance between pro-and antifoaming factors.
T244 132949-133139 Sentence denotes These factors are multiple, and there is considerable controversy as to the extent each one influences the production of the foamy, viscous ruminal content so characteristic of frothy bloat.
T245 133140-133277 Sentence denotes The formation of foam is primarily dependent on soluble proteins, which are present in high levels (up to 4.5%) in bloatinducing legumes.
T246 133278-133412 Sentence denotes Legumes that are not associated with bloat, such as bird's-foot trefoil, have low levels of soluble protein, generally less than 1.0%.
T247 133413-133582 Sentence denotes These soluble proteins are released (B) Appearance of mucosal surface of rumen. (C) Vacuolation and neutrophil infiltration into superficial epithelium of rumen papilla.
T248 133583-133794 Sentence denotes Chemical rumenitis (ruminal acidosis) due to excess carbohydrate intake. (D) Necrosis in liver due to metastasis of fungi via portal circulation from primary foci of zygomycotic rumenitis. (E) "Bloat line." Cow.
T249 133795-133811 Sentence denotes Ruminal tympany.
T250 133812-134060 Sentence denotes Congestion of esophagus and connective tissue cranial to thoracic inlet and blanching of esophagus caudal to thoracic inlet. (F) Clubbing and adhesion of rumen papillae with parakeratotic epithelium, associated with feeding a ration high in barley.
T251 134061-134133 Sentence denotes Plant fibers and hairs are among the matted papillae. from chloroplasts.
T252 134134-134275 Sentence denotes When they are degraded by the rumen microflora, they rise to the surface, where they are denatured, become insoluble, and stabilize the foam.
T253 134276-134374 Sentence denotes The optimum pH (isoelectric point) for foam production by soluble proteins ranges from 5.4 to 6.0.
T254 134375-134476 Sentence denotes Pectins are considered to increase viscosity of ruminal fluid and may act as foam-stabilizing agents.
T255 134477-134669 Sentence denotes Plant lipids may act as antifoaming agents by competing for metal ions with the soluble proteins, thus inhibiting the denaturation of these proteins and resulting in decreased foam production.
T256 134670-134779 Sentence denotes Animal factors that may contribute to bloat are less accessible to study, and rather little is known of them.
T257 134780-134885 Sentence denotes Excessive foam production causes distension of the rumen because the animals are unable to eructate foam.
T258 134886-135002 Sentence denotes Frothy ruminal contents prevents the clearing of the cardia, which is essential for normal eructation to take place.
T259 135003-135117 Sentence denotes When foam enters the esophagus, it stimulates the swallowing reflex, which also interferes with normal eructation.
T260 135118-135174 Sentence denotes There is a genetic predisposition to bloating in cattle.
T261 135175-135259 Sentence denotes Certain sires are known to produce cows that have a high susceptibility to bloating.
T262 135260-135315 Sentence denotes Monozygotic twins may have similar bloating tendencies.
T263 135316-135466 Sentence denotes The variation among animals in their susceptibility to bloat may be determined in part by variations in the amount and composition of saliva secreted.
T264 135467-135549 Sentence denotes Saliva apparently has properties that may promote or prevent foaming in the rumen.
T265 135550-135662 Sentence denotes When secretion of saliva decreases, the viscosity of ruminal contents increases, which in turn promotes foaming.
T266 135663-135773 Sentence denotes Cows that have a high susceptibility to bloating produce less saliva than cows that have a low susceptibility.
T267 135774-135882 Sentence denotes Succulent and high-concentrate feeds reduce salivary secretion, thus increasing viscosity of rumen contents.
T268 135883-135949 Sentence denotes The composition of saliva affects foam production in several ways.
T269 135950-136184 Sentence denotes Combination of salivary bicarbonate with organic acids such as citric, malonic, and succinic acids, which are present in high levels in legumes, results in the production of large amounts of carbon dioxide, enhancing bubble formation.
T270 136185-136262 Sentence denotes Carbon dioxide accounts for 40 to 70% of the total gas produced in the rumen.
T271 136263-136335 Sentence denotes Salivary mucoproteins increase viscosity, while mucins reduce viscosity.
T272 136336-136439 Sentence denotes The levels of the various pro-and antifoaming compounds in saliva are dependent on the gland of origin.
T273 136440-136527 Sentence denotes The parotid and submaxillary glands produce saliva with a high concentration of mucins.
T274 136528-136625 Sentence denotes These glands actively secrete saliva when the animal is eating and when ruminal pressure is high.
T275 136626-136779 Sentence denotes The buffering action of saliva may raise the pH of the ruminal contents above the range at which soluble proteins are most likely to produce stable foam.
T276 136780-136930 Sentence denotes The knowledge of the full role played by saliva in bloat is still incomplete, and more research in this area may show that other factors are involved.
T277 136931-137053 Sentence denotes Rations high in concentrate and low in roughage not only reduce saliva secretion, they also change the ruminal microflora.
T278 137054-137215 Sentence denotes They promote the growth of large numbers of encapsulated bacteria, which increase the concentration of polysaccharides, and these in turn increase the viscosity.
T279 137216-137294 Sentence denotes These bacteria are also often mucinolytic and may destroy the salivary mucins.
T280 137295-137410 Sentence denotes Perhaps this explains the more gradual onset of feedlot bloat, since it takes time for the ruminal flora to change.
T281 137411-137634 Sentence denotes The cause of death in bloat is probably due to the combined effects of increased intraabdominal pressure on the diaphragm, inhibiting respiration, and the shunting of a large volume of blood away from the abdominal viscera.
T282 137635-137685 Sentence denotes Anoxia may be caused by respiratory embarrassment.
T283 137686-137790 Sentence denotes Increased intraabdominal pressure also has a marked effect on the hemodynamics of the abdominal viscera.
T284 137791-137921 Sentence denotes There is compression of the posterior vena cava, which results in a redirection of blood flow from the caudal areas of the animal.
T285 137922-138093 Sentence denotes The blood is shunted through the lumbar veins, into the longitudinal vertebral sinuses, from there to the intercostal veins, and into the hemiazygos or costocervical vein.
T286 138094-138231 Sentence denotes There is considerable variation among animals, and in individual animals from day to day, in the ruminal pressures that can be tolerated.
T287 138232-138402 Sentence denotes The bloated animal is often found dead and distended with gas; blood exudes from the orifices, and because of the gaseous distension, the carcass often rolls on its back.
T288 138403-138491 Sentence denotes The blood is dark and clots poorly; both features are indicative of death due to anoxia.
T289 138492-138553 Sentence denotes Subcutaneous hemorrhages are prominent in the neck and trunk.
T290 138554-138672 Sentence denotes There is marked edema, congestion, and hemorrhage of the cervical muscles and of the lymph nodes of the head and neck.
T291 138673-138782 Sentence denotes An inconsistent, but significant, finding is the so-called bloat line in the esophageal mucosa ( Fig. 1.8E ).
T292 138783-138994 Sentence denotes This lesion is formed due to congestion with petechial and ecchymotic hemorrhages in the mucosa of the cervical esophagus, which changes abruptly or gradually to a pale mucosa at the level of the thoracic inlet.
T293 138995-139073 Sentence denotes The tracheal mucosa is hemorrhagic, especially anterior to the thoracic inlet.
T294 139074-139155 Sentence denotes Blood clots are frequently seen in the bronchi and paranasal and frontal sinuses.
T295 139156-139231 Sentence denotes The lungs are compressed into the anterior thorax by the bulging diaphragm.
T296 139232-139306 Sentence denotes There is pressure ischemia of the abdominal viscera, especially the liver.
T297 139307-139365 Sentence denotes The extreme margins of the hepatic lobes may be congested.
T298 139366-139420 Sentence denotes Lymph nodes and the muscles of the hind legs are pale.
T299 139421-139500 Sentence denotes There may be marked subcutaneous edema, particularly of the vulva and perineum.
T300 139501-139583 Sentence denotes If the autopsy is done soon after death, the ruminal contents are bulky and foamy.
T301 139584-139690 Sentence denotes The foam gradually disappears after death and is usually absent if the autopsy is delayed for 10 to 12 hr.
T302 139691-139755 Sentence denotes Inguinal hernia and diaphragmatic rupture may occur after death.
T303 139756-139867 Sentence denotes Secondary tympany, or secondary bloat, may be acute but is usually chronic, with periods of acute exacerbation.
T304 139868-139987 Sentence denotes It is usually the result of a physical or functional defect in eructation of gas produced by normal rumen fermentation.
T305 139988-140177 Sentence denotes The more common physical problems include obstructions of the esophagus or esophageal groove by tumor, papilloma, or foreign body; reticular adhesions; and esophageal stenosis of any cause.
T306 140178-140320 Sentence denotes Functional causes of secondary tympany include organophosphate intoxication and vagal damage due to adhesion or lymphosarcomatous infiltrates.
T307 140321-140461 Sentence denotes It is a component of the syndromes collectively termed "vagus indigestion." Secondary tympany, sometimes fatal, occurs in bucket-fed calves.
T308 140462-140674 Sentence denotes A diagnosis of secondary bloat at autopsy is based on physical findings like those described in primary bloat, but without frothy rumen content, and with the addition of any physical cause of impaired eructation.
T309 140675-140738 Sentence denotes Bloat must be differentiated from other causes of sudden death.
T310 140739-140852 Sentence denotes These include hypomagnesemia, blackleg, malignant edema, anthrax, lightning stroke, and accidental electrocution.
T311 140853-140983 Sentence denotes None of these conditions has lesions associated with the redistribution of abdominal blood flow, nor are the rumen contents foamy.
T312 140984-141101 Sentence denotes The bacterial infections are characterized by typical muscle lesions in the case of blackleg and malignant edema, and
T313 141102-141186 Sentence denotes there are septicemic lesions including an enlarged raspberry-like spleen in anthrax.
T314 141187-141296 Sentence denotes Ruminal distention occurs with grain overload; however, the contents are watery and have a fermentative odor.
T315 141297-141376 Sentence denotes Postmortem distention of the rumen must not be mistaken for antemortem tympany.
T316 141377-141448 Sentence denotes Extraruminal lesions must be present to establish a diagnosis of bloat.
T317 141449-141627 Sentence denotes Cattle are notoriously lacking in alimentary finesse, a deficiency that allows an amazing variety of foreign bodies, prehended with the food, to be deposited in the forestomachs.
T318 141628-141699 Sentence denotes Sheep are largely immune because of their more selective eating habits.
T319 141700-141814 Sentence denotes Foreign bodies are rarely found in the rumen of goats, despite their reputation for indiscriminate feeding habits.
T320 141815-141968 Sentence denotes In consequence, a large proportion of adult cattle, and very few goats or sheep, have foreign bodies in the rumen and reticulum but rarely in the omasum.
T321 141969-142053 Sentence denotes It is possible that many of the lighter and smaller foreign bodies are regurgitated.
T322 142054-142188 Sentence denotes Foreign bodies consisting largely of hair or wool (trichobezoars), or plant fibers (phytobezoars) may also form in these compartments.
T323 142189-142328 Sentence denotes Hair balls are most common in younger ruminants, the hair being swallowed after licking, particularly by animals deprived of dietary fiber.
T324 142329-142489 Sentence denotes They may have some other foreign body as a nucleus and contain a proportion of plant fibers, the whole mass concreted by organic substances and inorganic salts.
T325 142490-142538 Sentence denotes The same general comments apply to phytobezoars.
T326 142539-142671 Sentence denotes Being smooth, neither are important unless regurgitated to lodge in the esophagus or passed on to obstruct the pylorus or intestine.
T327 142672-142827 Sentence denotes The important foreign bodies are those, such as lead, that when dissolved cause intoxication, and those that being abrasive or sharp, penetrate the mucosa.
T328 142828-142978 Sentence denotes In calves on diets low in roughage, ingestion of wood shavings or straw may lead to diffuse cellulitis of the forestomachs and sometimes the abomasum.
T329 142979-143077 Sentence denotes A mixed bacterial flora containing Clostridia is responsible, presumably following mucosal trauma.
T330 143078-143170 Sentence denotes The sequel to penetration by sharp objects in adult cattle is traumatic reticuloperitonitis.
T331 143171-143190 Sentence denotes ITS COMPLICA-TIONS.
T332 143191-143356 Sentence denotes Perforation of the forestomachs by foreign bodies virtually always is a penetration of the reticular wall by a sharp foreign body, usually a piece of wire or a nail.
T333 143357-143570 Sentence denotes Incomplete perforation of the wall is usually without significant effect, although in some cases a suppurative or granulomatous inflammation develops in the wall of the reticulum, with minor overlying peritonitis.
T334 143571-143688 Sentence denotes There are no adequate answers as to why perforation occurs or why it is so frequently in the anteroventral direction.
T335 143689-143867 Sentence denotes It is probably caused by forceful contraction of the reticulum, and many cases seem to be precipitated by the increased intraabdominal pressure of late pregnancy and parturition.
T336 143868-143985 Sentence denotes There is a rather uniform train of events when complete perforation occurs, but variations of the pattern are common.
T337 143986-144103 Sentence denotes The perforation is usually in the antero ventral direction and is followed immediately by an acute local peritonitis.
T338 144104-144318 Sentence denotes If the foreign body is short or bent, it may progress no further, and some foreign bodies are apparently withdrawn with the reticular movement; in such instances a chronic local peritonitis with adhesions develops.
T339 144319-144465 Sentence denotes The foreign body may advance to perforate the diaphragm and pericardium, resulting in traumatic pericarditis, but this advancement may be delayed.
T340 144466-144558 Sentence denotes A ventral penetration may result in subperitoneal and subcutaneous abscess near the xiphoid.
T341 144559-144765 Sentence denotes Rare perforation of one of the larger regional arteries may result in sudden death from hemorrhage, and sudden death may also occur if there is penetration of the myocardium or rupture of a coronary artery.
T342 144766-144884 Sentence denotes Penetration of the thoracic cavity may occur without perforation of the pericardium and cause pneumonia and pleuritis.
T343 144885-144981 Sentence denotes Right lateral deviation of the penetrating agent causes involvement of the wall of the abomasum.
T344 144982-145087 Sentence denotes It is unusual for the liver or spleen to be penetrated, but metastatic abscesses in the liver are common.
T345 145088-145276 Sentence denotes As soon as the foreign body penetrates the serosa, a local fibrinous peritonitis develops, leading later to dense adhesion of variable extent between the reticulum and adjacent structures.
T346 145277-145480 Sentence denotes Further progression of the foreign body is ordinarily slow and produces a canal surrounded by chronic granulation tissue and containing, besides the foreign body, ingesta, purulent exudate, and detritus.
T347 145481-145616 Sentence denotes The bacteria commonly active in the tract are Corynebacterium pyogenes, Fusobacterium necrophorum, and a variety of putrefactive types.
T348 145617-145736 Sentence denotes In many cases, a foreign body cannot be found, perhaps because it has rusted away or been withdrawn into the reticulum.
T349 145737-145895 Sentence denotes Traumatic pericarditis is a less common sequel now, perhaps because so many of the initial penetrations are diagnosed and the foreign body removed surgically.
T350 145896-145961 Sentence denotes The pericardial reaction is copious, fibrinopurulent, and putrid.
T351 145962-146076 Sentence denotes There are usually additional lesions of traumatic pneumonia and pleurisy, with emphysema from rupture of the lung.
T352 146077-146219 Sentence denotes The prophylactic use of magnets has become common practice in many herds, and this probably contributes to the marked decrease in fatal cases.
T353 146220-146417 Sentence denotes Frequently, these magnets are found incidentally in the reticulum, completely covered with metal foreign bodies, including nails and wires, which might otherwise have penetrated the reticular wall.
T354 146418-146544 Sentence denotes The replacement of baling wire with binder twine is another reason for the apparent decline in the prevalence of this disease.
T355 146545-146761 Sentence denotes One of the variants in the usual pattern of migration of the foreign body is penetration of the side of the reticulum, leading to a suppurative inflammation in the grooves between the reticulum, omasum, and abomasum.
T356 146762-146899 Sentence denotes Although the acute local peritonitis causes immediate cessation of ruminal movements, a persistent ruminal atony or inactivity may ensue.
T357 146900-147025 Sentence denotes Clinically, this is referred to as "vagus indigestion," and at autopsy there are very characteristic changes in the stomachs.
T358 147026-147175 Sentence denotes In "vagus indigestion," the abomasum may be distended and impacted with dry ingesta presumably due to functional pyloric stenosis or abomasal stasis.
T359 147176-147260 Sentence denotes The omasum in this condition can be very large and impacted with dehydrated ingesta.
T360 147261-147345 Sentence denotes The rumen is distended with enough fluid to cause sloshing if the carcass is jolted.
T361 147346-147463 Sentence denotes There is no ruminal fermentation or odor, and bits of unmacerated straw and food particles float on the watery fluid.
T362 147464-147503 Sentence denotes The more normal ingesta has sedimented.
T363 147504-147627 Sentence denotes The question of the importance of vagal nerve damage in the pathogenesis of so-called vagus indigestion remains unresolved.
T364 147628-147793 Sentence denotes The rumen and reticulum are dependent on intact vagi for normal movement, and a minority of cases of "vagus indigestion" appear to be associated with damaged nerves.
T365 147794-147886 Sentence denotes Vagal lesions may be intrathoracic, such as in lymphosarcomatous infiltration, or abdominal.
T366 147887-148018 Sentence denotes The latter are usually investment of the nerve in adhesions following reticular perforation, or trauma following abomasal volvulus.
T367 148019-148268 Sentence denotes In other cases, degeneration of the vagus is not evident, and the dysfunction and lesions are more likely to be due to peritonitis and the subsequent abscessation or adhesions that interfere with normal motility of the forestomachs and the abomasum.
T368 148269-148520 Sentence denotes A diagnosis of vagal indigestion at autopsy is orinarily dependent on evidence of abnormal abomasal, omasal, or reticuloruminal motility, in association with morphologic lesions of the vagus nerves, or adhesion involving the forestomachs and abomasum.
T1 148521-148637 Sentence denotes Inflammatory lesions in the forestomachs occur in a number of viral diseases of the alimentary mucosae in ruminants.
T2 148638-148755 Sentence denotes In neonatal calves, necrosis of ruminal mucosa is an important sequel to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis infection.
T3 148756-148837 Sentence denotes Bovine papular stomatitis and contagious ecthyma will rarely cause rumen lesions.
T4 148838-148977 Sentence denotes Rumenal erosions and ulcers are present in some cattle with bovine virus diarrhea; they are reportedly less frequently found in rinderpest.
T5 148978-149079 Sentence denotes Extensive hemorrhage and ulceration of the reticuloruminal mucosa may be seen in bluetongue in sheep.
T6 149080-149163 Sentence denotes Adenovirus infection occasionally causes a multifocal fibrinohemorrhagic rumenitis.
T7 149164-149247 Sentence denotes Focal or diffuse rumenitis may be present in cattle with malignant catarrhal fever.
T8 149248-149349 Sentence denotes These conditions are described under Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract.
T9 149350-149560 Sentence denotes A mild inflammation of the forestomachs occurs in some young calves fed milk from a pail, when, because of laxity of the esophageal groove reflex, the milk spills into the rumen and reticulum in large quantity.
T10 149561-149615 Sentence denotes A similar problem occurs with feeding by stomach tube.
T11 149616-149675 Sentence denotes Putrefaction in these compartments leads to mild rumenitis.
T12 149676-149871 Sentence denotes Accidental consumption of excessive quantitites of urea, in the form of nonprotein nitrogen supplement, or fertilizer, in liquid or powder form, results in the production of ammonia in the rumen.
T13 149872-149998 Sentence denotes The toxic effect is accelerated by urease in soy-based rations and is based on the production of high blood levels of ammonia.
T14 149999-150116 Sentence denotes A history of abdominal pain and central nervous signs such as incoordination and violent struggling may be available.
T15 150117-150292 Sentence denotes Rumen contents smell ammoniacal when the organ is opened, the content is alkaline, and there may be congestion or coagulation necrosis of the antero ventral wall of the rumen.
T16 150293-150417 Sentence denotes A more common form of acute chemical rumenitis develops after overeating on rapidly fermentable carbohydrate, usually grain.
T17 150418-150557 Sentence denotes Ruminal acidosis and rumenitis associated with ingestion of excess carbohydrate is a problem mainly of intensive beef and dairy production.
T18 150558-150624 Sentence denotes Sheep and, especially, goats are also susceptible to this problem.
T19 150625-150843 Sentence denotes Its importance lies partly in loss of production and partly in mortality due to the acute disease, in which the rumenitis is of minor significance, and the lactic acidosis is the major cause of morbidity and mortality.
T20 150844-151009 Sentence denotes Rumenitis assumes sig-nificance in subclinical disease or in survivors of acute episodes by providing a portal for the entry for fungi and Fusobacterium necrophorum.
T21 151010-151050 Sentence denotes These complications are discussed below.
T22 151051-151081 Sentence denotes There are other complications.
T23 151082-151186 Sentence denotes Primary tympany (frothy bloat) may coexist and be the fatal partner of grain overload in feedlot cattle.
T24 151187-151371 Sentence denotes Ruminal acidosis usually follows the ingestion of excess carbohydrate in the form of grain or other fermentable feedstuffs occasionally used, such as bread, brewer's waste, and apples.
T25 151372-151514 Sentence denotes There is a wide variation in the amount of carbohydrate necessary to kill an animal, because tolerance to rations high in starch does develop.
T26 151515-151650 Sentence denotes Sudden increments in the amount of carbohydrate ingested are of more importance than the actual amount, provided this increases slowly.
T27 151651-151838 Sentence denotes In sheep, for which some information is available, -60 g of wheat per kilogram of body weight must be ingested to cause death; probably this figure is generally applicable to cattle also.
T28 151839-151911 Sentence denotes Lesser amounts than this may cause illness but permit eventual recovery.
T29 151912-152014 Sentence denotes Even after cattle are accustomed to high concentrate rations, they may still develop ruminal acidosis.
T30 152015-152128 Sentence denotes Sudden changes from concentrates with lower energy values to those with higher values may predispose to acidosis.
T31 152129-152311 Sentence denotes Extreme environmental temperature changes, either hotter or cooler, may result in temporary reductions in feed consumption, and acidosis may develop once animals return to full feed.
T32 152312-152405 Sentence denotes Shortly after the ingestion of a toxic amount of carbohydrate, the ruminal pH begins to fall.
T33 152406-152529 Sentence denotes The decrease in pH during the first 8 hr is mainly due to an increase in dissociated volatile fatty acids, not lactic acid.
T34 152530-152697 Sentence denotes The production of the latter increases after there has been a marked change in the ruminal flora, which is very responsive to the substrate available for fermentation.
T35 152698-152803 Sentence denotes The normal pH of ruminal fluid in cattle and sheep varies between 5.5 and 7.5, depending on the diet fed.
T36 152804-152925 Sentence denotes The Gram-negative bacteria that predominate in the normal flora and the protozoa are very sensitive to changes in the pH.
T37 152926-152977 Sentence denotes Most of these organisms die at a pH of 5.0 or less.
T38 152978-153160 Sentence denotes Once the pH of the ruminal contents starts to fall, there is a rapid proliferation of streptococci, mainly Streptococcus bovis, and these bacteria are the main source of lactic acid.
T39 153161-153184 Sentence denotes When the pH reaches 5 .
T40 153185-153191 Sentence denotes 0 -4 .
T41 153192-153278 Sentence denotes 5 , the numbers of streptococci decrease, with a concomitant increase in lactobacilli.
T42 153279-153348 Sentence denotes The pH of rumen content may fall as low as 4.5 to 4.0 in fatal cases.
T43 153349-153531 Sentence denotes As the ruminal pH drops, ruminal atony develops, mainly as the result of an increase in the concentration of dissociated fatty acids, rather than of lactic acid, as was once thought.
T44 153532-153629 Sentence denotes There is also a cessation of salivary secretion so that the buffering effect of saliva is absent.
T45 153630-153732 Sentence denotes The increase in ruminal organic acids, mainly lactate, causes an increase in ruminal osmotic pressure.
T46 153733-153865 Sentence denotes This results in movement of fluid from the blood into the rumen, producing bulky and liquid ruminal contents and severe dehydration.
T47 153866-153964 Sentence denotes There is a reduction in plasma volume; hemoconcentration, anuria, and circulatory collapse follow.
T48 153965-154069 Sentence denotes Serum protein levels, urea, inorganic phosphorus, lactate, pyruvate, and liver enzymes are all elevated.
T49 154070-154200 Sentence denotes The osmotic pressure of the intestinal contents also increases when the ingesta with the high lactate concentration arrives there.
T50 154201-154386 Sentence denotes Loss of fluid at this level probably contributes further to the dehydration, and it may also play a significant role in the development of the diarrhea that is commonly seen clinically.
T51 154387-154564 Sentence denotes In those animals that survive the acute phase of ruminal acidosis, complete recovery is delayed until a normal ruminal flora is reestablished through contact with other animals.
T52 154565-154702 Sentence denotes A temporary recovery may be followed by what appears clinically to be a relapse in acidosis, but which is a developing mycotic rumenitis.
T53 154703-154829 Sentence denotes If treatment of the initial fluid imbalance is delayed, death may occur in a week or so from ischemic renal cortical necrosis.
T54 154830-154965 Sentence denotes In addition to the osmotic effects, there is acidosis due to the absorption of lactate from the rumen, and possibly from the intestine.
T55 154966-155054 Sentence denotes Almost equal concentrations of D and L isomers of lactic acid are produced in the rumen.
T56 155055-155218 Sentence denotes However, the D isomer of lactic acid is poorly metabolized by the host and hence accumulates eventually to a much higher concentration in plasma than the L isomer.
T57 155219-155350 Sentence denotes This is probably reinforced by endogenous lactate produced in the state of relative anaerobiosis of peripheral circulatory failure.
T58 155351-155439 Sentence denotes The blood pH may drop as low as 7.0, which causes a marked depletion of alkali reserves.
T59 155440-155630 Sentence denotes Absorption of Dlactate exceeds the rate of metabolic breakdown, and further aggravation of the acidosis may occur when the excretion of this isomer is impaired due to reduced renal function.
T60 155631-155800 Sentence denotes Such a reduction in the plasma clearance of lactic acid occurs only after the blood pH drops to 7.14 or less and lactic acid levels have risen to -25 ml/liter or higher.
T61 155801-155963 Sentence denotes There are other toxic factors, including histamine, produced in this disease, but the amounts absorbed from an acid rumen are probably too low to have any effect.
T62 155964-156045 Sentence denotes The low ruminal pH that develops is lethal to much of the normal flora and fauna.
T63 156046-156137 Sentence denotes The protozoa appear to be particularly sensitive, but many types of bacteria are also lost.
T64 156138-156300 Sentence denotes Therefore, in animals that show signs of immediate recovery, with or without therapeutic aid, the reestablishment of normal fermentation reactions may be delayed.
T65 156301-156492 Sentence denotes The morbid anatomy of this metabolic disease is not specific, and a practical diagnosis requires knowledge of access to fermentable carbohydrate and a clinically observed circulatory failure.
T66 156493-156632 Sentence denotes At autopsy, the eyes are sunken and the blood may be thick and dark due to dehydration and hypoxia, and there is general venous congestion.
T67 156633-156756 Sentence denotes The appearance of the ruminal contents varies with the time interval between ingestion of the carbohydrate and the autopsy.
T68 156757-156876 Sentence denotes In the early stages, there is a copious amount of porridge-like rumen contents, which has a distinct fermentative odor.
T69 156877-157034 Sentence denotes The amount of grain or corn varies considerably and is an unreliable indication of acidosis, and the presence of finely ground concentrate may be overlooked.
T70 157035-157084 Sentence denotes Ruminal pH is helpful only when it is low ( < 5 .
T71 157085-157137 Sentence denotes 0 ) , since it may rise in later stages of acidosis.
T72 157138-157284 Sentence denotes Although the ruminal contents may appear relatively normal in more advanced cases of acidosis, the intestinal contents tend to remain very watery.
T73 157285-157427 Sentence denotes Absence of protozoa is consistent with chemical rumenitis but is also influenced by the interval between death and the postmortem examination.
T74 157428-157490 Sentence denotes The diagnosis of ruminal acidosis at autopsy can be difficult.
T75 157491-157540 Sentence denotes The most suggestive abnormality is the rumenitis.
T76 157541-157631 Sentence denotes It is probably chemical and dependent on the low pH, and is not readily discerned grossly.
T77 157632-157780 Sentence denotes There may be a slight, poorly defined bluish coloration in the ventral sac of the rumen and reticulum and in the omasum, visible through the serosa.
T78 157781-157868 Sentence denotes When the epithelium is detached, the lamina propria is seen to be hyperemic in patches.
T79 157869-157985 Sentence denotes Microscopic examination of the ruminal mucosa is the most reliable way to confirm a diagnosis of chemical rumenitis.
T80 157986-158023 Sentence denotes The ruminal papillae appear enlarged.
T81 158024-158119 Sentence denotes There is marked cytoplasmic vacuolation of the epithelial cells, often leading to vesiculation.
T82 158120-158212 Sentence denotes A mild to marked neutrophilic reaction is evident in the mucosa and submucosa ( Fig. 1.8C ).
T83 158213-158277 Sentence denotes Focal areas of erosion and ulceration may or may not be present.
T84 158278-158364 Sentence denotes Fusobacterium necrophorum is a normal inhabitant of the anaerobic ruminal environment.
T85 158365-158560 Sentence denotes This bacterium is usually responsible for the infective complications of ruminal acidosis, and it produces characteristic lesions in the forestomachs ( Fig. 1 .9A-C) and metastases in the liver.
T86 158561-158733 Sentence denotes Invasion of the wall of the rumen probably does not occur with significant frequency unless a foothold is provided by the superficial necrosis and inflammation of acidosis.
T87 158734-158888 Sentence denotes Necrobacillary rumenitis is common in feedlot cattle, probably a product of mild acidosis following a too rapid introduction to a high-concentrate ration.
T88 158889-159054 Sentence denotes It is also an observed complication in other cattle, especially dairy cows, which gain access to unusual amounts of grain, and in sheep under the same circumstances.
T89 159055-159157 Sentence denotes Necrobacillary rumenitis affects the papillated areas of the ventral sac and occasionally the pillars.
T90 159158-159379 Sentence denotes On the inner surface, the early lesions are visible as multiple, irregular patches from 2 to 15 cm across, in which the villi are swollen, dark, slightly mushy, and matted together by fibrinocellular inflammatory exudate.
T91 159380-159480 Sentence denotes The affected villi are necrotic, but ulceration may be delayed if there is ruminal atony and stasis.
T92 159481-159652 Sentence denotes If the animal recovers from the immediate effects of overeating, the necrotic epithelium sloughs, the ulcer contracts, and epithelial regeneration begins from the margins.
T93 159653-159750 Sentence denotes The regenerated epithelium is flat and white, and the specialized villi do not completely return.
T94 159751-159847 Sentence denotes A stellate scar remains, but many of the smaller lesions may disappear completely ( Fig. 1.9C ).
T95 159848-160100 Sentence denotes Hepatic metastases are initially typical of necrobacillosis, consisting of coagulative necrosis, but in time they liquefy to form typical abscesses and these often persist long after the initial ruminal lesions have healed, cicatrized, and disappeared.
T96 160101-160307 Sentence denotes It is unusual for ruminal necrobacillosis in cattle to be more than a superficial infection, and although the muscle layers are involved in the inflammation, they are not ordinarily invaded by the organism.
T97 160308-160391 Sentence denotes Infection of the omasum differs in that perforation of the omasal leaves is common.
T98 160392-160451 Sentence denotes In sheep, the infection is more progressive than in cattle.
T99 160452-160582 Sentence denotes When inflammation in the wall of the forestomachs extends to the serosa and is hemorrhagic, mycotic infection should be suspected.
T100 160583-160787 Sentence denotes The fungi, which are opportunists like Fusobacterium necrophorum, are usually members of the genera Mucor, Rhizopus, and Absidia, and these cannot be differentiated from each other in histologic sections.
T101 160788-160854 Sentence denotes In the few cases cultured, the incriminated organism was Rhizopus.
T102 160855-160956 Sentence denotes Mycotic rumenitis is much more severe and extensive than necrobacillary rumenitis and is often fatal.
T103 160957-161084 Sentence denotes The inflammation extends to the peritoneum, causing a hemorrhagic and fibrinous peritonitis that mats the omentum to the rumen.
T104 161085-161162 Sentence denotes In fatal cases, most of the ventral sac and parts of the omasum are involved.
T105 161163-161313 Sentence denotes The lesions are very striking and suggest on initial inspection that the walls have been massively infarcted, which in part they have ( Fig. 1.8A,B ).
T106 161314-161395 Sentence denotes The margins are well demarcated, usually by a narrow zone of congestive swelling.
T107 161396-161496 Sentence denotes The affected areas are red to black in color, thickened to a centimeter or more, firm, and leathery.
T108 161497-161647 Sentence denotes There is acute fibrinohemorrhagic inflammation of the overlying peritoneum, and beneath it in the grooves there is a bloodstained, inflammatory edema.
T109 161648-161767 Sentence denotes Thrombosis, as the result of vasculitis due to the invasion of the vessels by the fungus, is the basis for this lesion.
T110 161768-161955 Sentence denotes On the inner surface of the rumen, the lesions are more hemorrhagic than those of necrobacillosis, and often more irregular in outline, and the necrotic epithelium is difficult to detach.
T111 161956-162128 Sentence denotes Histologically, the rumenitis is characterized by hemorrhagic necrosis of all structures in the wall, by copious fibrinous exudate, and by rather scant leukocytic reaction.
T112 162129-162275 Sentence denotes A severely necrotizing vasculitis is characteristic, the fungus being readily visible in the necrotic tissues and the lumina of the blood vessels.
T113 162276-162479 Sentence denotes Metastases sometimes occur in the liver and cause a necrotizing thrombophlebitis of the portal radicles, visible as small irregular, tan areas of infarction surrounded by a deep red margin ( Fig. 1.8D ).
T114 162480-162655 Sentence denotes Other conditions that have been associated with ruminal acidosis are laminitis and an encephalopathy that morphologically resembles the lesions of early polioencephalomalacia.
T115 162656-162738 Sentence denotes The pathogenesis of laminitis are discussed in the Skin and Appendages (Volume 1).
T116 162739-162810 Sentence denotes The encephalopathy has been observed in experimental acidosis in sheep.
T117 162811-162854 Sentence denotes Grossly, the brain is swollen due to edema.
T118 162855-162976 Sentence denotes The cerebellar vermis prolapses into the fourth ventricle, and there is coning of the cerebellum into the foramen magnum.
T119 162977-163093 Sentence denotes Microscopically, there is neuronal degeneration of the middle laminae of the cerebral cortex and perivascular edema.
T120 163094-163153 Sentence denotes These lesions may be due to an induced thiamine deficiency.
T121 163154-163186 Sentence denotes There is no storage of thiamine.
T122 163187-163317 Sentence denotes In the normal ruminal flora, thiamine production depends on a delicate balance between thiamine and thiaminase-producing bacteria.
T123 163318-163448 Sentence denotes In ruminal acidosis this balance may be disturbed by the proliferation of Streptococcus bovis, which is known to consume thiamine.
T124 163449-163590 Sentence denotes In addition, the acid medium may be favorable for thiaminase-producing organisms such as Clostridium sporogenes and Bacillus thiaminolyticus.
T125 163591-163719 Sentence denotes The prevalence of the cerebral lesions in spontaneous cases of ruminal acidosis is not known but warrants further investigation.
T126 163720-163777 Sentence denotes Gongylonema species occur in the epithelium of the rumen.
T127 163778-163821 Sentence denotes They appear as described for the esophagus.
T128 163822-163858 Sentence denotes They are insignificant as pathogens.
T129 163859-163950 Sentence denotes More important parasites are the conical flukes belonging to the family Paramphistomatidae.
T130 163951-164039 Sentence denotes They are found in cattle and sheep in warm temperate, subtropical, and tropical regions.
T131 164040-164202 Sentence denotes These reddish, plump, droplet-shaped flukes are about the size of the papillae between which they reside in the rumen, where they are nonpathogenic ( Fig. 1.9D ).
T132 164203-164303 Sentence denotes Their significance lies in the potential for larval paramphistomes in the duodenum to cause disease.
T133 164304-164435 Sentence denotes The biology and pathogenicity of paramphistomes is discussed under Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract.
T134 164436-164591 Sentence denotes Myiasis of the rumen caused by larvae of the "screwworm" fly Cochliomyia hominivorax is occasionally a cause of mortality in young calves in South America.
T135 164592-164666 Sentence denotes The larvae are pre-sumed to be licked from cutaneous wounds and swallowed.
T136 164667-164708 Sentence denotes They lodge in the rumen and perforate it.
T137 164709-164820 Sentence denotes Neoplasia of the esophagus and reticulorumen is, with the exception of papilloma, uncommon in domestic animals.
T138 164821-164912 Sentence denotes Papillomas of the esophagus in dogs are uncommon and may be associated with oral papilloma.
T139 164913-164998 Sentence denotes In cattle, papillomas of the esophagus and reticulorumen may be common in some areas.
T140 164999-165133 Sentence denotes They are caused by bovine papillomavirus type 4, which infects only squamous mucosa of the mouth, pharynx, and upper alimentary tract.
T141 165134-165249 Sentence denotes Bovine alimentary papillomas are usually solitary, though a minority of infected animals may have multiple lesions.
T142 165250-165272 Sentence denotes Most are small ( < 1 .
T143 165273-165328 Sentence denotes 0 cm), broadly pedunculate, tapering, acuminate masses.
T144 165329-165496 Sentence denotes They are composed of a number of closely packed fronds of squamous epithelium, each supported by a light core of fibrous stroma and arising from a common fibrous base.
T145 165497-165627 Sentence denotes Some form flattened sessile hyperplastic epithelial plaques, while others, usually limited to the esophagus, form fibropapillomas.
T146 165628-165815 Sentence denotes The latter are smooth, nodular masses comprised of acanthotic epithelium supported by a fibromatous stroma, occasionally found in close physical association with a more typical papilloma.
T147 165816-165988 Sentence denotes In a low proportion of typical alimentary papillomas in cattle, but not in fibropapillomas, eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies may be present in keratinizing cells.
T148 165989-166106 Sentence denotes In these, and in vacuolate nuclei containing amphophilic material, papovaviruses may be found by electron microscopy.
T149 166107-166250 Sentence denotes Papillomas are normally asymptomatic, though large lesions of the reticular groove and esophagus may interfere with eructation and deglutition.
T150 166251-166348 Sentence denotes Malignant neoplasms of the esophagus and forestomachs in ruminants are ordinarily extremely rare.
T151 166349-166464 Sentence denotes In several localities, however, squamous-cell carcinoma is relatively commonly found in association with papilloma.
T152 166465-166723 Sentence denotes It has been suggested that an interaction between viral papillomas and ingestion of carcinogens in bracken fern predisposes to the development of squamous-cell carcinomas of the esophagus and forestomachs in the hill country of Scotland and northern England.
T153 166724-166798 Sentence denotes In Brazil a similar association is made with carcinomas of the oropharynx.
T154 166799-167058 Sentence denotes A high prevalence of carcinoma of the esophagus and forestomachs also has been reported from a single valley in Kenya, in association with papillomas, not confirmed as viral, and with a carcinogen apparently ingested with or derived from native forest plants.
T155 167059-167218 Sentence denotes Esophageal and ruminal carcinomas are associated with dysphagia or difficult deglutition, rumen tympany, and apparent abdominal pain with progressive cachexia.
T156 167219-167383 Sentence denotes Concurrent papillomas, carcinomas, and hemangiomas of the bladder like those causing enzootic hematuria are often found in cattle with esophageal or ruminal cancer.
T157 167384-167466 Sentence denotes In Scotland, intestinal adenomas or adenocarcinomas were also found in many cases.
T158 167467-167673 Sentence denotes Esophageal and ruminal carcinoma may be seen developing from recognizable papillomas, as brownish, irregular, roughened hyperplastic epithelium, or as ulcerated or irregular proliferative fungating lesions.
T159 167674-167792 Sentence denotes The distal esophagus, reticular groove, and adjacent ruminal wall are the sites most commonly affected with carcinoma.
T160 167793-167916 Sentence denotes Microscopically, they are typical squamous-cell carcinomas and invade locally, causing induration of the wall of the organ.
T161 167917-168003 Sentence denotes They may metastasize to local lymph nodes and to distant sites such as liver and lung.
T162 168004-168265 Sentence denotes Squamous-cell carcinomas may also be encountered rarely in the esophagus of cats, where they develop in the distal portion, forming proliferative plaques of neoplastic cells that eventually ulcerate and invade the wall of the esophagus and adjacent mediastinum.
T163 168266-168366 Sentence denotes In horses, squamous-cell carcinomas of the stomach may also involve the adjacent terminal esophagus.
T164 168367-168531 Sentence denotes Mesenchymal tumors of the esophagus, with the exception of the Sp/rocerca-associated fibrosarcomas and osteosarcomas in dogs, referred to previously, are very rare.
T165 168532-168589 Sentence denotes Connective-tissue tumors of the rumen are similarly rare.
T166 168590-168732 Sentence denotes Occasional involvement of the omasum and reticulum by direct extension from adjacent affected abomasum may occur in cattle with lymphosarcoma.
T167 168733-168848 Sentence denotes Invasion of or metastasis to the canine esophagus by thyroid, respiratory, and gastric carcinomas is also reported.
T168 168849-169052 Sentence denotes Particular attention should be paid to the stomach in the examination of animals of any species with a history of inappetence or anorexia, cachexia, hypoproteinemia, diarrhea, regurgitation, or vomition.
T169 169053-169132 Sentence denotes Abdominal distention may be associated with gastric dilatation or displacement.
T170 169133-169193 Sentence denotes Hematemesis, melena, or anemia may signify gastric bleeding.
T171 169194-169299 Sentence denotes Many infectious diseases with major systemic or alimentary tract signs elsewhere produce gastric lesions.
T172 169300-169396 Sentence denotes Systemic states such as uremia and toxemia cause characteristic gastric lesions in some species.
T173 169397-169486 Sentence denotes In the horse and pig, an obvious smooth, white or yellowish esophageal region is present.
T174 169487-169631 Sentence denotes It is covered by stratified squamous epithelium, with susceptibility to insult and reparative capacity similar to that of the esophageal lining.
T175 169632-169749 Sentence denotes This area is most extensive in the horse, incorporating the cranial third of the stomach, including the saccus cecus.
T176 169750-169835 Sentence denotes The pars esophagea of the stomach of the pig is a rectangular area around the cardia.
T177 169836-170031 Sentence denotes Chronic inflammatory infiltrates and lymphoid follicles are normally present in the lamina propria and submucosa of the cardiac gland mucosa abutting the esophageal region, especially in the pig.
T178 170032-170207 Sentence denotes The cardiac gland zone has a grayish color and is particularly well developed in this species, lining the gastric diverticulum, fundus, and about half the body of the stomach.
T179 170208-170315 Sentence denotes In the dog, cat, and ruminant, cardiac glands are limited to a narrow zone at the cardia or omasal opening.
T180 170316-170500 Sentence denotes Cardiac glands are branched tubular structures, lined almost exclusively by columnar mucous cells with a few endocrine cells interspersed, though chief cells may be present in the pig.
T181 170501-170648 Sentence denotes These glands open into gastric pits or foveolae, which are lined by tall columnar mucous cells continuous with the covering of the gastric surface.
T182 170649-170890 Sentence denotes The anterior portions of the equine and porcine stomach are so modified to permit bacterial fermentation and evolution of volatile fatty acids in an environment of relatively high pH ( > 5 ) , buffered by saliva and cardiac gland secretions.
T183 170891-171024 Sentence denotes The fundic or oxyntic gland acid-secretory mucosa in the horse and pig is reddish brown and slightly irregular but not highly folded.
T184 171025-171132 Sentence denotes More prominent longitudinally oriented rugae or plicae are present in the dog and cat, and in the abomasum.
T185 171133-171228 Sentence denotes Gastric secretion undiluted by ingesta in the dog or cat normally should have a pH less than 4.
T186 171229-171277 Sentence denotes Abomasal content should have a pH of 3.5 to 4.0.
T187 171278-171395 Sentence denotes Tall columnar mucous cells cover the gastric surface and line pits or foveolae in this region of the stomach as well.
T188 171396-171443 Sentence denotes Fundic glands contain several classes of cells.
T189 171444-171549 Sentence denotes The junction of the base of the foveolus and the upper portion of the gland proper is termed the isthmus.
T190 171550-171607 Sentence denotes Here the proliferative compartment of the gland is found.
T191 171608-171698 Sentence denotes Cuboidal, or low columnar mucous neck cells in a narrow zone in this area undergo mitosis.
T192 171699-171851 Sentence denotes Some daughter cells differentiate into foveolar mucous cells, migrating up onto the gastric surface, where they are lost, probably in about 4 to 6 days.
T193 171852-171996 Sentence denotes The neck of the oxyntic gland below the isthmus is lined by pyramidal, peripherally located, acid-and intrinsic-factor-producing parietal cells.
T194 171997-172103 Sentence denotes Interspersed are inconspicuous mucous neck cells, mainly in the upper neck, and scattered endocrine cells.
T195 172104-172190 Sentence denotes In the base of the gland, pepsinogenproducing zymogen or chief cells are concentrated.
T196 172191-172269 Sentence denotes Mucous neck cells, like foveolar and surface mucous cells, stain PAS-positive.
T197 172270-172424 Sentence denotes The cytoplasm of these cells contains, in addition to mucous granules, many polyribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum, suggesting poor specialization.
T198 172425-172610 Sentence denotes Parietal cells differentiate from mucous neck cells proliferating at the isthmus and appear to be relatively long-lived, that is, of the order of weeks to months in the species studied.
T199 172611-172674 Sentence denotes They contain many mitochondria, hence staining well with eosin.
T200 172675-172784 Sentence denotes A complex tubulovesicular-canalicular structure opens at the luminal apex of the cell in the secretory state.
T201 172785-173057 Sentence denotes A number of long-lived endocrine cells, probably derived from proliferative elements at the isthmus, are recognized in the oxyntic gland: ECL cells (histamine, serotonin), EC cells (serotonin, peptides), D cells (somatostatin), and A, D x , and X cells (function unclear).
T202 173058-173239 Sentence denotes Endocrine cells usually abut the basement membrane of the gland, lack exposure to the gland lumen, and have characteristic basal granules visible in thin, plastic-embedded sections.
T203 173240-173391 Sentence denotes The chief cells are apparently long-lived cells, probably derived from stem cells at the isthmus, but possibly autonomously replicative at a slow rate.
T204 173392-173514 Sentence denotes Ultrastructurally, they have extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum, a prominent Golgi zone, and numerous zymogen granules.
T205 173515-173683 Sentence denotes Under normal circumstances, mitotic figures are not commonly encountered in cells at the isthmus of fundic glands, and virtually never at any distance from the isthmus.
T206 173684-173806 Sentence denotes The fundic mucosa of newborn ruminants and, especially, piglets may be relatively poorly differentiated and proliferative.
T207 173807-173874 Sentence denotes The proliferative compartment is sensitive to radiomimetic insults.
T208 173875-174113 Sentence denotes This is reflected in attenuation of the lining epithelium and narrowing of the isthmus and upper neck of oxyntic glands in dogs with parvovirus infection (Fig. 1 .32A) and in animals treated with cytotoxic agents such as cyclophosphamide.
T209 174114-174198 Sentence denotes Spirillum-like bacteria are considered normal in the fundic glands of dogs and cats.
T210 174199-174330 Sentence denotes Chlamydia has been recognized in surface mucous cells of otherwise normal fundic mucosa in cats, with no specific signs of disease.
T211 174331-174448 Sentence denotes The pyloric mucosa is also covered by columnar mucous cells, which form a slightly pitted or irregular surface in the
T212 174449-174509 Sentence denotes distal portion of the stomach, including the pyloric antrum.
T213 174510-174592 Sentence denotes It extends further cranially along the lesser, compared to the greater, curvature.
T214 174593-174670 Sentence denotes The knoblike torus pyloricus at the pylorus of the pig is a normal structure.
T215 174671-174791 Sentence denotes The tubular glands of the pyloric mucosa open into deep gastric pits, which may extend half the thickness of the mucosa.
T216 174792-174919 Sentence denotes The glands are lined by pale mucous cells, with interspersed endocrine elements, mainly G (gastrin) and D (somatostatin) cells.
T217 174920-175026 Sentence denotes Scattered parietal cells may be present, especially in glands in the zone intergrading with fundic mucosa.
T218 175027-175143 Sentence denotes The stromal elements of the gastric lamina propria are relatively inconspicuous, in the fundic mucosa in particular.
T219 175144-175263 Sentence denotes Normally, relatively few lymphocytes and plasma cells and scattered mast cells are present, mainly deep between glands.
T220 175264-175360 Sentence denotes Occasional lymphocytic nodules or follicles may be present, usually near the muscularis mucosae.
T221 175361-175419 Sentence denotes Lymphoid infiltrates are more common in the antral mucosa.
T222 175420-175633 Sentence denotes The major function of the stomach, hydrolysis of protein in preparation for subsequent intestinal digestion and absorption, is accomplished by acid and pepsin, activated by autocatalysis from pepsinogen at low pH.
T223 175634-175794 Sentence denotes Secretion of acid (and intrinsic factor) is the function of the oxyntic or parietal cells, about one billion of which are present in the stomach of a 20-kg dog.
T224 175795-175961 Sentence denotes Regulation of the volume and acidity of gastric secretion is physiologically complex and highly integrated, involving neurocrine, endocrine, and paracrine mechanisms.
T225 175962-176075 Sentence denotes The parietal cell secretes hydrochloric acid in response to stimulation by histamine, acetylcholine, and gastrin.
T226 176076-176208 Sentence denotes Studies on isolated parietal cells suggest that receptors specific for each of these secretagogues are present on the cell membrane.
T227 176209-176299 Sentence denotes All three agonists are probably continuously present and involved in basal acid secretion.
T228 176300-176411 Sentence denotes However, the effects of acetylcholine and gastrin are largely dependent on concurrent stimulation by histamine.
T229 176412-176549 Sentence denotes Potentiation or synergism of effect occurs when histamine-acetylcholine, histamine-gastrin, or all three agents together act on the cell.
T230 176550-176703 Sentence denotes The mechanism of this synergism is unclear, but it involves intracellular metabolic events beyond the receptor, and probably beyond the second messenger.
T231 176704-176916 Sentence denotes Histamine, probably derived from mast cells in the lamina propria, and possibly from local enteroendocrine cells, is a paracrine permissive stimulant, continuously present in the environment of the oxyntic cells.
T232 176917-177106 Sentence denotes Evidence for a stimulus causing a phasic increase in histamine effects on parietal cells is not available, though it is suggested that gastrin may promote histamine release in some species.
T233 177107-177301 Sentence denotes The oxyntic cell has an H 2 histamine receptor, which, when occupied, causes, through the mediation of adenylcyclase, enhanced generation of the second messenger, cyclic adenosine monophosphate.
T234 177302-177422 Sentence denotes This in turn stimulates, via poorly understood mechanisms, intracellular metabolic events culminating in acid secretion.
T235 177423-177553 Sentence denotes Acetylcholine, the neurocrine agonist, is released near the oxyntic cell from processes of parasympathetic postganglionic neurons.
T236 177554-177706 Sentence denotes Its release is both background and phasic, being enhanced by vagal activity during the central stimulation of the cephalic phase-the Pavlovian response.
T237 177707-177811 Sentence denotes Gastric distention also stimulates the parietal cell via vagovagal and short intramural reflex pathways.
T238 177812-177898 Sentence denotes The effect of acetylcholine is associated with calcium-ion influx as second messenger.
T239 177899-177999 Sentence denotes Gastrin is a hormone released into the bloodstream by G cells, located mainly in the pyloric antrum.
T240 178000-178045 Sentence denotes Stimuli for gastrin release are of two types.
T241 178046-178162 Sentence denotes Direct action of calcium, amino acids, and peptides in ingesta, impinging on G cells, may stimulate gastrin release.
T242 178163-178390 Sentence denotes In addition, vagal stimulation during the cephalic phase, and fundic-pyloric vagovagal reflexes, in concert with pyloric vagovagal and local intramural antral reflexes, initiated by distention, cause G cells to release gastrin.
T243 178391-178562 Sentence denotes This stimulus is probably the product of removal of paracrine somatostatin inhibition of the G cell, coupled with neurocrine stimulatory effects of bombesin on the G cell.
T244 178563-178781 Sentence denotes Gastrin alone appears to be a weak calcium-ion-dependent stimulator of acid production by isolated cells, but it contributes to the synergistic effects on secretion seen in cells exposed to histamine and acetylcholine.
T245 178782-178868 Sentence denotes This probably explains its contribution to phasic acid secretion in the intact animal.
T246 178869-179056 Sentence denotes In addition, gastrin has an important trophic effect on parietal cell mass, stimulating synthesis of nucleic acid and protein and increasing the number of parietal cells in fundic mucosa.
T247 179057-179299 Sentence denotes Inhibition of acid production during the gastric phase of secretion occurs as the result of the negative-feedback effect of acid in the antrum, possibly by paracrine somatostatin influence on the G cell, inhibiting gastrin release below pH 3.
T248 179300-179546 Sentence denotes In addition, the presence of acid, fat, and hyperosmolal solutions in the proximal small intestine inhibit acid secretion, perhaps in part by the mediation of neural reflexes and secretin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, or other enterogastrones.
T249 179547-179717 Sentence denotes The effects of histamine on the parietal cell are central to its basal secretion and its susceptibility to the synergistic effects of cholinergic and gastrin stimulation.
T250 179718-179907 Sentence denotes The chief cell is probably susceptible to the same general stimuli for secretion as the parietal cell, with the exception that secretin stimulates, rather than inhibits, pepsinogen release.
T251 179908-180082 Sentence denotes The gastric mucosal barrier to acid back diffusion and autodigestion presumably resides largely in the single layer of foveolar and surface mucous cells, and their secretion.
T252 180083-180175 Sentence denotes Gastric mucus is freely permeable to hydrogen ions and has little innate buffering capacity.
T253 180176-180329 Sentence denotes Cardiac gland mucosa in the pig, and pyloric mucosa in several species, secretes bicarbonate in considerable quantities and normally resists acid attack.
T254 180330-180442 Sentence denotes Fundic surface mucous cells also may actively secrete bicarbonate into a thin, unstirred layer of surface mucus.
T255 180443-180542 Sentence denotes Here a sharp pH gradient is maintained, neutral on the cell-surface side, acid on the luminal side.
T256 180543-180707 Sentence denotes By this means, bicarbonate secretion of relatively small magnitude in relation to total acid secretion may hypothetically protect the mucosa against attack by acid.
T257 180708-180827 Sentence denotes Mucus is itself susceptible to enzymatic proteolysis but provides a good barrier to diffusion by these large molecules.
T258 180828-180944 Sentence denotes Continual mucus secretion on the cell side of the layer presumably balances hydrolysis and loss on the luminal side.
T259 180945-181106 Sentence denotes Bicarbonate secretion by surface mucous cells is stimulated by P G E 2 and P G F 2 at low concentration in amphibians and similar phenomena may occur in mammals.
T260 181107-181340 Sentence denotes Prostaglandins, ubiquitous in gastric mucosal lamina propria, may have protec-tive effects other than by stimulation of bicarbonate secretion by mucous cells and by inhibition of histamine-stimulated acid secretion by parietal cells.
T261 181341-181506 Sentence denotes In some species, prostacyclin (PGI 2 ) and prostaglandins of the E and A series cause vasodilation and increased blood flow in addition to inhibiting acid secretion.
T262 181507-181723 Sentence denotes The high metabolic rate of the gastric mucosa requires a high blood flow to maintain an intact surface epithelium and experimentally, increased perfusion is protective against a number of significant mucosal insults.
T263 181724-181991 Sentence denotes Repair of acute erosive physical or chemical trauma to the mucosal surface, such as that caused by aspirin and, presumably, by abrasive foreign bodies, is by proliferation of cells in the isthmus, if the erosive lesion is superficial, and spares the progenitor cells.
T264 181992-182074 Sentence denotes An acute inflammatory reaction demarcates eroded or superficially necrotic mucosa.
T265 182075-182116 Sentence denotes Mitoses become common in the upper gland.
T266 182117-182286 Sentence denotes During the early phase of repair, cells lining shallow foveolae and covering the surface are basophilic, poorly differentiated, and flattened, cuboidal, or low columnar.
T267 182287-182391 Sentence denotes Sites of epithelial exfoliation and neutrophil transmigration or effusion into the lumen may be evident.
T268 182392-182489 Sentence denotes Congestion, edema, mild neutrophilia, and fibroplasia are seen in the superficial lamina propria.
T269 182490-182593 Sentence denotes The evolution and repair of gastric ulceration, to which erosion may be antecedent, is discussed later.
T270 182594-182824 Sentence denotes The progenitor cells of the fundic mucosa have the potential to produce tall columnar mucous cells of the foveolar or surface type, to produce mucous neck cells, and presumably by further differentiation, to evolve parietal cells.
T271 182825-183006 Sentence denotes Atrophy of parietal cell mass without extensive mucous-cell hyperplasia occurs in animals, particularly ruminants, that have signs of gastrointestinal disease including inappetence.
T272 183007-183041 Sentence denotes The change is not evident grossly.
T273 183042-183167 Sentence denotes Microscopically, fewer parietal cells are seen in the upper neck of fundic glands, and apparently, in the depth of the gland.
T274 183168-183310 Sentence denotes This is accompanied by epithelial proliferation, indicated by moderate numbers of mitotic figures at the isthmus and in the neck of the gland.
T275 183311-183431 Sentence denotes The PAS stain demonstrates the encroachment of increased numbers of such cells into the deeper portion of fundic glands.
T276 183432-183527 Sentence denotes In extreme cases, mucous neck cells are present to the base of glands, and achlorhydria occurs.
T277 183528-183564 Sentence denotes The cause of this change is unclear.
T278 183565-183733 Sentence denotes It has been demonstrated in sheep infected with intestinal nematodes, but similar findings occur in animals with a wide variety of syndromes involving loss of appetite.
T279 183734-183802 Sentence denotes Starvation of moderate duration does not produce comparable lesions.
T280 183803-183953 Sentence denotes Reduction in, or interference with, the trophic effect of gastrin on parietal cell mass, might be the mechanism in parietal-cell atrophy of this type.
T281 183954-184024 Sentence denotes Inflammatory infiltrates are unusual and mild in normal fundic mucosa.
T282 184025-184202 Sentence denotes Chronic inflammation in the fundic stomach in all species is associated with the development of mucous metaplasia and hyperplasia of glands in the vicinity of inflammatory foci.
T283 184203-184369 Sentence denotes As the lesion evolves, parietal cells are present only in the basal portion of the glands, and they appear to be progressively displaced by hyperplastic mucous cells.
T284 184370-184452 Sentence denotes Mitotic figures may be numerous throughout the neck of the gland, which elongates.
T285 184453-184521 Sentence denotes The epithelium in early lesions tends to resemble mucous neck cells.
T286 184522-184648 Sentence denotes In established lesions, columnar mucous cells with regular nuclear polarity, similar to foveolar mucous cells, may be present.
T287 184649-184747 Sentence denotes When inflammatory infiltrates are local, the mucous change is limited to a few surrounding glands.
T288 184748-184852 Sentence denotes More diffuse inflammation is associated with the development of widespread epithelial mucous metaplasia.
T289 184853-184966 Sentence denotes Mucous metaplasia and hyperplasia may be mediated in part by immune events or inflammation in the lamina propria.
T290 184967-185071 Sentence denotes Interactions between immune processes in the stomach and epithelial differentiation are poorly explored.
T291 185072-185186 Sentence denotes Secretion of lysozyme, and of secretory piece and IgA, are properties of mucous neck cells in gastritis in humans.
T292 185187-185386 Sentence denotes Cell-mediated immune events in the lamina propria of the small intestine are increasingly implicated in altered proliferation and differentiation of enteric epithelium by as yet undefined mechanisms.
T293 185387-185471 Sentence denotes It may be that similar phenomena in the stomach await recognition and investigation.
T294 185472-185621 Sentence denotes Such atrophy of the parietal cells and mucous metaplasia and hyperplasia apparently do not result from withdrawal of the trophic stimulus of gastrin.
T295 185622-185864 Sentence denotes At least in Ostertag ia-induced gastritis, it occurs in the face of gastrin concentrations many times above normal levels, which are not simply the result of achlorhydria and failure of suppression of G-cell secretion by antral acidification.
T296 185865-186014 Sentence denotes Mucous metaplasia and hyperplasia are associated with focal or diffuse, superficial or mucosal, proprial infiltrates of plasma cells and lymphocytes.
T297 186015-186168 Sentence denotes Often, neutrophils, eosinophils, and Russell-body cells will be present in the lamina propria, and lymphocytes may be between epithelial cells in glands.
T298 186169-186268 Sentence denotes Globule leukocytes are present in the epithelium of glands, especially in the parasitized abomasum.
T299 186269-186526 Sentence denotes This mucous metaplasia, hyperplasia, and chronic inflammation are associated with a variety of causes, including chronic traumatic insults, such as those due to implanted foreign bodies, which may render the mucosa permeable to antigen present in the lumen.
T300 186527-186647 Sentence denotes Abomasal involvement in bovine virus diarrhea or herpes rhinotracheitis is associated with mucosal lesions of this type.
T301 186648-186954 Sentence denotes The specific agency most commonly recognized is gastric parasitism by nematodes such as Ostertagia spp., Trichostrongylusaxei, and Hyostrongylus rubidus, where the distribution of the lesion is closely related to the physical presence of nematodes and to the interstitial inflammatory reaction they incite.
T302 186955-187104 Sentence denotes Mucous metaplasia and hyperplasia are also typically present around the healing margins of chronic ulcers, perhaps in response to local inflammation.
T303 187105-187314 Sentence denotes The mucosa affected in these circumstances is grossly thickened, as on the overhanging margin of an ulcer or in an Ostertagia " n o d u l e , " with a pebbled or convoluted surface if the lesion is widespread.
T304 187315-187430 Sentence denotes Gastric rugae or plicae are thickened, partially as a result of mucosal hypertrophy, perhaps with submucosal edema.
T305 187431-187560 Sentence denotes The surface of the stomach is usually paler than normal in affected areas; however, local congestion or hyperemia may be evident.
T306 187561-187646 Sentence denotes Though the surface may be glistening, profuse mucus secretion is not usually obvious.
T307 187647-187713 Sentence denotes Achlorhydria is the consequence of widespread change of this type.
T308 187714-187935 Sentence denotes Mucous metaplasia and hyperplasia are differentiated on the basis of the degree of mucous-cell hyperplasia and differentiation, and the presence of inflammatory cells, from fundic atrophy associated with loss of appetite.
T309 187936-188004 Sentence denotes Antral mucosa also undergoes hyperplasia and thickening in antritis.
T310 188005-188164 Sentence denotes Some chronic inflammatory infiltrate between antral glands and at the base of the mucosa is usual, and lymphoid follicles may be present in the lamina propria.
T311 188165-188297 Sentence denotes Expansion of the proliferative compartment in the antral glands is recognized as mitotic figures scattered in the neck of the gland.
T312 188298-188457 Sentence denotes Foveolar and glandular mucous cells increase in number, and the antral mucosa is thickened and superficially rugose, perhaps with local congestion or erythema.
T313 188458-188501 Sentence denotes The stimulus for antritis is often unclear.
T314 188502-188593 Sentence denotes Gastric reflux of duodenal contents containing bile may be of some significance in the dog.
T315 188594-188767 Sentence denotes In ruminants, the pyloric mucosa may be colonized by abomasal nematodes, and by a few worms of species normally found in the small intestine if enteric populations are high.
T316 188768-188836 Sentence denotes The functional significance of gastric mucous metaplasia is unclear.
T317 188837-188960 Sentence denotes Presumably, hyperplasia of cells is partly a response to soluble local immune-mediated stimuli or products of inflammation.
T318 188961-189119 Sentence denotes Replacement of parietal cells by mucous neck cells, or an apparently more fully differentiated mucous cell in chronic gastritis, may be a protective response.
T319 189120-189282 Sentence denotes It may eliminate the threat of local acid corrosion and promote the transfer into the lumen of protective soluble factors such as lysozyme and IgA or its analogs.
T320 189283-189353 Sentence denotes Achlorhydria ensues in severe chronic gastritis and mucous metaplasia.
T321 189354-189524 Sentence denotes The pH of gastric secretion approaches or exceeds neutrality under some circumstances, as sodium ion replaces hydrogen ion in gastric content and bicarbonate is secreted.
T322 189525-189646 Sentence denotes With diminished gastric acid concentration, progressive microbial colonization of the stomach and upper intestine ensues.
T323 189647-189804 Sentence denotes Parietalcell atrophy and replacement by mucous neck cells in ruminants with anorexia due to enteric disease may predispose to mycotic invasion of the mucosa.
T324 189805-189955 Sentence denotes Mucous metaplasia and hyperplasia, as seen in chronic gastritis or conditions like ostertagiosis, does not seem to render the mucosa prone to mycosis.
T325 189956-190226 Sentence denotes Loss of the hydrolytic effects of acid and pepsin, in achlorhydria, seems to have little effect on digestion of protein and uptake of nitrogen, at least in animals with ostertagiosis, and effects of atrophic gastritis in humans on protein digestion appear to be minimal.
T326 190227-190380 Sentence denotes Pyloric stenosis is a functional and sometimes anatomic problem that, in part, represents probably the only anomaly of the stomach recognized in animals.
T327 190381-190441 Sentence denotes It is apparently common in dogs and rare in cats and horses.
T328 190442-190506 Sentence denotes It appears as a presumably congenital problem in many instances.
T329 190507-190623 Sentence denotes Recurrent vomition and poor growth in recently weaned animals suggest the clinical diagnosis of a congenital lesion.
T330 190624-190683 Sentence denotes Signs beginning later in life indicate an acquired problem.
T331 190684-190752 Sentence denotes Contrast radiographic studies will confirm delayed gastric emptying.
T332 190753-190807 Sentence denotes There is limited critical information on this problem.
T333 190808-190928 Sentence denotes Clinical reports indicate that in some dogs there may be hypertrophy of pyloric muscle, which appears grossly thickened.
T334 190929-191072 Sentence denotes Tonic stenosis of the pyloric sphincter may occur in dogs, perhaps due to unconfirmed lesions of the myenteric plexus or due to gastrin excess.
T335 191073-191178 Sentence denotes In cats, no gross alteration in the diameter of the pylorus or the thickness of its muscle is recognized.
T336 191179-191246 Sentence denotes An association with esophageal dilatation has been made in the cat.
T337 191247-191366 Sentence denotes Congenital pyloric stenosis in a foal was associated with signs of abdominal pain and reluctance to consume solid feed.
T338 191367-191441 Sentence denotes In all species the clinical problem is usually abolished by pyloromyotomy.
T339 191442-191655 Sentence denotes Acquired pyloric stenosis or obstruction occurs following ulceration and stricture of the pyloric canal in any species, due to hypertrophic antritis in dogs, and as a complication of polyps and tumors in the area.
T340 191656-191844 Sentence denotes Gastric dilatation in the horse is often a secondary effect of obstruction of the small bowel or of colic with ileus and is also part of the syndrome "grass sickness," discussed elsewhere.
T341 191845-191999 Sentence denotes Primary gastric dilation, and sometimes rupture, in horses is a sequel to consumption of excess fermentable carbohydrate or sudden access to lush pasture.
T342 192000-192066 Sentence denotes The pathogenesis is analogous to that of grain overload in cattle.
T343 192067-192136 Sentence denotes Ingesta may swell through absorption of saliva and gastric secretion.
T344 192137-192283 Sentence denotes Evolution of gas and organic acids, including lactic acid, by bacterial fermentation of carbohydrate occurs in the cranial portion of the stomach.
T345 192284-192433 Sentence denotes An influx of water follows as the result of increased osmotic pressure in the stomach, contributing to increased distention and systemic dehydration.
T346 192434-192530 Sentence denotes Animals surviving for any time with acute gastric dilatation of this type may develop laminitis.
T347 192531-192673 Sentence denotes The contents of the stomach in gastric dilation may be fluid, especially in secondary dilatation, and can smell fermented in primary dilation.
T348 192674-192700 Sentence denotes Gastric rupture may ensue.
T349 192701-192861 Sentence denotes Rupture usually occurs along the greater curvature parallel to the omental attachment, releasing gastric content into the omental bursa or the abdominal cavity.
T350 192862-192922 Sentence denotes Death ensues acutely as the result of shock and peritonitis.
T351 192923-193029 Sentence denotes The margins of the gastric laceration, which may be 10-15 cm long, show evidence of antemortem hemorrhage.
T352 193030-193109 Sentence denotes Postmortem rupture of the dilated stomach is common and must be differentiated.
T353 193110-193427 Sentence denotes There may be congestion of the cervical esophagus and blanching of the thoracic esophagus, producing a prominent "bloat line." This, and compression atelectasis of the lungs in some cases, attests to the tremendous increase in intraabdominal and intrathoracic pressure exerted by the dilated stomach prior to rupture.
T354 193428-193529 Sentence denotes Congestion of cervical and cranial soft tissues and blanching of the abdominal organs also are found.
T355 193530-193667 Sentence denotes Perforation, as distinct from rupture, of the stomach in the horse is rare and is associated with parasitism, peptic ulcer, or neoplasia.
T356 193668-193809 Sentence denotes Gastric dilatation and volvulus occur relatively commonly in the dog ( Fig. 1.1 ID) , and the condition has been reported in swine and a cat.
T357 193810-194049 Sentence denotes In dogs, gastric dilatation and volvulus is usually a problem associated with overeating and probably aerophagia, especially in the deep-chested breeds such as Great Danes, St. Bernards, Irish setters, wolfhounds, borzois, and bloodhounds.
T358 194050-194184 Sentence denotes Beyond that, hereditary factors, management, behavior, and type of feed may contribute in obscure ways to the development of dilation.
T359 194185-194422 Sentence denotes The gas, which appears to play a large part in the development of dilation, is probably the result of aerophagia and evolution of carbon dioxide by physiologic mechanisms, rather than the product of intragastric clostridial fermentation.
T360 194423-194676 Sentence denotes Inability to relieve the accumulation of food, fluid, and gas in the stomach causes the organ to dilate and alter its intraabdominal position, so that its long axis rotates from a transverse left-right orientation to one paralleling that of the abdomen.
T361 194677-194863 Sentence denotes In simple dilation, the esophagus is not physically completely occluded, the spleen remains on the left side, and the duodenum is only slightly displaced dorsally and toward the midline.
T362 194864-195039 Sentence denotes The gastric mucosa at this stage is usually not infarcted, though the effects of dilation on venous return from the abdomen and on the systemic circulation may be substantial.
T363 195040-195126 Sentence denotes For reasons that are unclear, gastric dilatation may be converted to gastric volvulus.
T364 195127-195373 Sentence denotes Perhaps this is related to laxity or laceration of the gastrohepatic ligament, or to the development of violent antiperistalsis and abdominal contraction in vain attempts by the dog to vomit against a functionally or physically obstructed cardia.
T365 195374-195479 Sentence denotes The stomach rotates about the esophagus in a clockwise direction, as viewed from the ventrocaudal aspect.
T366 195480-195598 Sentence denotes The greater curvature of the distended organ moves ventrally and caudally, and then rotates dorsally and to the right.
T367 195599-195703 Sentence denotes This forces the pylorus and terminal duodenum cranially to the right and clockwise around the esophagus.
T368 195704-195842 Sentence denotes Ultimately, they lie to the left of midline across and ventral to the esophagus, compressed between the esophagus and the dilated stomach.
T369 195843-196028 Sentence denotes Depending on the degree of volvulus, the spleen, which follows the gastrosplenic ligament, usually ends up lying in a right ventral position, between the stomach and liver or diaphragm.
T370 196029-196162 Sentence denotes It is bent into a V shape by tension on its ligaments, becomes extremely congested, and may undergo torsion, infarction, and rupture.
T371 196163-196266 Sentence denotes The esophagus becomes completely occluded in volvulus, which may involve rotation of up to 270 to 360°.
T372 196267-196383 Sentence denotes Venous infarction of the gastric mucosa ensues as volvulus progressively constricts venous outflow from the stomach.
T373 196384-196541 Sentence denotes The mucosa and, usually, the full thickness of the gastric wall are edematous and dark red to black, and there is bloody content in the lumen of the stomach.
T374 196542-196606 Sentence denotes Necrosis of ischemic mucosa occurs, and the stomach may rupture.
T375 196607-196818 Sentence denotes Obstruction of veins by volvulus and pressure exerted by the distended stomach result in decreased venous return via the portal vein and posterior vena cava, causing reduced cardiac output and circulatory shock.
T376 196819-196929 Sentence denotes Endotoxemia is implicated speculatively in disseminated intravascular coagulation and may contribute to shock.
T377 196930-197088 Sentence denotes A variety of acid-base and electrolyte abnormalities ensue in dogs with gastric dilatation and volvulus, contributing to the physiologically precarious state.
T378 197089-197323 Sentence denotes Cardiac arrhythmias as a sequel to gastric dilatation and volvulus have been associated with putative release of "myocardial depressant factor'' from an ischemic pancreas, and with myocardial necrosis, possibly the result of ischemia.
T379 197324-197370 Sentence denotes Death is inevitable in dogs not treated early.
T1 197371-197533 Sentence denotes Abomasal displacement and volvulus is a common clinical problem in high-producing, intensively managed, dairy cattle, particularly around the time of parturition.
T2 197534-197601 Sentence denotes The displacement usually is ventrally and to the left of the rumen.
T3 197602-197715 Sentence denotes Many affected animals have concurrent problems, including ketosis, hypocalcemia, metritis, and retained placenta.
T4 197716-197823 Sentence denotes Abomasal atony and increased gas production are believed to be prerequisites for displacement of the organ.
T5 197824-198059 Sentence denotes Influx of high concentrations of volatile fatty acids from the rumen, and hypocalcemia, may play a part in instigating hypomotility, while evolution of gas in the abomasum is directly related to the amount of concentrate in the ration.
T6 198060-198167 Sentence denotes Left displacement of the gas-filled abomasum is amenable to treatment and is rarely encountered at autopsy.
T7 198168-198248 Sentence denotes Handling of an affected animal postmortem may correct displacements in any case.
T8 198249-198334 Sentence denotes Other than possible scarring of the lesser omentum, the abomasum may be unremarkable.
T9 198335-198456 Sentence denotes Simple right displacement, which accounts for 9 to 15% of abomasal displacements, is probably caused by similar agencies.
T10 198457-198590 Sentence denotes But right displacement may be complicated in about a fifth of cases by progression to abomasal volvulus, which is clinically serious.
T11 198591-198819 Sentence denotes Abomasal volvulus is probably the sequel to rotation of a loop formed by a distended abomasum and attached omasum and duodenum, counterclockwise about a transverse axis through the lesser omentum when viewed from the right side.
T12 198820-198906 Sentence denotes Rotation, buoyed by the gas-filled body of the abomasum, may be in the sagittal plane.
T13 198907-199115 Sentence denotes With a 360° volvulus, the pylorus ends in the anterior right portion of the abdomen dorsal to the twisted omasum, with the duodenum trapped medial to the omasum and lateral to the partially rotated reticulum.
T14 199116-199214 Sentence denotes Alternative modes of displacement and rotation are possible, but all may end in this relationship.
T15 199215-199363 Sentence denotes Obstruction of duodenal outflow in volvulus results in sequestration of chloride in the abomasal content and the development of metabolic alkalosis.
T16 199364-199503 Sentence denotes Severe volvulus causes obstruction of blood vessels at the neck of the omasum, as well as causing trauma to the vagus nerves in the region.
T17 199504-199567 Sentence denotes The abomasum becomes distended with bloodstained fluid and gas.
T18 199568-199706 Sentence denotes Infarction of the deeply congested mucosa may result in ultimate abomasal rupture, often near the omaso-abomasal orifice, and peritonitis.
T19 199707-199829 Sentence denotes Damage to the vagal branches may prohibit return of normal abomasal motility in animals successfully withstanding surgery.
T20 199830-199921 Sentence denotes A variety of foreign bodies may be encountered in the stomach and, rarely, in the abomasum.
T21 199922-200051 Sentence denotes Most are incidental findings, or at worst, associated with vomition, mild acute or chronic gastritis, or occasionally ulceration.
T22 200052-200101 Sentence denotes Rarely, obstruction of the pyloric outlet ensues.
T23 200102-200267 Sentence denotes Hair balls are often found in the stomach of longhaired cats, and in calves reared on diets low in roughage, where most are in the rumen, with a few in the abomasum.
T24 200268-200379 Sentence denotes Accumulation of considerable amounts of fine sand may occur in the abomasum, apparently with little ill effect.
T25 200380-200485 Sentence denotes Gastric impaction by inspissated content is reported in the horse as a clinical problem of unknown cause.
T26 200486-200717 Sentence denotes It causes severe abdominal pain and is to be differentiated clinically and at autopsy from gastric dilation secondary to intestinal obstruction, and from primary gastric dilation due to ingestion of excess fermentable carbohydrate.
T27 200718-200930 Sentence denotes Primary abomasal impaction is the product of a regime of restricted water intake and coarse, high-roughage feed, such as wheat stubble or straw, as may occur in winter feeding of cattle in northern prairie areas.
T28 200931-201026 Sentence denotes Secondary abomasal impaction may follow pyloric stenosis, physical or functional, of any cause.
T29 201027-201108 Sentence denotes Rarely, foreign bodies such as ingested placenta or hair balls block the pylorus.
T30 201109-201308 Sentence denotes It is perhaps most common as a functional abomasal stasis in one of the manifestations of "vagus indigestion," which is discussed more fully under Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis and Its Complications.
T31 201309-201620 Sentence denotes Loss of abomasal motility may be the product of intrathoracic inflammatory or neoplastic vagal lesions, vagal involvement in adhesions following traumatic reticuloperitonitis, vagal trauma in surgically cor-rected abomasal volvulus, or adhesions of the abomasum and omasum, which may physically impair motility.
T32 201621-201716 Sentence denotes The abomasum is impacted with inspissated coarse ingesta, despite an apparently patent pylorus.
T33 201717-202040 Sentence denotes Metabolic derangement due to sequestration of chloride in the rumen following regurgitation from the obstructed abomasum, and hypokalemia due to decreased intake in feed in the face of continued normal renal excretion, place these animals in perilous physiologic circumstances before inanition becomes a significant factor.
T34 202041-202159 Sentence denotes Hyperemia of the gastric mucosa is a concomitant of the ingestion of chemicals such as arsenic, thallium, and aspirin.
T35 202160-202273 Sentence denotes It usually coexists in these circumstances with superficial erosion, which is discussed later with gastric ulcer.
T36 202274-202419 Sentence denotes Focal hyperemia may be related to local irritation of the mucosa by foreign bodies, and with focal acute viral lesions of the abomasum in cattle.
T37 202420-202539 Sentence denotes Congestion of the mucosa can occur in conditions causing portal hypertension, including cirrhosis and shock in the dog.
T38 202540-202715 Sentence denotes Uremic "gastritis" presents as severe congestion of the body of the stomach, associated with signs of hematemesis and melena, is found in some dogs with chronic renal disease.
T39 202716-202776 Sentence denotes In such animals, the mucosa is thickened and deep red-black.
T40 202777-202951 Sentence denotes Lesions vary in severity from case to case, and premonitory changes without severe hemorrhage and necrosis are present in animals euthanized earlier in the course of disease.
T41 202952-203083 Sentence denotes In such dogs there may be no gross gastric lesion, or variable edema and thickening of rugal mucosa, perhaps with focal ulceration.
T42 203084-203195 Sentence denotes Microscopically, the lamina propria between glands is edematous, and there are increased numbers of mast cells.
T43 203196-203375 Sentence denotes Deposits of basophilic ground substance and mineral are found, especially on the basement membrane of vessels and glands, or on collagen fibrils and in degenerative smooth muscle.
T44 203376-203457 Sentence denotes These changes occur particularly in the middle and deeper portions of the mucosa.
T45 203458-203518 Sentence denotes Parietal cells in this area are usually mineralized as well.
T46 203519-203605 Sentence denotes Such mineral deposits may be appreciated at autopsy in gross cross sections of mucosa.
T47 203606-203693 Sentence denotes More extensive mineral deposition also involves arterioles of the submucosa and serosa.
T48 203694-203796 Sentence denotes Such vessels also show evidence of endothelial damage, medial necrosis, and in some cases, thrombosis.
T49 203797-204026 Sentence denotes Severe mucosal congestion, edema, and necrosis are possibly related to ischemia secondary to the vascular lesions, though perhaps not directly associated with arterial thrombosis and obstruction, which is often not readily found.
T50 204027-204121 Sentence denotes Microvascular lesions in the lamina propria and systemic states in uremia may be contributory.
T51 204122-204233 Sentence denotes Impaired renal degradation and excretion of gastrin may promote hyperchlorhydria and exacerbate mucosal damage.
T52 204234-204347 Sentence denotes The cause of the vascular lesions may be a poorly characterized circulating toxic peptide associated with uremia.
T53 204348-204585 Sentence denotes Mineral deposition is probably the product of altered systemic metabolism of calcium in renal failure, perhaps coupled with the local microenvironment resulting from bicarbonate moving across the basal border of secreting parietal cells.
T54 204586-204754 Sentence denotes Membrane lesions in metabolically compromised parietal cells may also act as foci of mineral deposition (see the Urinary System, this volume, for discussion of uremia).
T55 204755-204857 Sentence denotes Gastric venous infarction is a common lesion in swine and is also encountered in ruminants and horses.
T56 204858-204993 Sentence denotes It is related to endo-thelial damage and thrombosis in venules, usually associated with endotoxemia or other bacterial or toxic damage.
T57 204994-205216 Sentence denotes Salmonellosis and Escherichia coli septicemia in all species and, in addition, in swine, postweaning coliform gastroenteritis, erysipelas, swine dysentery, Glasser's disease, and hog cholera are associated with the lesion.
T58 205217-205346 Sentence denotes The fundic mucosa is bright red or deep red-black and may have some excess mucus or perhaps fibrin on the surface ( Fig. 1.34D) .
T59 205347-205440 Sentence denotes Occasionally, the superficial mucosa is obviously necrotic and may lift off with the ingesta.
T60 205441-205579 Sentence denotes In section there is thrombosis of venules in the mucosa and often at the mucosal-submucosal junction, usually with prominent fibrin plugs.
T61 205580-205763 Sentence denotes Thrombosed capillaries and venules may be present at any level of the mucosa, along the base of the ischemic zone of superficial coagulation necrosis, with local hemorrhage and edema.
T62 205764-205852 Sentence denotes There may be an acute inflammatory reaction delineating the necrotic area in the mucosa.
T63 205853-205943 Sentence denotes Sometimes the full thickness of the gastric mucosa, focally or diffusely, may be necrotic.
T64 205944-206073 Sentence denotes Edema of the gastric rugae occurs with hypoproteinemia in any species and is found in the abomasum of cattle poisoned by arsenic.
T65 206074-206190 Sentence denotes Edema fluid collects in the submucosa of the folds and is particularly obvious in the normally thin abomasal plicae.
T66 206191-206257 Sentence denotes Edema may contribute to the thickening of rugae seen in gastritis.
T67 206258-206366 Sentence denotes Edema of the submucosa of the stomach is a common and important lesion in gut edema of swine ( Fig. 1.34C ).
T68 206367-206500 Sentence denotes It is best appreciated by making several slices through the serosa and external muscle to the submucosa over the body of the stomach.
T69 206501-206601 Sentence denotes Gut edema is considered fully under Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract.
T70 206602-206788 Sentence denotes Gastritis is a poorly defined term often applied to acute gastric injury with grossly visible hemorrhage or erosion, when inflammatory processes, strictly speaking, are scarcely present.
T71 206789-206933 Sentence denotes The differential considerations in diffuse gastric hemorrhage, and the etiopathogenesis of mucosal erosion will be considered later, with ulcer.
T72 206934-207237 Sentence denotes Microscopic acute inflammatory infiltrates in the gastric wall are usually associated with subacute superficial erosion, the floor of a stable gastric ulcer, gastric venous infarction, clostridial and mycotic gastritis, chronic active interstitial inflammation, and some acute systemic viral infections.
T73 207238-207323 Sentence denotes Chronic gastritis, as it is seen in humans, is rarely recognized in domestic animals.
T74 207324-207543 Sentence denotes Chronic superficial gastritis is a term applied in humans to a lesion with a chronic inflammatory infiltrate confined to the interfoveolar propria; normal gastric glands with minimal interstitial infiltrate are present.
T75 207544-207626 Sentence denotes Such an entity might occur in animals sporadically, with no etiologic connotation.
T76 207627-207716 Sentence denotes Chronic atrophic gastritis, as it is defined in human beings, is very rarely encountered.
T77 207717-207936 Sentence denotes Atrophy of parietal cell mass, associated with autoimmune phenomena and the development of pernicious anemia, does not occur spontaneously in animals, though it can be induced in dogs by immunization with gastric juice.
T78 207937-208045 Sentence denotes Chronic antritis with reduced gastrin secretion theoretically might result in atrophy of parietal cell mass.
T79 208046-208144 Sentence denotes Duodenal reflux in dogs has been associated with a syndrome of vomition and gastric hyposecretion.
T80 208145-208301 Sentence denotes Mononuclear-cell infiltrates and follicle formation in the lamina propria of the antrum and fundus are found, with subjective atrophy of parietal cell mass.
T81 208302-208451 Sentence denotes Intestinal metaplasia of the gastric mucosa, considered to be a sequel to chronic gastritis in humans, is rarely, if ever, found in domestic animals.
T82 208452-208532 Sentence denotes The stomach in dogs is involved very uncommonly in eosinophilic gastroenteritis.
T83 208533-208752 Sentence denotes Eosinophils may infiltrate the mucosa and submucosa in large numbers, in association with a syndrome of protein loss, eosinophilia, and eosinophilic infiltrates in more distal gut (see diseases of the intestine, below).
T84 208753-208905 Sentence denotes Even rarer cases of scirrhous eosinophilic gastritis and arteritis, and of histiocytic gastritis in association with amyloidosis in dogs, are on record.
T85 208906-208995 Sentence denotes Chronic hypertrophic gastritis, similar to Menetrier's disease of humans, occurs in dogs.
T86 208996-209106 Sentence denotes Vomition and weight loss, in some cases associated with inappetence or diarrhea, are described in the history.
T87 209107-209238 Sentence denotes The characteristic lesion is marked gastric rugal hypertrophy involving part or most of the fundic mucosa in the greater curvature.
T88 209239-209392 Sentence denotes Grossly thickened folds of gastric mucosa over an area 4 -1 0 or 12 cm in diameter are thrown up in a convoluted pattern that may resemble cerebral gyri.
T89 209393-209539 Sentence denotes Microscopically, these areas are composed of hyperplastic mucosa, which may or may not include secondary folds of muscularis mucosa and submucosa.
T90 209540-209588 Sentence denotes Findings are variable in the few cases reported.
T91 209589-209760 Sentence denotes There may be foveolar and glandular hyperplasia with progressive or total loss of parietal cells, which are replaced by mucous cells of varying degrees of differentiation.
T92 209761-209806 Sentence denotes Cystic dilatation of mucous glands may occur.
T93 209807-209935 Sentence denotes Mononuclear cells infiltrate the lamina propria between glands and near the muscularis mucosa, and the propria may be edematous.
T94 209936-210057 Sentence denotes The lesion is to be differentiated from adenomatous polyps, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, and infiltrating lymphoid tumors.
T95 210058-210079 Sentence denotes Its cause is unknown.
T96 210080-210150 Sentence denotes The condition in humans is associated with protein-losing gastropathy.
T97 210151-210374 Sentence denotes Perhaps significantly, chronic gastritis and chronic hypertrophic gastritis have been reported a number of times in the basenji, a breed in which a syndrome of protein-losing gastroenteritis and diarrhea is well recognized.
T98 210375-210483 Sentence denotes This syndrome, and the enteric lesions associated with it, will be discussed with diseases of the intestine.
T99 210484-210643 Sentence denotes Hypertrophic antritis, producing a thickened, sometimes convoluted mucosa in the antrum, has been associated with pyloric stenosis in dogs, considered earlier.
T100 210644-210725 Sentence denotes Its cause is unknown but may be related to chronic irritation by duodenal reflux.
T101 210726-210856 Sentence denotes Braxy, or bradsot, is an acute abomasitis of sheep and, rarely, cattle, due to infection with Clostridium septicum (Fig. 1.4 IB) .
T102 210857-210937 Sentence denotes It is a sporadic disease of young animals, usually occurring in cooler climates.
T103 210938-211039 Sentence denotes It is reported from Iceland, Scandinavia, Scotland, Canada, the northern United States, and Tasmania.
T104 211040-211094 Sentence denotes The factors initiating bacterial invasion are unknown.
T105 211095-211298 Sentence denotes Cold weather is usually associated with the disease, but it is difficult to imagine feed being cold enough, by the time it attains the abomasum, for significant mucosal hypothermia and necrosis to occur.
T106 211299-211393 Sentence denotes Evolution of exotoxin by C. septicum causes the signs and death, which usually ensues acutely.
T107 211394-211514 Sentence denotes At autopsy there may be blood-tinged abdominal fluid, and the serosa of the abomasum may be congested or fibrin covered.
T108 211515-211600 Sentence denotes Mucosal lesions may be diffuse or involve demarcated foci of variable size and shape.
T109 211601-211682 Sentence denotes Abomasal folds may be thickened, reddened, occasionally hemorrhagic, or necrotic.
T110 211683-211773 Sentence denotes Most notable is the presence of extensive gelatinous edema and emphysema in the submucosa.
T111 211774-211946 Sentence denotes Diffuse edema, and extensive areas of suppurative infiltrate demarcating areas of coagulation necrosis, with prominent pockets of emphysema, are evident in tissue sections.
T112 211947-212030 Sentence denotes These involve mainly submucosa and extend into adjacent mucosa and external muscle.
T113 212031-212077 Sentence denotes There may be venous thrombosis and hemorrhage.
T114 212078-212166 Sentence denotes Gram-positive bacilli are usually evident as individuals or colonies in affected tissue.
T115 212167-212258 Sentence denotes They may be identified as Clostridium septicum by fluorescent antibody reaction or culture.
T116 212259-212321 Sentence denotes Such lesions are occasionally complicated by other Clostridia.
T117 212322-212437 Sentence denotes Braxy must be differentiated from cellulitis of the abomasal wall due to mixed anaerobic flora without C. septicum.
T118 212438-212771 Sentence denotes Abomasitis associated with viral infection occurs in a number of the systemic viral diseases affecting the gastrointestinal tract, including infectious bovine rhinotracheitis in calves and, rarely, older animals, herpesvirus infections of small ruminants, bovine virus diarrhea, rinderpest, malignant catarrhal fever, and bluetongue.
T119 212772-212919 Sentence denotes Abomasal lesions are rarely the sole manifestation of these diseases but form part of a picture at autopsy that may suggest an etiologic diagnosis.
T120 212920-213112 Sentence denotes The appearance and pathogenesis of abomasitis in these diseases varies with the conditions, which are discussed in detail under Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract.
T121 213113-213314 Sentence denotes Mycotic gastritis is a sporadic problem almost invariably secondary to insults that cause achlorhydria (or focal atrophy), necrosis, or ulceration under conditions where mycotic colonization can occur.
T122 213315-213526 Sentence denotes Compromised resistance, perhaps associated with neoplasia, endogenous or exogenous steroids, lympholytic viral disease, and altered gastrointestinal flora due to antiobiotic therapy, may further promote mycosis.
T123 213527-213651 Sentence denotes Fungal hyphae attaining the submucosa typically invade venules and arterioles, causing thrombosis and a hemorrhagic infarct.
T124 213652-213786 Sentence denotes The agents involved are usually zygomycetes (phycomycetes) such as Rhizopus, Absidia, or Mucor; rarely, Aspergillus may be implicated.
T125 213787-213978 Sentence denotes Mycotic abomasitis in calves is secondary to gastrointestinal infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and to venous infarction of the mucosa in endotoxemia or septicemia with E. coli or Salmonella.
T126 213979-214106 Sentence denotes Bovine virus diarrhea and, occasionally, gastric ulcer provide conditions for mycotic invasion of the abomasum in older cattle.
T127 214107-214300 Sentence denotes The lesions are areas of necrosis, with an intensely congested or hemorrhagic periphery, ranging in diameter from 1 to 2 cm, to confluence over much of the body of the stomach ( Fig. 1 .11 A).
T128 214301-214398 Sentence denotes Affected mucosa is thickened, red or pale in the necrotic zone, and may be covered by hemorrhage.
T129 214399-214449 Sentence denotes Edema and hemorrhage are evident in the submucosa.
T130 214450-214595 Sentence denotes The lesion may penetrate to the serosa, where it is typically seen as a roughly circular area of hemorrhage in the external muscle and subserosa.
T131 214596-214783 Sentence denotes Hyphae, usually broad and nonseptate zygomycotic in type, are present in sections of the necrotic mucosa, submucosa, and invading vessels, where they initiate thrombosis ( Fig. 1.11B ,C).
T132 214784-214875 Sentence denotes The associated inflammatory infiltrate is usually consistent with acute or subacute insult.
T133 214876-214996 Sentence denotes In dogs, rare cases of acute multifocal infarctive or granulomatous gastritis are reported, associated with zygomycetes.
T134 214997-215070 Sentence denotes Mycosis of the glandular stomach of horses and pigs is virtually unknown.
T135 215071-215206 Sentence denotes Candidiasis of the pars esophagea may occur in swine, often in association with preulcerative epithelial hyperplasia and parakeratosis.
T136 215207-215355 Sentence denotes An overview of mycosis of the digestive system, and its sequelae, is provided under Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract.
T137 215356-215429 Sentence denotes Parasitic gastritis is generally of little significance in small animals.
T138 215430-215480 Sentence denotes Members of the genera Physaloptera and Gnathostoma
T139 215481-215643 Sentence denotes are found in dogs, where the former cause focal ulceration and the latter are the cause of submucosal inflammatory cysts containing suppurative exudate and worms.
T140 215644-215792 Sentence denotes In cats, Physaloptera spp. may attach to mucosal ulcers, while Gnathostoma spp. and Cylicospirura felineus are found in nodules in the gastric wall.
T141 215793-215921 Sentence denotes Ollulanus tricuspis is found on the mucosa of the stomach in cats, where it may cause mild to, rarely, severe chronic gastritis.
T142 215922-216062 Sentence denotes In the horse, Draschia megastoma is found in inflammatory nodules in the submucosa of the cardiac zone, especially along the margo plicatus.
T143 216063-216185 Sentence denotes Habronema muscae and H. majus (formerly microstoma) are found on the mucosa and have been associated with mild ulceration.
T144 216186-216249 Sentence denotes Trichostrongylus axei may cause chronic gastritis in the horse.
T145 216250-216369 Sentence denotes Bots of the genus Gasterophilus are found attached to small erosions and ulcers in the esophageal and glandular mucosa.
T146 216370-216503 Sentence denotes In swine, the spirurids Ascarops spp., Physocephalus spp., and Simondsia spp. are associated with mild gastritis in heavy infections.
T147 216504-216571 Sentence denotes Gnathostoma may be embedded in inflammatory cysts in the submucosa.
T148 216572-216611 Sentence denotes Ollulanus tricuspis may be encountered.
T149 216612-216682 Sentence denotes Hyostrongylus rubidus can cause chronic gastritis and wasting in pigs.
T150 216683-216868 Sentence denotes In cattle, sheep, and goats, members of the genera Haemonchus and Mecistocirrus are large, abomasal, bloodsucking trichostrongyles, capable of causing severe anemia and hypoproteinemia.
T151 216869-217105 Sentence denotes Ostertagia spp. and related genera, including Camelostrongylus, Teladorsagia, Marshallagia, and Trichostrongylus axei in various ruminants cause chronic abomasitis with mucous metaplasia, achlorhydria, diarrhea, and plasma protein loss.
T152 217106-217276 Sentence denotes Large schizonts of undetermined coccidia in sheep produce harmless, pinpoint, pale foci in the abomasal mucosa; formerly the obsolete name Globidium gilruthi was applied.
T153 217277-217449 Sentence denotes The pathology and pathogenesis of the significant gastric parasitisms is considered in greater detail under Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract.
T154 217450-217539 Sentence denotes Gastroduodenal ulcer produces signs of disease much less often in animals than in humans.
T155 217540-217615 Sentence denotes The pathogenesis of peptic ulcer in humans or animals is by no means clear.
T156 217616-217795 Sentence denotes It resolves into a relative imbalance between the necrotizing effects of gastric acid and pepsin on one hand, and the ability of the mucosa to maintain its integrity on the other.
T157 217796-217930 Sentence denotes Hypersecretion of acid, or impairment of mucosal integrity in the face of normal acid secretion, may be invoked as general mechanisms.
T158 217931-218166 Sentence denotes Some suggest that peptic ulceration of the duodenum, pylorus, or combined gastric and duodenal ulcers in humans reflect mainly hypersecretion, while ulcers in the body of the stomach mainly are a result of deficient mucosal resistance.
T159 218167-218373 Sentence denotes Factors implicated in hypersecretion of acid include abnormally high basal secretion, possibly associated with an expanded parietal cell mass, perhaps the result of increased trophic stimulation by gastrin.
T160 218374-218510 Sentence denotes Gastrinomas cause the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, characterized by elevated gastric acid secretion and severe gastroduodenal ulceration.
T161 218511-218628 Sentence denotes Increased histamine levels associated with mastocytosis or mastocytoma also cause acid hypersecretion and ulceration.
T162 218629-218795 Sentence denotes Ulceration due to compromise of mucosal protective mechanisms is attributed to nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents such as aspirin, phenylbutazone, and indomethacin.
T163 218796-218914 Sentence denotes The therapeutic and ulcerogenic properties of these drugs reside largely in their effects on prostaglandin metabolism.
T164 218915-219065 Sentence denotes This they block by interfering with the cyclooxygenase-catalyzed conversion of arachidonic acid to the prostaglandin endoperoxides P G G 2 and PGH 2 .
T165 219066-219242 Sentence denotes In the stomach, prostaglandin-mediated vasodilatation, modulation of histamine-induced acid secretion, and stimulation of bicarbonate secretion by mucous cells may be impaired.
T166 219243-219437 Sentence denotes In addition to the effect of ionized aspirin on prostaglandin synthesis, in the acid gastric environment un-ionized, lipid-soluble acetylsalicylic acid readily crosses the surface-cell membrane.
T167 219438-219532 Sentence denotes It damages the cell metabolically, permitting back-diffusion of acid and incipient ulceration.
T168 219533-219651 Sentence denotes Reflux of duodenal contents containing bile salts has been implicated in the induction of gastritis and gastric ulcer.
T169 219652-219803 Sentence denotes Under some experimental conditions, acid back diffusion into the gastric mucosa, and morphologic damage, have been caused by application of bile salts.
T170 219804-219935 Sentence denotes The effects are dependent on the pK a of the bile salt, which must be soluble at acid pH, and on the concentration of hydrogen ion.
T171 219936-220043 Sentence denotes Lipid solubility of bile salts, and associated damage to surface-cell membranes, may mediate these effects.
T172 220044-220155 Sentence denotes Alcohols, also lipid-soluble compounds, alter permeability of gastric mucosa and permit back diffusion of acid.
T173 220156-220272 Sentence denotes Lysolecithin, formed when pancreatic lipase hydrolyzes lecithin in bile, increases gastric mucosal permeability too.
T174 220273-220393 Sentence denotes Glucocorticoids and "stress" have been implicated in the genesis of ulcer, though the role of steroids is controversial.
T175 220394-220590 Sentence denotes Experimentally, gastroduodenal hemorrhage and ulceration occur in some species of animals stressed by restraint or social factors, and they are a feature of "trap-death syndrome" in small mammals.
T176 220591-220753 Sentence denotes Severe gastric hemorrhage or ulceration may occur following neurosurgery, trauma to the spinal cord, and burns, and it is considered by some to be stress related.
T177 220754-220828 Sentence denotes Administration of steroids may cause increased gastrin and acid secretion.
T178 220829-220996 Sentence denotes Steroids decrease reparative gastric epithelial-cell turnover and, by stabilizing membranes, decrease the availability of arachidonic acid for prostaglandin synthesis.
T179 220997-221083 Sentence denotes These effects may predispose to development of ulcer when combined with other insults.
T180 221084-221256 Sentence denotes Reduced mucosal perfusion or ischemia may be a principal factor interacting in stress-associated ulceration, and in that initiated by other modalities discussed previously.
T181 221257-221399 Sentence denotes Reduced blood flow to the mucosa in local areas has been suspected, under a number of circumstances, to precede mucosal hemorrhage or erosion.
T182 221400-221462 Sentence denotes Ischemia will result in hypoxemic compromise of surface cells.
T183 221463-221619 Sentence denotes In combination with the effects of other insults, this may cause reduced bicarbonate secretion and initiate mucosal permeability and back diffusion of acid.
T184 221620-221663 Sentence denotes Mechanisms of mucosal ischemia are obscure.
T185 221664-221764 Sentence denotes Reduction in local prostaglandin concentration may contribute, as may local or systemic hypotension.
T186 221765-221919 Sentence denotes Following mucosal damage and back diffusion of hydrogen ions, vasodilatation and hyperemia develop, perhaps the result of liberation of mucosal histamine.
T187 221920-221972 Sentence denotes Microvascular disruption then results in hemorrhage.
T188 221973-222114 Sentence denotes Whatever the cause, the results of a breach of the gastric mucosa have the potential to follow a common pathway to ulceration in all species.
T189 222115-222329 Sentence denotes Acute superficial lesions such as those associated with stress or following administration of aspirin are often seen as areas of reddening and hemorrhage, especially along the margins of rugae in the fundic mucosa.
T190 222330-222437 Sentence denotes Acid treatment of hemoglobin gives blood on the surface or in the gastric lumen a red-brown or black color.
T191 222438-222617 Sentence denotes In some species, severe "stressassociated" gastric hemorrhage may occur diffusely over the entire congested gastric mucosa, resulting in hypovolemic shock and anemia, with melena.
T192 222618-222818 Sentence denotes In some instances, melena, presumably the result of a recent episode of gastric bleeding, may be present in the lower intestine, with minimal gross evidence of hemorrhage or ulceration in the stomach.
T193 222819-222973 Sentence denotes The microscopic lesion associated with hemorrhage of this type is often subtle, bleeding seemingly resulting from diapedesis, with minimal mucosal damage.
T194 222974-223137 Sentence denotes Usually there is superficial erosion of the mucosa, often difficult to differentiate from autolysis, with granules of brown, acid hematin in debris on the surface.
T195 223138-223169 Sentence denotes Inflammation is usually absent.
T196 223170-223383 Sentence denotes Evidence for healing mild gastric erosion is the presence of basophilic, poorly differentiated, flattened, cuboidal or low columnar cells on the mucosal surface, with mitotic cells in the upper neck of the glands.
T197 223384-223497 Sentence denotes Lesions of any genesis proceeding to gastric ulcer do so by progressive coagulation necrosis of the gastric wall.
T198 223498-223632 Sentence denotes Ulcers vary in microscopic appearance depending on their aggression, and the point in their development at which they are intercepted.
T199 223633-223859 Sentence denotes Acute gastric lesions appear as erosions with superficial eosinophilic necrotic debris and loss of mucosal architecture to the depths of the foveolae, or as a depression in the mucosal surface with necrotic debris at the base.
T200 223860-223938 Sentence denotes Necrosis usually extends rapidly to the muscularis mucosa, causing ulceration.
T201 223939-224187 Sentence denotes Once the superficial portion of the mucosa is destroyed, natural local buffering by surface cells is lost, and the proliferative compartment of the gland, which is near the surface, is obliterated, preventing a local epithelial reparative response.
T202 224188-224320 Sentence denotes Ulcers attaining the submucosa impinge on arterioles of increasing diameter, multiplying the risk of significant gastric hemorrhage.
T203 224321-224426 Sentence denotes The ulcer may progress through the muscularis and serosa, culminating in perforation of the gastric wall.
T204 224427-224549 Sentence denotes Severe gastric hemorrhage and perforation are relatively common sequelae of gastroduodenal ulceration in domestic animals.
T205 224550-224700 Sentence denotes Ulcers that come into equilibrium with reparative processes may do so at any level of the gastric wall below the mucosa, but usually at the submucosa.
T206 224701-224936 Sentence denotes Subacute to chronic ulcers are typified by a base and sides composed of granulation tissue of varying thickness and maturity, infiltrated by a mixed inflammatory cell population, and overlain by a usually thin layer of necrotic debris.
T207 224937-224965 Sentence denotes Chronic ulcers wax and wane.
T208 224966-225184 Sentence denotes Depending on the relative dominance of reparative processes and aggressive ulceration, the layer of granulation tissue may be thick and mature, or thinner, less mature, and with superficial evidence of recent necrosis.
T209 225185-225319 Sentence denotes There is mucous metaplasia and hyperplasia in glands at the periphery of the ulcer, which, with time, overhang the edge of the lesion.
T210 225320-225406 Sentence denotes Under favorable conditions they gradually fill in the mucosal defect from the margins.
T211 225407-225515 Sentence denotes Healed ulcers are usually depressed and may be somewhat puckered, with a scirrhous submucosa on cut section.
T212 225516-225600 Sentence denotes The mucosa of healed ulcers, even in the fundic zone, is comprised of mucous glands.
T213 225601-225723 Sentence denotes Excessive scarring of healed ulcers strategically located near the pylorus may lead to pyloric obstruction in any species.
T214 225724-225955 Sentence denotes Duodenal ulcers, which usually occur proximal to the open-ing of the pancreatic and bile ducts, resemble gastric ulcer in their pathogenesis, microscopic appearance (allowing for their intestinal location), evolution, and sequelae.
T215 225956-226154 Sentence denotes Peptic ulcer occurs commonly in cattle, uncommonly in dogs, rarely in cats, and is unusual in horses and swine, where ulceration of the esophageal, rather than glandular, gastric mucosa is the rule.
T216 226155-226332 Sentence denotes In most species the prevalence of ulcer is probably underestimated, since only lesions producing severe signs associated with pain, hemorrhage, or perforation come to attention.
T217 226333-226487 Sentence denotes Peptic ulcer in dogs is relatively infrequently reported in the literature but is seen on a regular basis in university clinics, usually in adult animals.
T218 226488-226595 Sentence denotes Signs associated with peptic ulcer include variable appetite, abdominal pain, vomition, melena, and anemia.
T219 226596-226715 Sentence denotes Ulcers, a few millimeters to 3 to 4 cm in diameter, are found most commonly in the pyloric antrum or proximal duodenum.
T220 226716-226832 Sentence denotes The gross and microscopic appearance of ulcers vary with their aggressiveness and duration, as previously described.
T221 226833-227021 Sentence denotes Thrombosed arterioles and venules cut by the ulcerative process are often seen and should be sought in the bed of gastric and duodenal lesions associated with anemia or obvious hemorrhage.
T222 227022-227143 Sentence denotes Perforation of gastric or duodenal ulcers may lead to massive hemorrhage or release of gastric contents into the abdomen.
T223 227144-227198 Sentence denotes Perforating duodenal ulcer may instigate pancreatitis.
T224 227199-227322 Sentence denotes Some ulcers perforate silently, the serosal lesion healing by granulation, or adhesion by, and fibroplasia in, the omentum.
T225 227323-227525 Sentence denotes The irritant nature of gastric contents released in these circumstances may lead to chronic inflammation, granulation, and thickening of the serosa, even when previous perforation cannot be appreciated.
T226 227526-227688 Sentence denotes A search for microscopic particles of food such as plant material or muscle fibers in the serosal inflammatory response confirms perforation in this circumstance.
T227 227689-227901 Sentence denotes Chronic peptic ulcers with thickened mucosal margins, scirrhous bases, and perhaps serosal thickening associated with perforation or near perforation must be differentiated from gastric adenocarcinoma in the dog.
T228 227902-227971 Sentence denotes Syndromes clearly the result of hypersecretion of acid occur in dogs.
T229 227972-228108 Sentence denotes Mastocytoma has been associated with peptic ulcer, presumably due to histamine-stimulated acid hypersecretion and microvascular effects.
T230 228109-228231 Sentence denotes The tumor and mastocytosis do not involve the stomach directly, and ulcers may occur in animals with solitary skin tumors.
T231 228232-228380 Sentence denotes In one series of 24 dogs with recurrent or metastatic mastocytoma, gastric and duodenal erosions or ulcers, frequently multiple, were present in 20.
T232 228381-228496 Sentence denotes In many cases such lesions are clinically silent, and they should be sought at autopsy in animals with mastocytoma.
T233 228497-228631 Sentence denotes Mast-cell tumors have been associated rarely with gastric ulceration in the cow, and in the cat, where gastric ulcer is very uncommon.
T234 228632-228773 Sentence denotes Zollinger-EUison syndrome, peptic ulcer due to gastrinsecreting pancreatic islet-cell tumors or gastrinomas, has been reported in a few dogs.
T235 228774-228871 Sentence denotes The history usually includes inappetence, vomition, weight loss, and possibly diarrhea or melena.
T236 228872-228947 Sentence denotes Reflux esophagitis and gastric or duodenal ulcer are present in most cases.
T237 228948-229115 Sentence denotes Small, nodular masses histologically confirmed as islet-cell tumors may be found in the pancreas with, in most animals, metastases to the liver or hepatic lymph nodes.
T238 229116-229219 Sentence denotes Hypertrophy of the fundic mucosa has been associated with a subjec-tive increase in parietal cell mass.
T239 229220-229321 Sentence denotes Peptic ulcer and reflux esophagitis in such cases result from gastrin-stimulated acid hypersecretion.
T240 229322-229572 Sentence denotes Firm diagnosis rests on demonstration of elevated serum gastrin levels by radioimmunoassay, by identification of gastrin-bearing cells in fixed or frozen tumor tissue by immunocytochemistry, or by demonstration of gastrin in extracts of frozen tumor.
T241 229573-229616 Sentence denotes Other peptide hormones may also be present.
T242 229617-229799 Sentence denotes The microscopic appearance of these islet-cell tumors is not diagnostic for gastrinoma, nor is the ultrastructural appearance of tumor cells necessarily characteristic of the G cell.
T243 229800-229907 Sentence denotes Pancreatic islet-cell neoplasms may be difficult to find and should be sought assiduously in suspect cases.
T244 229908-229981 Sentence denotes In humans, some gastrinomas arise in the wall of the stomach or duodenum.
T245 229982-230165 Sentence denotes The usual therapy in humans is removal of the target tissue, the fundic mucosa, by gastric resection, rather than attempted ablation of often occult and disseminated islet-cell tumor.
T246 230166-230294 Sentence denotes The cause in dogs of gastroduodenal ulcer possibly associated with decreased resistance to back diffusion of acid is less clear.
T247 230295-230406 Sentence denotes Hepatic disease is often present in dogs with gastric ulcer, but the basis for a causal association is obscure.
T248 230407-230563 Sentence denotes Some ulcers are obviously associated with administration of glucocorticoids in high doses as antiinflammatory, immunosuppressive, or antineoplastic therapy.
T249 230564-230740 Sentence denotes Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs such as aspirin, naproxen, or indomethacin, sometimes given by the owner in excessive quantity, are also associated with spontaneous ulcers.
T250 230741-230854 Sentence denotes Gastric hemorrhage and gastroduodenal ulceration are occasionally seen in dogs following trauma or major surgery.
T251 230855-230988 Sentence denotes A syndrome of gastric hemorrhage, pancreatitis, and colonic ulceration and perforation is recognized in dogs following spinal trauma.
T252 230989-231057 Sentence denotes The pathogenesis of this problem is obscure and undoubtedly complex.
T253 231058-231258 Sentence denotes Endogenous and exogenous hyperglucocorticoidism appear to be implicated, in association with the stress of trauma and surgery and putative neurogenic influences initiated by damage to the spinal cord.
T254 231259-231559 Sentence denotes In dogs, diffuse gastric hemorrhage due to reduced mucosal resistance to acid must be differentiated from the effects of heavy-metal ingestion, uremic gastritis, coagulopathy (especially due to warfarin or disseminated intravascular coagulation), and canine hemorrhagic gastroenteritis, among others.
T255 231560-231708 Sentence denotes Peptic ulcer in cattle is confined largely to the abomasum, where it is common ( Fig. 1.10C ); duodenal ulcer is rarely encountered in this species.
T256 231709-231858 Sentence denotes Acute ulcers or erosions considered to be the result of stress are frequently seen incidentally in animals, of any age, dying of a variety of causes.
T257 231859-232069 Sentence denotes They are present usually as linear areas of brown or black hemorrhage or erosion along the margins of abomasal rugae, or as punctate hemorrhages and erosions scattered over the mucosa, especially of the fundus.
T258 232070-232182 Sentence denotes Such lesions must be differentiated from foci of acute necrosis and ulceration due to systemic viral infections.
T259 232183-232327 Sentence denotes In feedlot animals in one study, a prevalence of abomasal ulcer of about 3 to 4% was described, with about half the cases having clinical signs.
T260 232328-232442 Sentence denotes Bleeding abomasal ulcer or perforation and septic peritonitis are the usual cause of death due to abomasal ulcers.
T261 232443-232556 Sentence denotes Most ulcers are in the pyloric region in feedlot cattle, and it is in this area that perforations commonly occur.
T262 232557-232599 Sentence denotes Frequently more than one ulcer is present.
T263 232600-232710 Sentence denotes Most are 2 -4 cm in diameter and approximately circular, though some may be irregular and up to 15 cm in size.
T264 232711-232788 Sentence denotes Active ulcers may have a dirty brown or gray necrotic floor with some fibrin.
T265 232789-232845 Sentence denotes Arteries may be visible in the base of bleeding lesions.
T266 232846-232903 Sentence denotes Older ulcers are puckered, with an overhanging periphery.
T267 232904-233100 Sentence denotes Abomasal rugae or plicae may be scalloped along their margins or perforated by active or healed ulcers, and in a study of pastured dairy cattle most ulcers and scars were found in the fundic area.
T268 233101-233150 Sentence denotes The causes of abomasal ulcer are usually unclear.
T269 233151-233247 Sentence denotes Some appear to occur under stressful circumstances, as in weaned calves or after transportation.
T270 233248-233405 Sentence denotes Lactic acid and histamine entering the abomasum from the forestomachs in animals poorly adapted to high-concentrate rations may contribute to mucosal damage.
T271 233406-233499 Sentence denotes Abomasal stasis may play a part in animals with physical or physiologic abomasal obstruction.
T272 233500-233574 Sentence denotes Ulceration of the abomasal mucosa infiltrated by lymphosarcoma will occur.
T273 233575-233776 Sentence denotes Bleeding abomasal ulcer should be sought in cattle with melena or anemia, and perforating abomasal ulcer in animals presenting with septic peritonitis, especially if digesta is in the abdominal cavity.
T274 233777-233889 Sentence denotes Some points of perforation will be adherent to the abdominal wall or occluded by superficially adherent omentum.
T275 233890-234096 Sentence denotes Abomasal "stress" ulcer in calves must be differentiated from lesions associated with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, and mycotic abomasitis must be differentiated from ulcer in calves and older animals.
T276 234097-234144 Sentence denotes Mycosis is a rare complication of peptic ulcer.
T277 234145-234250 Sentence denotes In juvenile and adult cattle, focal abomasal lesions due to bovine virus diarrhea must be differentiated.
T278 234251-234420 Sentence denotes Gastric ulcer in swine is usually restricted to the pars esophagea ( Fig. 1 .10D-F); in a small proportion of affected pigs lesions extend into the contiguous esophagus.
T279 234421-234631 Sentence denotes Rarely are significant ulcers of the cardiac, fundic, or pyloric mucosa encountered in swine, sometimes in association with ulcer of the pars esophagea, occasionally with gastric parasitism or systemic disease.
T280 234632-234726 Sentence denotes Venous infarcts in the body of the stomach in swine are not to be confused with gastric ulcer.
T281 234727-234852 Sentence denotes There is little disagreement over the pathology of ulceration of the pars esophagea; its etiopathogenesis remains unresolved.
T282 234853-234978 Sentence denotes Under conditions of modern pig husbandry, the prevalence of ulcer and associated abnormalities of the pars esophagea is high.
T283 234979-235028 Sentence denotes Weaned growers and feeders are commonly affected.
T284 235029-235085 Sentence denotes Most lesions are subclinical; however, some prove fatal.
T285 235086-235209 Sentence denotes Pigs die without premonition, or with a short history that may include anemia, weakness, inappetence, vomition, and melena.
T286 235210-235371 Sentence denotes Other animals are affected chronically, with signs of anorexia, intermittent melena, and weight loss, which may culminate in death or slow recovery with runting.
T287 235372-235582 Sentence denotes Despite its high subclinical prevalence, and occasional outbreaks of clinical disease or loss of individual valuable pigs, most studies indicate that the economic significance of gastric ulceration is marginal.
T288 235583-235687 Sentence denotes Little or no effect on growth rate or feed efficiency is evident in most subclinically affected animals.
T289 235688-235798 Sentence denotes Lesions of the pars esophagea may involve only a small part, or virtually all, of the gastric squamous mucosa.
T290 235799-235908 Sentence denotes The lesion evolves through parakeratosis, to fissuring and erosion, with ultimate ulceration in severe cases.
T291 235909-235979 Sentence denotes All stages in this progression will be encountered at autopsy in pigs.
T292 235980-236023 Sentence denotes The milder lesions are incidental findings.
T293 236024-236159 Sentence denotes The epithelium of the pars esophagea often appears yellowish and is thickened, irregular, roughened, and may flake or peel off readily.
T294 236160-236299 Sentence denotes This gross change is the result of microscopic thickening and parakeratosis, with nucleated cells present at the irregular mucosal surface.
T295 236300-236455 Sentence denotes Candida may be present over the epithelial surface, with hyphae invading the parakeratotic epithelium, perhaps due to favorable cystine or glycogen levels.
T296 236456-236501 Sentence denotes Rete pegs and proprial papillae are elongate.
T297 236502-236676 Sentence denotes Neutrophils and eosinophils may be present at the tips of proprial papillae, infiltrating into the epithelium, which appears hydropic and may erode over the tips of papillae.
T298 236677-236816 Sentence denotes Erosion of the epithelium progresses to ulceration and exposure of papillae and deeper propria, which bleed as small vessels are disrupted.
T299 236817-236943 Sentence denotes Such lesions begin as fissures in the hyperplastic parakeratotic epithelium but advance to ulcerate the entire pars esophagea.
T300 236944-237061 Sentence denotes They usually spare only a microscopically visible margin of squamous epithelium adjacent to the cardiac gland mucosa.
T301 237062-237195 Sentence denotes Ulcers of the pars esophagea, like peptic ulcer, have a floor or necrotic debris overlying exposed connective tissue ( Fig. 1.1 OF) .
T302 237196-237346 Sentence denotes Depending on the stage and aggression of the ulcer, there may be a well-developed inflammatory margin to the necrosis and a bed of granulation tissue.
T303 237347-237527 Sentence denotes Fatal gastric hemorrhage often occurs, and thrombosed arterioles and venules cut by ulceration are exposed in the floor of the acute ulcer, which is often overlain by a blood clot.
T304 237528-237671 Sentence denotes Ulcers of the pars esophagea usually involve only the submucosa, but they may advance to the muscularis externa and occasionally to the serosa.
T305 237672-237694 Sentence denotes They rarely perforate.
T306 237695-237908 Sentence denotes Grossly, fully developed ulceration of the pars esophagea is apparent as a punched-out lesion with elevated rolled edges, obliterating the entire pars esophagea and obscuring the esophageal opening ( Fig. 1.10D ).
T307 237909-238001 Sentence denotes Pigs with gastric ulcer at any stage of evolution tend to have fluid content in the stomach.
T308 238002-238230 Sentence denotes Those with hemorrhagic ulcer may have red-brown gastric content, or massive hemorrhage into the stomach with large blood clots in the lumen, and thrombosed blood adherent to the base of the ulcer and its exposed bleeding points.
T309 238231-238333 Sentence denotes Melenic content will often be in the intestine, and the colon may contain firm, black, pelleted feces.
T310 238334-238407 Sentence denotes The carcasses of animals that bleed out with gastric ulcer are very pale.
T311 238408-238579 Sentence denotes Blood in the intestine associated with gastric ulcer in pigs must be differentiated from mesenteric torsion and proliferative hemorrhagic enteropathy due to Campylobacter.
T312 238580-238710 Sentence denotes A few pigs with parakeratosis, erosion, and ulceration of the pars esophagea have esophageal lesions suggestive of gastric reflux.
T313 238711-238800 Sentence denotes Gastric ulcers in some pigs resolve by granulation, and they may become reepithelialized.
T314 238801-238965 Sentence denotes Such lesions usually become scirrhous, puckered, and contracted as the ulcer closes from the periphery, and scarring may be visible from the serosa ( Fig. 1.10E ).
T315 238966-239137 Sentence denotes In these circumstances occlusion of the esophageal opening into the stomach may occur, and pigs with this problem can develop muscular hypertrophy of the distal esophagus.
T316 239138-239254 Sentence denotes Swine that have suffered chronic gastric hemorrhage may have an enlarged spleen due to extramedullary hematopoiesis.
T317 239255-239394 Sentence denotes Factors implicated in the etiology of ulceration of the pars esophagea are many, and their mode of involvement, if any, is usually obscure.
T318 239395-239580 Sentence denotes Stressful husbandry practices have been considered to contribute to development of ulcer, though glucocorticoid administration causes lesions of the fundus, not pars esophagea, in pigs.
T319 239581-239729 Sentence denotes High dietary copper levels, feeding of whey, starchy diets low in protein, and high levels of dietary unsatu-rated fatty acids have been associated.
T320 239730-239863 Sentence denotes Experimental infection with Ascaris suum has been implicated with ulcer, but natural infection is not considered causally associated.
T321 239864-240046 Sentence denotes Experimentally, factors stimulating acid secretion, especially histamine, consistently cause ulcers of the pars esophagea, suggesting that gastric acidity may play an etiologic role.
T322 240047-240169 Sentence denotes Repeatedly, finely ground rations have been found to be ulcerogenic and are the single most important contributing factor.
T323 240170-240312 Sentence denotes Squamous epithelium has no innate buffering capacity, and it is highly susceptible to attack by gastric acid, as occurs in reflux esophagitis.
T324 240313-240374 Sentence denotes Similar events may initiate ulceration of the pars esophagea.
T325 240375-240445 Sentence denotes Swine with gastric ulcer often have abnormally fluid stomach contents.
T326 240446-240543 Sentence denotes In experimental studies there is slow gastric emptying with progressive declines in pH with time.
T327 240544-240647 Sentence denotes Feeding of finely divided rations is associated experimentally with increased water in stomach content.
T328 240648-240805 Sentence denotes There is loss of partitioning of gastric content, and the pH gradient from esophagus to pylorus that occurs in the normal porcine stomach is not established.
T329 240806-240919 Sentence denotes Relatively low pH occurs at the esophageal end of the stomach, while the pH at the pylorus is higher than normal.
T330 240920-241057 Sentence denotes Under these conditions of prolonged gastric distention and relatively high antral pH, gastrin-stimulated acid secretion may be excessive.
T331 241058-241224 Sentence denotes Fluidity and increased mixing of content may expose the pars esophagea, which should normally be in contact with material buffered to pH 5 or greater, to excess acid.
T332 241225-241307 Sentence denotes This may initiate the epithelial changes described, which culminate in ulceration.
T333 241308-241403 Sentence denotes Whey may in itself be acid, and would presumably cause an abnormally fluid gastric environment.
T334 241404-241459 Sentence denotes This could explain its association with ulcer in swine.
T335 241460-241545 Sentence denotes How other factors mentioned above might be implicated in ulcerogenesis is less clear.
T336 241546-241667 Sentence denotes In horses, ulcers in the stomach of foals and adults are often found at autopsy incidental to some other disease process.
T337 241668-241834 Sentence denotes Gastric ulcer as a clinical entity is less commonly recognized, though a syndrome of abdominal pain, in some cases associated with gastric reflux, has been described.
T338 241835-242009 Sentence denotes Ulcers in horses are most common in foals more than 2 weeks of age, are often multiple, and can simultaneously involve all four mucosal zones of the stomach and the duodenum.
T339 242010-242051 Sentence denotes Ulcers of the esophageal zone are common.
T340 242052-242178 Sentence denotes They are frequently most severe at or adjacent to the margo plicatus, sometimes involving the edge of the squamous epithelium.
T341 242179-242223 Sentence denotes They are often large and irregular in shape.
T342 242224-242316 Sentence denotes There may be extensive Assuring, erosion, and ulceration of the bulk of the squamous mucosa.
T343 242317-242452 Sentence denotes Often, islands of thickened white proliferative mucosa are scattered as plaques on a predominantly ulcerated mucosa ( Fig. 1.10A ,B) .
T344 242453-242598 Sentence denotes Ulcers in the secretory stomach are also often large and multiple, though a full range from focal punctate to extensive deep lesions may be seen.
T345 242599-242689 Sentence denotes Microscopically, gastric ulcers in horses follow the typical pattern previously described.
T346 242690-242810 Sentence denotes Candida may colonize hyperkeratotic squamous mucosa of the esophageal portion of the stomach in some horses with ulcers.
T347 242811-242918 Sentence denotes Perforation may occur at any site of ulceration and in one series represented 1% of 600 autopsies on foals.
T348 242919-243000 Sentence denotes Pyloric and duodenal stenosis have been associated with healing ulcers in horses.
T349 243001-243066 Sentence denotes Severe esophagitis occurs in foals with ulcer and gastric reflux.
T350 243067-243221 Sentence denotes Lesions of the margo plicatus have been reported as a site colonized with Clostridium botulinum type B, implicated in toxicoinfectious botulism of horses.
T351 243222-243278 Sentence denotes The pathogenesis of gastric ulcers in horses is unclear.
T352 243279-243399 Sentence denotes Many cases are associated with enteric disease, ileus, surgery, or other circumstances that can be considered stressful.
T353 243400-243511 Sentence denotes Administration of steroids and analgesics such as flunixin meglamine and phenylbutazone is commonly associated.
T354 243512-243598 Sentence denotes Candida is considered contributory to ulceration by some, but it is often not present.
T355 243599-243865 Sentence denotes Esophageal reflux and the severity of lesions in the esophageal portion of the stomach suggest that altered partitioning of abnormally fluid gastric content, and access of acid to squamous mucosa, may explain lesions in the nonglandular gastric mucosa and esophagus.
T356 243866-244015 Sentence denotes Hypersecretion of acid has not been confirmed, but some cases show subjective clinical response to the histamine-receptor-blocking agent, cimetidine.
T357 244016-244088 Sentence denotes Gastric neoplasms are uncommon in all species and are very rare in some.
T358 244089-244279 Sentence denotes Adenocarcinoma of the stomach is most frequently reported in dogs, usually in animals less than 10 years of age, and it comprises the majority of the gastric neoplasms found in that species.
T359 244280-244419 Sentence denotes Males predominate in the population with gastric cancer, and more than half of gastric adenocarcinomas in dogs occur in the pyloric region.
T360 244420-244597 Sentence denotes Grossly, some gastric neoplasms appear as nonulcerating, firm thickenings involving most of the gastric wall and causing loss of the normal rugal pattern on the mucosal surface.
T361 244598-244703 Sentence denotes Others are more localized, plaquelike thickenings, which tend to obliterate rugae and ulcerate centrally.
T362 244704-244779 Sentence denotes Ulceration is expected in more than half of canine gastric adenocarcinomas.
T363 244780-244886 Sentence denotes Surface proliferation or irregularity other than ulceration is very uncommon in gastric carcinoma in dogs.
T364 244887-244990 Sentence denotes Cut sections through the stomach wall invaded by carcinoma reveal edema and pale, firm, fibrous tissue.
T365 244991-245119 Sentence denotes Induration or plaquelike pale masses may be evident on the serosa, where the outline of infiltrated lymphatics may be prominent.
T366 245120-245238 Sentence denotes Widespread gastric mural fibrosis and thickening causes "linitis plastica" or the so-called leather-bottle appearance.
T367 245239-245363 Sentence denotes The scirrhous nature of most gastric carcinomas in the dog is the result of desmoplasia induced by the malignant epithelium.
T368 245364-245411 Sentence denotes These tumors adopt two basic microscopic forms.
T369 245412-245473 Sentence denotes Most gastric adenocarcinomas in dogs are of the diffuse type.
T370 245474-245623 Sentence denotes Most of these consist of widespread random infiltrates of neoplastic cells in small clusters or dispersed singly between supporting stromal elements.
T371 245624-245791 Sentence denotes The cell type is usually relatively uniform within a single neoplasm, commonly consisting of poorly differentiated, round or angular, mucus-secreting epithelial cells.
T372 245792-245924 Sentence denotes In many of these tumors, some cells adopt the hollow, mucus-filled "signet ring" appearance, and extracellular mucin may be present.
T373 245925-246111 Sentence denotes Occasional tumors of this type have a more variable cell population, with some cells containing little cytoplasm, others with extensive eosinophilic cytoplasm, and large atypical nuclei.
T374 246112-246178 Sentence denotes Other tumors will have scattered, irregular, glandlike structures.
T375 246179-246240 Sentence denotes Desmoplasia is typically heavy in diffuse gastric carcinomas.
T376 246241-246343 Sentence denotes Adenocarcinomas of the tubular or intestinal type are encountered less commonly in the canine stomach.
T377 246344-246482 Sentence denotes They are characterized by tubular glandular structure, with a lumen, and a relatively well differentiated and polarized lining epithelium.
T378 246483-246622 Sentence denotes They retain this form with some variation as they infiltrate and metastasize, and they are relatively less scirrhous than the diffuse type.
T379 246623-246868 Sentence denotes There may be papilliform infoldings of the epithelium of tubular adenocarcinomas; some form smaller acinar structures; others rarely adopt a more solid form of growth, with occasional acinar structures and a more anaplastic cytologic appearance.
T380 246869-246931 Sentence denotes Cells may have eosinophilic cytoplasm, and many contain mucin.
T381 246932-246997 Sentence denotes The better differentiated tubular tumors resemble pyloric glands.
T382 246998-247142 Sentence denotes Infiltrates of lymphocytes and plasma cells, sometimes with follicle formation, may occur in the primary site of all types of gastric carcinoma.
T383 247143-247301 Sentence denotes A single squamous-cell carcinoma has been reported arising from the pyloric gland mucosa in a dog, and carcinoids develop, very rarely, in the gastric mucosa.
T1 247302-247552 Sentence denotes Gastric carcinomas in dogs infiltrate the stomach wall aggressively, invading lymphatics, and they have usually metastasized to the local lymph nodes, and often to distant organs, particularly lung, liver, and adrenal, by the time they are diagnosed.
T2 247553-247662 Sentence denotes Benign "adenomatous" polyps or sessile proliferative lesions occur uncommonly in the pyloric stomach in dogs.
T3 247663-247815 Sentence denotes These have been alluded to previously as a potential cause of pyloric stenosis or obstruction and as a possible hyperplastic sequel to chronic antritis.
T4 247816-247901 Sentence denotes Their exact status, whether inflammatory hyperplasia or benign neoplasia, is unclear.
T5 247902-248121 Sentence denotes Although there are reports of malignant polypoid adenocarcinoma, it seems, on the basis of the relative frequency of "adenomas" vis-a-vis adenocarcinoma, that they are unlikely to be common precursors of gastric cancer.
T6 248122-248280 Sentence denotes Grossly, these lesions appear as solitary or multiple, raised, convoluted, nodular, sessile or sometimes pedunculate, polypoid masses, usually 1-2 cm in size.
T7 248281-248419 Sentence denotes Microscopically, there is foveolar and glandular hyperplasia, with well-differentiated columnar mucous cells on the surface and in glands.
T8 248420-248535 Sentence denotes Some mucus-filled glandular cysts may be present, and mononuclearcell infiltrates are often in the mucosal propria.
T9 248536-248615 Sentence denotes Mesenchymal tumors of the stomach in dogs are less common than adenocarcinomas.
T10 248616-248791 Sentence denotes Most are typical leiomyomas, which may produce nodular, sometimes polypoid, masses several centimeters in size that project into the gastric lumen or protrude from the serosa.
T11 248792-248891 Sentence denotes Leiomyosarcomas, lymphosarcomas, and rare anaplastic sarcomas are also found in the canine stomach.
T12 248892-248987 Sentence denotes These tumors may ulcerate the mucosa and, to that extent, mimic the behavior of adenocarcinoma.
T13 248988-249028 Sentence denotes Their microscopic appearance is typical.
T14 249029-249134 Sentence denotes Tumors other than lymphosarcoma are rarely encountered in the stomach of cats, and even that is uncommon.
T15 249135-249234 Sentence denotes Several cases of gastric adenocarcinoma have been described, adopting tubular and diffuse patterns.
T16 249235-249442 Sentence denotes Gastric adenocarcinoma in cattle is exceptionally uncommon, but when it occurs it resembles patterns adopted by similar tumors in other species, being scirrhous, invading the wall, and capable of ulceration.
T17 249443-249506 Sentence denotes Much more important in cattle is lymphosarcoma of the abomasum.
T18 249507-249651 Sentence denotes Involvement of this organ is common in adult cattle, Diffuse submucosal and mucosal lymphocytic infiltrates or nodular proliferations may occur.
T19 249652-249709 Sentence denotes Strategically placed pyloric tumor may cause obstruction.
T20 249710-249826 Sentence denotes Diffuse lesions, thickening the gastric wall, frequently ulcerate and hemorrhage from such ulcers, producing melena.
T21 249827-249924 Sentence denotes The lymphoid infiltrates are recognizable as firm, gray-white tissue in the submucosa and mucosa.
T22 249925-250005 Sentence denotes Involvement of abomasal lymph nodes is dispropor- (D) Gastric volvulus in a dog.
T23 250006-250231 Sentence denotes The stomach has undergone venous infarction due to strangulation of its vascular outflow and is extremely distended and congested. (E) Fungating and ulcerative squamous-cell carcinoma arising from the gastric squamous mucosa.
T24 250232-250256 Sentence denotes Horse. tionately slight.
T25 250257-250329 Sentence denotes Gastric lymphosarcoma also occurs in swine, where it is usually diffuse.
T26 250330-250510 Sentence denotes The wall of the stomach is thickened by submucosal lymphocytic infiltrates, which sometimes invade the mucosa locally in many areas, producing nodular elevations that may ulcerate.
T27 250511-250711 Sentence denotes In the horse, most gastric neoplasms are squamous-cell carcinomas derived from the esophageal mucosa; occasional adenocarcinomas, originating in glandular epithelium, and leiomyomas are also reported.
T28 250712-250765 Sentence denotes Squamous-cell carcinomas occur in middle-aged horses.
T29 250766-250933 Sentence denotes They usually present in an advanced state, with a history of unexplained anorexia, occasionally dysphagia, and weight loss sometimes progressing rapidly to emaciation.
T30 250934-251054 Sentence denotes At autopsy there may be peritoneal effusion, and there is usually evidence of the neoplasm on the serosa of the stomach.
T31 251055-251356 Sentence denotes There also may be peritoneal implants, especially on intestine, testes, omentum, parietal abdominal surfaces, and diaphragm; direct extension to adjacent organs, including liver, spleen, and diaphragm, with progression to the pleural space; and sometimes distant metastases, usually in liver and lung.
T32 251357-251496 Sentence denotes The appearance of the tumor on serosal surfaces resembles mesothelioma, with smooth, creamy plaques or nodules up to 2 to 4 cm in diameter.
T33 251497-251690 Sentence denotes The origin of these lesions is in a fungating, cauliflower-like mass 10-40 cm in diameter, with superficial fissures, usually projecting above the surface of the pars esophagea ( Fig. 1.1 IE) .
T34 251691-251768 Sentence denotes Sometimes these lesions are superficially more ulcerative than proliferative.
T35 251769-251894 Sentence denotes Necrosis and hemorrhage are evident in the tumor mass, which is usually well demarcated from adjacent normal squamous mucosa.
T36 251895-251972 Sentence denotes Occasionally the tumor extends into the distal esophagus and may obstruct it.
T37 251973-252105 Sentence denotes Microscopically, these neoplasms are typical squamous-cell carcinomas, invading in cords or nests of cells through the gastric wall.
T38 252106-252255 Sentence denotes They induce desmoplasia, imparting a scirrhous, firm texture and appearance to the thickened gastric wall and to the peritoneal and pleural implants.
T39 252256-252340 Sentence denotes One such tumor has been reported as a cause of pseudohyperparathyroidism in a horse.
T40 252341-252515 Sentence denotes The microtopography of the small bowel is extensively modified, to increase its surface area, by spiral mucosal folds in some species, and by villi projecting into the lumen.
T41 252516-252686 Sentence denotes The villi, projections of lamina propria covered by a layer of epithelium one cell thick, are calculated to expand the absorptive surface of the small bowel 7-to 14-fold.
T42 252687-252786 Sentence denotes In most species, villi are tallest in the duodenum and decline somewhat in height toward the ileum.
T43 252787-252915 Sentence denotes The length and shape of villi in " n o r m a l " animals varies with the species, age, intestinal microflora, and immune status.
T44 252916-253261 Sentence denotes In general, villi in dogs, cats, and neonatal piglets and ruminants tend to be tall and cylindric; those in horses and young ruminants tend to be moderately tall and cylindric; villi in weaned ruminants and swine may be cylindric, leaf-or tongue-shaped or, rarely, ridgelike, with their broad surface at right angles to the long axis of the gut.
T45 253262-253360 Sentence denotes Opening onto the mucosal surface around the base of each villus are several crypts of Lieberkiihn.
T46 253361-253516 Sentence denotes These are straight or somewhat coiled (depending on the species and the proliferative status), glandlike structures, lined by a single layer of epithelium.
T47 253517-253757 Sentence denotes The progenitor compartment of the enteric epithelium resides here, producing cells that differentiate and move up onto the surface of villi, mainly as absorptive enterocytes, ultimately to be extruded as effete cells from the tips of villi.
T48 253758-253871 Sentence denotes Primordial stem cells are present at the base of the crypts, and they divide to produce cells of four main types.
T49 253872-254136 Sentence denotes Poorly differentiated cuboidal or low columnar cells with relatively few, short microvilli are the predominant type of cell lining crypts; especially in the lower half of crypts, these cells form a population that cycles rapidly, undergoing amplification division.
T50 254137-254276 Sentence denotes One of the ensuing daughter cells usually differentiates and moves into the functional compartment of absorptive enterocytes on the villus.
T51 254277-254398 Sentence denotes Oligomucous cells, derived by mitosis from the basal stem cells, are also a population undergoing amplification division.
T52 254399-254545 Sentence denotes They contain mucous granules and are intermediate in structure between undifferentiated crypt epithelium and goblet cells, into which they mature.
T53 254546-254736 Sentence denotes Well-differentiated goblet cells are present in crypts and on the surface of villi, with varying prevalence and distribution at various levels of the intestine, and in the different species.
T54 254737-254841 Sentence denotes They have basal nuclei and secrete mucus, apparently by exocytosis, from the luminal border of the cell.
T55 254842-254968 Sentence denotes The precise function of intestinal mucus, which stains strongly for neutral and sialic acid-rich mucosubstances, is uncertain.
T56 254969-255064 Sentence denotes It probably serves to "insulate" the surface from organisms, which it may entrap or immobilize.
T57 255065-255126 Sentence denotes It contains lysozyme, and IgA secreted into it by epithelium.
T58 255127-255230 Sentence denotes Mucus secretion appears to be promoted by a variety of noxious stimuli and by immune events in the gut.
T59 255231-255406 Sentence denotes Paneth cells, a population of cells turning over slowly in the base of crypts, are not found in dogs, cats, or swine, and they are not prominent in the intestine of ruminants.
T60 255407-255462 Sentence denotes Among domestic animals they are most obvious in horses.
T61 255463-255701 Sentence denotes Eosinophilic secretory granules are present in the apical cytoplasm of Paneth cells; though the function of the granules is unclear, it seems that they may be lysozyme, which could have an antimicrobial function in the crypt and in mucus.
T62 255702-255781 Sentence denotes The fourth type of cell found in intestinal crypts is the enteroendocrine cell.
T63 255782-255934 Sentence denotes They too are derived from crypt stem cells and comprise a heterogenous population of about a dozen amine-or peptide-secreting endocrine/paracrine cells.
T64 255935-256127 Sentence denotes These are the cells variously recognized as enterochromaffin, argentaffin, or argyrophil; the specific cell type is defined by immunocytochemistry and the ultrastructure of secretory granules.
T65 256128-256228 Sentence denotes Enteroendocrine cells are scattered singly among other cells on villi and, more commonly, in crypts.
T66 256229-256391 Sentence denotes They tend to be located peripherally in the epithelial layer, with little luminal exposure, and contain scattered small secretory granules in the basal cytoplasm.
T67 256392-256589 Sentence denotes Hormones with relatively clearly understood functions, such as secretin and cholecystokinin, as well as peptides or amines, whose endocrine or paracrine implications are less certain, are secreted.
T68 256590-256695 Sentence denotes Some probably integrate in function with similar neurohormones secreted by the submucosal nervous plexus.
T69 256696-256924 Sentence denotes With the exception of carcinoid tumors of serotonin-secreting cell origin, and rare functional neoplasms of other enteroendocrine cells in humans, the pathologic implications of this class of cells are still very poorly defined.
T70 256925-257018 Sentence denotes Scattered among the cells of the crypt and villus are specialized caveolated or "tuft" cells.
T71 257019-257157 Sentence denotes These are flask-shaped cells tapering toward the luminal border, also found in other gastrointestinal and respiratory epithelial surfaces.
T72 257158-257314 Sentence denotes They are characterized by the presence of an apical tubulovesicular system, from which they derive their name, but the function of these cells is not known.
T73 257315-257442 Sentence denotes Specialized " c u p " epithelial cells, of unknown function also, have been described on villi in the ileum of several species.
T74 257443-257613 Sentence denotes The enterocytes, which are responsible for the final digestion and absorption of nutrients, electrolytes, and water, are by far the predominant cells on intestinal villi.
T75 257614-257719 Sentence denotes They are normally tall columnar cells, hexagonal in cross section, with a regular basal nuclear polarity.
T76 257720-257836 Sentence denotes A tight junction, which is nevertheless "leaky" to small ions and water, joins the apical margins of adjacent cells.
T77 257837-257978 Sentence denotes Basal to the tight junction, the lateral cell membranes interdigitate loosely, and a long, narrow potential space exists between enterocytes.
T78 257979-258140 Sentence denotes The basolateral cell membrane is the site of (Na + ,K+)-ATPase activity, driving the sodium pump, and of carrier systems exporting monosaccharides from the cell.
T79 258141-258215 Sentence denotes Absorptive epithelial cells lie on a basal lamina, which they may produce.
T80 258216-258439 Sentence denotes The apical surface of normal enterocytes is highly modified into microvilli, about 0.5-1.5 jxm long and 0.1 (xm wide, which are regularly arrayed in close apposition to each other at right angles to the surface of the cell.
T81 258440-258506 Sentence denotes They are visible as the "brush border" by conventional microscopy.
T82 258507-258599 Sentence denotes Microvilli increase the surface area of absorptive epithelium by a factor of about 15 to 40.
T83 258600-258790 Sentence denotes The plasmalemma of microvilli is studded with massive numbers of enzyme molecules, including aminopeptidases and disaccharidases involved in terminal digestion of peptides and carbohydrates.
T84 258791-258910 Sentence denotes These protrude as minute knoblike structures into the glycoprotein "glycocalyx," which coats the surface of microvilli.
T85 258911-259190 Sentence denotes Proteins binding calcium ions, vitamin B 1 2 and water-soluble vitamins, and proteins involved in the transport into the cell of peptides, amino acids, glucose, galactose, and triglyceride, coupled with transport of sodium ion, are also embedded in the plasmalemma of microvilli.
T86 259191-259292 Sentence denotes Clines in the distribution of microvillus-associated functions are present along the small intestine.
T87 259293-259482 Sentence denotes The activities of alkaline phosphatase and most disaccharidases are greater in the anterior small bowel, while the receptor for vitamin B 1 2 :intrinsic factor is concentrated in the ileum.
T88 259483-259631 Sentence denotes In neonatal swine and ruminants, vacuolation of absorptive enterocytes is normal, and the nucleus is often also displaced into the apical cytoplasm.
T89 259632-259754 Sentence denotes In piglets, vacuolation is usual in the ileum ( Fig. 1 .34B), not in the duodenum, and seems to be a function of cell age.
T90 259755-259924 Sentence denotes Such vacuolation should be differentiated from the presence of eosinophilic colostrum present in cytoplasmic vacuoles in the epithelial cells of neonates ( Fig. 1.14A ).
T91 259925-260037 Sentence denotes The cytoplasm of absorptive enterocytes is stabilized at the apical border by the filaments of the terminal web.
T92 260038-260200 Sentence denotes Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is most prominent in the upper half of cells, while cisternal elements of rough endoplasmic reticulum are more uniformly distributed.
T93 260201-260239 Sentence denotes The Golgi zone lies above the nucleus.
T94 260240-260405 Sentence denotes Free ribosomes and polyribosomes are numerous in differentiating cells of the upper crypt and lower villus and are relatively fewer in mature absorptive enterocytes.
T95 260406-260648 Sentence denotes The complex of endoplasmic membranes and Golgi apparatus is active particularly in handling absorbed lipid, which diffuses from micelles at the cell surface, through the apical membrane, in the form of long-chain fatty acids or monoglyceride.
T96 260649-260909 Sentence denotes These are reesterified to triglyceride, appearing in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and are complexed with apoproteins produced in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, to be excreted via the Golgi apparatus through the basolateral cell membrane as chylomicrons.
T97 260910-260990 Sentence denotes Chylomicrons enter the extracellular space and leave the villus via the lacteal.
T98 260991-261067 Sentence denotes Mitochondria are numerous in the metabolically active absorptive enterocyte.
T99 261068-261270 Sentence denotes Vacuoles formed by endocytosis of macromolecules at the base of microvilli fuse with lysosomes in the subapical cytoplasm, and by this process of heterophagia, potentially noxious material is destroyed.
T100 261271-261446 Sentence denotes In addition to lysosomes, acid phosphatase-containing vesicular bodies, and peroxisomes containing catalase but of uncertain function, are also found in intestinal epithelium.
T101 261447-261565 Sentence denotes The epithelium of the small intestinal mucosa is supported by a highly plastic mesenchymal stroma, the lamina propria.
T102 261566-261727 Sentence denotes This is composed of loose, fibrous tissue, through which course blood vessels and in which smooth muscle, inflammatory, and immune-active cells are interspersed.
T103 261728-261850 Sentence denotes Surrounding the crypt of Lieberkuhn and underlying the basal lamina of the epithelium of the villi is a fibroblast sheath.
T104 261851-262120 Sentence denotes Proliferation of elements of this sheath has been demonstrated around the crypt, and [ 3 H]thymidine-labeled mesenchymal cells appear to move in concert with overlying epithelium up onto villi, ultimately undergoing degeneration in the lamina propria at the villus tip.
T105 262121-262228 Sentence denotes There, histiocytes containing nuclear fragments may be found, presumably phagocytosing effete sheath cells.
T106 262229-262335 Sentence denotes Scattered in the lamina propria of villi and between crypts are lymphocytes, neutrophils, and eosinophils.
T107 262336-262453 Sentence denotes The latter are particularly common in the intestine of ruminants and horses, with no specific pathologic connotation.
T108 262454-262592 Sentence denotes Intraepithelial lymphocytes (theliolymphcytes) are frequently found between epithelial cells on villi and, less commonly, in crypt lining.
T109 262593-262721 Sentence denotes Globule leukocytes may be found in the epithelium of crypts and low on villi, or sometimes in the lamina propria between crypts.
T110 262722-262850 Sentence denotes Plasma cells normally are not numerous in villi but are concentrated in the lamina propria between the upper portions of crypts.
T111 262851-263027 Sentence denotes Few attempts at quantitative assessment of the distribution of the various cell types in the lamina propria of " n o r m a l " animals have been undertaken in domestic species.
T112 263028-263214 Sentence denotes The vascular supply to the mucosa arises in submucosal arteries, which give off arterioles at right angles, some of which send branches to a capillary plexus around crypts of Lieberkuhn.
T113 263215-263384 Sentence denotes The majority pass up the centers of villi, arborizing near the villus tip into a dense capillary plexus that lies immediately beneath the basal lamina of the epithelium.
T114 263385-263516 Sentence denotes Capillaries in villi have fenestrations facing the basal lamina, which may be more permeable than the remainder of the endothelium.
T115 263517-263712 Sentence denotes One or more venules drain blood from the capillaries in villi and between crypts and flow into larger veins in the submucosa, which drain into mesenteric veins and the hepatic portal circulation.
T116 263713-263810 Sentence denotes At least in swine there appear to be anastamoses between the capillary plexi of villus and crypt.
T117 263811-264004 Sentence denotes The lacteal, or central lymphatic vessel of the villus is sufficiently permeable to permit the entry of macromolecules and chylomicrons and is the main route of lipid transport from the villus.
T118 264005-264268 Sentence denotes It is suggested that the juxtaposition of arteriole and venule in the villus may result in a countercurrent multiplier system in the villus, establishing an increasing gradient of sodium concentration and a decreasing oxygen gradient toward the tip of the villus.
T119 264269-264490 Sentence denotes Anastomoses between capillary plexuses surrounding the villi and crypts might provide a mechanism for shunting electrolytes and water, just absorbed in the villi, into the vicinity of crypts, where secretion is occurring.
T120 264491-264594 Sentence denotes Thus a putative cryptvillus fluid and electrolyte circuit would be provided with a direct vascular arm.
T121 264595-264770 Sentence denotes The anatomy and size of the cecum and colon vary widely among domestic animals, depending largely on the significance of microbial fermentation of carbohydrate in the hindgut.
T122 264771-264862 Sentence denotes Production of volatile fatty acid from carbohydrate by colonic flora occurs in all species.
T123 264863-264966 Sentence denotes In the horse, this is a primary source of energy, and it is significant in swine and ruminants as well.
T124 264967-265043 Sentence denotes Extensive movement of electrolytes and water occurs across the colonic wall.
T125 265044-265315 Sentence denotes In the horse, a volume of fluid up to one-third that of the extracellular fluid space of the animal may be in the large bowel, which must maintain a fluid medium for microbial fermentation; daily fluid absorption from the hindgut may equal the extracellular fluid volume.
T126 265316-265491 Sentence denotes Absorption of electrolytes and water, an electrolyte-conserving mechanism, is probably the major function of the colon in dogs and cats, and of the distal colon of herbivores.
T127 265492-265619 Sentence denotes The mucosa of the cecum and colon in all domestic species lacks villi, though there are ridges or folds on the mucosal surface.
T128 265620-265737 Sentence denotes The surface of the hindgut is lined by a single layer of tall columnar absorptive epithelial cells with basal nuclei.
T129 265738-265917 Sentence denotes These cells have sparser and fewer regular microvilli in comparison with absorptive cells of the small bowel, and numerous glycoprotein-laden vesicles are in the apical cytoplasm.
T130 265918-266061 Sentence denotes Typical goblet cells are also interspersed on the colonic surface in variable numbers, depending on the species and a variety of other factors.
T131 266062-266120 Sentence denotes Colonic crypts or glands are straight, tubular structures.
T132 266121-266233 Sentence denotes The architecture of colonic glands and their cell population resemble somewhat those of small intestinal crypts.
T133 266234-266430 Sentence denotes Stem cells are present in the base of the gland, and poorly differentiated mitotic columnar epithelium may be present in the basal two-thirds of the gland, though its extent may vary considerably.
T134 266431-266529 Sentence denotes These cells differentiate progressively toward absorptive epithelium as they approach the surface.
T135 266530-266658 Sentence denotes Oligomucous cells, derived from basal stem cells, form a second proliferative population in the lower half of the colonic gland.
T136 266659-266785 Sentence denotes Well-differentiated goblet cells are usually present in the upper half of glands in the large bowel as well as on the surface.
T137 266786-266904 Sentence denotes Spirochetes have been found in colonic goblet cells in apparently normal dogs and cats and in some laboratory animals.
T138 266905-267039 Sentence denotes Enteroendocrine cells of about a half dozen types have been recognized, scattered in the cell column lining glands in the large bowel.
T139 267040-267113 Sentence denotes The lamina propria of the colon is minimal between closely packed glands.
T140 267114-267179 Sentence denotes It contains a cell population similar to that in the small bowel.
T141 267180-267271 Sentence denotes A fibroblast sheath encloses the colonic glands and appears to migrate with the epithelium.
T142 267272-267445 Sentence denotes Normally, relatively few inflammatory and immune-active cells are present in the superficial mucosa; most plasma cells and lymphocytes are between deeper portions of glands.
T143 267446-267669 Sentence denotes The small intestinal mucosa is highly permeable to the passive movement of small ions and water and is therefore considered "leaky," despite the presence of "tight" junctions at the apical margins of absorptive enterocytes.
T144 267670-267924 Sentence denotes Epithelia of this type, which also include gallbladder and renal proximal tubule, are specialized for the absorption of large volumes of salts and water in isotonic concentrations and for separating compartments similar in osmolality and ion composition.
T145 267925-268073 Sentence denotes The leakiness of the epithelium of the small bowel ensures that the intestinal content is approximately isosmolal with the interstitial fluid space.
T146 268074-268215 Sentence denotes The leaks in the small intestinal epithelium are paracellular, at the tight junctions, and act as water-filled spaces 0.4-0.8 nm in diameter.
T147 268216-268481 Sentence denotes The permeability of junctional complexes appears to be sensitive to Starling forces, influenced by intravascular hydrostatic and oncotic pressure, so that fluid and solute actively absorbed may leak back into the lumen, thus modulating net absorption by the mucosa.
T148 268482-268553 Sentence denotes Sodium absorption takes place by three active transcellular mechanisms.
T149 268554-268661 Sentence denotes Chloride ion moves independently via a paracellular route, or coupled with sodium by a transcellular route.
T150 268662-268825 Sentence denotes Fundamentally, sodium absorption depends on electrochemical forces established by the ATP-dependent sodium pump on the basolateral cell membrane of the enterocyte.
T151 268826-268925 Sentence denotes This pump moves N a + up a concentration gradient from the cell in the lateral intercellular space.
T152 268926-269012 Sentence denotes The first mechanism involves independent, or uncoupled, electrogenic N a + absorption.
T153 269013-269203 Sentence denotes Sodium ion enters the cell from the luminal solution down an electrostatic and concentration gradient established by the sodium pump, which exchanges K + for Na + , but not at an equal rate.
T154 269204-269299 Sentence denotes Absorption of N a + is also coupled to that of organic solutes such as amino acids and glucose.
T155 269300-269450 Sentence denotes Sodium moves into the cell down the electrochemical gradient established by the sodium pump, but it does so coupled to movement of the organic solute.
T156 269451-269600 Sentence denotes Sodium is then pumped out across the basolateral membrane, while the organic solute moves via carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion out of the cell.
T157 269601-269722 Sentence denotes Most sodium and chloride is probably absorbed together by a neutral process, involving transcellular route for both ions.
T158 269723-269968 Sentence denotes Sodium ion moving into the cell at the apical margin, as a result of the gradient established by the sodium pump, is coupled with C l~, carrying it "uphill" into the cell, whence it moves passively to the interstitium, while N a + is pumped out.
T159 269969-270131 Sentence denotes An alternate hypothesis suggests that Na + and CI -are absorbed into the epithelium by processes that exchange them for H + and H C O^, which enter the gut lumen.
T160 270132-270327 Sentence denotes The concentration by these mechanisms of solute, especially sodium and chloride ion, in the lateral intercellular space, causes water to follow from the intestinal lumen down an osmotic gradient.
T161 270328-270563 Sentence denotes Since cell membranes and junctional complexes are highly permeable to water, movement is rapid via both transcellular and paracellular routes, and differences in osmotic pressure between lumen and lateral intercellular space are small.
T162 270564-270740 Sentence denotes Absorbed solute and water in isotonic proportions move into the interstitium of the villus, where within a few micrometers, they encounter a subepithelial capillary or lacteal.
T163 270741-270879 Sentence denotes The dilated lateral intercellular space is readily seen in sections of villus epithelium in mucosa that was actively absorbing when fixed.
T164 270880-271082 Sentence denotes The colon of carnivores, the spiral colon of ruminants and swine, and the small colon of horses are charged with the task of reducing the volume of electrolyte and water lost to the animal in the feces.
T165 271083-271128 Sentence denotes This process is relatively poorly understood.
T166 271129-271280 Sentence denotes In contrast to the small intestine, the colonic epithelium is moderately restrictive to the free movement of sodium and chloride, though not potassium.
T167 271281-271527 Sentence denotes Therefore it is capable of maintaining differences is osmotic pressure, ionic composition, and electrical potential between luminal and proprial surfaces, which make it more efficient than the small bowel in absorbing some electrolytes and water.
T168 271528-271592 Sentence denotes Ultimately, fecal water may be hypotonic with respect to plasma.
T169 271593-271692 Sentence denotes Absorption of volatile fatty acids also accounts for con-siderable water absorption from the colon.
T170 271693-271900 Sentence denotes Potassium increases in concentration in colonic content as sodium concentration declines; this may be due to an active secretory process, or involve mainly paracellular flux down an electrochemical gradient.
T171 271901-272016 Sentence denotes Colonic sodium, chloride, and water absorption and potassium secretion are stimulated significantly by aldosterone.
T172 272017-272134 Sentence denotes In pathologic states, both the small intestinal mucosa and that of the large bowel secrete sodium chloride and water.
T173 272135-272348 Sentence denotes There is accumulating evidence that this process, which appears to be a function mainly of the crypts, also may be physiologic and perhaps segmental, involved in maintaining the fluidity of the intestinal content.
T174 272349-272446 Sentence denotes Intestinal secretion will be considered more fully later as part of the pathogenesis of diarrhea.
T175 272447-272624 Sentence denotes The gastrointestinal tract is continually presented with food antigens, ingested toxins, viruses, bacteria and their products, and parasites and their excretions and secretions.
T176 272625-272711 Sentence denotes The epithelial barrier of the gut is but one cell thick and has enormous surface area.
T177 272712-272932 Sentence denotes Therefore, it is not surprising that the epithelium and associated lymphoid and inflammatory cells in the mucosa and submucosa have evolved a complex system for sampling, blocking, neutralizing, and eliminating antigens.
T178 272933-273060 Sentence denotes Lymphoid tissue has been estimated to constitute 25% of the intestinal mucosal mass and to exceed that of the spleen in volume.
T179 273061-273207 Sentence denotes The epithelial cell of the neonate is capable of uptake and transport of macromolecules from the intestinal lumen to the basolateral cell surface.
T180 273208-273381 Sentence denotes In all species of domestic animals, colostral transfer of immunoglobulins by this route provides the neonate with passive humoral immunity during the early postnatal period.
T181 273382-273574 Sentence denotes The selectivity of macromolecular transfer varies with the species, being least specific in neonatal ruminants, piglets, and foals, which take up most macromolecules contacting the epithelium.
T182 273575-273717 Sentence denotes Permeability of the gut to macromolecules is the result of energy-dependent pinocytosis by the apical cell membrane at the base of microvilli.
T183 273718-273949 Sentence denotes Colostral protein is transferred in membrane-bound vacuoles in the cytoplasm to the basolateral membrane, where, by exocytosis, the contents are extruded, to find their way via the lacteal and lymphatics to the general circulation.
T184 273950-274110 Sentence denotes The period of active uptake of macromolecules is short, usually only 2 4 -4 8 hr in ungulates, and "closure" precludes further bulk transport of macromolecules.
T185 274111-274342 Sentence denotes Closure is probably at least partly related to "maturity" of the epithelium and involves failure of intracellular transport or exocytosis, possibly due to replacement of surface enterocytes by cells incapable of export of proteins.
T186 274343-274518 Sentence denotes Cells containing eosinophilic protein-filled cytoplasmic vacuoles ( Fig. 1.14A ), which may displace the nucleus toward the surface, persist longest in the distal small bowel.
T187 274519-274766 Sentence denotes Although bulk transport does not occur, experimental data suggest that nutritionally inconsequential amounts of macromolecules continue to be transferred by enterocytes in mature animals, via mechanisms analagous to those occurring in the neonate.
T188 274767-274958 Sentence denotes For significant uptake to occur, molecules must escape intraluminal hydrolysis, and pinocytosis must exceed the rate of lysosomal degradation to permit molecules to be exported from the cell.
T189 274959-275054 Sentence denotes This is presumably one mechanism by which antigens encounter immune-active cells in the mucosa.
T190 275055-275165 Sentence denotes Macromolecules gaining entry to the portal circulation are largely phagocytosed by Kupffer cells in the liver.
T191 275166-275339 Sentence denotes Certainly, these cells form a second line of defense against absorbed macromolecules from the gut and are particularly important in clearing endotoxin from the portal blood.
T192 275340-275605 Sentence denotes In addition to the pinocytotic activity of absorptive enterocytes, specific epithelial cells called M cells, associated with Peyer's patches and intestinal lymphoid follicles, actively "sample" particulate matter and macromolecules impinging on the mucosal surface.
T193 275606-275796 Sentence denotes The M cells are called so because of the presence of microfolds, rather than microvilli, on their apical surface in humans, though this characteristic seems to be restricted to that species.
T194 275797-275979 Sentence denotes The M cells are present, interspersed among cells resembling absorptive enterocytes, on the surface of the " d o m e ' ' in the mucosa overlying lymphoid aggregates in the submucosa.
T195 275980-276036 Sentence denotes In the neonatal calf, M cells cover the dome completely.
T196 276037-276222 Sentence denotes These cells often adopt an inverted " c u p " shape, with one or more lymphocytes and occasional macrophages in the basal concavity, in intimate contact with the membrane of the M cell.
T197 276223-276343 Sentence denotes Macromolecular and particulate material taken up by M cells is transmitted to the associated lymphocytes or macrophages.
T198 276344-276498 Sentence denotes The M cell is a likely portal of entry to the mucosa for bacteria, perhaps including Salmonella, Yersinia, and Listeria in some species, and some viruses.
T199 276499-276650 Sentence denotes Neutrophils are seen transmigrating the epithelium of the dome and in the lumen over the dome, in enteric bacterial infections of calves in particular.
T200 276651-276751 Sentence denotes Neutrophils may also play a role in phagocytosis in the enteric lumen in pigs under some conditions.
T201 276752-276962 Sentence denotes The aggregated lymphoid follicles, or Peyer's patches, and solitary lymphoid follicles are scattered in the mucosa of the small intestine of all species, and solitary lymphoid follicles stud the colonic mucosa.
T202 276963-277091 Sentence denotes Peyer's patches are present throughout the length of the small intestine in all species, though they tend to be larger distally.
T203 277092-277241 Sentence denotes They are grossly visible, usually as oval or elongate structures up to several centimeters wide, thickening the antimesenteric wall of the intestine.
T204 277242-277378 Sentence denotes They may project slightly above the mucosal surface or appear as depressions, which must not be mistaken for ulcers, especially in dogs.
T205 277379-277478 Sentence denotes In neonates of some species, including swine, they may be poorly developed and not visible grossly.
T206 277479-277592 Sentence denotes Continuous, elongate Peyer's patches have been described in the distal 1 to 1.5 m of ileum in calves and piglets.
T207 277593-277665 Sentence denotes Peyer's patches in sheep are reported to involute as the animal matures.
T208 277666-277802 Sentence denotes Peyer's patches are comprised of follicular aggregates of B lymphocytes in the submucosa, underlying a discontinuous muscularis mucosae.
T209 277803-277892 Sentence denotes Between the upper borders of adjacent lymphoid follicles are aggregates of T lymphocytes.
T210 277893-278073 Sentence denotes Overlying the lymphoid follicles is a mixed population of T and B lymphocytes, extending into the lamina propria in rounded mucosal projections, the domes, which lie between villi.
T211 278074-278134 Sentence denotes Short crypts provide epithelium to domes and adjacent villi.
T212 278135-278353 Sentence denotes Cell populations of Peyer's patches in newborns and gnotobiotes of most species tend to be sparser than those in older or bacterially colonized animals, though those in neonatal calves appear relatively well developed.
T213 278354-278484 Sentence denotes The microscopic organization of solitary lymphoid follicles and associated mucosa essentially resembles that of the Peyer's patch.
T214 278485-278577 Sentence denotes The B and T immunoblasts gain access to Peyer's patches via permeable postcapillary venules.
T215 278578-278761 Sentence denotes The major cell populations in Peyer's patches appear to be B lymphocytes committed mainly to IgA production, while among the T cells is a large proportion of T-helper-cell precursors.
T216 278762-279016 Sentence denotes How or whether antigen is processed in Peyer's patches is unclear; macrophages apparently are present in lower concentration in Peyer's patches than in lamina propria, and their place in the interaction among M cells and T and B lymphocytes is uncertain.
T217 279017-279252 Sentence denotes They probably play an effector role in cell-mediated reactions to bacteria entering via Peyer's patches, and certainly in response to agents such as Mycobacterium paratuberculosis and Histoplasma capsulatum found in the lamina propria.
T218 279253-279383 Sentence denotes Macrophages scattered in the lamina propria may play a role in presenting antigen to sensitize lymphocytes present in the propria.
T219 279384-279538 Sentence denotes In addition to functioning in defense against microorganisms, macrophages phagocytose inert particulate matter reaching the lamina propria from the lumen.
T220 279539-279674 Sentence denotes They also may accumulate iron pigment under some circumstances and, by loss at the villus tip, may have some function in its excretion.
T221 279675-279786 Sentence denotes Bile pigment, perhaps derived from meconium, is seen sometimes in macrophages in the tips of villi in neonates.
T222 279787-280029 Sentence denotes The involvement of macrophages in the phagocytosis of cells (enterocytes, theliolymphocytes, fibroblast sheath) in the subepithelial lamina propria at the tips of villi or between the openings of colonic glands has been alluded to previously.
T223 280030-280170 Sentence denotes This process is most obvious in equine large and small intestine, where it should be distinguished from necrotic foci in the lamina propria.
T224 280171-280212 Sentence denotes Its pathologic significance is uncertain.
T225 280213-280482 Sentence denotes The IgA lymphoblasts leave the Peyer's patch for the mesenteric lymph node and, via the thoracic duct, the general circulation, whence they home in on the intestinal mucosa and other mucosal surfaces, including the respiratory tract, mammary gland, and salivary glands.
T226 280483-280649 Sentence denotes In the lamina propria of the intestine they differentiate into IgA-secretory plasma cells, found mainly in close apposition to columnar epithelium of the upper crypt.
T227 280650-280806 Sentence denotes Dimeric IgA may bind to glycoprotein "secretory component" present on the basolateral border of columnar crypt epithelial cells, though this is not certain.
T228 280807-280963 Sentence denotes With secretory component, it is transported in vesicles through the cytoplasm to be released from the apical border of the cell into the lumen of the crypt.
T229 280964-281040 Sentence denotes It then spreads over the intestinal surface, at least partly bound to mucus.
T230 281041-281181 Sentence denotes Dimeric IgA entering the circulation is selectively taken up by hepatocytes and is secreted into bile, at least in some nonruminant species.
T231 281182-281281 Sentence denotes IgA-secreting cells are the predominant class of plasma cell in the lamina propria in most species.
T232 281282-281365 Sentence denotes However, IgM-secreting plasma cells are prevalent in young calves, swine, and dogs.
T233 281366-281466 Sentence denotes IgM is also taken up by secretory component in some species and transported to the intestinal lumen.
T234 281467-281520 Sentence denotes This may be significant in the young piglet and calf.
T235 281521-281705 Sentence denotes Although IgA and IgM are secreted, IgG! is the major antibody class in intestinal secretion in cattle; it appears to be selectively secreted by the gut and in the bile in that species.
T236 281706-281743 Sentence denotes The situation in sheep is less clear.
T237 281744-282002 Sentence denotes The function of IgA in the gut lumen probably lies mainly in blocking attachment by bacteria and viruses to epithelial cells, neutralizing intraluminal toxins, and limiting absorption of antigens originating in food and produced by microorganisms in the gut.
T238 282003-282099 Sentence denotes It thereby reduces the likelihood of reaginic and other forms of immune response in the propria.
T239 282100-282295 Sentence denotes Secretion into the bile, by hepatocytes, of IgA complexed with antigen may, in the species in which it occurs, be a significant means of clearing the circulation of antigen absorbed from the gut.
T240 282296-282413 Sentence denotes Plasma cells containing IgG are relatively uncommon in the intestinal lamina propria in species other than ruminants.
T241 282414-282657 Sentence denotes However, locally produced and systemically circulating IgG may assume significance when vascular permeability and inflammation occur, due to its ability to fix complement, facilitate antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, and opsonize.
T242 282658-282834 Sentence denotes Plasmacytes producing IgE are present in the lamina propria, and this class of immunoglobulin has been implicated particularly in immune responses to some intestinal parasites.
T243 282835-282988 Sentence denotes Its significance may be in IgE-dependent cytotoxicity by eosinophils and perhaps by mast cells, as well as in mediating reaginic reactions in the mucosa.
T244 282989-283092 Sentence denotes Intestinal mast cells differ histochemically and physiologically from mast cells in most other tissues.
T245 283093-283178 Sentence denotes They are not readily demonstrable after formalin fixation; Carnoy's fixative is best.
T246 283179-283358 Sentence denotes The proliferation of intestinal mast cells (probably of bone marrow origin) appears to be dependent on factors derived from T cells and is a prominent feature of some parasitisms.
T247 283359-283591 Sentence denotes Globule leukocytes are visible in hematoxylin-and eosinstained tissue sections as mononuclear cells with large, eosinophilic cytoplasmic granules, in the epithelium of the crypt and lower villus, and sometimes in the lamina propria.
T248 283592-283645 Sentence denotes Possibly they are derived from intestinal mast cells.
T249 283646-283895 Sentence denotes The effects of histamine, serotonin, and other mediators released by mast cells on vascular tone and permeability, motility, chemotaxis, and effector function of leukocytes, on immune-active cells, and possibly in mucus release are many and complex.
T250 283896-284056 Sentence denotes Intestinal eosinophils probably do not differ functionally from eosinophils in other sites, being cytotoxic effector cells and modulators of local inflammation.
T251 284057-284238 Sentence denotes The T cells are present in Peyer's patches and are distributed throughout the mucosa, in the lamina propria, and are the great majority of the intraepithelial lymphocyte population.
T252 284239-284351 Sentence denotes Lymphocytes may comprise in excess of 10 to 20% of cells present in the epithelial layer of the small intestine.
T253 284352-284524 Sentence denotes A significant proportion of the intraepithelial lymphocytes contain granules resembling those in mast cells; these "large granular lymphocytes" may be natural killer cells.
T254 284525-284597 Sentence denotes Many of the other intraepithelial lymphocytes may be suppressor T cells.
T255 284598-284772 Sentence denotes In contrast, a lower proportion of proprial T lymphocytes have markers characteristic of suppressor cells, and some may also be T-helper cells or pluripotential stem T cells.
T256 284773-284957 Sentence denotes As might be expected, B lymphocytes are numerous in the lamina propria and are most highly concentrated in Peyer's patches, where the greatest numbers of T-helper cells are also found.
T257 284958-285187 Sentence denotes The T immunoblasts from the gut seem to follow a pathway similar to that of B lymphocytes, through mesenteric lymph nodes and the systemic circulation before homing in on the lamina propria or intraepithelial intercellular space.
T258 285188-285312 Sentence denotes Increased numbers of intraepithelial lymphocytes are associated with cellmediated immune reactions in the intestinal mucosa.
T259 285313-285402 Sentence denotes Understanding of the mechanisms of cell-mediated immunity in the intestine is still poor.
T260 285403-285507 Sentence denotes They may be mediated by T-helper-cellpromoted antibody production, by local direct cytotoxic effects, 1.
T261 285508-285509 Sentence denotes T
T262 285510-285540 Sentence denotes and by release of lymphokines.
T263 285541-285807 Sentence denotes In some circumstances (intestinal parasitism, probably some food allergies, celiac disease in humans), soluble factors associated with cell-mediated immune events cause alterations in epithelial proliferation and differentiation that may culminate in villus atrophy.
T264 285808-285912 Sentence denotes Immunoinflammatory events in the large bowel are less well understood than those in the small intestine.
T265 285913-285952 Sentence denotes Presumably, similar principles prevail.
T266 285953-286177 Sentence denotes Lymphoglandular complexes, consisting of homogeneous submucosal lymphoid aggregates penetrated by glands extending from the mucosa, occur in the cecum and proximal colon of the dog and at the cecocolic junction in ruminants.
T267 286178-286240 Sentence denotes Epithelium lining glands is in close contact with lymphocytes.
T268 286241-286381 Sentence denotes Solitary submucosal lymphoid nodules, normally without penetrating glands, are also scattered throughout the cecum and colon in all species.
T269 286382-286447 Sentence denotes Plasma cells in the lamina propria are principally IgA producing.
T270 286448-286496 Sentence denotes Depending on the species, their location varies.
T271 286497-286581 Sentence denotes In dogs, most tend to be in the deeper portion of the lamina propria between glands.
T272 286582-286622 Sentence denotes Intraepithelial lymphocytes are present.
T273 286623-286685 Sentence denotes After birth, no part of the gastrointestinal tract is sterile.
T274 286686-286822 Sentence denotes The species of bacteria inhabiting the stomach and intestine are several hundred in number, forming an ecosystem of enormous complexity.
T275 286823-287010 Sentence denotes Generally speaking, bacterial populations are least in the stomach and upper small intestine of ruminants and carnivores, being limited by the acid gastric environment and by peristalsis.
T276 287011-287256 Sentence denotes The anaerobes and facultative anaerobes, mainly E. coli, increase to ~1 0 7 per gram of content in the lower small intestine, and total bacterial populations in excess of 1 0 1 0 or 1 0 1 1 per gram of content are present in the cecum and colon.
T277 287257-287446 Sentence denotes Prominent among colonic bacteria are coliforms, Lactobacillus, and strict anaerobes, including Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, Clostridium, Eubacterium, Bifidobacterium, and Peptostreptococcus.
T278 287447-287487 Sentence denotes Spirochetes are found in swine and dogs.
T279 287488-287576 Sentence denotes Anaerobic bacteria outnumber facultative anaerobes by a thousandfold in the large bowel.
T280 287577-287716 Sentence denotes The complex ecology of the gut flora imparts on it a considerable stability, and if disturbed it tends to return toward the original state.
T281 287717-287878 Sentence denotes It is relatively resistant to the intrusion of new inhabitants, and this is one of the major factors protecting against the establishment of pathogenic bacteria.
T282 287879-288095 Sentence denotes It is no coincidence that bacterial diarrhea occurs most commonly in the neonate with a poorly established flora, or after changes in husbandry or antibiotic therapy that may disturb the enteric bacterial population.
T283 288096-288178 Sentence denotes Normal flora acts as a barrier to colonization by pathogens through several means.
T284 288179-288369 Sentence denotes The secretion of proteins such as colicins has little significance in modulating enteric bacterial populations; more important is the production of acetic and butyric acids by the anaerobes.
T285 288370-288500 Sentence denotes Under the pH and anaerobic conditions in the large bowel, fatty acids are highly detrimental to members of the Enterobacteriaceae.
T286 288501-288635 Sentence denotes The high population of lactobacilli in the gut of milk-fed animals probably reduces establishment of Enterobacteriaceae by this means.
T287 288636-288752 Sentence denotes Facultative anaerobes are important in maintaining the redox environment for strict anaerobes, by scavenging oxygen.
T288 288753-288925 Sentence denotes Competition for energy, and the effect of metabolites other than short-chain fatty acids produced by the native flora, militate against establishment by exogenous bacteria.
T289 288926-289274 Sentence denotes Host factors influencing gut flora include composition of the diet; peristalsis, which continually flushes the small intestine of a large proportion of its bacterial population; lysozyme; lactoferrin; gastric acidity if unbuffered or undiluted; and in the abomasum of suckling calves, perhaps a lactoperoxidase-thiocyanide-hydrogen peroxide system.
T290 289275-289425 Sentence denotes The enteric microbial flora promotes the development of a population of immune and inflammatory cells in the lamina propria, by antigenic stimulation.
T291 289426-289543 Sentence denotes Mucosal epithelial kinetics are also speeded up in conventional animals, in comparison with those that are germ free.
T292 289544-289724 Sentence denotes In germ-free gut, the proliferative compartment in the crypts is smaller and less active, and epithelial transit times to the tips of villi are slower than in conventional animals.
T293 289725-289894 Sentence denotes The effects of altered intestinal epithelial turnover and immune activity on normal flora are poorly defined and probably minor as far as luminal bacteria are concerned.
T294 289895-290101 Sentence denotes IgA secretion into the lumen probably influences populations close to the mucosa, and immune activity as a whole must limit establishment on and ingress by microorganisms and their products into the mucosa.
T295 290102-290217 Sentence denotes Colostrum has an inhibitory effect on enteric organisms if it contains specific antibodies against those organisms.
T296 290218-290447 Sentence denotes Disequilibrium of the normal microflora, or a competitive advantage, may permit the establishment in the intestine of pathogenic strains of bacteria, or the abnormal proliferation by opportunistic pathogens of the resident flora.
T297 290448-290529 Sentence denotes An abnormal microflora, colonic in character, may develop in the small intestine.
T298 290530-290683 Sentence denotes This bacterial overgrowth is due to achlorhydria and physical or physiologic derangements resulting in gut stasis or loss of normal peristaltic flushing.
T299 290684-290841 Sentence denotes Deconjugation of bile salts and fat malabsorption result in steatorrhea and other complications considered more fully later, with malabsorption and diarrhea.
T300 290842-290982 Sentence denotes Availability of abnormally large amounts of nutrient substrate may permit the proliferation of strains of toxigenic Clostridium perfringens.
T301 290983-291187 Sentence denotes The toxins produced can have a local necrotizing effect in the gut, as occurs in lambs, piglets, and calves, and may be implicated in canine intestinal hemorrhage syndrome and perhaps colitis X in horses.
T302 291188-291236 Sentence denotes Clostridium perfringens type D produces € toxin.
T303 291237-291405 Sentence denotes It has no physical effect in the gut but exemplifies the principle of enterotoxemic diseases by being absorbed and acting at a site or sites distant from the intestine.
T304 291406-291521 Sentence denotes The soluble factor released by strains of E. coli causing edema disease (gut edema), also falls into this category.
T305 291522-291651 Sentence denotes Certain strains of E. coli have the capacity to attach to the epithelium of the small intestine by pili, permitting colonization.
T306 291652-291872 Sentence denotes Production of secretory diarrhea by the local effect of a toxin that has a physiologic, but little or no physical, effect on the gut is characteristic of these strains; some strains of Salmonella may also be enterotoxic.
T307 291873-292048 Sentence denotes Salmonella, however, is generally considered to be enteroinvasive, traversing the epithelium at a number of sites, perhaps including solitary or aggregated lymphoid follicles.
T308 292049-292191 Sentence denotes Enteroinvasive bacteria often stimulate acute inflammation and cause extensive mucosal damage, including erosion and effusion of tissue fluid.
T309 292192-292246 Sentence denotes Some strains of E. coli may also have this capability.
T310 292247-292492 Sentence denotes Changes interpreted as increased epithelial proliferation, associated with superficial erosion, are characteristic of Treponema infection in swine dysentery and some Campylobacter infections, particularly intestinal adenomatosis complex in pigs.
T311 292493-292622 Sentence denotes The organisms penetrate the epithelial cells in the latter condition; spirochetes are essentially noninvasive in swine dysentery.
T312 292623-292736 Sentence denotes The effect in both these diseases is to cause loss of absorptive function and to permit effusion of tissue fluid.
T313 292737-292847 Sentence denotes In intestinal adenomatosis complex, severe mucosal damage, by unknown mechanisms, may culminate in hemorrhage.
T314 292848-293030 Sentence denotes Mucosal invasion by mycobacteria will produce granulomatous enteritis, lymphangitis, and lymphadenitis, associated with villus atrophy and intestinal protein loss in Johne's disease.
T315 293031-293172 Sentence denotes Localization of Corynebacterium equi largely in local lymphoid tissue in the gut, with ulceration, may progress to suppurative lymphadenitis.
T316 293173-293301 Sentence denotes Rarely in domestic animals, Yersinia may follow a similar route, which may culminate in caseous lymphadenitis and/or bacteremia.
T317 293302-293505 Sentence denotes The intestinal mucosa can be a site for embolic establishment by circulating bacteria, and subsequent ulceration, as occurs in Haemophilus somnus septicemia of cattle and Pasteurella septicemia in lambs.
T318 293506-293662 Sentence denotes More often, bacteria originating in the gut enter the lymphatics or portal drainage, gaining access to the circulation and causing bacteremia or septicemia.
T319 293663-293832 Sentence denotes Bacteria causing Tyzzer's disease in foals, septicemic salmonellosis in some species, and probably some cases of E. coli septicemia in calves and lambs arise in the gut.
T320 293833-293982 Sentence denotes For details of the pathogenesis and pathology of disease caused by these agents, see Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract.
T321 293983-294158 Sentence denotes Congenital enzyme deficiencies of the intestinal absorptive epithelium, such as the specific disaccharidase deficiencies of humans, have not been reported in domestic animals.
T322 294159-294371 Sentence denotes Membranous cytoplasmic bodies have been reported in duodenal epithelial cells and in various cell types in the lamina propria in cats with generalized congenital gangliosidosis (see the Nervous System, Volume 1).
T323 294372-294442 Sentence denotes Segmental anomalies of the tubular intestine are commonly encountered.
T324 294443-294577 Sentence denotes In early embryonal life the intestine consists of a simple tube, the lumen of which is lined by epithelial cells of endodermal origin.
T325 294578-294675 Sentence denotes An outer layer of connective tissue from the splanchnic ectoderm surrounds and supports the tube.
T326 294676-294782 Sentence denotes As the intestines grow with the developing fetus, they form coiled loops that herniate into the umbilicus.
T327 294783-294925 Sentence denotes In the later stages of fetal development, the intestines withdraw, in an anterior to posterior direction, from the umbilicus into the abdomen.
T328 294926-295182 Sentence denotes Although several theories have been proposed on the cause of segmental developmental anomalies, the most plausible is that there is impairment of blood supply to a segment of gut during early fetal life, resulting in ischemic necrosis of the affected area.
T329 295183-295352 Sentence denotes The segmental anomalies of the intestine may be divided into two types: stenosis implies incomplete occlusion of the lumen; complete occlusion is referred to as atresia.
T330 295353-295681 Sentence denotes Atresia is further subdivided into membrane atresia, when the obstruction is formed by a simple membrane or diaphragm; cord atresia, in which the blind ends of the gut are joined by a cord of connective tissue; and blind-end atresia, in which a segment of gut and the corresponding mesentery are missing, leaving two blind ends.
T331 295682-295755 Sentence denotes Atresia ilei is the most common segmental anomaly in the small intestine.
T332 295756-295825 Sentence denotes It is most prevalent in calves, and rare in lambs, piglets, and pups.
T333 295826-295946 Sentence denotes Atresia jejuni in Jersey cattle and atresia ilei in Swedish highland cattle are inherited as autosomal recessive traits.
T334 295947-296066 Sentence denotes Atresia coli is also commonly encountered, particularly in Holstein calves and in foals, in which it may be hereditary.
T335 296067-296155 Sentence denotes These obstructions prevent the normal movement of gut content and meconium in the fetus.
T336 296156-296291 Sentence denotes Therefore, they lead to dilation of the anterior segment, with abdominal distention that may be so marked as to produce fetal dystocia.
T1 296292-296404 Sentence denotes Congenital colonic agangliosis has been reported in white foals that are the offspring of overo spotted parents.
T2 296405-296583 Sentence denotes Clinically, the foals, which are predominantly white with a few pigmented dots on the muzzle, abdomen, and hindquarters, develop colic and die generally within 48 hr after birth.
T3 296584-296677 Sentence denotes There is stenosis mainly of the small colon, but the entire colon and rectum may be involved.
T4 296678-296760 Sentence denotes The intestine anterior to the stenotic segment is distended with gas and meconium.
T5 296761-296807 Sentence denotes The descending colon is contracted but patent.
T6 296808-296912 Sentence denotes Microscopically, ganglia of the myenteric plexus are absent in the walls of the ileum, cecum, and colon.
T7 296913-297014 Sentence denotes Except for the few pigmented spots in the skin mentioned earlier, melanocytes are absent in the skin.
T8 297015-297122 Sentence denotes The condition is similar in many respects to aganglionic colon in piebald and spotted mutant mouse strains.
T9 297123-297304 Sentence denotes Cutaneous melanoblasts and the myenteric plexus are both derived from the neural crest, which may explain the association between unpigmented skin and lack of the myenteric ganglia.
T10 297305-297400 Sentence denotes Atresia ani, overall, is the most common congenital defect of the lower gastrointestinal tract.
T11 297401-297508 Sentence denotes It may affect all species and is most frequently encountered in calves and pigs, in which it is hereditary.
T12 297509-297685 Sentence denotes The defect may consist only of failure of perforation of the membrane separating the endodermal hindgut from the ectodermal anal tissue, or both anus and rectum may be atretic.
T13 297686-297944 Sentence denotes Atresia ani may be an isolated abnormality, or it may be associated with other malformations, especially of the distal spinal column and the genitourinary tract; in this case the terminal portion of the intestine may empty into the vagina or urinary bladder.
T14 297945-298054 Sentence denotes Persistent Meckel's diverticulum is an uncommon anomaly of the lower small bowel, mainly in swine and horses.
T15 298055-298137 Sentence denotes It is derived from the omphalomesenteric duct, which is the stalk of the yolk sac.
T16 298138-298219 Sentence denotes This duct is normally obliterated before the end of the first third of pregnancy.
T17 298220-298355 Sentence denotes Rarely, it may be retained in postnatal life as a patent tube extending from the antimesenteric side of the intestine to the umbilicus.
T18 298356-298442 Sentence denotes More commonly, only that portion immediately adjacent to the intestine remains patent.
T19 298443-298499 Sentence denotes This pouch or tubelike remnant is Meckel's diverticulum.
T20 298500-298551 Sentence denotes Its mucosal lining is similar to that of the ileum.
T21 298552-298649 Sentence denotes In swine it usually occurs as a tube the width of the ileum, 5 -3 0 cm in length ( Fig. 1.12A ).
T22 298650-298787 Sentence denotes In horses it is present as a short, cone-shaped sac -10 cm in diameter, which may be attached by mesodiverticular bands to the mesentery.
T23 298788-298949 Sentence denotes It is usually an incidental finding, although in horses it has been associated with strangulation of the intestine herniating through the mesodiverticular bands.
T24 298950-299049 Sentence denotes Intestinal lipofuscinosis is characterized grossly by brown discoloration of the intestinal serosa.
T25 299050-299164 Sentence denotes It may involve all areas from the stomach to the rectum but is most commonly present in the lower small intestine.
T26 299165-299248 Sentence denotes The bladder and mesenteric and peripheral lymph nodes may also be affected grossly.
T27 299249-299384 Sentence denotes Although the lesion is usually an incidental finding, it has more commonly been associated with chronic enteric and pancreatic disease.
T28 299385-299548 Sentence denotes Lipofuscinosis has been reported in boxer dogs with histiocytic ulcerative colitis, but a definite correlation between the two conditions has not been established.
T29 299549-299707 Sentence denotes A high prevalence of lipofuscinosis has also been reported in dogs that were fed rations high in polyunsaturated fats with a relative deficiency of vitamin E.
T30 299708-299772 Sentence denotes Feeding of high levels of vitamin E has prevented the condition.
T31 299773-299999 Sentence denotes It appears that any condition causing a reduction in the absorption of fats and consequently of the fat-soluble vitamins, especially in the presence of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the diet, may predispose to lipofuscinosis.
T32 300000-300178 Sentence denotes The microscopic lesions of brown gut are characterized by gray to brown granules in the perinuclear regions of smooth muscle cells in both inner and outer layers of the gut wall.
T33 300179-300212 Sentence denotes The granules stain as lipofuscin.
T34 300213-300338 Sentence denotes Formerly a common finding in swine, muscular hypertrophy of the ileum appears to have diminished in prevalence in most areas.
T35 300339-300466 Sentence denotes It may be found in apparently healthy animals at slaughter as a uniform thickening of the muscular coats of the terminal ileum.
T36 300467-300605 Sentence denotes The segment involved always includes the most caudal portion, but it may extend a variable distance forward, usually between 25 and 50 cm.
T37 300606-300678 Sentence denotes The affected area is thickened and has the turgid feel of a rubber hose.
T38 300679-300895 Sentence denotes The lumen is small, and the mucosa is thrown into thick, convoluted folds suggestive of Johne's disease, but it is apparent that the major component of the increase in thickness of the wall is in the muscular layers.
T39 300896-301048 Sentence denotes This condition must be differentiated from adenomatosis and necrotic ileitis, manifestations of enteropathy associated with Campylobacter spp. in swine.
T40 301049-301164 Sentence denotes The outcome of the condition is not always benign, and impaction and rupture are important and disastrous sequelae.
T41 301165-301344 Sentence denotes It is probable that diet and intercurrent disease contribute to the tendency to rupture, as it may be associated with the impaction of dehydrated feed in the hypertrophic segment.
T42 301345-301529 Sentence denotes The actual rupture may be a result of violent peristaltic contractions, or diverticula may develop ( Fig. 1.12D ), the mucosa undergoing necrosis with secondary bacterial inflammation.
T43 301530-301573 Sentence denotes Perforation occurs at these weakened areas.
T44 301574-301738 Sentence denotes While the underlying basis of this condition is obscure, it is likely that the muscular hypertrophy is secondary to a functional obstruction of the ileocecal valve.
T45 301739-301839 Sentence denotes Muscular hypertrophy of the small intestine, of unknown cause, also occurs in horses ( Fig. 1.12C ).
T46 301840-302019 Sentence denotes The lesions are similar to those described in swine, except that the affected segment may occur at any point along the small intestine, although the ileum is the most common site.
T47 302020-302132 Sentence denotes Horses with this condition may have chronic mild colic or intermittent diarrhea with progressive loss of weight.
T48 302133-302198 Sentence denotes Unlike pigs, perforation is an unusual complication in the horse.
T49 302199-302328 Sentence denotes Diveiticulosis of the small intestine is sometimes, but not necessarily, associated with muscular hypertrophy in pigs and horses.
T50 302329-302480 Sentence denotes It is characterized by the presence of cystic structures, which are lined by intestinal mucosa, in the muscularis and subserosa of the small intestine.
T51 302481-302602 Sentence denotes The diverticula tend to follow the pathway of blood vessels and are mainly located adjacent to the mesenteric attachment.
T52 302603-302649 Sentence denotes Rupture of the diverticula causes peritonitis.
T53 302650-302776 Sentence denotes In sheep, diveiticulosis occurs independently from muscular hypertrophy, and the most common sites are the duodenum and ileum.
T54 302777-302851 Sentence denotes Intestinal emphysema is a rare condition found mainly in postweaning pigs.
T55 302852-302952 Sentence denotes The lesion is usually an incidental finding in slaughtered animals and has no economic significance.
T56 302953-303139 Sentence denotes It is characterized by numerous thinwalled, gas-filled cystic structures, a few millimeters to several centimeters in diameter, in the gut wall and on the serosal surface ( Fig. 1.12B ).
T57 303140-303273 Sentence denotes These are located mainly in the small intestine, although the large intestine, mesentery, and mesenteric lymph nodes may be involved.
T58 303274-303448 Sentence denotes Microscopically, the cystic structures appear to be dilated lymphatics located in the lamina propria, submucosa, muscularis, subserosa, mesentery, and mesenteric lymph nodes.
T59 303449-303527 Sentence denotes A pleocellular inflammatory reaction may be evident in the walls of the cysts.
T60 303528-303614 Sentence denotes Although production of gas by bacteria has been implicated, the cause remains obscure.
T61 303615-303680 Sentence denotes Rectal prolapse most commonly occurs in swine, sheep, and cattle.
T62 303681-303830 Sentence denotes It may occur in any animal that has prolonged episodes of tenesmus or straining, usually associated with colitis or urinary infection or obstruction.
T63 303831-303983 Sentence denotes In pigs, rectal prolapse occurs as a herd problem when the ration contains zearalenone, an estrogenic mycotoxin produced by fungi of the genus Fusarium.
T64 303984-304107 Sentence denotes The toxin causes marked swelling and congestion of the vulva and vaginal mucosa, which may be followed by vaginal prolapse.
T65 304108-304188 Sentence denotes Affected pigs strain continuously, and rectal prolapse is a common complication.
T66 304189-304369 Sentence denotes Rectal prolapse in sheep may be the consequence of ingestion of estrogenic pastures and is accompanied by other signs of hyperestrogenism (see the Female Genital System, Volume 3).
T67 304370-304479 Sentence denotes The prolapsed rectum is edematous, congested, and there may be necrosis and ulceration of the everted mucosa.
T68 304480-304587 Sentence denotes These lesions are ischemic in origin due to interference with venous blood flow from the prolapsed section.
T69 304588-304652 Sentence denotes Only the mucosa, or all layers, may be involved in the prolapse.
T70 304653-304745 Sentence denotes In swine surviving slough or amputation of the prolapsed tissue, rectal stricture may ensue.
T71 304746-304805 Sentence denotes Rectal strictures are discussed further with salmonellosis.
T72 304806-304951 Sentence denotes Clinically acute obstruction typically involves the upper or middle small intestine; chronic blockage usually involves the ileum and large bowel.
T73 304952-305172 Sentence denotes Intestinal obstruction may be the sequel to a physical blockage of the lumen resulting from stenosis due to an intrinsic lesion involving the intestinal wall, obturation by an intraluminal mass, or extrinsic compression.
T74 305173-305312 Sentence denotes Failure of the intestinal circular smooth muscle to contract (paralytic ileus) blocks the peristaltic wave, causing functional obstruction.
T75 305313-305421 Sentence denotes Ileus is a common sequel to peritoneal irritation and occurs proximal to any form of mechanical obstruction.
T76 305422-305577 Sentence denotes Circulatory embarrassment of a segment of bowel, through embolism or venous infarction, will also cause functional obstruction without a physical blockage.
T77 305578-305721 Sentence denotes Many of the displacements of gut that produce obstruction, such as volvulus, strangulation of a hernia, or intussusception, may cause ischemia.
T78 305722-305912 Sentence denotes Mucosal hypoxia may also be a sequel to venous occlusion, resulting from distention of gut proximal to a site of obstruction, or it may result from local pressure caused by an adjacent mass.
T79 305913-306015 Sentence denotes Ischemia in any circumstance is a serious complication, the pathogenesis of which is dealt with later.
T80 306016-306160 Sentence denotes We shall consider first the evolution of the sequelae to intestinal obstruction, then return for a closer look at the various types of blockage.
T81 306161-306390 Sentence denotes Proximal to the point of obstruction there is accumulation of fluid, derived from ingesta and gastric, biliary, pancreatic, and intrinsic intestinal secretion, and gas, swallowed or originating with bacterial activity in the gut.
T82 306391-306604 Sentence denotes Intestinal distention results in sequestration of water and electrolyte in the intestinal lumen, further secretion into the gut, edema of the mucosa, and in extreme cases, transudation from the peritoneal surface.
T83 306605-306853 Sentence denotes Upper small bowel obstruction progresses rapidly to cause vomiting in those species that can vomit, with dehydration, hypochloremia, hypokalemia, and metabolic alkalosis due to loss of acid in vomitus, or sequestration of fluid in the forestomachs.
T84 306854-306937 Sentence denotes Obstruction of the lower small intestine may result in distention with dehydration.
T85 306938-307163 Sentence denotes But there is usually less acute electrolyte and acid-base imbalance, since vomition is less severe and absorption of fluid proximal to the obstruction may prevent serious distention and its associated secretion for some time.
T86 307164-307317 Sentence denotes Secretion into obstructed gut is mainly stimulated by distention but may partially be related to bacterial overgrowth of the stagnant intestinal content.
T87 307318-307464 Sentence denotes Metabolic acidosis eventually ensues following dehydration and catabolism of fat and muscle due to cessation of food consumption and assimilation.
T88 307465-307599 Sentence denotes Incomplete or slowly developing obstruction may be associated with compensatory muscular hypertrophy proximal to the offending lesion.
T89 307600-307718 Sentence denotes Incomplete obstruction often becomes total due to progress of the primary lesion or the accumulation of solid digesta.
T90 307719-307850 Sentence denotes Colonic obstruction may result in accumulation of large quantities of content in the bowel, with considerable abdominal distention.
T91 307851-308023 Sentence denotes If ischemia and its complications do not ensue, the animal with acute obstruction succumbs to the systemic effects of hypovolemia and electrolyte and acid-base disturbance.
T92 308024-308148 Sentence denotes Lower intestinal or colonic obstruction may result in eventual metabolic acidosis and starvation following a chronic course.
T93 308149-308329 Sentence denotes In obstruction, the outstanding gross alteration in the bowel is distention proximal to the point of blockage due to paralytic ileus and the accumulation of fluid contents and gas.
T94 308330-308465 Sentence denotes The location, degree, and duration of the obstruction determines the segment and length of bowel involved and the degree of distention.
T95 308466-308581 Sentence denotes As distention increases, interference with venous return may develop and the mucosa and submucosa become congested.
T96 308582-308775 Sentence denotes Devitalization of severely dilated gut, or pressure necrosis of the mucosa at the site of lodgment of intraluminal foreign bodies, may occur, leading to gangrene or perforation and peritonitis.
T97 308776-308844 Sentence denotes Distal to the point of obstruction the bowel is collapsed and empty.
T98 308845-308987 Sentence denotes Intrinsic obstruction due to congenital segmental atresia and imperforations is considered under Congenital Anomalies of the Intestine, above.
T99 308988-309102 Sentence denotes Acquired stenosis due to pathologic processes arising within the wall of the intestine may be partial or complete.
T100 309103-309221 Sentence denotes The primary lesions include intramural abscesses, primary neoplasms ( Fig. 1.19A ), and scarring following ulceration.
T101 309222-309316 Sentence denotes Many of these develop slowly, with a course as described above for simple chronic obstruction.
T102 309317-309364 Sentence denotes All kinds of foreign bodies are commonly found.
T103 309365-309547 Sentence denotes Small, rounded foreign bodies and even some sharp-edged objects may pass through the intestines uneventfully, but for these and many large foreign bodies the course is unpredictable.
T104 309548-309690 Sentence denotes Some may reside in the intestine for long periods and produce no disturbance until they act as a nucleus for the development of an enterolith.
T105 309691-309788 Sentence denotes Sand may remain sedimented in the colon of horses that have grazed on poorly covered sandy soils.
T106 309789-309852 Sentence denotes It may cause a chronic colitis and, in some cases, obstruction.
T107 309853-309988 Sentence denotes Sharp-pointed foreign bodies may become impacted in the intestine and cause pressure necrosis with ulceration and possibly perforation.
T108 309989-310182 Sentence denotes Blunt foreign bodies that become impacted cause acute or chronic obstruction depending on their size and often too are the cause of local pressure necrosis, perforation occurring in some cases.
T109 310183-310295 Sentence denotes Strips of cloth or string, which are not infrequently ingested by dogs and cats, may pass through the intestine.
T110 310296-310462 Sentence denotes When they become impacted, however, they produce a typical lesion; one portion of a string becomes fixed and then is stretched taut distally by peristaltic movements.
T111 310463-310615 Sentence denotes It progressively cuts into the lesser curvature of intestinal loops, causing first a puckering of the mesentery and finally perforation and peritonitis.
T112 310616-310745 Sentence denotes Enteroliths (mineral concrements) were common in the colon of horses in the past, are less so now, and are rare in other species.
T113 310746-310874 Sentence denotes They vary greatly in size, some weighing as much as 10 kg, and in number, there being one or more large ones or many small ones.
T114 310875-310974 Sentence denotes They are smooth and usually spherical, but contact and abrasion may smoothly flatten some surfaces.
T115 310975-311020 Sentence denotes The stones are composed largely of phosphate.
T116 311021-311157 Sentence denotes The concrement is deposited in concentric lamellae, and at the center there is a nucleus, comprising a foreign body or particle of feed.
T117 311158-311268 Sentence denotes The development of an enterolith depends on the presence of soluble ingredients and a nidus for precipitation.
T118 311269-311325 Sentence denotes The source of the magnesium phosphate is probably grain.
T119 311326-311429 Sentence denotes Normally it is ionized in the acid gastric juice, and the phosphate is absorbed in the small intestine.
T120 311430-311600 Sentence denotes Unsplit salt escaping to the colon combines with ammonia, produced as a result of bacterial digestion of protein, to form magnesium ammonium phosphate (triple phosphate).
T121 311601-311703 Sentence denotes Fiber balls (phytotrichobezoars) consist largely of plant fibers impregnated with some phosphate salt.
T122 311704-311780 Sentence denotes They are not as heavy as enteroliths, are moist, and have a velvety surface.
T123 311781-311873 Sentence denotes They are usually round and smooth, but some are convoluted like the surface of the cerebrum.
T124 311874-312010 Sentence denotes Hair balls (trichobezoars) sometimes occur in dogs and cats and in ruminants; in the latter they occur in the forestomachs and abomasum.
T125 312011-312076 Sentence denotes Enteroliths and bezoars in horses are often without significance.
T126 312077-312158 Sentence denotes Apparently they are moved about enough by peristalsis to avoid pressure necrosis.
T127 312159-312235 Sentence denotes They become important when they are impacted, usually in the pelvic flexure.
T128 312236-312296 Sentence denotes Small enteroliths may pass in the feces without consequence.
T129 312297-312406 Sentence denotes Parasites are capable of causing intestinal obstruction when they form ropelike, tangled masses in the lumen.
T130 312407-312486 Sentence denotes This is not uncommon in pigs and foals infected with large numbers of ascarids.
T131 312487-312550 Sentence denotes It also occurs rarely in sheep heavily infested with tapeworms.
T132 312551-312758 Sentence denotes Impaction of the colon, by feces in dogs and cats and by digesta in horses, is not uncommon and causes a simple intestinal obstruction, complicated in the horse by intestinal tympany from fermentative gases.
T133 312759-312897 Sentence denotes In dogs, it may be the result of voluntarily suppressed painful defecation, as in prostatic enlargement and inflammation of the anal sacs.
T134 312898-313003 Sentence denotes Occasionally it is due to an impaction with foreign bodies, especially fine bones in the colon or rectum.
T135 313004-313065 Sentence denotes It may also complicate paralyzing lesions of the spinal cord.
T136 313066-313222 Sentence denotes Impaction of the cecum or colon in horses is largely a disease of older animals in which probably there is some degree of motor and secretory insufficiency.
T137 313223-313398 Sentence denotes It is often precipitated by a change of diet from something soft and lush to hay or chaff, which because of the dental attrition of old age is poorly masticated and salivated.
T138 313399-313457 Sentence denotes In these animals, impaction of the cecum may be recurrent.
T139 313458-313586 Sentence denotes Ingestion of rope or pieces of conveyor belt has been associated with colonic impaction caused by indigestible synthetic fibers.
T140 313587-313697 Sentence denotes Ingestion of large numbers of acorns and leaves may also cause impaction of the intestinal tract in ruminants.
T141 313698-313843 Sentence denotes Obstruction Compression of intestine causing obstruction is rather common and is caused by tumors, abscesses, peritonitis, and fibrous adhesions.
T142 313844-313934 Sentence denotes Neoplasms involve the intestine by extension from adjacent viscera, particularly pancreas.
T143 313935-314044 Sentence denotes Therefore, most of them involve the anterior-dorsal part of the abdominal cavity and impinge on the duodenum.
T144 314045-314331 Sentence denotes Inflammatory peritoneal adhesions are common, and fibrous bands may stretch from the wall of the bowel to some fixed point or between two or more points along the bowel or mesentery; the obstruction develops gradually as cicatrization ties the bowel down or puts kinks in the mesentery.
T145 314332-314494 Sentence denotes Large, firm masses of abdominal fat necrosis cause compression stenosis of small intestine, coiled colon, and particularly, descending colon and rectum of cattle.
T146 314495-314659 Sentence denotes Peduncles of some tumors, especially mesenteric lipomas in older horses, occasionally become wound about loops of intestine and cause obstruction and strangulation.
T147 314660-314768 Sentence denotes Incarceration in hernias, discussed elsewhere, is also a common cause of compression obstruction of the gut.
T148 314769-314875 Sentence denotes Paralytic ileus is in itself not of specific interest to the pathologist but is a rather common condition.
T149 314876-315005 Sentence denotes It frequently follows abdominal surgery in transient episodes, especially when the intestines are handled roughly or traumatized.
T150 315006-315086 Sentence denotes It also occurs in peritoneal irritation of any cause, especially in peritonitis.
T151 315087-315251 Sentence denotes It probably is the result of a variety of neurogenic and reflex factors that interfere with the networks controlling the inhibitory neurons of the myenteric plexus.
T152 315252-315367 Sentence denotes Continual tonic discharge by these neurons inhibits contraction of circular smooth muscle and prevents peristalsis.
T153 315368-315454 Sentence denotes The intestines are distended with a mixture of gas and fluid, and the wall is flaccid.
T154 315455-315618 Sentence denotes The defect may be segmental, involving less than a meter of the intestinal length, but there may be many such segments involved, especially in diffuse peritonitis.
T155 315619-315737 Sentence denotes Gastric rupture may occur in the horse as a complication of obstructive or postoperative ileus of the small intestine.
T156 315738-315929 Sentence denotes Grass sickness in horses, for which there is as yet no good pathologic definition, occurs chiefly in parts of the United Kingdom and western Europe, with few exceptions in animals at pasture.
T157 315930-316029 Sentence denotes Although horses of any age may be afflicted, the disease is more common in those 3 -6 years of age.
T158 316030-316106 Sentence denotes Affected animals are dull but show occasional bouts of colicky restlessness.
T159 316107-316216 Sentence denotes In the acute disease, there is progressively severe tympany, swallowing is avoided, and saliva drools freely.
T160 316217-316314 Sentence denotes Any attempt to swallow is apparently painful and stimulates reverse peristalsis in the esophagus.
T161 316315-316387 Sentence denotes Fine muscular tremors develop over the shoulders, and there is sweating.
T162 316388-316435 Sentence denotes The course in acute cases is from 12 to 72 fir.
T163 316436-316521 Sentence denotes Some survive the acute phase to live much longer, but most usually die in due course.
T164 316522-316567 Sentence denotes Lesions are confined to the alimentary tract.
T165 316568-316684 Sentence denotes The esophageal wall is sometimes edematous, and the mucosa may show longitudinal bands of congestion and ulceration.
T166 316685-316859 Sentence denotes The stomach is distended with fluid (up to 22 liters have been measured), often of khaki color and pea-soup consistency, although sometimes more watery with fibrous material.
T167 316860-316896 Sentence denotes This fluid is alkaline and mucinous.
T168 316897-316924 Sentence denotes Some stomachs are ruptured.
T169 316925-317081 Sentence denotes There is also a great excess of fluid in the small intestine, but except for some hemorrhage and edema at the mesenteric junction, there is no other change.
T170 317082-317186 Sentence denotes The large intestine is impacted with dry contents, and the fecal pellets in the colon are small and dry.
T171 317187-317263 Sentence denotes These masses may have a surface blackened by a small amount of exuded blood.
T172 317264-317427 Sentence denotes In chronic cases, the volume of alimentary content is reduced to scant amounts in the stomach and small intestine, and the content of the large intestine is soupy.
T173 317428-317471 Sentence denotes The cause of grass sickness is speculative.
T174 317472-317735 Sentence denotes In Europe and Britain, degenerative lesions have been described in the autonomic ganglia, especially the celiacomesenteric, but these are difficult structures to work with histologically and claims for ganglion-cell degeneration must be very critically evaluated.
T175 317736-317907 Sentence denotes Specific neutralizing antibodies to Clostridium perfringens type A have been demonstrated in horses that survived a disease claimed to resemble grass sickness in Colombia.
T176 317908-318077 Sentence denotes Sera from recovered horses in Scotland did not contain such antibodies, suggesting that the diseases in these areas are not the same or that they have a different cause.
T177 318078-318112 Sentence denotes Transfusion of whole blood from 1.
T178 318113-318282 Sentence denotes donor horses that show clinical signs of grass sickness, into ponies, results in lesions in the autonomic ganglia that are similar to those present in spontaneous cases.
T179 318283-318328 Sentence denotes However, the ponies remain clinically normal.
T180 318329-318455 Sentence denotes The putative neurotoxic factor is in the plasma protein fraction of the blood and has a molecular weight of 30,000 or greater.
T181 318456-318576 Sentence denotes Intraperitoneal injection of the neurotoxic factor into ponies produces characteristic lesions but not clinical disease.
T182 318577-318775 Sentence denotes These observations suggest that the neurotoxic factor may be the result, rather than the cause, of grass sickness, or that relatively high plasma concentrations are required to cause clinical signs.
T183 318776-318888 Sentence denotes It is, however, difficult to avoid the conclusion that this disease is, in the final analysis, neurogenic ileus.
T184 318889-318957 Sentence denotes Its differentiation from primary colonic impaction may be difficult.
T185 318958-319075 Sentence denotes Eventration is displacement of a portion of the intestine, usually the small intestine, outside the abdominal cavity.
T186 319076-319189 Sentence denotes These are commonly congenital as in schistosomus reflexus, patent umbilicus, and congenital diaphragmatic hernia.
T187 319190-319256 Sentence denotes Acquired eventrations result from trauma and therefore are varied.
T188 319257-319382 Sentence denotes In some cases, the displaced intestine herniates into the abdominal muscle or subcutis, or it may be completely exteriorized.
T189 319383-319491 Sentence denotes Cecal dilatation and torsion is a rare condition that occurs mainly in animals fed high-concentrate rations.
T190 319492-319576 Sentence denotes About 30% of the carbohydrates in the ration are digested in the cecum of ruminants.
T191 319577-319696 Sentence denotes Normally, the volatile fatty acids produced by fermentation are absorbed through the cecal mucosa by passive diffusion.
T192 319697-319902 Sentence denotes Sudden change from a diet consisting mainly of roughage to a grain-based ration results in an increase in the concentration of volatile fatty acids, with only a slight decrease in pH in the cecal contents.
T193 319903-320061 Sentence denotes When the increase in the concentration of dissociated volatile fatty acids, especially butyric acid, is severe, the cecum becomes atonic and dilation follows.
T194 320062-320269 Sentence denotes Once the cecum is dilated and distended with watery ingesta, various degrees of clockwise or counterclockwise torsion can occur, which may incorporate adjacent viscera, particularly a loop of distal jejunum.
T195 320270-320369 Sentence denotes Left dorsal displacement of the colon is encountered as a cause of obstruction and colic in horses.
T196 320370-320544 Sentence denotes The cecum, small intestine, and stomach are distended as a result of compression of the displaced colon, and the stomach and spleen are displaced caudally and ventromedially.
T197 320545-320731 Sentence denotes The altered gastric location is the result of displacement of the sternal and diaphragmatic flexures into the space cranial to the stomach, in apposition with the left lobe of the liver.
T198 320732-320872 Sentence denotes The left dorsal and ventral colon move dorsally and are trapped between the suspensory ligament of the spleen and the dorsal abdominal wall.
T199 320873-320966 Sentence denotes Pelvic flexure may double back on itself and become wedged between stomach and liver as well.
T200 320967-321042 Sentence denotes Compression of the colon may cause partial ischemia of the displaced organ.
T201 321043-321064 Sentence denotes The cause is unknown.
T202 321065-321115 Sentence denotes Surgical intervention is necessary for resolution.
T203 321116-321182 Sentence denotes Abnormal flexion of the cecum and/or colon may occur in the horse.
T204 321183-321252 Sentence denotes The pelvic flexure may be displaced medially, laterally, or dorsally.
T205 321253-321305 Sentence denotes The tip of the cecum may similarly bend upon itself.
T206 321306-321424 Sentence denotes In displacement of both organs there is the risk of vascular embarrassment and infarction due to kinking of the bowel.
T207 321425-321578 Sentence denotes Internal hernia is a displacement of intestine through normal or pathologic foraminae within the abdominal cavity without the formation of a hernial sac.
T208 321579-321594 Sentence denotes It is uncommon.
T209 321595-321666 Sentence denotes Herniation through a natural foramen occurs in horses in two locations.
T210 321667-321846 Sentence denotes A portion of small intestine may pass down into the omental bursa and become incarcerated if the normally short and slitlike epiploic foramen of Winslow is dilated for any reason.
T211 321847-322065 Sentence denotes Occasionally the small intestine, small colon, or left large colon is incarcerated in the nephrosplenic space formed by the dorsal end of the spleen, its renal ligament, the left kidney, and the ventral spinal muscles.
T212 322066-322168 Sentence denotes Omental hernia occurs when a loop of intestine passes through a tear in the greater or lesser omentum.
T213 322169-322250 Sentence denotes Mesenteric hernia is due to passage of intestine through a tear in the mesentery.
T214 322251-322379 Sentence denotes These are probably traumatic defects and usually involve the mesentery of the small intestine and, in horses, that of the colon.
T215 322380-322509 Sentence denotes Herniation through a natural foramen occurs in horses in young ruminants and, more rarely, in other species following castration.
T216 322510-322666 Sentence denotes During the operation, excessive traction on the spermatic cord may tear the peritoneal fold of the ductus deferens, which fixes the duct to the pelvic wall.
T217 322667-322816 Sentence denotes A hiatus is formed between the ductus deferens and the lateral abdominal or pelvic walls, and through it, loops of intestine may become incarcerated.
T218 322817-323030 Sentence denotes External hernia typically consists of a hernial sac formed as a pouch of parietal peritoneum; a covering of skin and soft tissues; depending on the location of the hernia, a hernial ring; and the hernial contents.
T219 323031-323167 Sentence denotes The hernial ring is an opening in the abdominal wall, and this may be acquired, or it may be natural as, for example, the inguinal ring.
T220 323168-323319 Sentence denotes The hernia usually contains a portion of omentum, the more freely mobile portions of the intestine, and occasionally, one or more of the other viscera.
T221 323320-323411 Sentence denotes Unless the sac is obliterated by adhesions, it contains a small amount of peritoneal fluid.
T222 323412-323505 Sentence denotes Ventral hernia occurs in horses, less commonly in cattle, and exceptionally in other species.
T223 323506-323721 Sentence denotes These hernias may be apparently spontaneous in pregnant females or be a consequence of blunt trauma, horn injuries, surgical scars, or inflammations that cause weakening or perforation of the supporting musculature.
T224 323722-323836 Sentence denotes They may attain very large size in herbivores because of the weight of the alimentary viscera and pregnant uterus.
T225 323837-323922 Sentence denotes Umbilical hernia is common and is often present as a congenital and inherited defect.
T226 323923-324032 Sentence denotes It is most frequent in pigs, foals, calves, and pups and depends on persistent patency of the umbilical ring.
T227 324033-324146 Sentence denotes The hernial sac is formed by peritoneum and skin, and the contents depend on the size of the ring and of the sac.
T228 324147-324314 Sentence denotes Scrotal hernia is an exaggerated degree of inguinal herniation in which the viscera pass down the inguinal canal and come to lie in the cavity of the tunica vaginalis.
T229 324315-324435 Sentence denotes The internal inguinal ring remains patent in male animals, but its diameter and the tendency to herniation is inherited.
T230 324436-324505 Sentence denotes If the hernia is scrotal, there may be degeneration of the testicles.
T231 324506-324667 Sentence denotes Routine castration of such animals may lead to eventration through the scrotal incision, and closed castration may cause infarction of the herniated loop of gut.
T232 324668-324830 Sentence denotes The bitch differs from females of other species in having a patent inguinal ring and canal through which the round ligament, the omentum, and the uterus may pass.
T233 324831-324914 Sentence denotes The herniated uterus may become incarcerated when pregnant or if pyometra develops.
T234 324915-325115 Sentence denotes False inguinal hernias may also develop in males, the displaced viscus passing not within the cavity of the tunica vaginalis but outside it in a subcutaneous position in a true peritoneal hernial sac.
T235 325116-325240 Sentence denotes Femoral hernias develop as an outpouching of peritoneum through the femoral triangle along the course of the femoral artery.
T236 325241-325282 Sentence denotes They contain omentum and small intestine.
T237 325283-325394 Sentence denotes Perineal hernias occur principally in old male dogs in association with prostatic enlargements and obstipation.
T238 325395-325565 Sentence denotes They are precipitated by undue abdominal straining and are probably predisposed to by weakening of perineal fascia and muscles from some unknown cause, possibly hormonal.
T239 325566-325599 Sentence denotes They are very unusual in females.
T240 325600-325734 Sentence denotes The weakening of the pelvic diaphragm takes place between the coccygeus medialis muscle and the anterior border of the anal sphincter.
T241 325735-325793 Sentence denotes Through this defect bulges the retroperitoneal pelvic fat.
T242 325794-325925 Sentence denotes Usually this is the only tissue to prolapse, and the lesion consists essentially of a loss of support on one side of the anal ring.
T243 325926-326077 Sentence denotes Concomitantly with the loss of pelvic support, the rectum deviates and diverticula may form, and the prostate and the bladder may move into the pelvis.
T244 326078-326198 Sentence denotes Further displacement may occur occasionally, and then the latter organs are forced through the ruptured perineal fascia.
T245 326199-326279 Sentence denotes Retroflexion of the bladder kinks the urethra and leads to an acute obstruction.
T246 326280-326480 Sentence denotes Perineal hernias are most commonly unilateral, but the perineal fascia may fail bilaterally, and the anus, having lost its support on both sides, is forced directly back at each attempt at defecation.
T247 326481-326511 Sentence denotes The bulging is then symmetric.
T248 326512-326545 Sentence denotes Diaphragmatic hernias are common.
T249 326546-326623 Sentence denotes The defect in the diaphragm may be congenital, but most often it is acquired.
T250 326624-326754 Sentence denotes In dogs and cats, acquired rupture of the diaphragm is a result of acute abdominal compression, usually from automobile accidents.
T251 326755-326886 Sentence denotes Omentum and small intestine pass through the smaller clefts; liver, stomach, and other viscera may pass through the larger defects.
T252 326887-326992 Sentence denotes The herniation is usually into one or other pleural sac, and only exceptionally into the pericardial sac.
T253 326993-327083 Sentence denotes In cattle, diaphragmatic hernia is usually a consequence of traumatic reticuloperitonitis.
T254 327084-327213 Sentence denotes Horses with diaphragmatic hernias often have a chronic history of intermittent colic that terminates with an acute fatal episode.
T255 327214-327339 Sentence denotes The congenital form is often located in the left dorsal quadrant, and it may be associated with arthrogryposis and scoliosis.
T256 327340-327411 Sentence denotes Acquired hernias mainly involve the tendinous portion of the diaphragm.
T257 327412-327541 Sentence denotes The sequelae of hernias depend largely on their location and content, but there are some generalities that are applicable to all.
T258 327542-327658 Sentence denotes As long as the hernial contents remain freely movable and the hernia is reducible there may be no untoward sequelae.
T259 327659-327733 Sentence denotes Fixation of the hernial contents (incarceration) is a serious development.
T260 327734-327921 Sentence denotes It is most important when the small intestine is incarcerated because of the liability to intestinal obstruction and perforation, with death occurring from paralytic ileus or peritonitis.
T261 327922-328075 Sentence denotes Incarceration may result from progressive stenosis of the hernial ring, adhesion between the contents and the sac, or distention of the herniated viscus.
T262 328076-328222 Sentence denotes This distention may be due to accumulated gas or ingesta in the intestine, urine in a herniated bladder, and fetuses or pus in a herniated uterus.
T263 328223-328501 Sentence denotes With some herniations, incarceration is the result of only slight pressure by the neck of the pouch, by which venous drainage is impaired and a vicious cycle is initiated; the edema caused by the venous stasis increases the bulk of the contents so that they become incarcerated.
T264 328502-328607 Sentence denotes Inadequate or interrupted circulation of blood to the gut is a common problem, particularly in the horse.
T265 328608-328757 Sentence denotes Obstruction of the efferent veins, blockage of afferent arteries, and reduced flow through an open circulation cause hypoxic damage to the intestine.
T266 328758-328851 Sentence denotes Whatever the initiating agency, the effect of hypoxia at the level of the mucosa is the same.
T267 328852-329059 Sentence denotes In the small intestine, within 5 to 10 min of the onset of ischemia, changes are observed at the tips of villi in tissue sections examined under the light microscope, and lesions are well advanced by 30 min.
T268 329060-329252 Sentence denotes Separation of the epithelium from the basement membrane, beginning at the tip of the villus and progressing with time toward the base, causes the formation of the so-called Gruenhagen's space.
T269 329253-329338 Sentence denotes Epithelial cells appear relatively normal but may separate from the villus in sheets.
T270 329339-329505 Sentence denotes Within 1 to 2 hr, the villus is completely denuded of epithelium and the mesenchymal core is disintegrating or collapsed and stumpy, with hemorrhage from capillaries.
T271 329506-329627 Sentence denotes That the lesion is largely a function of hypoxia is indicated by the mitigating effects of intraluminal oxygen perfusion.
T272 329628-329874 Sentence denotes The putative countercurrent exchange of oxygen between the afferent arteriole and efferent venules in the villus, and an associated progressive decline in oxygen tension distally in the villus, may render the tip prone to early damage in hypoxia.
T273 329875-330088 Sentence denotes Intraluminal enzymes, especially elastase, may contribute to epithelial damage by altering glycoproteins in the vicinity of the brush border, perhaps opening the way for further damage by other pancreatic enzymes.
T274 330089-330330 Sentence denotes Dissociation and necrosis of cells in the crypts of Lieberkuhn begins ~2 hr after the initiation of ischemia, and within 4 to 5 hr the mucosal epithelium appears completely necrotic or has sloughed, leaving a mesenchymal ghost of the mucosa.
T275 330331-330432 Sentence denotes The muscularis mucosae may undergo necrosis, but the muscularis externa remains viable for 6 to 7 hr.
T276 330433-330523 Sentence denotes The colon, of the dog at least, seems less sensitive to ischemia than the small intestine.
T277 330524-330616 Sentence denotes Mild morphologic damage is found after 1 hr, but severe mucosal lesions are evident by 3 hr.
T278 330617-330722 Sentence denotes If hypoxia is only partial, or ischemia is transient, with reflow occurring, the outcome may be variable.
T279 330723-330930 Sentence denotes Short-term ischemia with preservation of at least the base of the crypts of Lieberkuhn will permit resolution, as proliferation of cells in the crypts reepithelializes the mucosal surface within 1 to 3 days.
T280 330931-331045 Sentence denotes Normal architecture is reestablished after up to 1 to 2 weeks, though necrotic muscularis mucosae is not replaced.
T281 331046-331168 Sentence denotes Effusion of tissue fluid and acute inflammatory cells prevail until epithelium ex-tends to fully cover the eroded surface.
T282 331169-331322 Sentence denotes Partial damage to the proliferative compartment results in dilation of crypts, lined by flattened epithelium resembling that seen after radiation injury.
T283 331323-331523 Sentence denotes Ischemic necrosis of the full thickness of the mucosa will be bounded by an acute inflammatory reaction in the submucosa, which under favorable conditions evolves into a granulating ulcerated surface.
T284 331524-331632 Sentence denotes Neutrophilic infiltration and effusion may be considerable if bacterial contamination of the lumen is heavy.
T285 331633-331804 Sentence denotes Focal ulcerative lesions may ultimately heal by epithelial migration, over the bed of granulation tissue, from surviving crypts within the lesion and around the periphery.
T286 331805-331946 Sentence denotes Extensive mucosal ulcers that form following ischemia with vascular reflow have little chance of resolution, due to their large surface area.
T287 331947-332095 Sentence denotes Chronic ischemic ulcers in the small bowel tend to develop a depressed, fairly clean, granulating surface, occasionally with some fibrinous exudate.
T288 332096-332252 Sentence denotes Many ulcers in the large bowel, especially of horses, develop a dirty yellow-gray fibrinonecrotic surface, perhaps due to the effects of anaerobic bacteria.
T289 332253-332420 Sentence denotes If the animal does not succumb to the effects of malabsorption and protein loss from the defect, or to transmural bacterial invasion, scarring and stricture may occur.
T290 332421-332657 Sentence denotes The sequelae of ischemia with reflow are seen mainly in strangulated segments of gut that have been reduced without, or with inadequately extensive, resection, and in some cases of presumed thromboembolic infarction of the equine colon.
T291 332658-332727 Sentence denotes Persistent ischemia results in necrosis involving all mural elements.
T292 332728-332837 Sentence denotes The full thickness of the gut wall ultimately becomes gangrenous, green-brown or black, flaccid, and friable.
T293 332838-332947 Sentence denotes The consequences of ischemic lesions are partly a function of the species and of the level of bowel affected.
T294 332948-333058 Sentence denotes Strangulation, volvulus, and similar lesions cause physical obstruction at the site, and ileus proximal to it.
T295 333059-333145 Sentence denotes Reduced arterial perfusion or thromboembolism causes functional obstruction and ileus.
T296 333146-333298 Sentence denotes Loss of mucosal integrity results in cessation of electrolyte and water absorption, and ultimately in effusion of tissue fluid and blood into the lumen.
T297 333299-333473 Sentence denotes Proliferation of anaerobes occurs in the lumen of the stagnant ischemic area, with accumulation of gas and extreme distention of the closed loop in strangulation obstruction.
T298 333474-333634 Sentence denotes Toxin production by anaerobes, particularly Clostridia, plays a large part in gangrene and ultimate rupture of ischemic gut, as well as having systemic effects.
T299 333635-333792 Sentence denotes Absorption of endotoxin or endotoxin-like molecules from the lumen may occur through devitalized mucosa via the portal flow, lymphatic return, or peritoneum.
T300 333793-333910 Sentence denotes These compounds have a severe detrimental effect on cardiovascular function, contributing to the circulatory failure.
T301 333911-334098 Sentence denotes If death from some other cause does not supervene, transmural invasion by enteric bacteria or perforation of the devitalized wall results in septic peritonitis, which is ultimately fatal.
T302 334099-334184 Sentence denotes Obstruction of efferent veins is by far the most common cause of intestinal ischemia.
T303 334185-334403 Sentence denotes This is a sequel to incarceration of herniated loops of bowel, strangulation by pedunculated masses, torsion (twist about long axis of the viscus), volvulus (twist across the long axis of the gut), and intussusception.
T304 334404-334526 Sentence denotes In these circumstances, compression of thin-walled veins tends to occur before the influx of arterial blood is obstructed.
T305 334527-334620 Sentence denotes Primary thrombosis of the mesenteric veins is a rare cause of infarction in domestic animals.
T306 334621-334762 Sentence denotes Local invasion of the mucosa by mycotic agents may result in focal or segmental lesions, however, due to hyphal invasion of submucosal veins.
T307 334763-334982 Sentence denotes The affected tissue field, sometimes including involved mesentery, becomes intensely edematous, congested, and hemorrhagic, so that the hypoxic bowel wall is thickened and eventually assumes a deep red-black appearance.
T308 334983-335055 Sentence denotes Bloody fluid content and gas distend the lumen of the infarcted segment.
T309 335056-335215 Sentence denotes As gangrene of the intestinal wall proceeds, the tissue becomes green-black and septic peritonitis eventually ensues, with or without perforation of the bowel.
T310 335216-335392 Sentence denotes Advanced venous infarction involves the full thickness of the intestinal wall, and the initiating intestinal accident is commonly evident, except in cases subjected to surgery.
T311 335393-335531 Sentence denotes Even if a displacement, volvulus, or strangulation has been reduced, the limits of the infarcted segment are generally sharply demarcated.
T312 335532-335703 Sentence denotes Microscopically, severe edema, congestion, distention of veins, sometimes venous thrombosis, and hemorrhage are present, initially most severe in the mucosa and submucosa.
T313 335704-335878 Sentence denotes With time, the full thickness of the mucosa becomes necrotic, and the deeper layers of the muscular wall are also devitalized, with invading enteric flora present throughout.
T314 335879-336017 Sentence denotes Displacements of intestine that may progress to incarceration or strangulation and infarction have been discussed in the previous section.
T315 336018-336159 Sentence denotes Torsion of the long axis of the mesentery occurs commonly in suckling ruminants, in swine, uncommonly in horses, and rarely in dogs and cats.
T316 336160-336202 Sentence denotes In all species, the result is rapid death.
T317 336203-336334 Sentence denotes The abdomen is distended, and on opening the cavity, the tensely dilated deep red to black loops of bowel are immediately apparent.
T318 336335-336518 Sentence denotes In swine, the mesentery of the small intestine and sometimes the large bowel is often involved in a torsion that usually is counterclockwise, when viewed from the ventrocaudal aspect.
T319 336519-336698 Sentence denotes In torsion involving the small and large intestines, the apex of the cecum may be pointing cranial in the anterior right quadrant of the abdomen, reflecting the rotation pf -180°.
T320 336699-336879 Sentence denotes In swine, mesenteric torsion may be due to gas production from a highly fermentable substrate in the colon, and its subsequent displacement, with progression to mesenteric torsion.
T321 336880-336983 Sentence denotes Mesenteric torsion is a common cause of sporadic sudden death in swine but may occur as a herd problem.
T322 336984-337115 Sentence denotes Many cases of so called intestinal hemorrhage syndrome in that species are probably misdiagnosed mesenteric torsion ( Fig. 1.13B ).
T323 337116-337321 Sentence denotes The presence of red-black or bloody content in the intestine of feeder swine, without torsion, may also signal bleeding gastric ulcer or proliferative hemorrhagic enteropathy associated with Campylobacter.
T324 337322-337415 Sentence denotes Death due to mesenteric torsion is common in suckling or artifically reared calves and lambs.
T325 337416-337590 Sentence denotes In these species, vigorous ingestion of large amounts of feed over a short period may predispose to gas formation in the gut, or perhaps hypermotility, which induces torsion.
T326 337591-337713 Sentence denotes Usually only the mucosa of the proximal duodenum and terminal ileum, cecum, and colon is spared the effects of infarction.
T327 337714-337776 Sentence denotes Similar lesions are occasionally encountered in other species.
T328 337777-337966 Sentence denotes Volvulus of varying lengths of the small intestine may occur in any species but is perhaps most prevalent in the horse, where it is a common cause of strangulation obstruction of the bowel.
T329 337967-338091 Sentence denotes Volvulus of the left large colon of the horse is predisposed to by its lack of mesenteric anchorage, and potential mobility.
T330 338092-338243 Sentence denotes It usually occurs as the left dorsal colon moves mesially on the left ventral colon, progressing to volvulus at the sternal and diaphragmatic flexures.
T331 338244-338487 Sentence denotes At autopsy, the usual signs of strangulation obstruction are evident, including dilatation and devitalization of the infarcted segment, distention of the cecum, and perhaps, postmortem rupture of the diaphragm or abdominal wall due to tympany.
T332 338488-338623 Sentence denotes Intussusception involves the telescoping of one segment of bowel into an outer sheath formed by another, usually distal segment of gut.
T333 338624-338697 Sentence denotes Any level of the gut with sufficient mesenteric mobility may be involved.
T334 338698-338891 Sentence denotes The cause is usually not apparent, though linear foreign bodies, heavy parasitism, previous intestinal surgery, enteritis, and intramural lesions such as abscesses and tumors may be associated.
T335 338892-338947 Sentence denotes It also may be a terminal, agonal, or postmortem event.
T336 338948-339041 Sentence denotes The history is that of partial or complete intestinal obstruction, perhaps with bloody feces.
T337 339042-339130 Sentence denotes Intussusception is common in dogs ( Fig. 1.13A) , where most frequently it is ileocolic.
T338 339131-339162 Sentence denotes It is much less common in cats.
T339 339163-339296 Sentence denotes Intussusception is also moderately common in lambs, calves, and young horses, where it may involve small intestine, cecum, and colon.
T340 339297-339550 Sentence denotes The progressive invagination of the leading edge of the intussusceptum into the posterior segment is limited by the increasing tension on the mesentery drawn into the lesion, to about 10 to 12 cm in small animals, and about 20 to 30 cm in large animals.
T341 339551-339634 Sentence denotes This tension along one edge of the gut causes the mass to become bowed or spiraled.
T342 339635-339754 Sentence denotes Tension and compression of mesenteric veins cause the intussusceptum, or a portion of it, to undergo venous infarction.
T343 339755-339914 Sentence denotes It swells, with edema and congestion, and the adjacent apposed serous surfaces become adherent as fibrin and inflammatory cells effuse from the affected bowel.
T344 339915-339972 Sentence denotes Adhesion quickly renders the intussusception irreducible.
T345 339973-340203 Sentence denotes Necrosis and gangrene of the invaginated intestine usually develop, but sometimes the intussusceptum will slough, and the remaining viable segments will maintain continuity of the gut, or rarely, will form two adjacent blind ends.
T346 340204-340368 Sentence denotes Incidental terminal, agonal, or postmortem intussusception is recognized by the relative absence of congestion, edema, and adhesion of the involuted segment of gut.
T347 340369-340467 Sentence denotes Ischemia due to arterial thrombosis and embolism is rare in domestic animals other than the horse.
T348 340468-340633 Sentence denotes Mucosal and occasionally transmural focal or segmental infarctive lesions are seen in Pasteurella septicemia in lambs and in Haemophilus somnus bacteremia in cattle.
T349 340634-340868 Sentence denotes In horses it is associated with endarteritis, mainly at the root of the cranial mesenteric circulation, in animals less than ~3 years of age, caused by migrating larvae of Strongylus vulgaris (see the Cardiovascular System, Volume 3).
T350 340869-341091 Sentence denotes Suffice it to say here that endarteritis due to this worm is most common in the cranial mesenteric circulation, sometimes at a number of sites a considerable distance distal to the usual location at the root of the artery.
T351 341092-341250 Sentence denotes Although endarteritis is common, in only a small minority of horses dying of intestinal accidents can the infarction be confidently attributed to S. vulgaris.
T352 341251-341552 Sentence denotes Candidates for a diagnosis of arterial thromboembolism are animals in which the anatomic distribution of an infarctive lesion is incomptabile with volvulus or strangulation, or where physical evidence for incarceration or strangulation obstruction is not present in the surgical history or at autopsy.
T353 341553-341806 Sentence denotes In the horse, animals in this category may have relatively localized mucosal or transmural damage, or extensive transmural lesions of the distal small intestine, cecum, and large colon, that is, in the circulatory field of the cranial mesenteric artery.
T354 341807-341917 Sentence denotes Lesions limited essentially to the mucosa appear usually to be subacute and are ulcerative or fibrinonecrotic.
T355 341918-341989 Sentence denotes They may vary in area from tens to many hundreds of square centimeters.
T356 341990-342026 Sentence denotes Transmural lesions are of two types.
T357 342027-342222 Sentence denotes The least common is a large, irregular area of devitalized gut, sometimes involving most of the cecum or colon, with a dirty khaki-colored, flaccid, friable wall, which is not markedly thickened.
T358 342223-342336 Sentence denotes Along the poorly defined margin of the necrotic tissue there may be transmural congestion, hemorrhage, and edema.
T359 342337-342427 Sentence denotes The fluid content in the affected gut is foul-smelling, but not particularly blood tinged.
T360 342428-342620 Sentence denotes More commonly, irregularly demarcated areas of infarcted intestine have a thickened, edematous, congested wall, which appears deep red-black or green-black on both mucosal and serosal aspects.
T361 342621-342649 Sentence denotes Gut content is blood tinged.
T362 342650-342886 Sentence denotes The peritoneal cavity may contain an excessive quantity of turbid yellow or blood-tinged fluid, and animals with both types of transmural lesions may progress to rupture of the bowel, with distribution of content throughout the abdomen.
T363 342887-343059 Sentence denotes We interpret devitalized gray-brown intestine of normal thickness to represent arterial obstruction without subsequent reflow, except along the boundary with viable tissue.
T364 343060-343333 Sentence denotes Large edematous, congested, or hemorrhagic full-thickness lesions, physically or anatomically inconsistent with strangulation, we interpret as severe arterial obstruction of some duration, with subsequent reflow either by relief of the obstruction or by way of collaterals.
T365 343334-343480 Sentence denotes Ischemic damage to the mucosa, submucosa, and perhaps, deeper structures results in hemorrhage and edema when blood flow returns ( Fig. 1.13C ,D).
T366 343481-343631 Sentence denotes Ulcerative or fibrinonecrotic mucosal lesions are probably the result of transient ischemia and superficial or mucosal damage, with subsequent reflow.
T367 343632-343799 Sentence denotes Similar lesions may occur following relief of strangulation of short duration, and in salmonellosis, which itself may be in part the result of mucosal microthrombosis.
T368 343800-343923 Sentence denotes Evidence of reflow, and failure to find thrombi lodged in arteries in the infarcted area, may be explained in several ways.
T369 343924-344265 Sentence denotes Fibrinolysis may have removed the obstructing thrombi; thrombi may be multiple and microscopic (sometimes they are found in arteries in tissue sections of infarcted tissue); or the lesions may be the result of diminished tissue perfusion due to obstructed flow caused by verminous endarteritis (but not thromboembolism) or by vascular spasm.
T370 344266-344348 Sentence denotes In the latter case they may be the result of "slow flow," discussed further below.
T371 344349-344452 Sentence denotes Ischemia due to reduced perfusion of the intestinal vascular bed is a difficult and uncommon diagnosis.
T372 344453-344924 Sentence denotes Circumstances under which it may be expected to occur include severe hypovolemic states, such as hemorrhagic shock in the dog, cat, and possibly other species; in animals, particularly dogs, with disseminated intravascular coagulation; in dogs with hepatic fibrosis and portal hypertension; as a result of hypotensive shock due to heart failure; and in animals with reduced mesenteric arterial perfusion, mainly horses with severe verminous endarteritis obstructing flow.
T373 344925-345185 Sentence denotes In "shock gut" in dogs and, rarely, other species, associated terminally with heart failure, hemorrhage, hypo-volemia, and disseminated intravascular coagulation, part or all of the mucosa of the small intestine is deeply congested and the content hemorrhagic.
T374 345186-345415 Sentence denotes The pathogenesis of the lesion is related to reflex vasoconstriction in the mucosa and submucosa, shunting of blood away from the mucosa, dilation of mucosal capillaries, and reduction in rate of flow of blood through the villus.
T375 345416-345592 Sentence denotes Countercurrent transfer of oxygen from the afferent to efferent vessels in the villus aggravates hypoxemia in the villus by increased shunting of oxygen to the efferent venule.
T376 345593-345751 Sentence denotes Splanchnic pooling of blood, systemic arterial hypotension, and intestinal vasoconstriction occur in endotoxic shock in dogs, causing similar mucosal lesions.
T377 345752-346099 Sentence denotes Microthrombosis associated with sluggish flow, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and endotoxemia may contribute to mucosal ischemia by obstructing capillaries in the villi, and mucosal and submucosal venules; microthrombi in these vessels in association with hemorrhagic mucosal necrosis suggest the possibility of ischemia due to slow flow.
T1 346100-346251 Sentence denotes Acute acorn poisoning in the horse may cause severe gastrointestinal edema and focal hemorrhage, with infarction and ulceration in the cecum and colon.
T2 346252-346457 Sentence denotes Microscopic lesions in the small and large intestine are consistent with an ischemic pathogenesis, and microthrombi have been associated with mucosal infarcts in the large bowel as well as in other organs.
T3 346458-346588 Sentence denotes Transient or incomplete reduction in perfusion due to obstruction of the arterial blood supply has a similar effect on the mucosa.
T4 346589-346669 Sentence denotes Mucosa devitalized by hypoxia will become hemorrhagic with continued blood flow.
T5 346670-346935 Sentence denotes Since the primary problem may not involve a systemic state as complicated as severe shock, the animal may survive long enough to develop an effusive ulcerated or pseudomembranous mucosa, with some prospect of stabilization or repair if the lesion is not widespread.
T6 346936-347095 Sentence denotes Slow flow due to reduced arterial perfusion with inadequate collateral flow may be expected to affect the ' 'watershed'' of a circulatory field preferentially.
T7 347096-347357 Sentence denotes In the horse, this may be the explanation for mucosal lesions at the pelvic flexure and apex of the cecum in which thromboembolism cannot be implicated, but in which mural thrombi in the cranial mesenteric root could have caused significantly reduced perfusion.
T8 347358-347497 Sentence denotes Ischemia at the periphery of the circulatory field of the caudal mesenteric artery may possibly predispose to rectal perforation in horses.
T9 347498-347637 Sentence denotes The precarious perfusion of the mucosa at this site may contribute to ischemic ulceration and the development of rectal stricture in swine.
T10 347638-347777 Sentence denotes This condition in many cases appears to be associated with Salmonella infection, and it is discussed further under Salmonellosis, in Swine.
T11 347778-347893 Sentence denotes Transient or noninfarctive slow flow has been proposed as a cause of intermittent colic due to verminous arteritis.
T12 347894-348027 Sentence denotes It may also play a role in the development of functional obstruction and volvulus in horses with cranial mesenteric arterial lesions.
T13 348028-348307 Sentence denotes The intestinal mucosa is lined by an extremely labile population of cells, ultimately derived from stem cells at the base of crypts or glands but with its proximate source in amplifier populations of undifferentiated columnar or oligomucous cells in the lower half of the crypts.
T14 348308-348480 Sentence denotes These cells differentiate into goblet cells and the functional population of enterocytes as they move from the crypt to the villus, losing their ability to undergo mitosis.
T15 348481-348556 Sentence denotes In most species, they are shed from the tips of villi in about 2 to 8 days.
T16 348557-348700 Sentence denotes Relatively little definitive information is available on the transit time of epithelium moving from crypt to tip of villus in domestic animals.
T17 348701-348890 Sentence denotes Generally, cells move off the villus more quickly in the ileum than in the duodenum; presumably this is related to the decline in height of villi with distance down the gut in most species.
T18 348891-349018 Sentence denotes As well, in some species the number of crypts contributing cells to a single villus is lower in the ileum than in the duodenum.
T19 349019-349102 Sentence denotes Under normal circumstances, the mass and topography of the mucosa are quite stable.
T20 349103-349288 Sentence denotes This steady state is the product of a dynamic equilibrium between the rate of movement of cells out of crypts and onto villi, and the rate at which they are lost from the tips of villi.
T21 349289-349451 Sentence denotes The stability of this equilibrium suggests that local feedback exists between the functional compartment on villi and the proliferative compartment in the crypts.
T22 349452-349636 Sentence denotes Soluble chalones released from the functional compartment have been proposed as the effectors of a negative-feedback mechanism acting on crypt cells, but they are poorly characterized.
T23 349637-349864 Sentence denotes Experimental destruction of the functional epithelium on villi by transient local ischemia stimulates hyperplasia in the proliferative compartment serving affected villi, however, confirming that local feedback control is real.
T24 349865-349959 Sentence denotes In the young animal the intestine grows by generation of new crypts, and with them, new villi.
T25 349960-350068 Sentence denotes As the bowel attains mature size, the number of villi stabilizes and apparently remains relatively constant.
T26 350069-350177 Sentence denotes The number of crypts also stabilizes, but some adaptive variation in the ratio of crypts to villi may occur.
T27 350178-350366 Sentence denotes Adaptive responses to a variety of factors alter the size and rate of turnover of the proliferative and functional epithelial-cell populations and with them the microtopography of the gut.
T28 350367-350522 Sentence denotes The ' 'normal" appearance of the small intestinal mucosa is a compromise, achieved by the equilibrium between the rate of cell production and rate of loss.
T29 350523-350733 Sentence denotes At one extreme lies the intestine of the germ-free animal, with a short crypt containing a small proliferative compartment, and tall villi supporting a large functional compartment with a low rate of cell loss.
T30 350734-351007 Sentence denotes At the other end of the spectrum is the animal suffering from severe intestinal helminthosis, with long crypts reflecting an increased proliferative compartment, yet a flat mucosal surface with relatively few functional enterocytes and an apparently high rate of cell loss.
T31 351008-351185 Sentence denotes In the diagnostic situation, it is necessary to make subjective or semiquantitative assessment of the status of the proliferative and functional compartments in tissue sections.
T32 351186-351415 Sentence denotes The size of the proliferative compartment is reflected in the length and diameter of the crypts; no inferences can be drawn about the proportion of the crypt-cell population that is replicating, or the duration of the cell cycle.
T33 351416-351628 Sentence denotes There is obviously also some correlation between the length and profile of villi and the functional surface area, though the three-dimensional structure of an abnormal mucosa is often poorly reflected in section.
T34 351629-351798 Sentence denotes Hence, it is highly desirable to correlate the histologic appearance with the microtopography of the mucosa as seen under the dissecting or scanning electron microscope.
T35 351799-351930 Sentence denotes The degree of differentiation, and therefore, the functional status of enterocytes on villi, can be inferred from their appearance.
T36 351931-352198 Sentence denotes Cytoplasmic basophilia, loss of regular basal nuclear polarity, low columnar, cuboidal, or squamous shape, and an ill-defined brush border all point to a poorly differentiated population of surface enterocytes, which is possibly turning over more rapidly than normal.
T37 352199-352362 Sentence denotes Fasting reduces the mucosal epithelial mass, the atrophy being related to prolongation of the postmitotic phase of the cell cycle in the proliferative compartment.
T38 352363-352491 Sentence denotes Villi do not regress severely, however, since cells on the surface persist for twice as long, moving off the villus more slowly.
T39 352492-352540 Sentence denotes The effect is reversed immediately by refeeding.
T40 352541-352610 Sentence denotes Total parenteral nutrition does not abolish the effect of starvation.
T41 352611-352794 Sentence denotes Surgical removal of a loop of bowel from the flow of digesta also causes atrophy of the epithelial population, which is reversed by restoration of continuity with the rest of the gut.
T42 352795-353001 Sentence denotes Resection of a segment of gut causes hypertrophy of the mucosa remaining distal to the surgical site, which is reflected in dilation of the bowel and thickening of the mucosa due to longer crypts and villi.
T43 353002-353147 Sentence denotes Postresectional hypertrophy also occurs in the mucosa of separated loops of gut and in cross-circulated animals, suggesting a hormonal influence.
T44 353148-353326 Sentence denotes Diversion of the opening of the pancreatic and bile ducts to the distal small bowel causes hypertrophy of the ileal mucosa but does not result in atrophy of more proximal mucosa.
T45 353327-353547 Sentence denotes Many of these adaptive changes in experimental or surgical situations are interpreted as supporting the concept that stimulation of enterocytes by nutrients is trophic and an important factor in maintaining mucosal mass.
T46 353548-353610 Sentence denotes The direct role of pancreatic secretion and bile is uncertain.
T47 353611-353669 Sentence denotes Hormonal and, possibly, paracrine factors are also active.
T48 353670-353801 Sentence denotes Gastrin appears to be trophic for duodenal mucosa; glucocorticoids also have trophic effects on intestine under some circumstances.
T49 353802-354021 Sentence denotes Enteroglucagon is the prime candidate as a hormone trophic for the intestinal mucosa and is apparently elevated in calves with neonatal diarrhea, suggesting that it has a role in the adaptive response to mucosal damage.
T50 354022-354173 Sentence denotes Such also appears to be the case in celiac sprue in humans, where crypt-cell proliferation is high and enteroglucagon levels are concurrently elevated.
T51 354174-354373 Sentence denotes There is speculation that paracrine effects of other peptides released from enteroendocrine cells in the gut, in response to a variety of luminal stimuli, may also influence epithelial proliferation.
T52 354374-354458 Sentence denotes Atrophy of villi is a common pathologic change in the intestine of domestic animals.
T53 354459-354574 Sentence denotes It results in malabsorption of nutrients and sometimes is associated with increased plasma protein loss in the gut.
T54 354575-354740 Sentence denotes Mucosa with atrophic villi can be categorized morphologically into two broad types, recognition of which has implications with respect to pathogenesis and prognosis.
T55 354741-354878 Sentence denotes The first category includes intestine with atrophy of villi to varying degrees, associated with apparently normal or hypertrophic crypts.
T56 354879-355009 Sentence denotes The second category is comprised of gut with variable villus atrophy and some evidence of damage to the proliferative compartment.
T57 355010-355092 Sentence denotes The recognition, evolution, and interpretation of each will be considered in turn.
T58 355093-355228 Sentence denotes Villus atrophy with an intact or hypertrophic proliferative compartment is seen in a wide variety of circumstances in domestic animals.
T59 355229-355346 Sentence denotes A primary increase in rate of loss of epithelium from the surface of villi is one mechanism initiating such a lesion.
T60 355347-355816 Sentence denotes This is the major pathogenetic action of transient ischemia, in which the effect is limited to the functional compart-ment; of a number of important virus diseases, including coronavirus ( Fig. 1 .30) and rotavirus ( Fig. 1 .31A-C) infection; of some coccidial infections that may damage surface enterocytes predominantly ( Fig. 1.49A) ; of some enteroinvasive bacteria; and in some circumstances, of necrotizing toxins released by Clostridia in the lumen of the bowel.
T61 355817-355946 Sentence denotes The effect of these agents is to cause significantly increased loss of surface epithelium over a relatively short period of time.
T62 355947-356051 Sentence denotes Villi contract as the size of the functional compartment is diminished, and they may become very stubby.
T63 356052-356292 Sentence denotes If the animal survives the metabolic sequelae to the reduced absorptive function, which results from the usually transient damage to surface cells, compensatory expansion of the proliferative compartment in crypts permits complete recovery.
T64 356293-356445 Sentence denotes New epithelium emerging from crypts causes regeneration of villi, resulting in a normal mucosal topography within a few days, and full function returns.
T65 356446-356717 Sentence denotes The microscopic appearance of the mucosa in section depends partly on the number of functional cells lost, which determines the initial degree of villus atrophy, and partly on the amount of regeneration that has occurred by the time the animal dies or the gut is sampled.
T66 356718-356870 Sentence denotes During the early phase of cell loss, damaged epithelium may be seen exfoliating into the lumen of the gut, and villi are shorter or blunter than normal.
T67 356871-356999 Sentence denotes Subsequently, the atrophic villi are covered by poorly differentiated, low columnar, cuboidal, or squamous cells ( Fig. 1.30B ).
T68 357000-357090 Sentence denotes There may be fusion of the lateral surfaces or tips of villi in some areas ( Fig. 1.30D ).
T69 357091-357225 Sentence denotes In severe atrophy there may be mild erosion if inadequate epithelium is available to cover even the much reduced mucosal surface area.
T70 357226-357347 Sentence denotes In the acute phase, crypts appear of normal size, but within 12 to 24 hr, proliferative activity is noticeably increased.
T71 357348-357537 Sentence denotes Crypts enlarge in diameter and length to accommodate more mitotic epithelial cells, which are basophilic, crowded, and obviously dividing, sometimes very close to the surface of the mucosa.
T72 357538-357671 Sentence denotes The lamina propria appears moderately hypercellular, perhaps due to condensation, possibly due to a mild mononuclear-cell infiltrate.
T73 357672-357853 Sentence denotes As regeneration occurs, progressively longer villi with increasingly well differentiated epithelium are evident, and hypertrophy of the proliferative compartment gradually subsides.
T74 357854-358404 Sentence denotes Atrophy of villi and hypertrophy of crypts in the small intestine are also associated with nematode parasitism ( Fig. 1 .45B,C); chronic coccidial infection of surface epithelium: giardiasis in some species; response to dietary antigens in some species, including that to soybean protein in calves; chronic inflammatory reactions in the lamina propria, such as Johne's disease ( Fig. 1.42D ) and histoplasmosis; and idiopathic granulomatous enteritis or chronic enteritis characterized by heavy lymphocytic and plasmacytic infiltrates in the mucosa.
T75 358405-358504 Sentence denotes The epithelial kinetics have not been investigated in most of these situations in domestic animals.
T76 358505-358741 Sentence denotes They all have in common a chronic antigenic exposure, parasitism, or an infectious process in the lumen, epithelium, or lamina propria, however, usually associated with a significant lymphocytic and plasmacytic infiltrate in the mucosa.
T77 358742-358956 Sentence denotes Experimental evidence is accumulating that cell-mediated immune events in the mucosa initiate villus atrophy and cryptal hypertrophy in graft-versus-host reaction, intestinal trichinellosis, and giardiasis in mice.
T78 358957-359143 Sentence denotes These observations are being extrapolated in humans to intestinal allergy to some dietary anti-gens, and to celiac disease; similar phenomena are likely to be active in domestic animals.
T79 359144-359292 Sentence denotes In these conditions, villus atrophy and loss of cells from the mucosal surface persist despite obvious hyperplasia in the proliferative compartment.
T80 359293-359509 Sentence denotes Studies of the kinetics of experimental mucosal lesions induced by cell-mediated immunity show that hypertrophy of the proliferative compartment precedes the development of villus atrophy and is not a response to it.
T81 359510-359601 Sentence denotes This also occurs in Nippostrongylus-intected rats and Eimeria acervulina-'mfected chickens.
T82 359602-359853 Sentence denotes In experimental intestinal trichostrongylosis, hypertrophy of crypts appears to be an early event, preceding villus atrophy; the epithelium emerging from hypertrophic crypts exfoliates soon after reaching the surface, rather than moving up the villus.
T83 359854-360088 Sentence denotes Evidence now points to a local effect on the proliferative compartment, and perhaps, the associated fibroblast sheath by soluble mediators (lymphokines) released by lymphocytes engaging in cell-mediated immune reactions in the mucosa.
T84 360089-360240 Sentence denotes Cytotoxicity or damage to the functional compartment is apparently not a necessary precursor to hyperplasia by crypt cells, though it is not ruled out.
T85 360241-360401 Sentence denotes Epithelial cells leaving the crypts usually do not differentiate fully; they slough prematurely, and as preexisting enterocytes are shed, villi undergo atrophy.
T86 360402-360503 Sentence denotes Surface epithelium is subsequently rapidly lost into the lumen, matching the rate of cell production.
T87 360504-360647 Sentence denotes In experimental intestinal trichinellosis, fewer surface receptors for lectins are present on enterocytes, suggesting an altered cell membrane.
T88 360648-360821 Sentence denotes In villus atrophy of this type, the microtopography of the gut may vary from moderately short, cylindric villi, through short leaf or tongue shapes, to ridges on the mucosa.
T89 360822-360887 Sentence denotes These would be interpreted in section as villi of varying height.
T90 360888-361109 Sentence denotes More severely attenuated mucosal projections form convoluted intercrypt ridges, which in section may be misinterpreted as stumpy villi, with crypts opening directly onto the surface (subtotal villus atrophy; Fig. 1 .45B).
T91 361110-361241 Sentence denotes In extreme cases the mucosa becomes virtually flat, and crypt mouths project above the surface (total villus atrophy; Fig. 1 .45C).
T92 361242-361453 Sentence denotes In cases with moderate villus atrophy, the surface epithelium may appear relatively normal by light microscopy; enterocytes that appear poorly differentiated are usually present on more severely atrophic mucosa.
T93 361454-361539 Sentence denotes In severe atrophy, the epithelium may become squamous, and the surface may be eroded.
T94 361540-361641 Sentence denotes Hypertrophy of crypts is the early and outstanding change in this lesion and is consistently present.
T95 361642-361754 Sentence denotes In its milder forms, the lesion may be better characterized by elongate crypts than by obvious atrophy of villi.
T96 361755-361842 Sentence denotes The proliferative compartment is expanded and active, and mitotic figures are numerous.
T97 361843-361984 Sentence denotes Elongation of crypts may be so great that even with severe atrophy of villi the total mucosal thickness will not be much reduced from normal.
T98 361985-362144 Sentence denotes The lamina propria often has a prominent population of lymphocytes, plasmacytes, and associated inflammatory cells, and intraepithelial lymphocytes are common.
T99 362145-362241 Sentence denotes The etiologic agent, in the form of parasites, intracellular bacteria, or yeast, may be evident.
T100 362242-362341 Sentence denotes Removal of the causal stimulus usually results in a return to " n o r m a l " within several weeks.
T101 362342-362677 Sentence denotes However induced, atrophy of villi with hypertrophy of crypts is associated with local malabsorption of nutrients and water; elongate crypts and, perhaps, poorly differentiated surface epithelium may secrete electrolyte and water; and if there is proprial inflammation and microerosion of the mucosa, effusion of tissue fluid may ensue.
T102 362678-362764 Sentence denotes Increased turnover of epithelium may contribute to enteric loss of endogenous protein.
T103 362765-362878 Sentence denotes Villus atrophy associated with damage to the proliferative compartment is also seen commonly in domestic animals.
T104 362879-362979 Sentence denotes It is the sequel to insults that cause necrosis of cells in crypts or impair their mitotic capacity.
T105 362980-363399 Sentence denotes The agents that produce these lesions usually have a propensity for damaging dividing cells in any tissue; since ionizing radiation was recognized early as a cause of such lesions, they are often termed "radiomimetic." Other causative agencies include cytotoxic chemicals ( Fig. 1.32E) , mitotic poisons and viruses that infect proliferating cells, particularly the parvoviruses, bovine virus diarrhea, and rinderpest.
T106 363400-363563 Sentence denotes Ischemia of duration sufficient to cause necrosis of some or all cells lining the crypts causes a lesion that may be included in this category also ( Fig. 1.32F ).
T107 363564-363695 Sentence denotes The microscopic appearance of affected mucosa depends on the severity and extent of the insult, and the interval since it occurred.
T108 363696-363864 Sentence denotes The primary event is damage to the proliferative compartment, and except in ischemia, lesions will be evident in crypts well before significant atrophy of villi occurs.
T109 363865-363988 Sentence denotes Necrotic or exfoliated epithelial cells and polymorphs may be present in the lumen of damaged crypts, which tend to dilate.
T110 363989-364140 Sentence denotes If crypt-cell necrosis is severe, remaining cells become extremely flattened in the course of attempting to maintain the integrity of the crypt lining.
T111 364141-364331 Sentence denotes Following radiation, cytotoxic damage, and parvovirus infection, bizarre irregular epithelial cells with large nuclei and nucleoli may be present in crypts and will migrate onto the surface.
T112 364332-364483 Sentence denotes Preexisting surface epithelium continues to move off the tips of villi at an apparently normal rate even though few or no new cells emerge from crypts.
T113 364484-364568 Sentence denotes Villi eventually become atrophic or collapse as the surface cell population shrinks.
T114 364569-364803 Sentence denotes If most proliferative and stem cells have been damaged, crypts stripped of epithelium will also collapse or "drop o u t , " perhaps leaving a few scattered cystic remnants, lined by attenuated epithelium, in the deeper lamina propria.
T115 364804-364947 Sentence denotes The overlying surface will be covered by squamous epithelial cells derived from surviving crypts or will be eroded and may eventually ulcerate.
T116 364948-365120 Sentence denotes Crypts that have not been so severely damaged will hypertrophy as compensatory hyperplasia of lining cells occurs within a week or so of the original insult ( Fig. 1.32D ).
T117 365121-365280 Sentence denotes In viral diseases the severity and appearance of the lesion often vary considerably at different sites in the gut and even within an individual tissue section.
T118 365281-365406 Sentence denotes Lesions due to ischemia tend to be uniform in severity but may be localized; acute or subacute lesions are often hemorrhagic.
T119 365407-365638 Sentence denotes Cytotoxic and radiation damage tend to be relatively uniform and more widespread, though some variation occurs due to differences in the proliferative activity, and therefore susceptibility, of the epithelium at the time of insult.
T120 365639-365799 Sentence denotes The inflammatory reaction depends on the availability of leukocytes, which may also have been diminished by the same insult that caused the epithelial necrosis.
T121 365800-365885 Sentence denotes In the early stages, neutrophils and eosinophils may be in and around damaged crypts.
T122 365886-365991 Sentence denotes Extensive lesions of the gut lead to severe malabsorption and to effusion of tissue fluid and hemorrhage.
T123 365992-366091 Sentence denotes The mucosa is often invaded by the enteric flora because the animal frequently is immunosuppressed.
T124 366092-366195 Sentence denotes Local ulceration may lead to persistent plasma loss, and if circumferential, to stricture and stenosis.
T125 366196-366261 Sentence denotes Small ulcers in areas where a few crypts have dropped out will 1.
T126 366262-366263 Sentence denotes T
T127 366264-366397 Sentence denotes heal as epithelium from adjacent crypts moves over the surface, but crypts may not regenerate, and local villus atrophy will persist.
T128 366398-366474 Sentence denotes Villus atrophy occurs commonly in association with alimentary lymphosarcoma.
T129 366475-366594 Sentence denotes Diffuse or focal infiltration of the lamina propria by neoplastic lymphocytes appears to separate and crowd out crypts.
T130 366595-366703 Sentence denotes It also distorts the shape of villi, which become stubby and covered by low columnar or cuboidal epithelium.
T131 366704-366876 Sentence denotes Presumably the atrophy of villi is related at least partially to a reduced density of crypts in the mucosa, and therefore fewer cells moving onto the surface per unit area.
T132 366877-366966 Sentence denotes In severe cases, erosion of the epithelium will occur over lymphosarcomatous infiltrates.
T133 366967-367111 Sentence denotes Epithelial turnover in the cecum and colon is fundamentally similar to that in the small intestine, though villi are not present on the surface.
T134 367112-367220 Sentence denotes Cells lose the ability to divide after leaving the proliferative compartment in the lower part of the gland.
T135 367221-367363 Sentence denotes In the upper portion of the gland they differentiate into goblet cells or columnar absorptive cells that emerge and move out over the surface.
T136 367364-367531 Sentence denotes They are lost into the lumen, probably within about 4 to 8 days of being produced, though no studies of colonic epithelial turnover have been made in domestic animals.
T137 367532-367734 Sentence denotes Fasting reduces, and refeeding restores, proliferative activity in colonic glands in experimental animals, and physical distention and dietary bulk in the colon also appear to be trophic for the mucosa.
T138 367735-367853 Sentence denotes The colon of gnotobiotic animals has a small number of proliferaive cells, limited to the lower portion of the glands.
T139 367854-367998 Sentence denotes Lesions presumed to be associated with increased epithelial turnover in large bowel include alteration in both surface and glandular epithelium.
T140 367999-368231 Sentence denotes The number of goblet cells on the surface and in the upper portion of glands is diminished, and epithelium in these areas appears poorly differentiated, is more basophilic than normal, and may be low columnar, cuboidal, or squamous.
T141 368232-368291 Sentence denotes In severe diseases, microerosion of the surface is present.
T142 368292-368390 Sentence denotes The proliferative compartment in the gland may hypertrophy, causing glands to elongate and dilate.
T143 368391-368528 Sentence denotes Crowded mitotic cells are present over a greater proportion of the length of the gland, sometimes virtually to the surface of the mucosa.
T144 368529-368634 Sentence denotes Such changes may be associated with acute, chronic, or chronic active inflammation of the lamina propria.
T145 368635-368804 Sentence denotes It is uncertain whether such changes are caused both by primary damage to surface epithelium and by primary immune-mediated stimulation to the proliferative compartment.
T146 368805-368909 Sentence denotes Experimentally, cell-mediated immune reactions increase crypt-cell production, but not length of glands.
T147 368910-369186 Sentence denotes Colonic lesions consistent with increased epithelial cell turnover occur mainly in swine dysentery, intestinal adenomatosis complex in swine, trichuriasis, canine histiocytic ulcerative colitis, granulomatous colitis due to a variety of agents, and idiopathic colitis of dogs.
T148 369187-369331 Sentence denotes The proliferative compartment in the cecal and colonic glands is damaged by the same insults that attack cells in the crypts of the small bowel.
T149 369332-369597 Sentence denotes Cytotoxins and parvoviruses tend not to produce severe lesions so commonly in large bowel as they do in small intestine, however, perhaps because a lower proportion of the proliferative compartment is in mitosis at the time of maximum availability of drug or virus.
T150 369598-369828 Sentence denotes Additions to the list of agents damaging the proliferative compartment in the large intestine include coronavirus in calves and several species of coccidia in ruminants, which develop in the cells lining glands in the large bowel.
T151 369829-369976 Sentence denotes The evolution and sequelae of lesions resulting from damage to proliferative epithelium in the large intestine are similar to those in small bowel.
T152 369977-370084 Sentence denotes Dilatation of crypts containing necrotic debris, and lined by attenuated epithelium, indicates such damage.
T153 370085-370194 Sentence denotes Severe lesions will lead to loss of glands and erosion and ulceration of the mucosa, perhaps with hemorrhage.
T154 370195-370228 Sentence denotes Stricture and stenosis may ensue.
T155 370229-370385 Sentence denotes Following milder damage, which spares some stem cells in each gland, the mucosa has the potential to recover fully after a period of reparative hyperplasia.
T156 370386-370497 Sentence denotes The detrimental effects of gastrointestional diseases are mediated by a number of often interacting mechanisms.
T157 370498-370704 Sentence denotes Common consequences of enteric disease include inability to eat or loss of appetite; reduced growth rate, weight loss, or cachexia; hypoproteinemia; and anemia, perhaps with obvious hemorrhage into the gut.
T158 370705-370823 Sentence denotes Dehydration and acid-base imbalance are associated with reduced water consumption, obstruction, vomition, or diarrhea.
T159 370824-370962 Sentence denotes Dysfunction of systemic homeostasis, and of other organs, may be caused by toxins, parasites, bacteria, or viruses originating in the gut.
T160 370963-371093 Sentence denotes The consequences of diseases of the upper alimentary system, of enteric obstruction, and of ischemia have already been considered.
T161 371094-371178 Sentence denotes Malabsorption of nutrients occurs commonly in animals with gastrointestinal disease.
T162 371179-371331 Sentence denotes Failure to assimilate nutrients may result in a reduced growth rate and in emaciation and cachexia if nutrient requirements for maintenance are not met.
T163 371332-371547 Sentence denotes Malabsorption often occurs concurrently with enteric protein loss, and the contribution of these two factors, along with loss of appetite, to reduced growth rate or to cachexia must be recognized and differentiated.
T164 371548-371656 Sentence denotes Diarrhea is a common sign of malabsorption, but its pathogenesis is only partly explained by this mechanism.
T165 371657-371893 Sentence denotes Digestion and assimilation of nutrients have an intraluminal phase, mediated by the biliary and pancreatic secretions, and an epithelial phase, carried out by enzyme systems on the surface and in the cytoplasm of absorptive enterocytes.
T166 371894-372021 Sentence denotes The final step is delivery of the nutrient by the enterocyte to the interstitial fluid, and its uptake into the blood or lymph.
T167 372022-372269 Sentence denotes Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency is the major cause of intraluminal maldigestion, and it is usually due to pancreatic hypoplasia in dogs or to pancreatic fibrosis following repeated episodes of pancreatic necrosis (see the Pancreas, this volume).
T168 372270-372366 Sentence denotes Bile salt deficiency as a cause of intraluminal maldigestion is rarely seen in domestic animals.
T169 372367-372459 Sentence denotes The epithelial phase of digestion is impaired by loss of functional epithelial surface area.
T170 372460-372565 Sentence denotes This occurs in short bowel syndrome following intestinal resection and, more commonly, in villus atrophy.
T171 372566-372675 Sentence denotes Congenital deficiencies of enzymes normally present on the microvilli are not recognized in domestic animals.
T172 372676-372759 Sentence denotes However, neonates and ruminants have low levels of maltase; ruminants lack sucrase.
T173 372760-372890 Sentence denotes In most species, lactase levels decline with age, and malabsorption in dogs fed milk has been attributed to low levels of lactase.
T174 372891-373093 Sentence denotes The poorly differentiated surface epithelium present on atrophic villi may lack the full complement of enzymes on the brush border and in the cytoplasm necessary for nutrient digestion and assimilation.
T175 373094-373190 Sentence denotes Delivery of nutrients, especially lipid, to the circulation may be impaired in lymphangiectasia.
T176 373191-373286 Sentence denotes The pathogenesis of malabsorption of the major classes of nutrients will be considered briefly.
T177 373287-373386 Sentence denotes Assimilation of fat is susceptible to interference at all three phases of digestion and absorption.
T178 373387-373445 Sentence denotes Lipolysis is impaired if insufficient lipase is available.
T179 373446-373511 Sentence denotes Most commonly this is a result of pancreatic atrophy or fibrosis.
T180 373512-373646 Sentence denotes It may be due to failure by atrophic intestinal mucosa to release the cholecystokinin/pancreozymin necessary for pancreatic secretion.
T181 373647-373864 Sentence denotes The availability of bile salts for micelle formation is reduced in intrahepatic cholestasis or biliary obstruction and by depletion of the bile salt pool due to reduced ileal absorption following resection or atrophy.
T182 373865-374021 Sentence denotes As a result, fatty acid and monoglyceride are not incorporated onto micelles and emulsified; they are therefore not as accessible to absorptive enterocytes.
T183 374022-374100 Sentence denotes Reduced surface area for lipid uptake will contribute to malabsorption of fat.
T184 374101-374294 Sentence denotes Poorly differentiated enterocytes on atrophic gut may be less able than normal epithelium to reesterify long-chain fatty acids to triglyceride and produce chylomicrons for export from the cell.
T185 374295-374474 Sentence denotes In lymphangiectasia, granulomatous enteritis, and intestinal lymphosarcoma, lymphatic drainage may be obstructed, and with it the flow of chylomicrons to the systemic circulation.
T186 374475-374554 Sentence denotes Steatorrhea (excess fat in the feces) is the sequel to malabsorption of lipids.
T187 374555-374679 Sentence denotes It is seen in monogastric animals, especially dogs, in which fat often forms a large proportion of the daily caloric intake.
T188 374680-374756 Sentence denotes Severe fat malabsorption may result in deficiencies of fat-soluble vitamins.
T189 374757-374905 Sentence denotes Malabsorption of calcium, magnesium, and zinc occurs due to their sequestration in soaps formed by combination with malabsorbed luminal fatty acids.
T190 374906-375026 Sentence denotes Increased absorption of oxalate may be a sequel to reduced concentrations of calcium in the lumen due to soap formation.
T191 375027-375123 Sentence denotes Malabsorbed lipid may cause colonic diarrhea, by mechanisms that will be discussed subsequently.
T192 375124-375330 Sentence denotes Maldigestion of polysaccharides occurs if levels of pancreatic amylase are reduced; this is encountered most commonly in dogs with pancreatic disease in which very little functional exocrine tissue remains.
T193 375331-375462 Sentence denotes Calves and older ruminants normally lack significant amounts of pancreatic amylase and digest starch poorly in the small intestine.
T194 375463-375560 Sentence denotes Mucosal oligosaccharidase deficiency occurs in villus atrophy, with reduced mucosal surface area.
T195 375561-375695 Sentence denotes Poor differentiation of enterocytes results in irregular, short, and sparse microvilli and a reduced complement of oligosaccharidases.
T196 375696-375846 Sentence denotes The result is impaired membrane digestion of disaccharide and malabsorption of carbohydrate, much of which is subsequently fermented by colonic flora.
T197 375847-376013 Sentence denotes The osmotic effect of malabsorbed disaccharide augments intraluminal fluid accumulation in the small intestine, and this may be compounded by hydrolysis in the colon.
T198 376014-376223 Sentence denotes Carbohydrate malabsorption is an important component of disease in neonatal diarrhea due to rotavirus and coronavirus, and in other conditions in which there is extensive villus atrophy in the small intestine.
T199 376224-376382 Sentence denotes Protein digestion in the lumen is reduced if pancreatic protease activity is decreased to -10% of normal, as may occur with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency.
T200 376383-376458 Sentence denotes Loss of gastric proteolytic activity is of little nutritional significance.
T201 376459-376707 Sentence denotes In conditions with villus atrophy, reduced mucosal surface area and poor differentiation of enterocytes result in malabsorption of small peptides and particularly of amino acids by mechanisms similar to those involved in carbohydrate malabsorption.
T202 376708-376987 Sentence denotes It is conceivable that atrophy of duodenal villi may result in reduced availability of the brush-border enzyme enterokinase, which is necessary for the activation of pancreatic trypsinogen to trypsin, initiating the subsequent activation of other pancreatic proteases by trypsin.
T203 376988-377101 Sentence denotes Some dogs with mucosal malabsorption do appear to have partial pancreatic insufficiency, perhaps for this reason.
T204 377102-377322 Sentence denotes The influence of reduced protein digestion and assimilation on energy metabolism and anabolic activity must be differentiated from the effects of the loss of plasma and other endogenous protein into the lumen of the gut.
T205 377323-377523 Sentence denotes A reduction in absorption of minerals and vitamins may be intuitively expected in animals with reduced absorptive surface in villus atrophy, above and beyond specific mechanisms alluded to previously.
T206 377524-377754 Sentence denotes If villus atrophy is relatively localized, the reserve capacity of more distal small bowel may offset the effects of local nutrient malabsorption, and there may not be net malabsorption over the full length of the small intestine.
T207 377755-377851 Sentence denotes Diarrhea is the presence in feces of water in relative excess in proportion to fecal dry matter.
T208 377852-377989 Sentence denotes Diarrhea usually reflects increased absolute fecal loss of water, but may not if absolute fecal dry matter excretion is markedly reduced.
T209 377990-378150 Sentence denotes Loss of solute and water in diarrhea may lead to severe electrolyte depletion, acidbase imbalance, and dehydration, which are life threatening if not corrected.
T210 378151-378423 Sentence denotes Large volumes of fluid derived from ingesta and secretion from the stomach, bile, pancreas, and the gut itself enter the small bowel; in addition, considerable passive movement of water occurs into the upper small bowel from the circulation in response to osmotic effects.
T211 378424-378558 Sentence denotes Absorption by enterocytes of osmotically active nutrient molecules and electrolyte draws water from lumen into the interstitial space.
T212 378559-378764 Sentence denotes Overall, the bulk of the fluid entering the small intestine is absorbed, so that the volume leaving the ileum and entering the colon is but a small fraction of the total fluid flux through the small bowel.
T213 378765-378941 Sentence denotes The large size of this flux implies that relatively small perturbations in unidirectional movement of electrolyte and water may have large effects on the net movement of fluid.
T214 378942-379128 Sentence denotes The colon, in addition to its fermentative function, has the ultimate responsibility for conserving electrolyte and water by absorption from the digesta, thereby minimizing fecal losses.
T215 379129-379293 Sentence denotes It has a finite capacity for absorption of electrolyte and fluid, and if this is exceeded by the rate at which content enters from the small bowel, diarrhea occurs.
T216 379294-379397 Sentence denotes This is thought to be important in "small bowel diarrheas," where the lesion is in the small intestine.
T217 379398-379544 Sentence denotes Since the colon has a large reserve capacity for absorption, the excess volume entering from the ileum must be considerable for diarrhea to occur.
T218 379545-379777 Sentence denotes The large absorptive capacity and fermentative function of the equine colon may mitigate to some extent the expression of small bowel diarrhea in mature animals of that species, even when malabsorption occurs in the small intestine.
T219 379778-379899 Sentence denotes Small bowel diarrhea is classed as secretory, malabsorptive, and effusive, but the mechanisms are not mutually exclusive.
T220 379900-380102 Sentence denotes Secretory diarrhea is due to an excess of secretion over absorption of fluid in the small intestine and is probably the result of derangement of normal secretory and absorptive mechanisms in the mucosa.
T221 380103-380181 Sentence denotes It is best exemplified by the effects of diarrheagenic bacterial enterotoxins.
T222 380182-380409 Sentence denotes Vibrio cholerae a n d £ . coli are the most important sources of such toxins, though only the latter occurs in domestic animals; some Salmonella serotypes, Yersinia enterocolitica, and perhaps Shigella also produce enterotoxin.
T223 380410-380494 Sentence denotes Cholera and heat-labile E. coli enterotoxin act through the mediation of cyclic AMP.
T224 380495-380644 Sentence denotes In surface enterocytes, toxin-stimulated cAMP shuts down sodium chloride cotransport at the luminal cell membrane, reducing passive water absorption.
T225 380645-380743 Sentence denotes Meanwhile, in crypt epithelium, cAMP-stimulated chloride secretion is promoted, and water follows.
T226 380744-380905 Sentence denotes The resultant increase in secretion by crypts and decrease in absorption by villi increases the solute and water load passing from the small bowel for the colon.
T227 380906-381020 Sentence denotes Heat-stable E. coli and Y. enterocolitica enterotoxins apparently stimulate cGMP-mediated secretion by the mucosa.
T228 381021-381184 Sentence denotes Malabsorptive diarrhea is exemplified by the osmotic retention of water in the gut lumen by poorly absorbed magnesium sulfate, used therapeutically as a cathartic.
T229 381185-381262 Sentence denotes Malabsorption commonly results from villus atrophy, no matter what the cause.
T230 381263-381472 Sentence denotes Electrolyte and nutrient solute, malabsorbed as the result of reduced villous and microvillous surface area, are retained in the lumen of the bowel in abnormal amounts, along with osmotically associated water.
T231 381473-381605 Sentence denotes If compensatory absorption does not occur in more distal small intestine, the additional solute and water is passed on to the colon.
T232 381606-381734 Sentence denotes A secretory component probably contributes to diarrhea due to villus atrophy, at least in transmissible gastroenteritis in pigs.
T233 381735-381886 Sentence denotes Here, since the "villous" limb of the postulated crypt-villus fluid circuit is diminished or missing, fluid secreted by the crypts may not be absorbed.
T234 381887-381947 Sentence denotes However, it is not clear if crypts are abnormally secretory.
T235 381948-382065 Sentence denotes Poorly differentiated cells emerging onto the intestinal surface from crypts also may retain some secretory capacity.
T236 382066-382514 Sentence denotes Increased permeability of the mucosa may contribute to diarrhea by permitting increased retrograde movement of solute and fluid from the lateral intercellular space to the lumen, or by facilitating transudation of tissue fluid. ' 'Filtration secretion'' is characterized by increased fluid movement through the epithelial membrane via the paracellular route; the force for secretion is provided by the transepithelial hydrostatic pressure gradient.
T237 382515-382639 Sentence denotes Portal hypertension or right-sided heart failure, hypoalbuminemia, and expansion of plasma volume establish such conditions.
T238 382640-382833 Sentence denotes Effusion may occur similarly in lymphatic obstruction or lymphangiectasia, and in inflamed lamina propria, with increased vascular permeability, proprial edema, and enteric plasma protein loss.
T239 382834-382965 Sentence denotes Increased exfoliation of epithelium and transient microerosions provide further potential sites for effusion of interstitial fluid.
T240 382966-383114 Sentence denotes Large bowel diarrhea is the product of a reduced innate capability of the colon to handle the solute and fluid presented by the more proximal bowel.
T241 383115-383237 Sentence denotes A change in net absorption by the colon that is relatively small in absolute terms may be sufficient to cause fluid feces.
T242 383238-383324 Sentence denotes Colonic diarrhea is characterized by frequent passage of small amounts of fluid feces.
T243 383325-383535 Sentence denotes Colonic dysfunction has not received the same attention as small bowel disease, but secretory, malabsorptive, and effusive mechanisms are implicated here as well, and they frequently appear to act concurrently.
T244 383536-383685 Sentence denotes The colonic mucosa is not as innately " l e a k y " as the small intestinal mucosa due to the nature of the tight junctions between epithelial cells.
T245 383686-383831 Sentence denotes As a result, it resists alterations in permeability due to increased hydrostatic pressure in the propria, when compared with the small intestine.
T246 383832-383953 Sentence denotes Ulceration or erosion may be expected to result in reduced colonic function due to loss of absorptive surface epithelium.
T247 383954-384103 Sentence denotes Although effusion is anticipated in these states, abnormal macromolecular permeability was not demonstrated in Salmonella colitis or swine dysentery.
T248 384104-384177 Sentence denotes In swine dysentery, however, net electrolyte and water absorption ceases.
T249 384178-384294 Sentence denotes Bile acids mediate diarrhea associated with ileal disease, and fatty acids are the cause of diarrhea in steatorrhea.
T250 384295-384431 Sentence denotes The mechanism of action of these agents appears to be similar; though both may affect the small bowel, the major effect is in the colon.
T251 384432-384523 Sentence denotes Moderate ileal damage or resection results in the escape of excess bile acids to the colon.
T252 384524-384623 Sentence denotes This loss is compensated by increased hepatic synthesis to maintain the size of the bile salt pool.
T253 384624-384738 Sentence denotes But the increased load of bile salts entering the colon is converted to secondary bile acids by the colonic flora.
T254 384739-384933 Sentence denotes Fatty acids enter the colon in increased quantities in steatorrhea resulting from bile salt depletion, or from other mechanisms in which lipolysis by pancreatic lipase is not severely inhibited.
T255 384934-385124 Sentence denotes Both dihydroxy bile acids and long-chain fatty acids, especially hydroxy fatty acids produced by bacterial action, alter mucosal permeability and cause mild damage to the surface epithelium.
T256 385125-385244 Sentence denotes They both also stimulate cAMP-mediated secretion by the colonic mucosa, perhaps by causing local prostaglandin release.
T257 385245-385306 Sentence denotes The result is net fluid secretion by the colon, and diarrhea.
T258 385307-385451 Sentence denotes This also is the mode of action of a number of laxatives, including senna and castor oil, which contains the hydroxy fatty acid ricinoleic acid.
T259 385452-385636 Sentence denotes Although colonic secretion stimulated by bacterial enterotoxin is not clearly implicated in diarrhea, alterations in the flora in the large bowel may be detrimental to normal function.
T260 385637-385793 Sentence denotes Absorption of volatile fatty acids produced by bacterial fermentation is responsible for considerable concurrent absorption of water in the large intestine.
T261 385794-386046 Sentence denotes Reduced production and absorption of volatile fatty acids, secondary to imbalance of the bacterial flora in the cecum and colon, may explain some problems of wasting and diarrhea in horses in which no morphologic abnormality of the mucosa can be found.
T262 386047-386171 Sentence denotes Osmotic overload of the large bowel results from the delivery by the small bowel of a large volume of fermentable substrate.
T263 386172-386281 Sentence denotes This may be due to an excess of dietary carbohydrate or, more commonly, malabsorption in the small intestine.
T264 386282-386396 Sentence denotes Of the malabsorbed nutrients, carbohydrate is the only one of significance in initiating colonic osmotic overload.
T265 386397-386521 Sentence denotes Bacterial fermentation of carbohydrate results in the production of an increased number of molecules of volatile fatty acid.
T266 386522-386638 Sentence denotes They are readily handled by the colon under normal circumstances, by rapid absorption, and by bicarbonate buffering.
T267 386639-386743 Sentence denotes A heavy carbohydrate load may overwhelm the colonic buffering capacity, however, and cause a reduced pH.
T268 386744-386892 Sentence denotes This results in an altered gut flora dominated by organisms producing lactic acid, which is absorbed at a slower rate than the volatile fatty acids.
T269 386893-387101 Sentence denotes Further acidification causes mucosal permeability, permitting an influx of water and solute into the lumen from the tissue, as a result of the increased osmotic pressure generated by lactic acid in the lumen.
T270 387102-387119 Sentence denotes Diarrhea follows.
T271 387120-387142 Sentence denotes MOTILITY AND DIARRHEA.
T272 387143-387243 Sentence denotes Increased intestinal motility probably does not have a primary role in the pathogenesis of diarrhea.
T273 387244-387347 Sentence denotes Often the small intestine of animals with diarrhea is flaccid and fluid filled rather than hypermotile.
T274 387348-387465 Sentence denotes Increased colonic motor activity is often segmental and antiperistaltic, and probably unrelated to increased transit.
T275 387466-387584 Sentence denotes Hypermotility, if it does occur, may be in response to, rather than a cause of, increased volumes of fluid in the gut.
T276 387585-387737 Sentence denotes Ileus or hypomotility, partial small bowel obstruction, and radiation injury may set up conditions conducive to bacterial overgrowth in the small bowel.
T277 387738-387989 Sentence denotes Achlorhydria or hypochlorhydria in the dog may also predispose to this problem. "Stagnant loop" or "blind loop" syndrome ensues, as anaerobes in particular proliferate in the lumen of the small intestine to levels approaching those in the large bowel.
T278 387990-388163 Sentence denotes Mild or moderate villus atrophy may develop in the affected area, and bacteria will be seen on the mucosal surface in tissue sections, an unusual finding in the small bowel.
T279 388164-388300 Sentence denotes Ultrastructural lesions and cytoplasmic lipid accumulation can be present in surface enterocytes, though the brush border may be intact.
T280 388301-388464 Sentence denotes Deconjugation of bile acids by anaerobes results in free bile acids, many of which precipitate at the pH of the gut content and are lost to the recirculating pool.
T281 388465-388571 Sentence denotes Some are absorbed passively, but dihydroxy secondary bile salts may be the cause of damage to enterocytes.
T282 388572-388702 Sentence denotes Fat malabsorption occurs when conjugated bile acids fall below critical micellar concentrations, reducing emulsion and absorption.
T283 388703-388769 Sentence denotes Malabsorption is further exacerbated by the toxic damage to cells.
T284 388770-388790 Sentence denotes Steatorrhea results.
T285 388791-389041 Sentence denotes Protein digestion and absorption may not be affected by bacterial overgrowth; however, some amino acids may be deaminated by anaerobes and metabolized to ammonia which is absorbed, converted to urea in the liver, and largely lost through the kidneys.
T286 389042-389131 Sentence denotes Plasma protein loss into the gut can also occur, as may impaired uptake of disaccharides.
T287 389132-389234 Sentence denotes Binding of vitamin B 1 2 by enteric flora prevents absorption in the ileum and may lead to deficiency.
T288 389235-389354 Sentence denotes Dihydroxy bile acids and malabsorbed fatty acids promote secretion by the small bowel and colon, resulting in diarrhea.
T289 389355-389534 Sentence denotes Disorders of protein metabolism attributable to enteric disease are responsible for significant economic loss in the form of reduced weight gain, wool growth, and milk production.
T290 389535-389618 Sentence denotes Severe derangement in any species may lead to cachexia, hypoproteinemia, and death.
T291 389619-389832 Sentence denotes Nitrogen economy may be affected at three main points: nitrogen intake may be reduced; there may be decreased protein digestion and assimilation; or increased cata-bolism and loss of endogenous nitrogen may occur.
T292 389833-389954 Sentence denotes The metabolism and distribution of nitrogen in the body may vary, depending on the way in which its economy is disrupted.
T293 389955-390112 Sentence denotes Decreased protein intake is the most obvious threat to the nitrogen economy, and it is probably the most important in many chronic gastrointestinal diseases.
T294 390113-390238 Sentence denotes Subclinical inefficiency in production, reduced growth, and emaciation may be the products of varying degrees of inappetence.
T295 390239-390347 Sentence denotes If the quality of the feed available is poor, the effect of reduced intake on production will be compounded.
T296 390348-390488 Sentence denotes Painful prehension or mastication, dental attrition, chronic dysphagia, or recurrent vomition are all obvious causes of reduced feed intake.
T297 390489-390597 Sentence denotes A sharp decline in appetite, or anorexia, is a common sign of indigestion, obstruction, or systemic disease.
T298 390598-390849 Sentence denotes In ruminants, loss of appetite to varying degrees is an important component of the pathogenicity of gastrointestinal parasites, including those infecting the abomasum (Ostertagia), small intestine (Trichostrongylus), and large bowel (Oesophagostomum).
T299 390850-390961 Sentence denotes About 4 0 -9 0 % of the inefficiency in production in these parasitisms is attributable to reduced feed intake.
T300 390962-391049 Sentence denotes The factors influencing satiety in animals are uncertain and deserve greater attention.
T301 391050-391182 Sentence denotes Among them may be the hormones gastrin and cholecystokinin, which are elevated in association with inappetence in parasitized sheep.
T302 391183-391308 Sentence denotes The bulk and particle size of the feed consumed influences distention of the reticulorumen and rate of throughput of digesta.
T303 391309-391465 Sentence denotes Altered gastrointestinal motility or stasis may also detrimentally influence feed intake, as may reduced absorption of amino acids from the small intestine.
T304 391466-391591 Sentence denotes Malabsorption of peptides and amino acids may occur locally in the small intestine as a result of significant villus atrophy.
T305 391592-391809 Sentence denotes Unless the lesion is widespread, or low in the small bowel, however, net absorption of nitrogen over the length of the small intestine may not be reduced, due to the compensatory capacity of more distal normal mucosa.
T306 391810-391926 Sentence denotes Overall, the contribution of malabsorption to disordered nitrogen metabolism appears to be minor in most situations.
T307 391927-392077 Sentence denotes Protein-losing gastroenteropathy, increased catabolism, and loss of endogenous nitrogen via the gastrointestinal tract are important in many diseases.
T308 392078-392271 Sentence denotes Excess endogenous protein entering the intestine is derived from two main sources, namely, increased turnover of cells lining the gut and effusion of plasma protein into the lumen of the bowel.
T309 392272-392409 Sentence denotes The contribution to endogenous nitrogen loss by increased turnover of enterocytes and secretion of mucoprotein has not been well defined.
T310 392410-392556 Sentence denotes In conditions causing chronic villus atrophy, such as intestinal parasitism by Trichostrongylus and Strongyloides, however, it may be substantial.
T311 392557-392657 Sentence denotes Plasma protein loss into the gut presupposes abnormal permeability of the mucosa to large molecules.
T312 392658-392924 Sentence denotes This may be the product of the bloodsucking activity of nematodes such as Haemonchus, Ancylostoma, and Bunostomum or hemorrhage from sites of trauma in the mucosa caused by the feeding activity of worms such as Oesophagostomum columbianum, Chabertia, and Strongylus.
T313 392925-393007 Sentence denotes Erosive lesions result in considerable loss of red blood cells and plasma protein.
T314 393008-393201 Sentence denotes Such lesions may be due to infarction, severe cryptal necrosis, or acute inflammatory damage to the mucosa associated with bacteria, viruses, and coccidia, causing fibrinohemorrhagic enteritis.
T315 393202-393273 Sentence denotes Microscopic "leaks" in the mucosa also permit plasma loss into the gut.
T316 393274-393435 Sentence denotes These may result from increased exfoliation of enterocytes into the lumen in villus atrophy, as transient gaps in the mucosa at the site where the cells sloughs.
T317 393436-393609 Sentence denotes In villus atrophy with a high rate of enterocyte turnover, temporary microerosions may develop when flattened cells fail to maintain the integrity of the surface epithelium.
T318 393610-393963 Sentence denotes The permeability of tight junctions between epithelial cells may be sufficiently altered to permit transit of plasma protein molecules when the hydrostatic pressure in the proprial interstitium is elevated in congestive heart failure, by increased vascular permeability in acute or chronic inflammation, and in lymphatic obstruction or lymphangiectasia.
T319 393964-394013 Sentence denotes Plasma protein loss into the gut is nonselective.
T320 394014-394170 Sentence denotes Albumin, immunoglobulins, clotting factors, and a variety of transport or carrier proteins, including transferrin, ceruloplasmin, and transcortin, are lost.
T321 394171-394362 Sentence denotes The physiologic consequences of protein-losing enteropathy may reflect increased catabolism of any of these molecules but are most obviously related to increased turnover of the albumin pool.
T322 394363-394515 Sentence denotes Plasma albumin lost into the gut, when expressed as a proportion of the total body pool, will vary in absolute terms, depending on the size of the pool.
T323 394516-394628 Sentence denotes This concept of fractional catabolic rate is essential to understanding the kinetics of plasma protein turnover.
T324 394629-394707 Sentence denotes In protein-losing enteropathy, albumin turnover may pass through three phases.
T325 394708-394989 Sentence denotes During the first phase, the fractional catabolic rate increases, and with it, the absolute amount of protein lost into the bowel; as the size of the circulating pool of albumin shrinks, so does the absolute rate of loss of protein, even though the fractional rate remains the same.
T326 394990-395159 Sentence denotes During the second phase, the size of the circulating pool stabilizes as the rate of albumin synthesis by the liver increases to match in absolute terms the rate of loss.
T327 395160-395359 Sentence denotes The plasma albumin pool is then in a state of hyperkinetic equilibrium; the pool is smaller, with a higher than normal fractional catabolic rate compensated by an increased rate of hepatic synthesis.
T328 395360-395503 Sentence denotes Provided that the size of the loss does not exceed the synthetic capacity of the liver, this equilibrium may persist for a considerable period.
T329 395504-395831 Sentence denotes In the third phase, hypoalbuminemia develops as the fractional catabolic rate continues to increase so that it exceeds in absolute terms the synthetic capacity of the liver, or if the rate of synthesis declines, it develops as a result of deficiency in amino acids derived from the diet and by catabolism of other body protein.
T330 395832-395980 Sentence denotes The hypoalbuminemia in enteric plasma loss is often associated with hyperglobulinemia, since compensatory synthesis of immunoglobulin is remarkable.
T331 395981-396065 Sentence denotes Several times more immunoglobulin than albumin may be lost into the gut as a result.
T1 396066-396214 Sentence denotes The progress and clinical manifestations of protein-losing enteropathy vary with the rate of onset of plasma loss and the fractional catabolic rate.
T2 396215-396348 Sentence denotes A sudden onset of severe plasma protein loss may cause death during the first phase, before there is time for compensatory synthesis.
T3 396349-396608 Sentence denotes If the fractional catabolic rate is gradually and only slightly increased, so that compensation occurs with the albumin pool in equilibrium in only a marginally reduced state (perhaps near or within the " n o r m a l " range), subclinical protein loss occurs.
T4 396609-396870 Sentence denotes Though the fractional catabolic rate is only slightly elevated, the relatively large size of the albumin pool may mean that the absolute loss of protein exceeds that in a hypoalbuminemic animal with a higher fractional catabolic rate but a smaller albumin pool.
T5 396871-397085 Sentence denotes Plasma protein leaking from the stomach or upper small intestine, and protein derived from exfoliated cells in villus atrophy with increased epithelial turnover, may be digested and absorbed in the small intestine.
T6 397086-397262 Sentence denotes This is dependent on luminal proteolysis by pancreatic enzymes, and compensatory membrane digestion and absorption, making up for any malabsorption by proximal atrophic mucosa.
T7 397263-397344 Sentence denotes But the efficiency of protein digestion, even if it is not reduced, is not total.
T8 397345-397526 Sentence denotes Therefore, a proportion of the increased endogenous protein entering the lumen will be added to the protein escaping digestion in the small bowel and will enter the large intestine.
T9 397527-397732 Sentence denotes There, most of this protein may be converted to ammonia by the colonic flora and absorbed, so that in animals losing protein high in the gut, there may be little or no increase in fecal nitrogen excretion.
T10 397733-397873 Sentence denotes On the other hand, much of the protein lost into the colon from lesions at that level is passed in the feces, often as protein, and is lost.
T11 397874-397956 Sentence denotes Ammonia nitrogen absorbed from the colon is converted in the liver mainly to urea.
T12 397957-398146 Sentence denotes Animals with increased endogenous protein loss into the stomach or small intestine tend to have slightly raised levels of blood urea nitrogen and an elevated rate of urinary urea excretion.
T13 398147-398415 Sentence denotes Elevated hepatic synthesis of albumin due to increased turnover of the plasma albumin pool, and increased enteric protein synthesis in support of elevated epithelial turnover in conditions with chronic villus atrophy, is at the expense of anabolic processes elsewhere.
T14 398416-398507 Sentence denotes Dietary amino acid is "diverted" to synthesis of enteric and plasma protein preferentially.
T15 398508-398666 Sentence denotes If protein intake is poor due to inappetence or a low-quality ration, or if the rate of protein loss is high, the animal moves into negative nitrogen balance.
T16 398667-398837 Sentence denotes Catabolism of peripheral protein then assumes an increasingly important role in maintaining the pool of amino acids available for plasma and intestinal protein synthesis.
T17 398838-399031 Sentence denotes This explains in part the reduced growth rate, decreased muscle mass, and depressed deposition of bone matrix in sheep with subclinical or mild parasitism and the cachexia of severe parasitism.
T18 399032-399140 Sentence denotes The additional metabolic cost of increased protein synthesis also causes inefficiency in energy utilization.
T19 399141-399248 Sentence denotes These principles probably hold for all syndromes causing enteric loss of endogenous protein in any species.
T20 399249-399358 Sentence denotes Loss of enteric protein and, especially, plasma, should be suspected in cachectic or hypoproteinemic animals.
T21 399359-399406 Sentence denotes Diarrhea is often, but not invariably, present.
T22 399407-399535 Sentence denotes The two major routes of occult abnormal plasma protein loss are the kidney in glomerular disease and the gastrointestinal tract.
T23 399536-399576 Sentence denotes Weeping skin lesions are another source.
T24 399577-399675 Sentence denotes Anemia and hypoproteinemia may be due to hemorrhage externally or into the gastrointestinal tract.
T25 399676-399831 Sentence denotes Advanced liver disease may cause hypoalbuminemia; other signs of hepatic failure will likely be concurrent (see the Liver and Biliary System, this volume).
T26 399832-399950 Sentence denotes Inability to eat, inadequate nutrition, or starvation also cause emaciation, usually without profound hypoalbuminemia.
T27 399951-400006 Sentence denotes The cachexia of malignancy must also be differentiated.
T28 400007-400179 Sentence denotes Provided it is adequately hydrated, the hypoalbuminemic animal shows evidence of subcutaneous, mesenteric, or gastric submucosal edema, perhaps with hydrothorax or ascites.
T29 400180-400274 Sentence denotes Wasting of muscle mass may be marked if the protein loss has been severe and of some standing.
T30 400275-400453 Sentence denotes Unlike starvation, protein-losing gastroenteropathy may be associated with the presence of internal fat depots, since assimilation of energy is not necessarily severely impaired.
T31 400454-400648 Sentence denotes The principles discussed in the kinetics of plasma albumin during enteric plasma loss may be applied also to the kinetics of the erythron following loss of blood into the gastrointestinal tract.
T32 400649-400739 Sentence denotes Blood loss of any origin, including that due to hematophagous parasites, may cause anemia.
T33 400740-400849 Sentence denotes Erythroid hyperplasia in the marrow or in extramedullary sites may not compensate for the continued bleeding.
T34 400850-400988 Sentence denotes Resolution of the hemorrhage results in eventual restoration of normal red cell numbers and an ultimate decline in erythrocyte production.
T35 400989-401115 Sentence denotes Chronic blood loss may culminate in depletion of iron stores and development of a nonresponsive hypochromic microcytic anemia.
T36 401116-401348 Sentence denotes Malabsorption of nutrients, electrolyte, and water is at the root of disease in animals caused by rotavirus, coronavirus, Cryptosporidium, and rarely, E. coli; significant loss of protein probably does not occur in these conditions.
T37 401349-401488 Sentence denotes Intestinal nematode parasitism due to Trichostrongylus in ruminants, and Strongyhides in all species, causes malabsorption and plasma loss.
T38 401489-401565 Sentence denotes Hookworms suck blood, causing anemia, hypoproteinemia, and perhaps, wasting.
T39 401566-401706 Sentence denotes Johne's disease in ruminants, and probably intestinal adenomatosis in swine, are associated with plasma loss into the gut and malabsorption.
T40 401707-401907 Sentence denotes Erosion, ulceration, and villus atrophy due to coccidiosis, enteroinvasive bacteria, parvoviruses, bovine virus diarrhea, and some other viruses cause malabsorption and increased mucosal permeability.
T41 401908-402192 Sentence denotes In dogs and horses, and to a lesser extent in other species, there may be idiopathic, sporadic or breed-related disease variably signaled clinically by chronic diarrhea, weight loss, hypoproteinemia, and often malabsorption, as defined by tests of carbohydrate and lipid assimilation.
T42 402193-402319 Sentence denotes Intestinal biopsy is usually necessary to make a diagnosis, permitting the establishment of a prognosis and course of therapy.
T43 402320-402463 Sentence denotes These syndromes are usually characterized by abnormal infiltrates in the lamina propria, perhaps associated with some degree of villus atrophy.
T44 402464-402592 Sentence denotes Eosinophils, lymphocytes, and plasma cells, granulomatous inflammation, or amyloid are the infiltrates most commonly implicated.
T45 402593-402646 Sentence denotes Lymphangiectasia may also produce a similar syndrome.
T46 402647-402791 Sentence denotes Lymphangiectasia has been described in the dog, where it appears to be among the more common causes of malabsorption/protein-losing enteropathy.
T47 402792-402946 Sentence denotes It is associated with a syndrome variably characterized by chronic diarrhea, wasting, hypoproteinemia, lymphopenia, hypocalcemia, and hypocholesterolemia.
T48 402947-403018 Sentence denotes Peripheral edema, ascites, and hydrothorax result from hypoalbuminemia.
T49 403019-403163 Sentence denotes The intestinal lesion is dilation of the lacteals, and often lymphatics of the submucosa, intestinal wall, serosa, and mesentery ( Fig. 1.14D ).
T50 403164-403326 Sentence denotes Villi containing di-lated chyle-filled lacteals may stand out grossly as white papillate foci in a thickened, transversely folded edematous mucosa ( Fig. 1.14C ).
T51 403327-403398 Sentence denotes Serosal and mesenteric lymphatics may be prominent, white, and dilated.
T52 403399-403501 Sentence denotes Small nodular white masses may be present on the serosa at the mesenteric border and along lymphatics.
T53 403502-403572 Sentence denotes In section, villi may be of normal length or somewhat blunt or stubby.
T54 403573-403699 Sentence denotes The surface epithelium may appear normal or perhaps slightly attenuated, and lateral interepithelial spaces are often dilated.
T55 403700-403802 Sentence denotes The lacteals in many villi are distended, and lymphatics in deeper portions of the mucosa may be also.
T56 403803-403984 Sentence denotes Occasional lipidladen macrophages are present in and around lacteals and lymphatics; large focal accumulations of lipophages form the grossly visible white masses sometimes present.
T57 403985-404079 Sentence denotes The lamina propria is edematous, and the submucosa and deeper portions of the gut wall may be.
T58 404080-404201 Sentence denotes The proprial inflammatory cell population may be normal, or the numbers of lymphocytes and plasma cells may be increased.
T59 404202-404276 Sentence denotes The cause of lymphangiectasia is presumably usually lymphatic obstruction.
T60 404277-404424 Sentence denotes Many cases appear to be acquired, and some may be due to lymphosarcomatous or granulomatous infiltrates obstructing flow in mesenteric lymph nodes.
T61 404425-404509 Sentence denotes Usually, no congenital or acquired obstruction of the lymphatic drainage is obvious.
T62 404510-404748 Sentence denotes Experimental obstruction of mesenteric lymphatics produces hypoproteinemia and lymphangiectasia but not diarrhea and weight loss, suggesting that the etiology of the clinical syndrome may be more complex than simple lymphatic obstruction.
T63 404749-404869 Sentence denotes Moderate malabsorption of lipid, and plasma protein loss into the gut, cause the signs associated with lymphangiectasia.
T64 404870-404967 Sentence denotes Malabsorbed lipid may contribute to diarrhea via the effects of fatty acids on colonic secretion.
T65 404968-405118 Sentence denotes Mucosal permeability associated with increased proprial hydrostatic pressure may cause net intestinal secretion and contribute to plasma protein loss.
T66 405119-405223 Sentence denotes It has been proposed that dilated lacteals may rupture, releasing lymph into the lumen of the intestine.
T67 405224-405374 Sentence denotes Hypocalcemia may be related to loss of the mineral bound to plasma albumin, and perhaps to formation of soaps with malabsorbed lipid in the gut lumen.
T68 405375-405448 Sentence denotes Hypocholesterolemia is due to lipid malabsorption and effusion of plasma.
T69 405449-405539 Sentence denotes Lymphopenia is thought to be the result of the loss of lymphocyte-rich lymph into the gut.
T70 405540-405695 Sentence denotes In cattle, dilated lacteals and lymphatics in the small intestine have been associated with Johne's disease and hypoalbuminemia due to abomasal parasitism.
T71 405696-405851 Sentence denotes In Johne's disease, the lesion may be the result of local edema due to inflammation in the propria and mesenteric lymphatics combined with hypoproteinemia.
T72 405852-406008 Sentence denotes In the second situation, dilated lacteals may be secondary to edema resulting from reduced plasma oncotic pressure, rather than the cause of such a problem.
T73 406009-406088 Sentence denotes Eosinophilic gastroenteritis has been well described but is rarely encountered.
T74 406089-406217 Sentence denotes Conditions typified by abnormally heavy eosinophilic infiltrates of the gastrointestinal mucosa occur in dogs, cats, and horses.
T75 406218-406372 Sentence denotes In dogs, eosinophilic gastroenteritis is a segmental or region- al affliction, affecting one or more areas of the alimentary tract from stomach to rectum.
T76 406373-406559 Sentence denotes Signs may vary from vomition associated with gastritis, to chronic small bowel diarrhea, or chronic large bowel diarrhea with hematochezia resulting from ulcerative eosinophilic colitis.
T77 406560-406685 Sentence denotes Diarrhea and weight loss suggest malabsorption and protein-losing enteropathy, and circulating eosinophilia is often present.
T78 406686-406763 Sentence denotes The disease is best known in German shepherds, but it may occur in any breed.
T79 406764-406900 Sentence denotes At autopsy or laparotomy, aside from lesions attributable to cachexia and hypoproteinemia, there may be enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes.
T80 406901-407057 Sentence denotes The affected segment of the alimentary tract is thickened, or the mucosa may be irregularly folded or nodular and perhaps hemorrhagic, eroded, or ulcerated.
T81 407058-407215 Sentence denotes Gross lesions are associated with heavy infiltrates of normal eosinophils in the rnucosa, submucosa, and often transmurally, involving muscularis and serosa.
T82 407216-407350 Sentence denotes Villi may be mildly to severely atrophic; the epithelium can appear relatively normal, or enterocytes may be low columnar or cuboidal.
T83 407351-407464 Sentence denotes In the colon the epithelium may be eroded or the mucosa ulcerated in areas with heavy infiltrates of eosinophils.
T84 407465-407537 Sentence denotes Eosinophils may be present in sinusoids throughout affected lymph nodes.
T85 407538-407701 Sentence denotes In one series of German shepherds, eosinophilic granulomas were present in gastrointestinal tissues and other organs, and larvae of Toxocara canis were implicated.
T86 407702-407792 Sentence denotes Granulomas are not reported in other cases, which probably represent a separate condition.
T87 407793-407870 Sentence denotes Scirrhous eosinophilic gastritis and arteritis is also pathologically unique.
T88 407871-408077 Sentence denotes The etiology of eosinophilic gastroenteritis in dogs may be related to a reaginic response to antigens in t)ie lumen or wall of the gastrointestinal tract, with infiltration by immunomodulating eosinophils.
T89 408078-408214 Sentence denotes Eosinophilic enteritis in cats is rare and appears to be one manifestation of a hypereosinophilic syndrome that may involve many organs.
T90 408215-408327 Sentence denotes Diarrhea, sometimes bloody, vomition, loss of appetite, and loss of condition may be represented in the history.
T91 408328-408540 Sentence denotes Clinically, intestinal thickening, hepato-and splenomegaly, and enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes may be present, in association with circulating eosinophilia and hyperplasia of the eosinophil series in the marrow.
T92 408541-408595 Sentence denotes The postmortem picture reflects the clinical findings.
T93 408596-408804 Sentence denotes Enlargment of the various organs, including liver, spleen, lymph nodes in many locations, and tan nodularities on the kidneys, are associated with heavy infiltrates of usually well differentiated eosinophils.
T94 408805-408969 Sentence denotes In the small intestine the eosinophilic infiltrate may be transmural and is accompanied by hypertrophy of the muscle layers, causing a thickened appearance grossly.
T95 408970-409277 Sentence denotes Lymph nodes may have hyperplastic follicles and many mature eosinophils in sinusoids, or they may vary through eosinophilic lymphadenitis with fibrosis to complete obliteration of normal architecture and replacement by eosinophils in a fibrillar stroma extending through the capsule into surrounding tissue.
T96 409278-409399 Sentence denotes Chronic eosinophilic enteritis in horses has been described in Australia as a distinct syndrome, and it occurs elsewhere.
T97 409400-409541 Sentence denotes Affected animals have weight loss and diarrhea or unformed feces, associated with hypoalbuminemia, suggesting enteric loss of plasma protein.
T98 409542-409618 Sentence denotes Reduced absorption of glucose occurs, but peripheral eosinophilia is absent.
T99 409619-409747 Sentence denotes At autopsy, mucosal and sometimes transmural thickening may occur at any level of the alimentary tract from esophagus to rectum.
T100 409748-409848 Sentence denotes Thickened mucosa is thrown into turgid, transverse folds, or occasionally is fissured and roughened.
T101 409849-410005 Sentence denotes Focal caseous ulcers 1-15 mm in diameter may be present on the surface or in the mucosa and submucosa of the small and large intestine and common bile duct.
T102 410006-410200 Sentence denotes Microscopically, there is diffuse infiltration of the mucosa, submucosa, and often, deeper layers of the enteric wall by eosinophils, mast cells, macrophages, lymphocytes, and some plasma cells.
T103 410201-410319 Sentence denotes Moderate to severe villus atrophy, fibroplasia in the lamina propria, and hypertrophy of the muscularis mucosae occur.
T104 410320-410486 Sentence denotes Caseous foci in the mucosa and submucosa consist of central masses of eosinophils, sometimes surrounded by macrophages, giant cells, and occasionally, fibrous tissue.
T105 410487-410680 Sentence denotes Eosinophilic granulomas have been described in the biliary and pancreatic ducts, pancreas, capsule and outer cortex of enlarged firm mesenteric lymph nodes, and near portal tracts in the liver.
T106 410681-410778 Sentence denotes The skin may be thickened and hyperkeratotic, and the limbus of the hoof thickened and ulcerated.
T107 410779-410878 Sentence denotes Acanthotic epithelium in affected areas is infiltrated by eosinophils, as is the underlying dermis.
T108 410879-410968 Sentence denotes Villus atrophy is common, but where large bowel lesions are absent, there is no diarrhea.
T109 410969-411049 Sentence denotes Chronic inflammation in the mucosa may explain protein loss and hypoalbuminemia.
T110 411050-411161 Sentence denotes The cause of this syndrome is unknown, though the involvement of a reaction to ingested allergens is suggested.
T111 411162-411361 Sentence denotes Some animals, mainly dogs, showing signs consistent with malabsorption and/or plasma loss into the gut, have microscopic lesions in the small intestine described as lymphocytic-plasmacytic enteritis.
T112 411362-411547 Sentence denotes The cardinal finding is abnormally intense infiltrates of welldifferentiated lymphocytes and plasma cells in the lamina propria of villi, between crypts, and sometimes in the submucosa.
T113 411548-411615 Sentence denotes Normally, plasma cells are uncommon in the lamina propria of villi.
T114 411616-411766 Sentence denotes A layer of lymphocytes, plasma cells, eosinophils, and histiocytes may be present along the proprial-submucosal junction above the muscularis mucosae.
T115 411767-411888 Sentence denotes Villi may be normal, clubbed, or moderately atrophic, and occasionally fusion of villi may be prevalent ( Fig. 1.15A,B ).
T116 411889-412035 Sentence denotes The surface epithelium may appear relatively normal, or low columnar to cuboidal with an indistinct brush border; theliolymphocytes may be common.
T117 412036-412063 Sentence denotes Crypts may be hypertrophic.
T118 412064-412263 Sentence denotes In this and other conditions with increased inflammatory infiltrates or edema in the lamina propria, some crypts may be obstructed and dilated and contain mucus and a few exfoliated epithelial cells.
T119 412264-412445 Sentence denotes Occasionally, evidence of rupture of such crypts will been seen; lakes of mucus, reactive histiocytes, and occasional giant cells are present in the lamina propria ( Fig. 1.15C,D) .
T120 412446-412506 Sentence denotes Other crypts may contain casts of eosinophilic glycoprotein.
T121 412507-412615 Sentence denotes There may be edema of the lamina propria and dilatation of lacteals, suggesting concurrent lymphangiectasia.
T122 412616-412766 Sentence denotes Lymphocytic-plasmacytic enteritis must be differentiated from giardiasis, bacterial overgrowth, granulomatous enteritis, and intestinal lymphosarcoma.
T123 412767-412891 Sentence denotes In the Lundehund and in the basenji, syndromes of hypoalbuminemia, chronic diarrhea, and wasting occur with high prevalence.
T124 412892-413025 Sentence denotes They seem primarily attributable to the development of lymphocytic-plasmacytic enteritis, perhaps with lymphangiectasia in some dogs.
T125 413026-413104 Sentence denotes In the basenji, chronic gastritis or hypertrophic gastritis may be associated.
T126 413105-413244 Sentence denotes Hypergammaglobulinemia occurs commonly in the late stages of the syndrome in basenjis, and lymphosarcoma develops in some affected animals.
T127 413245-413395 Sentence denotes Animals with the gray collie syndrome (cyclic hematopoiesis) also may have lymphocytic-plasmacytic enteritis (see the Hematopoietic System, Volume 3).
T128 413396-413471 Sentence denotes The cause of lymphocytic-plasmacytic enteritis is not known in any species.
T129 413472-413614 Sentence denotes Though it may represent an abnormal response to antigen entering from the lumen, no dietary or other antigen has been conclusively implicated.
T130 413615-413808 Sentence denotes The presence of chronic inflammatory infiltrates including aggregates of histiocytes, and perhaps giant cells, in the lamina propria is the criterion for a diagnosis of granulomatous enteritis.
T131 413809-413940 Sentence denotes Johne's disease, intestinal tuberculosis, and Histoplasma enteritis are specific examples, but usually the cause is not identified.
T132 413941-413987 Sentence denotes Granulomatous enteritis occurs in all species.
T133 413988-414046 Sentence denotes Transmural granulomatous enteritis is seen rarely in dogs.
T134 414047-414221 Sentence denotes It is usually segmental and perhaps discontinuous in distribution, affecting the lower ileum, colon, and draining lymph nodes; the term "regional enteritis" is often applied.
T135 414222-414364 Sentence denotes Idiopathic granulomatous enteritis as a cause of wasting and protein-losing enteropathy is most commonly seen as a sporadic problem in horses.
T136 414365-414557 Sentence denotes Depending on the duration of the disease, animals may be markedly cachectic, have subcutaneous edema especially of dependent areas, and there may be hydrothorax, hydropericardium, and ascites.
T137 414558-414670 Sentence denotes Lesions in the horse usually affect the small intestine; stomach and large bowel are occasionally involved also.
T138 414671-414758 Sentence denotes There may be thickened pale plaques or prominent lymphatics on the serosa of the bowel.
T139 414759-414948 Sentence denotes The mucosa of the small intestine may be irregularly granular or thickened; there may be transverse corrugations of the mucosa, or raised firm gray areas with hyperemic foci may be evident.
T140 414949-415008 Sentence denotes Linear ulcers of small and large bowel have been described.
T141 415009-415171 Sentence denotes Mesenteric lymph nodes are usually enlarged, edematous, with mottled firm gray areas, fibrotic nodules, or rarely, caseous or mineralized foci on the cut surface.
T142 415172-415249 Sentence denotes Granulomatous pale, caseous, or calcified foci may be scattered in the liver.
T143 415250-415392 Sentence denotes The microscopic lesion may be patchy, regional, or diffuse, and it may be mucosal, or transmural, ultimately gaining the draining lymph nodes.
T144 415393-415458 Sentence denotes Villi are mildly to markedly atrophic with hypertrophy of crypts.
T145 415459-415566 Sentence denotes The epithelium may vary from apparently normal to low columnar or cuboidal with an indistinct brush border.
T146 415567-415721 Sentence denotes There may be leaks between cells on the surface, or microerosions may be present, through which neutrophils and proteinaceous exudate pass into the lumen.
T147 415722-415880 Sentence denotes The lamina propria is edematous and contains scattered aggregates of histiocytes and perhaps giant cells, or less commonly, more organized granulomatous foci.
T148 415881-416019 Sentence denotes Neutrophils and eosinophils are distributed diffusely throughout the lamina propria and may be concentrated in or near granulomatous foci.
T149 416020-416176 Sentence denotes A heavy population of lymphocytes and plasma cells inhabits the lamina propria, and the infiltrate and edema may separate crypts abnormally from each other.
T150 416177-416285 Sentence denotes The inflammatory reaction may follow lymphatics into the submucosa and through the muscularis to the serosa.
T151 416286-416351 Sentence denotes The submucosa is usually edematous, and lymphatics are prominent.
T152 416352-416428 Sentence denotes Granulomas may be present in the submucosa or at intervals along lymphatics.
T153 416429-416515 Sentence denotes The affected lymph nodes are hyperplastic, usually with prominent sinus histiocytosis.
T154 416516-416611 Sentence denotes Giant cells may be present in sinusoids, or granulomatous foci of varying sizes may be evident.
T155 416612-416735 Sentence denotes Sinusoids contain numerous neutrophils and perhaps eosinophils, and neutrophils may accumulate in the center of granulomas.
T156 416736-416812 Sentence denotes Rarely are agents isolated or identified in such lesions in horses and dogs.
T157 416813-416893 Sentence denotes Mycobacterium avium or environmental mycobacteria are incriminated occasionally.
T158 416894-416982 Sentence denotes Mycobacterium paratuberculosis will also cause granulomatous enteritis rarely in horses.
T159 416983-417171 Sentence denotes In cats, focal pyogranulomatous aggregates associated with blood vessels are found in the submucosa and especially subserosa of the intestine of animals with feline infectious peritonitis.
T160 417172-417184 Sentence denotes AMYLOIDOSIS.
T161 417185-417297 Sentence denotes Amyloid deposition in the small intestine may be encountered occasionally, in animals with systemic amyloidosis.
T162 417298-417389 Sentence denotes Sometimes the gastrointestinal lesions predominate and contribute to the clinical syndrome.
T163 417390-417495 Sentence denotes Significant intestinal amyloidosis leads to signs consistent with malabsorption and enteric protein loss.
T164 417496-417579 Sentence denotes Usually there is no gross indication of the deposition of amyloid in the intestine.
T165 417580-417647 Sentence denotes Occasionally, however, focal ulceration or hemorrhage may be noted.
T166 417648-417869 Sentence denotes Microscopically, amyloid is seen as the typical acellular, amorphous, eosinophilic, fibrillar deposit, beneath the epithelium or throughout the propria in villi, and perhaps around vessels in the submucosa ( Fig. 1.14B ).
T167 417870-418054 Sentence denotes It must not be mistaken for collagen deposition, which is most unusual in these locations, though a band of collagenous material is sometimes present at the base of the mucosa in cats.
T168 418055-418281 Sentence denotes The pathogenic effects of amyloid in the intestine seem to involve either impaired movement of interstitial fluid into lacteals or perhaps increased permeability of capillaries, possibly explaining protein loss into the lumen.
T169 418282-418417 Sentence denotes The general reaction to insult of the cecal and colonic epithelium was considered above under Epithelial Renewal in Health and Disease.
T170 418418-418676 Sentence denotes Ischemia, obliteration of the proliferative epithelium by viruses or coccidia, severe inflammation in the mucosa, and perhaps, necrotizing toxic insults from the lumen are responsible for the development of focal or diffuse ulceration of the large intestine.
T171 418677-418805 Sentence denotes Inflammatory infiltrates in the lamina propria may be classified broadly as acute, chronic or chronic active, and granulomatous.
T172 418806-418956 Sentence denotes They may be limited in distribution to the mucosa or be transmural, involving submucosa, muscularis, serosa, and frequently, the draining lymph nodes.
T173 418957-419264 Sentence denotes Typhlitis and colitis may be manifestations of a generalized or systemic disease; they may be part of an enterocolitis involving both small and large intestine; or they may be regional and limited to a segment of the intestine, often terminal ileum, cecum, and colon or some shorter part of the large bowel.
T174 419265-419373 Sentence denotes The colonic mucosa may provide the portal of entry for systemic bacterial invasion and for uptake of toxins.
T175 419374-419472 Sentence denotes Increased mucosal permeability in the colon may permit enteric loss of plasma protein or of blood.
T176 419473-419580 Sentence denotes Disordered large bowel flora in hindgut fermenters may compromise uptake of volatile fatty acids and water.
T177 419581-419707 Sentence denotes In any species, damage to the colonic mucosa may result in malabsorption of electrolytes and water, and perhaps net secretion.
T178 419708-419766 Sentence denotes Colitis in each of the species will be considered in turn.
T179 419767-419930 Sentence denotes Colitis cystica profunda, the presence of dilated colonic glands protruding through the muscularis mucosae into the submucosa has been reported in several species.
T180 419931-420021 Sentence denotes It is perhaps most often seen in swine, where it is an occasional finding ( Fig. 1.39E ).
T181 420022-420146 Sentence denotes The dilated glands may be grossly visible through the serosa and muscularis as nodular masses a few millimeters in diameter.
T182 420147-420306 Sentence denotes Microscopically, a single large, flask-shaped gland, lined by columnar epithelium and containing mucus and exfoliated cells or necrotic debris, may be present.
T183 420307-420439 Sentence denotes Alternatively, a cluster of glands appears to herniate into the submucosa, where one or more may become dilated by mucus and debris.
T184 420440-420640 Sentence denotes The cause is unknown; the lesion may be a sequel to colitis and local damage to the muscularis mucosae, or it may represent herniation into the space left by an involuted submucosal lymphoid follicle.
T185 420641-420798 Sentence denotes Though the lesion has been seen with colitis in a variety of circumstances, it is usually found incidentally, and there is no specific etiologic association.
T186 420799-420974 Sentence denotes Inflammation of the large bowel in dogs is usually associated with signs of diarrhea, typically frequent, small in volume, mucoid or bloody, and often accompanied by tenesmus.
T187 420975-421238 Sentence denotes More severe acute necrotizing colitis, perhaps leading to ulceration and perforation of the proximal descending colon, with subsequent peritonitis, has been associated rarely with glucocorticoid administration and with trauma or surgery involving the spinal cord.
T188 421239-421281 Sentence denotes Gastric ulceration may occur concurrently.
T189 421282-421367 Sentence denotes The pathogenesis of the colonic lesions developing in these circumstances is unclear.
T190 421368-421574 Sentence denotes Ulcerative enterocolitis, with lesions apparently centered mainly on lymphoid tissue, as well as gastric ulcer, has been produced experimentally by administration of the analgesic drug indomethacin to dogs.
T191 421575-421659 Sentence denotes Necrotizing colitis, ulceration, and perforation may occur rarely in dogs in uremia.
T192 421660-421849 Sentence denotes The mechanism is uncertain, but colonic damage may be the effect of high concentrations of ammonia evolved by urease-producing colonic flora from urea diffusing into the gut from the blood.
T193 421850-422018 Sentence denotes In canine intestinal hemorrhage syndrome, possibly associated with clostridial overgrowth in the gut, the colon may be involved or at least contain hemorrhagic content.
T194 422019-422149 Sentence denotes Trichuris vulpis, the whipworm of dogs, may cause mucosal colitis, which rarely evolves into a granulomatous transmural condition.
T195 422150-422357 Sentence denotes Clinical trichuriasis is generally associated with a population of worms that extends from the usual site of infection in the cecum and proximal ascending colon into more distal parts of the large intestine.
T196 422358-422513 Sentence denotes Rarely, trichuriasis may be complicated by infection with Balantidium coli, which possibly contributes to the development of mucosal erosion or ulceration.
T197 422514-422588 Sentence denotes Ulcerative colitis in dogs is also caused rarely by Entamoeba histolytica.
T198 422589-422706 Sentence denotes An ulcerative granulomatous transmural colitis is more common as one of the enteric manifestations of histoplasmosis.
T199 422707-422780 Sentence denotes Prototheca also is a cause of distinctive but rare enterocolitis in dogs.
T200 422781-422868 Sentence denotes Canine parvovirus causes colonic damage, but virtually never without lesions elsewhere.
T201 422869-422971 Sentence denotes Canine coronavirus has also been implicated as a cause of colonic as well as small intestinal lesions.
T202 422972-423089 Sentence denotes The pathology of these conditions is discussed under Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract.
T203 423090-423311 Sentence denotes Spirochetes may be present in the canine colon, and although they are generally considered nonpathogenic, they are embedded in the microvillous border of surface epithelium and may be associated with mild mucosal colitis.
T204 423312-423450 Sentence denotes Campylobacter jejuni is isolated from dogs with diarrhea, but its possible relationship to colitis in clinical cases is currently unclear.
T205 423451-423532 Sentence denotes The association of giardiasis and colitis in dogs is considered to be fortuitous.
T206 423533-423584 Sentence denotes The role of antigens gaining the mucosa is unknown.
T207 423585-423690 Sentence denotes If they are significant, their identity, origin, and the factors predisposing to their entry are obscure.
T208 423691-423823 Sentence denotes Colitis must be differentiated from ulcerating adenocarcinomas and infiltrative or ulcerative lymphosarcomas of the large intestine.
T209 423824-424013 Sentence denotes Most colitis in dogs is idiopathic and pathologically nonspecific; eosinophilic enterocolitis and histiocytic ulcerative colitis are the two distinctive patterns recognized microscopically.
T210 424014-424179 Sentence denotes Mild acute mucosal colitis, reflecting a grossly reddened, friable surface is characterized by congestion of superficial capillaries and venules, and proprial edema.
T211 424180-424389 Sentence denotes Neutrophils are the most prominent inflammatory cells, and they are found mainly in the superficial lamina propria around vessels, and transmigrating or passing between surface epithelial cells into the lumen.
T212 424390-424579 Sentence denotes The population of lymphocytes and plasma cells in the lamina propria may not differ subjectively from normal, but there is generally a moderate increase in mononuclear cells between glands.
T213 424580-424745 Sentence denotes There is usually a reduced number of goblet cells on the surface and in glands, and surface epithelium may be basophilic, low columnar, or cuboidal ( Fig. 1.16A,B) .
T214 424746-424801 Sentence denotes Hyperplasia of epithelium in glands is usually evident.
T215 424802-424936 Sentence denotes Inflammatory cells, mainly neutrophils, may accumulate in a layer several cells deep along the mucosal side of the muscularis mucosae.
T216 424937-425101 Sentence denotes The lesions in mild acute colitis in dogs often seem out of proportion to the severity of the clinical syndrome, which may be the result of irritation and tenesmus.
T217 425102-425342 Sentence denotes The spectrum of inflammation in colitis grades from acute toward an increasingly chronic infiltrate, which along with edema separates colonic glands and may accumulate deep in the mucosa between glands and muscularis mucosae ( Fig. 1.16D ).
T218 425343-425431 Sentence denotes Neutrophils and eosinophils may be scattered in the propria and in glandular epithelium.
T219 425432-425536 Sentence denotes Accumulation of granulocytes and necrotic debris in the lumen of glands forms so-called crypt abscesses.
T220 425537-425709 Sentence denotes Greater severity of the lesion is reflected in attenuation and exfoliation of surface epithelium and the development of microerosions on the mucosal surface ( Fig. 1.16C ).
T221 425710-425823 Sentence denotes Inflammatory cells, mainly neutrophils, and tissue fluid effuse into the lumen through defects in the epithelium.
T222 425824-426004 Sentence denotes Persistent erosion or previous erosion in a healed mucosa is marked by the development of a thin, horizontally arrayed layer of connective tissue in the superficial lamina propria.
T223 426005-426230 Sentence denotes With increasing chronicity in colitis of mild or moderate degree, there may be deposition of a collagenous stroma, throughout which inflammatory cells are interspersed, which separates glands abnormally throughout the mucosa.
T224 426231-426316 Sentence denotes Downgrowth of glands into submucosal lymphoid follicles may occur in chronic colitis.
T225 426317-426496 Sentence denotes Severe erosion and ulceration is usually associated with local acute inflammation and with a heavy, mainly mononuclear-cell infiltrate in the lamina propria and, often, submucosa.
T226 426497-426684 Sentence denotes The ulcerated areas extend usually no further than the muscularis mucosae and have a base of granulation tissue infiltrated heavily by neutrophils that effuse into the lumen of the bowel.
T227 426685-426739 Sentence denotes The margin of surviving mucosa may overhang the ulcer.
T228 426740-426857 Sentence denotes Crypt abscesses may be present in remaining mucosa, and all degrees of erosion and partial ulceration may be present.
T229 426858-426984 Sentence denotes Idiopathic ulcerative colitis does not seem as severe as histiocytic ulcerative colitis of boxers and rarely comes to autopsy.
T230 426985-427081 Sentence denotes Severely affected dogs may be cachectic, probably due in part to enteric loss of plasma protein.
T231 427082-427319 Sentence denotes The mucosa in ulcerative colitis is usually deep red, swollen, folded, and granular due to edema and cellular infiltrates; the depressions may be punctate or up to several centimeters across, roughly round or oval, irregular or elongate.
T232 427320-427362 Sentence denotes Their margins may be tattered or puckered.
T233 427363-427413 Sentence denotes Colonic lymph nodes may be enlarged and edematous.
T234 427414-427661 Sentence denotes In canine colitis there is a broad, three-dimensional spectrum: in chronicity and density of the inflammatory infiltrate, in the distribution of the infiltrate within the wall of the bowel, and in the severity of the epithelial and mucosal change.
T235 427662-427803 Sentence denotes Generally, milder lesions of superficial epithelium are associated with mild or moderate mucosal inflammation, which may be acute or chronic.
T236 427804-427942 Sentence denotes In many cases of mild chronic mucosal colitis, the glands do not appear particularly hyperplastic; the mucosa may appear thin or atrophic.
T237 427943-428126 Sentence denotes Severe erosion and ulceration are usually related to a more intense or heavy chronic inflammatory process, which may be limited to the mucosa, but which can extend into the submucosa.
T238 428127-428303 Sentence denotes Truly granulomatous colitis is uncommon; when fully developed, perhaps as a component of a regional enteritis involving the ileocecocolic area, it is ulcerative and transmural.
T239 428304-428405 Sentence denotes Eosinophilic colitis forms part of the syndrome of eosinophilic gastroenteritis discussed previously.
T240 428406-428622 Sentence denotes It conforms to the general description of the spectrum of lesions in idiopathic colitis, with the exception that eosinophils form a predominant part of the cellular infiltrate in the mucosa and superficial submucosa.
T241 428623-428768 Sentence denotes Histiocytic ulcerative colitis is a distinctive syndrome histologically, which has been recognized only in boxers and the related French bulldog.
T242 428769-428987 Sentence denotes It is a chronic ulcerative colitis characterized by the presence of large numbers of macrophages, containing PAS-positive granules, in the deep mucosa and submucosa and in lymph nodes receiving drainage from the colon.
T243 428988-429050 Sentence denotes Clinically, affected animals are usually under 2 years of age.
T244 429051-429227 Sentence denotes This condition causes typical large bowel diarrhea, with mucus and blood; weight loss occurs, and chronic cases may become cachectic, probably due to protein loss into the gut.
T245 429228-429404 Sentence denotes Grossly, the colon of dogs with advanced disease is variably thickened, folded, and perhaps dilated and shortened, with some segmental or focal areas of scarring and stricture.
T246 429405-429641 Sentence denotes Lesions on the mucosa may vary from patchy, punctate red ulcers to more extensive irregular, circular, or linear lesions that may coalesce, leaving only a few islands of persistent mucosa on a granulating colonic surface ( Fig. 1.17A) .
T247 429642-429711 Sentence denotes Early microscopic lesions are those of mild nonspecific inflammation.
T248 429712-429929 Sentence denotes Microerosion of epithelium in the upper glands and on the surface is associated with local acute inflammation, migration of neutrophils into the epithelium, and effusion of neutrophils and tissue fluid into the lumen.
T249 429930-430011 Sentence denotes Macrophages in these areas may contain phagocytized necrotic debris and bacteria.
T250 430012-430132 Sentence denotes In some areas the mucosa is thinned, and glands are relatively shortened, though lining epithelium appears hyperplastic.
T251 430133-430283 Sentence denotes Macrophages with cytoplasmic vacuoles, which contain PASpositive material, are mainly deep in the lamina propria and in the submucosa (Fig. 1.17B,C) .
T252 430284-430415 Sentence denotes Sometimes they may be relatively sparse in the mucosa, and may be missed in small biopsy specimens if the submucosa is not sampled.
T253 430416-430598 Sentence denotes These same cells may be found about lymphatics in the muscularis and the serosa, and they may be numerous in subcapsular, cortical, and medullary sinuses in the draining lymph nodes.
T254 430599-430669 Sentence denotes The cecum is often involved, to a lesser degree, with similar lesions.
T255 430670-430733 Sentence denotes True granulomatous foci and giant cells are rarely encountered.
T256 430734-430866 Sentence denotes Ulceration seems to progress from the superficial epithelial erosion and destruction of the basement membrane seen in early lesions.
T257 430867-430961 Sentence denotes Ulcers usually do not progress beyond the submucosa, and they are lined by granulation tissue.
T258 430962-431068 Sentence denotes The bed of the ulcer is necrotic, and numerous neutrophils and erythrocytes may be passing into the lumen.
T259 431069-431187 Sentence denotes The cause of the condition is unknown, as is the origin of the material in the characteristic vacuoles in macrophages.
T260 431188-431307 Sentence denotes Ultrastructural study suggests that these are digestion vacuoles, containing mainly remnants of phospholipid membranes.
T261 431308-431493 Sentence denotes The material being digested may be phagocytosed cell debris and microorganisms picked up in the superficial lamina propria and carried in "constipated" macrophages to deeper structures.
T262 431494-431654 Sentence denotes Certainly, bodies resembling microorganisms have been found in macrophages, and the involvement of chlamydiae, rickettsias, and mycoplasmas has been postulated.
T263 431655-431913 Sentence denotes It seems that a defect in lysosomal function may exist in some boxer dogs that can lead to the accumulation of partially digested phospholipid membrane in macrophages, since similar histiocytes do not accumulate in ulcerative colitis in other breeds of dogs.
T264 431914-431938 Sentence denotes Colitis in cats is rare.
T265 431939-432036 Sentence denotes The most common cause is feline panleukopenia, in which over half the cases have colonic lesions.
T266 432037-432174 Sentence denotes They are similar to, but rarely as severe or widespread as, the lesions found in the small intestine of all animals dying of the disease.
T267 432175-432329 Sentence denotes The relative paucity and mildness of lesions in the colon is related to the lower rate of epithelial proliferation in comparison with the small intestine.
T268 432330-432445 Sentence denotes The pathology of panleukopenia is considered under Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract.
T269 432446-432500 Sentence denotes Occasional cases of mycotic colitis are found in cats.
T270 432501-432701 Sentence denotes These are associated with a hemorrhagic ulcerative colitis, in which focal or diffuse mucosal invasion by Candida, zygomycetes, or Aspergillus has occurred, sometimes causing microvascular thrombosis.
T271 432702-432794 Sentence denotes These are mainly secondary to primary colonic damage and leukopenia caused by panleukopenia.
T272 432795-432861 Sentence denotes Necrotic colitis has also been described in cats, but very rarely.
T273 432862-432972 Sentence denotes The condition is reported mainly in older animals, as a cause of chronic foul, and sometimes bloody, diarrhea.
T274 432973-433045 Sentence denotes The colon and rectum are thickened, rough, and congested or hemorrhagic.
T275 433046-433165 Sentence denotes The microscopic change is mucosal erosion or ulceration associated with severe damage to colonic glands ( Fig. 1.17D ).
T276 433166-433262 Sentence denotes Crypt-lining cells are cuboidal or flattened, and necrotic debris may be in the lumen of glands.
T277 433263-433328 Sentence denotes Some glands may be collapsed due to complete epithelial necrosis.
T278 433329-433419 Sentence denotes The lesion resembles that of panleukopenia but is generally more hemorrhagic and necrotic.
T279 433420-433441 Sentence denotes The cause is unknown.
T280 433442-433570 Sentence denotes Ulcerative colitis, grossly and microscopically similar to idiopathic ulcerative colitis of the dog, occurs very rarely in cats.
T281 433571-433784 Sentence denotes Granulomatous or pyogranulomatous foci in the subserosa or submucosa may cause regional enterocolitis, characterized by fibrosis and serosal nodularity of affected segments, usually without severe mucosal defects.
T282 433785-433922 Sentence denotes Fibrinoid arteritis causing hemorrhage and edema in the colonic submucosa, and perhaps ischemic necrosis of the mucosa, is also reported.
T283 433923-434054 Sentence denotes The granulomatous syndrome is attributed to feline infectious peritonitis, and there may be characteristic lesions in other organs.
T284 434055-434202 Sentence denotes The diagnosis of acute colitis in horses resolves into the differentiation of peracute and acute salmonellosis from a similar condition, colitis X.
T285 434203-434328 Sentence denotes Both of these must be differentiated from the sequelae of intestinal accidents and thromboembolism involving the large bowel.
T286 434329-434459 Sentence denotes Colitis X is a sporadic acute disease, usually but not always associated with profuse, foul-smelling, but rarely bloody, diarrhea.
T287 434460-434504 Sentence denotes Some horses may die without having diarrhea.
T288 434505-434594 Sentence denotes The remainder of the clinical syndrome is a reflection of the profound shock that occurs.
T289 434595-434695 Sentence denotes At autopsy the animal is dehydrated, and there may be subcutaneous and serosal petechial hemorrhage.
T290 434696-434731 Sentence denotes The blood is dark and clots poorly.
T291 434732-434839 Sentence denotes Enteric lesions are virtually limited to the large bowel, which is distended with abnormally fluid content.
T292 434840-434982 Sentence denotes The serosa of the cecum and large colon may appear cyanotic from congestion and hemorrhage in the mucosa ( Fig. 1.17E ) and perhaps submucosa.
T293 434983-435131 Sentence denotes The deeper tissues of the intestinal wall are not themselves compromised, as is the case usually in volvulus and often in thromboembolic infarction.
T294 435132-435296 Sentence denotes The mucosa and submucosa are commonly markedly edematous, and edema is often present at the mesenteric attachment of the gut and in the cecal and colic lymph nodes.
T295 435297-435391 Sentence denotes The mucosa may appear brown and necrotic with focal fibrinohemorrhagic exudate on the surface.
T296 435392-435518 Sentence denotes More commonly it is deeply congested with focal hemorrhage, but blood is rarely present to significant degree in the contents.
T297 435519-435606 Sentence denotes Gross lesions in other organs are those consistent with circulatory or endotoxic shock.
T298 435607-435802 Sentence denotes The microscopic lesions in the large bowel include superficial or full-thickness necrosis of the mucosa, associated with dilatation and perhaps thrombosis of small mucosal and submucosal venules.
T299 435803-435913 Sentence denotes There is hemorrhage and edema in the mucosa, and the submucosa is markedly edematous, with dilated lymphatics.
T300 435914-436057 Sentence denotes Some neutrophils may be evident in the mucosa or submucosa, and fibrin may be effusing from the damaged mucosal surface in less advanced cases.
T301 436058-436135 Sentence denotes Submucosal lymphoid follicles show evidence of recent severe lymphocytolysis.
T302 436136-436262 Sentence denotes Congestion, microvascular thrombosis, and hemorrhage may be found in a variety of other organs, especially the adrenal cortex.
T303 436263-436332 Sentence denotes The pathogenesis of colitis X is uncertain and may be multifactorial.
T304 436333-436494 Sentence denotes It seems likely that it, probably salmonellosis, and some even less well defined chronic diarrheas in horses are the result of dysbacteriosis of the large bowel.
T305 436495-436685 Sentence denotes Animals developing these conditions frequently have a recent history of change in feed, hard training, shipment, surgery, antibiotic (especially tetracycline) therapy, or other intervention.
T306 436686-436824 Sentence denotes Proliferation of Clostridium perfringens type A has been associated with the development of signs consistent in some cases with colitis X.
T307 436825-436971 Sentence denotes Increased protein in the ration may predispose to establishment of C. perfringens, which is apparently an uncommon inhabitant of the equine bowel.
T308 436972-437162 Sentence denotes Toxin that is locally necrotizing may be the factor initiating mucosal damage, and perhaps observed changes in function of the liver and other organs are partly the result of absorbed toxin.
T309 437163-437423 Sentence denotes Experimental infusion of extracts of C. perfringens type A exotoxin in ponies has marked systemic effects and causes severe edema and hemorrhage of the colonic mucosa and submucosa as well as sloughing of epithelium on the tips of villi in the small intestine.
T310 437424-437556 Sentence denotes The proliferation of C. perfringens precedes the clinical episode, and the organism may not be numerous in the large bowel at death.
T311 437557-437751 Sentence denotes Endotoxin may also play a role, either by absorption through a mucosa already damaged by previous insult or by release of abnormal amounts following a change in the flora in the large intestine.
T312 437752-437897 Sentence denotes Systemic effects of endotoxin may contribute to shock and to the microthrombosis and disseminated intravascular coagulation that sometimes occur.
T313 437898-438097 Sentence denotes The precedent for clostridial toxin-or endotoxin-mediated typhlocolitis following disruption of the gut flora lies in similar antibiotic-induced lesions in rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters, and humans.
T314 438098-438177 Sentence denotes Lincomycin-associated colitis resembling colitis X has been reported in horses.
T315 438178-438382 Sentence denotes Tetracycline is excreted in the bile, and high concentrations in the gut may alter the flora in treated horses, permitting the intrusion of new inhabitants or proliferation of previously minor components.
T316 438383-438549 Sentence denotes Subacute and chronic diarrheas in horses may be associated with small intestinal malabsorption, but most involve the large intestine, with or without the small bowel.
T317 438550-438607 Sentence denotes Salmonella typhlocolitis must be suspected in such cases.
T318 438608-438770 Sentence denotes Salmonellosis in horses may have an extremely variable course and pathologic manifestations (see Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract).
T319 438771-438944 Sentence denotes Suppurative ulcers involving lymphoid tissue in the typhlocolic mucosa, and cecal and colic lymphadenitis, characterize enteric infection with Corynebacterium equi in foals.
T320 438945-439161 Sentence denotes Extensive mucosal involvement by larval cyathostomes and strongyles and, rarely, ulcerative typhlitis due to anoplocephalid tapeworms also may cause diarrhea and wasting; they are discussed with specific parasitisms.
T321 439162-439300 Sentence denotes Chronic diarrhea and, possibly, cachexia may also result from persistent ulceration of the cecum or colon due to ischemic mucosal lesions.
T322 439301-439421 Sentence denotes These may be the product of arterial thromboembolism and slow flow or, less likely, corrected strangulation with reflow.
T323 439422-439535 Sentence denotes Phenylbutazone administration also has been associated with cecal and colonic ulceration and plasma protein loss.
T324 439536-439609 Sentence denotes The specific cause of extensive ulceration may be difficult to determine.
T325 439610-439874 Sentence denotes Smaller chronic ulcers and widespread subacute erosion and ulceration are most likely the result of salmonellosis, rather than ischemia, and the agent should be sought by culture of the affected area, preferably by trituration of tissue and use of selective media.
T326 439875-440064 Sentence denotes Granulomatous and eosinophilic typhlocolitis in horses are extensions of the lesions considered previously with syndromes in the small bowel causing diarrhea and protein-losing enteropathy.
T327 440065-440172 Sentence denotes Chronic diarrhea occurs that does not appear to be related to morphologic lesions in the mucosa of the gut.
T328 440173-440354 Sentence denotes Affected horses have a history of unformed cowpat-like feces, or overt diarrhea, which may persist for weeks, months, and occasionally, years with only periodic temporary remission.
T329 440355-440502 Sentence denotes Examination of the feces may reveal none of the normal ciliate protozoan fauna, but often many flagellates, especially Tritrichomonas, are present.
T330 440503-440679 Sentence denotes It seems likely that the large number of these flagellate protozoa, and the paucity of ciliates, reflect gross alterations in the microenvironment and flora in the large bowel.
T331 440680-440910 Sentence denotes If these changes also cause altered fermentation of carbohydrate and, perhaps, reduced production and absorption of volatile fatty acids, the diarrhea, and gradual reduction in body condition that often occurs, might be explained.
T332 440911-441074 Sentence denotes These horses will show transient response to therapeutic agents that affect anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, but they usually regress when medication is withdrawn.
T333 441075-441165 Sentence denotes The response to implants of cecal or colonic content is variable and usually discouraging.
T334 441166-441386 Sentence denotes The differential diagnosis of typhlocolitis in swine revolves mainly around identifying swine dysentery, Salmonella enterocolitis, and the large bowel manifestations of the intestinal adenomatosis complex in weaned pigs.
T335 441387-441561 Sentence denotes The latter condition is readily recognized by the consistent concurrent involvement of the terminal ileum by adenomatosis, with or without hemorrhage, or by necrotic ileitis.
T336 441562-441707 Sentence denotes Mucosal thickening is reflected in the presence of the characteristic cerebriform folds of the serosal aspect of the bowel that is commonly seen.
T337 441708-441884 Sentence denotes Lesions in the large bowel are present in a minority of cases and involve the cecum and proximal colon; they resemble the ileal lesions in being either adenomatous or necrotic.
T338 441885-441942 Sentence denotes Swine dysentery involves only the cecum and spiral colon.
T339 441943-442020 Sentence denotes It is a catarrhal to mildly fibrinohemorrhagic erosive mucosal typhlocolitis.
T340 442021-442075 Sentence denotes The colonic content is fluid and usually blood tinged.
T341 442076-442288 Sentence denotes Salmonella enterocolitis, mainly due to S. typhimurium, is a fibrinous, erosive to focally ulcerative condition, mainly of the cecum and colon but perhaps involving the small intestine, especially terminal ileum.
T342 442289-442333 Sentence denotes The content is fluid but usually not bloody.
T343 442334-442371 Sentence denotes Mesenteric lymph nodes are prominent.
T344 442372-442547 Sentence denotes Button ulcers or necrotic enteritis in the lower intestine may occur in chronic salmonellosis, in subacute to chronic forms of hog cholera, and perhaps in African swine fever.
T345 442548-442787 Sentence denotes Campylobacter associated with intestinal adenomatosis is readily identified in smears of affected mucosa stained with carbolfuchsin, and the large spirochetes causing swine dysentery may also be identified in mucosal scrapings at necropsy.
T346 442788-442867 Sentence denotes Culture of affected tissues confirms these diagnoses and that of salmonellosis.
T347 442868-443039 Sentence denotes Escherichia coli may cause fibrinohemorrhagic enterocolitis in piglets about weaning, and intestinal adenomatosis may also occur in older suckling and in weanling piglets.
T348 443040-443182 Sentence denotes Fibrinohemorrhagic typhlitis is caused by heavy infestations with Trichuris suis, especially in weaned pigs with access to pastures and yards.
T349 443183-443265 Sentence denotes Under similar circumstances, Eimeria infection rarely may cause ileotyphlocolitis.
T350 443266-443402 Sentence denotes Rectal stricture appears to be a product of ischemic proctitis, probably related in many cases to infection with Salmonella typhimurium.
T351 443403-443691 Sentence denotes In cattle more than 2 or 3 months of age, diagnostic considerations in acute to subacute fibrinohemorrhagic typhlocolitis include salmonellosis, bovine virus diarrhea, rinderpest (in enzootic areas or populations at risk), coccidiosis, malignant catarrhal fever, and adenovirus infection.
T352 443692-443986 Sentence denotes Lesions of the oral cavity and upper alimentary tract may be expected but are not necessarily present in bovine virus diarrhea, rinderpest, and malignant head catarrh; in the latter, lymphadenopathy and lesions of the trachea, bladder, parenchymatous organs, eye, and brain may also be present.
T353 443987-444097 Sentence denotes Lesions affecting Peyer's patches in the small intestine strongly suggest bovine virus diarrhea or rinderpest.
T354 444098-444203 Sentence denotes Coronavirus causes microscopic lesions in colonic crypts, as well as in small intestine, in young calves.
T355 444204-444259 Sentence denotes Rarely, a mild fibrinous typhlocolitis is seen grossly.
T356 444260-444467 Sentence denotes Salmonellosis affects all age groups from neonate to adult and may frequently involve both small and large intestine in catarrhal to fibrinohemorrhagic enteritis; mesenteric lymph nodes are usually enlarged.
T357 444468-444576 Sentence denotes Coccidiosis may involve ileum and large intestine; it often can be diagnosed by mucosal scraping at autopsy.
T358 444577-444706 Sentence denotes Adenovirus infection may cause severe hemorrhagic colitis, with few lesions elsewhere, as may malignant head catarrh on occasion.
T359 444707-444818 Sentence denotes Arsenic, other heavy metals, and oak or acorn poisoning may also cause hemorrhagic typhlocolitis and dysentery.
T360 444819-444889 Sentence denotes Rarely, trichuriasis causes a hemorrhagic mucosal typhlitis in calves.
T361 444890-445003 Sentence denotes Chronic fibrinous or ulcerative typhlocolitis may occur in salmonellosis, bovine virus diarrhea, and coccidiosis.
T362 445004-445176 Sentence denotes Granulomatous typhlocolitis associated with chronic diarrhea and wasting may occur in Johne's disease, concurrently with granulomatous ileitis and mesenteric lymphadenitis.
T363 445177-445246 Sentence denotes The mucosa of the large bowel in these cases is thickened and rugose.
T364 445247-445333 Sentence denotes Impressions of affected mucosa or ileocecal lymph node will contain acid-fast bacilli.
T365 445334-445421 Sentence denotes Johne's disease in sheep and goats is associated usually with wasting but not diarrhea.
T366 445422-445513 Sentence denotes The large bowel may be involved in a minority of cases; the ileum is consistently affected.
T1 445514-445622 Sentence denotes In sheep, hemorrhagic typhlocolitis may be present in animals with bluetongue; it is rarely the only lesion.
T2 445623-445744 Sentence denotes Heavy-metal intoxication is the only other significant cause of hemorrhagic typhlocolitis and dysentery in older animals.
T3 445745-445861 Sentence denotes Salmonellosis may cause fibrinohemorrhagic enteritis in lambs and pregnant ewes, and trichuriasis will occur rarely.
T4 445862-446081 Sentence denotes Coccidiosis (Eimeria spp.) may be implicated in hemorrhagic ileotyphlocolitis in lambs and kids, though the small intestine is usually more commonly and severely involved; lesions of the large intestine are exceptional.
T5 446082-446168 Sentence denotes Tumors of the intestine, either benign or malignant, are uncommon in domestic animals.
T6 446169-446242 Sentence denotes Polyps are generally hyperplastic or regenerative rather than neoplastic.
T7 446243-446342 Sentence denotes The exceptions are rectal polyps in dogs, which are usually adenomas or, less commonly, carcinomas.
T8 446343-446407 Sentence denotes Highly malignant scirrhous adenocarcinomas occur in all species.
T9 446408-446484 Sentence denotes The prevalence of this tumor in sheep is high in certain areas of the world.
T10 446485-446605 Sentence denotes Lymphosarcoma is the most common malignant tumor of mesenchymal origin in most animals; it is most prevalent in the cat.
T11 446606-446760 Sentence denotes Lymphosarcoma may arise in the gut, although involvement of this area is more often part of multicentric disease (see the Hematopoietic System, Volume 3).
T12 446761-446963 Sentence denotes A hyperplastic condition of intestinal crypts in the ileum and colon in swine and some other species, called intestinal adenomatosis or proliferative ileitis, is described under Campylobacter Enteritis.
T13 446964-447041 Sentence denotes These tumors are most common at the anal-rectal junction in middle-aged dogs.
T14 447042-447091 Sentence denotes There is no apparent breed or sex predisposition.
T15 447092-447247 Sentence denotes Prolapse of the polyp, rectal bleeding following defecation, chronic dyschezia, and diarrhea are the most common clinical signs associated with this tumor.
T16 447248-447377 Sentence denotes Macroscopically, the tumor is usually sessile or slightly pedunculated ( Fig. 1.18C) ; it may be firm or friable and hemorrhagic.
T17 447378-447417 Sentence denotes The mucosal surface is often ulcerated.
T18 447418-447480 Sentence denotes It varies in size from one to several centimeters in diameter.
T19 447481-447584 Sentence denotes Microscopically, the polyp may have a predominantly tubular or papillary growth pattern ( Fig. 1.18A ).
T20 447585-447744 Sentence denotes In well-oriented specimens the tubular pattern is characterized by branching crypts lined by usually well differentiated columnar to cuboidal epithelial cells.
T21 447745-447787 Sentence denotes These are supported by the lamina propria.
T22 447788-447945 Sentence denotes The papillary type consists of villus-like projections of proprial connective tissue covered by a single pseudostratified layer of columnar epithelial cells.
T23 447946-448049 Sentence denotes There may be loss of nuclear polarity, and nucleoli are prominent in epithelium in both types of polyp.
T24 448050-448113 Sentence denotes The number of mitotic figures varies from one tumor to another.
T25 448114-448225 Sentence denotes The stalk of the tumor is highly vascular and is continuous with the lamina propria or submucosa of the rectum.
T26 448226-448267 Sentence denotes Some polyps are malignant ( Fig. 1.18B ).
T27 448268-448398 Sentence denotes These are characterized by the presence of anaplastic epithelial cells in situ in the mucosa and, rarely, in the stalk of propria.
T28 448399-448468 Sentence denotes There is little information on the biologic behavior of these tumors.
T29 448469-448532 Sentence denotes Adequate surgical removal usually results in complete recovery.
T30 448533-448601 Sentence denotes As in humans, the size of the tumor may be related to the prognosis.
T31 448602-448714 Sentence denotes Polyps more than 1.0 cm in diameter tend to have a more anaplastic appearance and appear to recur more commonly.
T32 448715-448751 Sentence denotes Some become invasive adenocarcinoma.
T33 448752-448849 Sentence denotes Rectal polyps must be differentiated from rectal carcinoids, which they resemble grossly in dogs.
T34 448850-449116 Sentence denotes Polypoid masses varying in diameter from one to several centimeters may be found at any level of the intestine in other species, especially cattle, They are usually an incidental finding except in those cases where they are large enough to cause partial obstruction.
T35 449117-449204 Sentence denotes The tumors are raised, often pedunculated, gray to brown masses on the mucosal surface.
T36 449205-449242 Sentence denotes They may occur in grapelike clusters.
T37 449243-449307 Sentence denotes Miscroscopically, they resemble benign rectal polyps in the dog.
T38 449308-449465 Sentence denotes A high prevalence of intestinal adenomas and to a lesser extent adenocarcinomas in cattle has been reported in upland areas in Scotland and northern England.
T39 449466-449618 Sentence denotes These tumors often coexist with papillomas and squamous-cell carcinomas of the upper alimentary tract (see Neoplasia of the Esophagus and Forestomachs).
T40 449619-449866 Sentence denotes Three types of adenoma are recognized in the intestine of affected cattle in these endemic areas: a sessile plaque, an adenomatous polyp, and a more proliferative adenoma of the ampullae, where the bile and pancreatic ducts open into the duodenum.
T41 449867-449913 Sentence denotes Intestinal adenocarcinoma is uncommon in dogs.
T42 449914-449997 Sentence denotes About 40% of all gastrointestinal carcinomas in dogs occur in the colon and rectum.
T43 449998-450084 Sentence denotes The rest are equally divided between the stomach and small intestine, mainly duodenum.
T44 450085-450150 Sentence denotes The average age of dogs with intestinal carcinomas is 8 -9 years.
T45 450151-450312 Sentence denotes Some investigators have reported a higher prevalence of intestinal carcinomas in male dogs, with a breed predisposition in boxers, collies, and German shepherds.
T46 450313-450483 Sentence denotes Macroscopically, the tumors appear as gray-white, firm, sometimes annular, stenotic areas that commonly affect the entire thickness of the intestinal wall ( Fig. 1.19A ).
T47 450484-450578 Sentence denotes These tumors often do not ulcerate, and they usually do not project into the lumen of the gut.
T48 450579-450742 Sentence denotes The papillary type of intestinal adenocarcinomas do form intraluminal masses, which tend to involve larger segments of the intestine, suggesting horizontal spread.
T49 450743-450902 Sentence denotes There is dilation of the gut anterior to stenotic and obstructive tumors, and there may be hypertrophy of the intestinal muscularis proximal to such neoplasms.
T50 450903-451030 Sentence denotes On the basis of the microscopic appearance, intestinal carcinomas in dogs have been divided into four types, which may overlap.
T51 451031-451177 Sentence denotes The acinar type is characterized by irregular glandular structures that obliterate the normal mucosa and infiltrate into submucosa and muscularis.
T52 451178-451323 Sentence denotes The epithelial cells lining the acini are basophilic, cuboidal to columnar, and have small hyperchromatic nuclei in the basilar area of the cell.
T53 451324-451406 Sentence denotes Amorphous eosinophilic material often fills the lumen of the glandular structures.
T54 451407-451451 Sentence denotes Mucin is rarely found in this type of tumor.
T55 451452-451565 Sentence denotes There is usually extensive necrosis, with marked inflammation and fibrosis in the gut wall of the affected areas.
T56 451566-451664 Sentence denotes At the periphery of these tumors there may be hyperplasia of cryptal and villous epithelial cells.
T57 451665-451811 Sentence denotes In the solid type of intestinal carcinoma, the mucosa and gut wall are extensively infiltrated by nests and sheets of anaplastic epithelial cells.
T58 451812-451884 Sentence denotes These have only a slight tendency to differentiate to acinar structures.
T59 451885-452002 Sentence denotes The tumor cells have abundant amphophilic to basophilic cytoplasm and large vesicular nuclei with prominent nucleoli.
T60 452003-452064 Sentence denotes There are some "signet-ring cells" and a few islets of mucin.
T61 452065-452165 Sentence denotes In the mucinous type of carcinoma, the anaplastic epithelial cells have pale eosinophilic cytoplasm.
T62 452166-452263 Sentence denotes There are many "signetring cells.'' Large pools of extracellular mucin are evident in the stroma.
T63 452264-452398 Sentence denotes The papillary type consists of papuliferous projections into the lumen, covered by columnar, often highly anaplastic epithelial cells.
T64 452399-452434 Sentence denotes The mitotic index tends to be high.
T65 452435-452492 Sentence denotes There is gobletcell hyperplasia of both crypts and villi.
T66 452493-452536 Sentence denotes This type usually is only locally invasive.
T67 452537-452729 Sentence denotes With the exception of papillary adenocarcinomas, desmoplasia is is a prominent feature of these neoplasms, explaining their common tendency to cause stricture and obstruction of the intestine.
T68 452730-452845 Sentence denotes All types, except possibly the papillary type, metastasize widely, mainly via the lymphatics to the regional nodes.
T69 452846-453004 Sentence denotes Involvement of the small intestine leads to metastases mainly in the mesenteric lymph nodes, less commonly to other abdominal nodes, liver, spleen, and lungs.
T70 453005-453095 Sentence denotes Colonic adenocarcinomas metastasize to colic, iliac, and other pelvic and abdominal nodes.
T71 453096-453164 Sentence denotes Metastases may also occur in most abdominal organs and in the lungs.
T72 453165-453259 Sentence denotes Implantation on serosal surfaces may result in obstruction of lymphatics, followed by ascites.
T73 453260-453411 Sentence denotes In a few cases, malignant cells may migrate retrograde in the lymphatics of the abdomen and pelvic limbs, causing edema of the abdominal wall and legs.
T74 453412-453417 Sentence denotes CATS.
T75 453418-453511 Sentence denotes Next to lymphosarcoma, intestinal adenocarcinoma is the most common intestinal tumor in cats.
T76 453512-453582 Sentence denotes The prevalence of intestinal carcinomas is lower in cats than in dogs.
T77 453583-453648 Sentence denotes They may be more common in Siamese cats compared to other breeds.
T78 453649-453745 Sentence denotes As in dogs, male cats have been reported to have a higher prevalence of this tumor than females.
T79 453746-453842 Sentence denotes The mean age of cats with intestinal carcinomas is 10 to 11 years with a range of 4 to 14 years.
T80 453843-453911 Sentence denotes The ileum is the most common site affected, followed by the jejunum.
T81 453912-454021 Sentence denotes When the tumor is located at the ileocecal junction, both the large and small intestine are usually involved.
T82 454022-454088 Sentence denotes Intestinal carcinomas in cats rarely arise in the large intestine.
T83 454089-454158 Sentence denotes The clinical signs and gross appearance are similar to those in dogs.
T84 454159-454288 Sentence denotes With some minor variations, the morphologic types of intestinal carcinomas described for dogs also occur in cats ( Fig. 1.19C) .
T85 454289-454379 Sentence denotes Osteochondroid metaplasia is a frequent feature of all types of adenocarcinoma in the cat.
T86 454380-454469 Sentence denotes The rare carcinomas involving the large intestine have been mainly of the papillary type.
T87 454470-454573 Sentence denotes They tend to be better differentiated and less scirrhous than carcinomas involving the small intestine.
T88 454574-454662 Sentence denotes The biologic behavior of intestinal carcinomas in cats is similar to that found in dogs.
T89 454663-454781 Sentence denotes Intestinal adenocarcinoma is relatively common in sheep in New Zealand, Iceland, Scotland, and southeastern Australia.
T90 454782-454913 Sentence denotes The cause of the high prevalence of intestinal carcinomas in these areas is unknown but may be related to exposure to bracken fern.
T91 454914-454969 Sentence denotes It occurs mainly in animals five years of age or older.
T92 454970-455037 Sentence denotes Clinically, affected sheep lose weight and have distended abdomens.
T93 455038-455136 Sentence denotes The tumors are usually located in the middle or lower areas of the small intestine ( Fig. 1.18E ).
T94 455137-455290 Sentence denotes They are dense, firm, white masses, \ to several centimeters long and up to 1.0 cm thick, which may form annular constrictive bands at the affected site.
T95 455291-455354 Sentence denotes Cauliflower-like growths may be evident on the serosal surface.
T96 455355-455432 Sentence denotes Polyps may protrude into the lumen, but ulceration of the mucosa is uncommon.
T97 455433-455491 Sentence denotes The distal edge of the tumor is generally well demarcated.
T98 455492-455550 Sentence denotes There is dilation of the intestine proximal to the lesion.
T99 455551-455628 Sentence denotes Metastasis occurs along the serosal lymphatics to the mesenteric lymph nodes.
T100 455629-455796 Sentence denotes Implantations on serosal surfaces are common, and these appear as opaque to white plaques or diffusely thickened areas, which must be differentiated from mesothelioma.
T101 455797-455867 Sentence denotes Obstruction of serosal lymphatics by tumor emboli may lead to ascites.
T102 455868-455903 Sentence denotes Lung and liver metastases are rare.
T103 455904-456087 Sentence denotes Microscopically, the tumor is characterized by solid sheets or nests of highly anaplastic polyhedral, cuboidal, or columnar epithelial cells that may form irregular acinar structures.
T104 456088-456146 Sentence denotes Mitotic figures and acinar differentiation are infrequent.
T105 456147-456312 Sentence denotes The neoplastic cells infiltrate the submucosa and the muscularis through to the serosal surface, whence they spread via the lymphatics to the mesenteric lymph nodes.
T106 456313-456425 Sentence denotes This is apparently followed by retrograde lymphogenous metastasis to the gut wall proximal to the primary tumor.
T107 456426-456512 Sentence denotes These secondary tumors are particularly responsible for constriction of the gut lumen.
T108 456513-456593 Sentence denotes The infiltrating tumor is always accompanied by a very scirrhous reaction (Figs.
T109 456594-456612 Sentence denotes 1.18D and 1.19D) .
T110 456613-456764 Sentence denotes Sclerotic masses with anaplastic epithelial cells, which are located on the serosal surfaces of the abdominal organs, rarely infiltrate the parenchyma.
T111 456765-456864 Sentence denotes Argentaffin cells may form part of some intestinal carcinomas, especially in lymph node metastases.
T112 456865-456947 Sentence denotes Mineralization and osseous metaplasia may be evident in the stroma of some tumors.
T113 456948-457198 Sentence denotes Intestinal carcinomas generally are rare in cattle and swine ( Fig. 1.19B) , with the exception of those associated with bracken fern, papillomavirus, and upper alimentary cancer in cattle in certain parts of the United Kingdom, mentioned previously.
T114 457199-457257 Sentence denotes They are usually an incidental finding at meat inspection.
T115 457258-457396 Sentence denotes The location, morphology, and routes of metastasis are similar to those described for sheep, except that serosal lesions are less obvious.
T116 457397-457443 Sentence denotes Liver and lung metastases may occur in cattle.
T117 457444-457611 Sentence denotes Carcinoid tumors arise from endocrine or paracrine cells, which are located in the mucosal lining of a wide variety of organs, including the stomach and the intestine.
T118 457612-457748 Sentence denotes These cells secrete vasoactive amines, which are responsible for the argentaffinic and argyrophilic tinctorial properties of the tumors.
T119 457749-457843 Sentence denotes Functional derangements from excessive production of amines have not been reported in animals.
T120 457844-457920 Sentence denotes Carcinoid tumors of the gastrointestinal tract are rare in domestic animals.
T121 457921-458001 Sentence denotes They have been reported mainly in aged dogs and occur rarely in the cat and cow.
T122 458002-458076 Sentence denotes In dogs, carcinoids are mainly located in the duodenum, colon, and rectum.
T123 458077-458168 Sentence denotes Clinically, they may cause intestinal obstruction and anemia due to hemorrhage from ulcers.
T124 458169-458246 Sentence denotes Rectal carcinoids may protrude from the anus and resemble adenomatous polyps.
T125 458247-458366 Sentence denotes Macroscopically, carcinoids are usually lobulated, firm, dark red to cream-colored masses in the wall of the intestine.
T126 458367-458433 Sentence denotes The tumor may result in submucosal or subserosal nodule formation.
T127 458434-458499 Sentence denotes Microscopically, carcinoids have a distinct endocrine appearance.
T128 458500-458647 Sentence denotes Round or oval to polyhedral cells have abundant finely granular eosinophilic or vacuolated cytoplasm and vesiculate nuclei with prominent nucleoli.
T129 458648-458743 Sentence denotes They form nests, ribbons, rosettes, or diffuse sheets in the mucosa, submucosa, and muscularis.
T130 458744-458797 Sentence denotes A fine, vascularized stroma divides the tumor masses.
T131 458798-458862 Sentence denotes Amyloid may be present in intercellular and perivascular spaces.
T132 458863-458911 Sentence denotes Multinucleate giant cells are occasionally seen.
T133 458912-459017 Sentence denotes Confirmation of the diagnosis requires special stains to reveal argentaffin^ and argyrophilic properties.
T134 459018-459097 Sentence denotes These histochemical reactions may be negative, especially in rectal carcinoids.
T135 459098-459148 Sentence denotes They may also be lost during fixation in formalin.
T136 459149-459249 Sentence denotes Electron microscopic examination helps to differentiate carcinoids from intestinal mast-cell tumors.
T137 459250-459390 Sentence denotes Carcinoid tumor cells have dense, round to oval, membrane-bound secretory granules in the cytoplasm that vary in diameter from 75 to 300 nm.
T138 459391-459495 Sentence denotes They have abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum, and the plasma membrane forms interdigitating processes.
T139 459496-459583 Sentence denotes The ultrastructural characteristics of intestinal mast-cell tumors are described later.
T140 459584-459667 Sentence denotes Carcinoid tumors are PAS-negative and do not show metachromasia with Giemsa stains.
T141 459668-459739 Sentence denotes Data on biologic behavior of intestinal carcinoids in dogs are limited.
T142 459740-459793 Sentence denotes The few cases that have been reported were malignant.
T143 459794-459893 Sentence denotes There may be extensive invasion of the gut wall and veins, with metastasis especially to the liver.
T144 459894-459971 Sentence denotes In this respect their behavior is similar to intestinal carcinoids in humans.
T145 459972-460013 Sentence denotes Intestinal mast-cell tumors are uncommon.
T146 460014-460066 Sentence denotes They occur mainly in aged cats and, rarely, in dogs.
T147 460067-460232 Sentence denotes They resemble carcinoid morphologically under the light microscope, and a definitive diagnosis requires histochemical and ultrastructural examination of tumor cells.
T148 460233-460304 Sentence denotes They appear to be more common than intestinal carcinoid tumors in cats.
T149 460305-460354 Sentence denotes Abnormal mast cells do not appear in circulation.
T150 460355-460431 Sentence denotes These tumors are mainly located in the small intestine, rarely in the colon.
T151 460432-460540 Sentence denotes Affected areas in the gut are tan-colored, firm, thickened, and may be one to several centimeters in length.
T152 460541-460609 Sentence denotes The overlying mucosa bulges into the gut lumen but rarely ulcerates.
T153 460610-460718 Sentence denotes Nests, cords, and whorls of pleomorphic mast cells infiltrate the mucosa and adjacent areas of the gut wall.
T154 460719-460830 Sentence denotes Cells in intestinal mast-cell tumors are unlike mast cells in mastocytomas involving the skin and other organs.
T155 460831-460964 Sentence denotes The latter are round and have an intensely eosinophilic granular cytoplasm with distinct cytoplasmic borders and central oval nuclei.
T156 460965-461043 Sentence denotes In contrast, cells in intestinal mastocytomas are polygonal to spindle-shaped.
T157 461044-461187 Sentence denotes They have a finely granular or vacuolated cytoplasm with indistinct cytoplasmic borders and oval, hyperchromatic, eccentrically located nuclei.
T158 461188-461307 Sentence denotes The degree of metachromatic staining varies considerably, and there is a marked variation in the number of eosinophils.
T159 461308-461395 Sentence denotes Ultrastructurally, the cells in most respects resemble typical degranulated mast cells.
T160 461396-461492 Sentence denotes The cytoplasm contains many membrane-bound granules, which appear as singular or fused vesicles.
T161 461493-461561 Sentence denotes Fine fibrillar material forms a loose network within these vesicles.
T162 461562-461645 Sentence denotes A few tumor cells contains electron-dense fibrillar granules or intermediate forms.
T163 461646-461784 Sentence denotes None of the tumor cells contains the crystalline, electron-dense granules present in normal mast cells and in mastocytomas in other sites.
T164 461785-461897 Sentence denotes Metastases occur most often in the mesenteric lymph nodes, followed by the liver, spleen, and rarely, the lungs.
T165 461898-462036 Sentence denotes Ulceration of the gastrointestinal mucosa occurs commonly with visceral mast-cell tumors in cats and large cutaneous mastocytomas in dogs.
T166 462037-462115 Sentence denotes Mucosal ulceration is not a feature of intestinal mast-cell tumors in the cat.
T167 462116-462193 Sentence denotes This may be due to low levels of histamine in the cells in intestinal tumors.
T168 462194-462325 Sentence denotes Leiomyomas and leiomyosarcomas ( Fig. 1.18F) are probably more common than other types of mesenchymal tumors besides lymphosarcoma.
T169 462326-462412 Sentence denotes These tumors occur most commonly in the small intestine, where they cause obstruction.
T170 462413-462507 Sentence denotes They tend to be nodular rather than diffuse, and ulcerate and cavitate on the luminal surface.
T171 462508-462584 Sentence denotes The histologic appearance is similar to smooth muscle tumors in other sites.
T172 462585-462609 Sentence denotes FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE .
T173 462610-462737 Sentence denotes Foot and mouth disease (aphthous fever) is a viral infection of ruminants and swine and of at least 30 species of wild animals.
T174 462738-462849 Sentence denotes It is a problem of worldwide concern, being enzootic in large areas of Africa, Asia, Europe, and South America.
T175 462850-462996 Sentence denotes In addition to these areas are others that are periodically visited by the virus and in whose susceptible populations the disease spreads rapidly.
T176 462997-463152 Sentence denotes Some other areas, notably Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and North America, are currently free because of geographic isolation and quarantine restrictions.
T177 463153-463343 Sentence denotes Foot and mouth disease is not notable for a high mortality rate, except in sucklings, but the morbidity rate is very high and in an affected population productivity is reduced substantially.
T178 463344-463468 Sentence denotes The virus of foot and mouth disease belongs to the Picornaviridae, in the genus Aphthovirus (aphtha -vesicles in the mouth).
T179 463469-463583 Sentence denotes The virus is highly resistant under many circumstances but is inactivated by direct sunlight and moderate acidity.
T180 463584-463678 Sentence denotes The acid production that accompanies rigor mortis in carcasses and meat inactivates the virus.
T181 463679-463844 Sentence denotes The alteration in pH is not dependable, however, and the virus survives in offal, viscera, lymph nodes, and bone marrow for an indefinite period under refrigeration.
T182 463845-463903 Sentence denotes It may survive on hay and other fomites for several weeks.
T183 463904-464043 Sentence denotes This resistance of the virus is of epidemiologic significance, especially where control policies involve slaughter rather than vaccination.
T184 464044-464147 Sentence denotes But probably of much greater importance is the confirmation that many infected animals remain carriers.
T185 464148-464222 Sentence denotes The carrier state has been observed in cattle, sheep, and African buffalo.
T186 464223-464294 Sentence denotes Swine apparently become carriers, but less commonly than other species.
T187 464295-464419 Sentence denotes Experimental transmission of virus from carrier swine to a susceptible animal, through contact, has never been accomplished.
T188 464420-464506 Sentence denotes Virus recovered from carriers will infect susceptible animals by means of inoculation.
T189 464507-464645 Sentence denotes Persistence of infection in convalescence has been extensively examined only in cattle, and the carrier state persists for up to 9 months.
T190 464646-464872 Sentence denotes The virus is carried mainly in the pharynx and on the dorsal surface of the soft palate, but the host cells are unidentified and the carrier state exists even in animals with a significant level of serum neutralizing antibody.
T191 464873-464972 Sentence denotes Of equal importance to the persistence of the virus is its antigenic heterogeneity and instability.
T192 464973-465089 Sentence denotes There are seven principal antigenic types, namely, the classical A, O, and C types, SAT-1, SAT-2, SAT-3, and Asia-1.
T193 465090-465183 Sentence denotes These can be distinguished by serologic tests, although there are various degrees of overlap.
T194 465184-465364 Sentence denotes In addition to being serologically different, these seven types are sufficiently different immunologically that infection with one type does not confer resistance to the other six.
T195 465365-465484 Sentence denotes Within these seven major types there are antigenic subtypes, each different, to variable degrees, from the parent type.
T196 465485-465627 Sentence denotes Generally, the subtypes cross-immunize to a useful degree, but exceptions do arise and become recognizable, especially when vaccination fails.
T197 465628-465839 Sentence denotes Antigenic drift can also be demonstrated experimentally; new subtypes can be produced by passing the virus in immune or partially immune animals, or by growing the virus in vitro in the presence of immune serum.
T198 465840-466016 Sentence denotes There are presently at least 60 distinct antigenic strains of the virus of natural origin and no reason to think that the possibility of recombination of subtypes is exhausted.
T199 466017-466233 Sentence denotes As well as differences and variability in antigenic characters, strains of the virus differ in virulence, and a given strain is probably able to vary in virulence although this is difficult to measure satisfactorily.
T200 466234-466372 Sentence denotes Certainly, comparing different outbreaks, there is considerable variation in the severity of the disease produced in a given host species.
T201 466373-466411 Sentence denotes Virulence also varies between species.
T202 466412-466574 Sentence denotes Although the virus is pathogenic for all clovenfooted, domestic, and wild species, a given strain at any time is of different virulence for the different species.
T203 466575-466689 Sentence denotes Some strains, for example, will infect pigs but not cattle, and others are pathogenic for cattle and not for pigs.
T204 466690-466813 Sentence denotes A similar relationship pertains for sheep and goats, but in general, virus strains are intermediate between these extremes.
T205 466814-466974 Sentence denotes There can be little doubt, however, that the adaptation to a host species does occur and that this adaptive relationship may establish a reservoir of infection.
T206 466975-467098 Sentence denotes In addition to the domestic hosts, humans can become infected, but not importantly, either clinically or epidemiologically.
T207 467099-467234 Sentence denotes The hedgehog, coypu, and some marsupials are highly susceptible to infection and could be important in the transmission of the disease.
T208 467235-467311 Sentence denotes Some laboratory animals are also susceptible, the white mouse in particular.
T209 467312-467429 Sentence denotes Suckling mice inoculated intraperitoneally are susceptible enough to be used for detection of small amounts of virus.
T210 467430-467590 Sentence denotes They consistently develop degeneration of skeletal musculature, and in -50% there is myocardial degeneration and, in a variable percentage, pancreatic necrosis.
T211 467591-467661 Sentence denotes Young adult guinea pigs can be infected by infection into the footpad.
T212 467662-467756 Sentence denotes They regularly develop pancreatic necrosis, with some necrosis of skeletal and cardiac muscle.
T213 467757-467859 Sentence denotes In terms of evolution and epithelial lesions, the disease in guinea pigs is similar to that in cattle.
T214 467860-467995 Sentence denotes The main portal of entry and primary site of viral multiplication is the mucosa of the upper respiratory tract, especially the pharynx.
T215 467996-468105 Sentence denotes The ability of the virus to establish in this area is not affected by the presence of circulating antibodies.
T216 468106-468312 Sentence denotes Primary multiplication is followed by a viremic stage of 4 or 5 days duration, after which the virus localizes, replicates, and produces characteristic vesicles in several different sites referred to later.
T217 468313-468383 Sentence denotes The highest virus titers occur during the early stages of the disease.
T218 468384-468579 Sentence denotes Virus persists in the sites of lesions for 3 to 8 days after the appearance of significant neutralizing titers in serum but seldom persists in lesions beyond the eleventh day of clinical illness.
T219 468580-468734 Sentence denotes High titers of virus develop in all areas of skin, not necessarily related to lesions, and in several visceral tissues, including pancreas and hypophysis.
T220 468735-468829 Sentence denotes Here they have been related to persistent aftereffects of natural and experimental infections.
T221 468830-468926 Sentence denotes The decline in virus titer follows within a week or so the development of neutralizing antibody.
T222 468927-468996 Sentence denotes Ordinarily, antibody titers decline progressively and fairly rapidly.
T223 468997-469074 Sentence denotes The duration of persistence of antibody is correlated with the initial titer.
T224 469075-469248 Sentence denotes In general, animals are resistant to reinfection with homologous strains by natural exposure for about 2 to 4 years; susceptibility increases as the antibody titer declines.
T225 469249-469367 Sentence denotes The characteristic lesions of foot and mouth disease are seen only in those animals examined at the height of disease.
T226 469368-469441 Sentence denotes Later, the lesions heal or are obscured by secondary bacterial infection.
T227 469442-469533 Sentence denotes In cattle, there is appreciable loss of weight, and the buccal cavity contains much saliva.
T228 469534-469659 Sentence denotes In the living animal, there is diffuse buccal hyperemia and mild catarrhal stomatitis, but the hyperemia disappears at death.
T229 469660-469831 Sentence denotes Vesicles form on the inner aspects of the lips and cheeks, the gums, hard palate, dental pad, and especially on the sides and anterior portion of the dorsum of the tongue.
T230 469832-469885 Sentence denotes Sometimes they form on the muzzle and exterior nares.
T231 469886-470117 Sentence denotes The primary vesicles are small, but by coalescence they produce bullae that may be 5 to 6 cm across; these bullae rupture in 12 to 14 hr, leaving an intensely red, raw, and moist base to which shreds of epithelium may still adhere.
T232 470118-470282 Sentence denotes A seropurulent exudate develops on the base of the erosion, and this coagulates to a scab, which in turn is replaced by regenerated epithelium in less than 2 weeks.
T233 470283-470330 Sentence denotes Secondary infection may complicate this course.
T234 470331-470375 Sentence denotes Foot lesions occur in the majority of cases.
T235 470376-470494 Sentence denotes There is inflammatory swelling of skin of the interdigital space, coronet, and heels a day or so before vesicles form.
T236 470495-470625 Sentence denotes The swellings persist until the vesicles rupture and the resultant erosions heal; healing may be considerably delayed on the feet.
T237 470626-470694 Sentence denotes Vesicles may also occur in the other sites but much less frequently.
T238 470695-470759 Sentence denotes When the teats and udder are involved, there is severe swelling.
T239 470760-470948 Sentence denotes Fluorescent-antibody studies indicate that there is infection of individual cells in the stratum spinosum, adjacent to the papilla on mucosal surfaces, or in the follicular sheath in skin.
T240 470949-471077 Sentence denotes The papilla serves as a bridge for transport of the virus from the vascular lamina propria to the avascular squamous epithelium.
T241 471078-471205 Sentence denotes Immunofluorescence occurs in mononuclear cells of the lamina propria before there is evidence of virus in the epithelial cells.
T242 471206-471321 Sentence denotes The infected epithelial cells progressively swell, develop eosinophilia of the cytoplasm, and undergo acantholysis.
T243 471322-471464 Sentence denotes There is extensive spongiosis of the stratum spinosum, and this along with the necrosis of keratinocytes results in the formation of vesicles.
T244 471465-471522 Sentence denotes Superficial lesions may be formed in the stratum corneum.
T245 471523-471635 Sentence denotes These vesicles tend to rupture as soon as they develop, with leakage of vesicular fluid followed by desiccation.
T246 471636-471737 Sentence denotes The cells in this type of lesion remain spherical and adhere to each other by proteinaceous material.
T247 471738-471842 Sentence denotes The early micro vesicles coalesce and become macroscopically visible, and these in turn may form bullae.
T248 471843-472066 Sentence denotes The base of the vesicle is formed by the basal germinative layer of epithelium, which is not usually breached, and the underlying dermis or lamina propria, which is infiltrated by inflammatory cells and intensely hyperemic.
T249 472067-472181 Sentence denotes Additional to the vesiculate and erosive lesions, there may be catarrhal inflammation of the respiratory passages.
T250 472182-472324 Sentence denotes In animals dying of the disease, there are petechial hemorrhages of the abomasum and intestine, with congestion and diapedesis into the lumen.
T251 472325-472376 Sentence denotes The abomasal hemorrhages quickly develop to ulcers.
T252 472377-472513 Sentence denotes Pulmonary edema, modest splenomegaly, and hydropericardium with petechiae on the cardiac serosa are nonspecific changes in this disease.
T253 472514-472617 Sentence denotes As indicated earlier, a malignant form of the disease without vesiculation does occur in young animals.
T254 472618-472701 Sentence denotes In these, death is common and no doubt coupled with the myocarditis that devel-ops.
T255 472702-472830 Sentence denotes The myocardial lesion involves the ventricular musculature and the papillary muscle as poorly defined pale foci of varying size.
T256 472831-472947 Sentence denotes It is characteristic enough to be referred to as the typical "tiger heart'' on account of the striping and mottling.
T257 472948-473095 Sentence denotes The myocarditis is acute, and hyaline degeneration and necrosis of muscle fibers is accompanied by an intense, principally lymphocytic, infiltrate.
T258 473096-473137 Sentence denotes Similar lesions occur in skeletal muscle.
T259 473138-473247 Sentence denotes Prolonged convalescence or residual illness is frequently referred to in cattle but is difficult to evaluate.
T260 473248-473370 Sentence denotes Residual bacterial infections are common complications, especially in the oral cavity and mammary glands, and on the feet.
T261 473371-473576 Sentence denotes Additionally, syndromes of panting and hypertrichosis and disturbances of the regulation of body temperature, lactation, and fertility (including abortion) and of emaciation or obesity have been described.
T262 473577-473750 Sentence denotes Such disturbances could be referable to disturbances of endocrine glands and of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal system, and nonspecific changes can be found in these locations.
T263 473751-473911 Sentence denotes Clinical myocardial disease is frequent in convalescent cattle and is ascribed to myocardial degeneration with concurrent degeneration of the conduction system.
T264 473912-474006 Sentence denotes Diabetes mellitus has been reported as a complication of the experimental and natural disease.
T265 474007-474182 Sentence denotes The pancreatic islets may disappear almost completely, and the pancreas also shows acinar necrosis and regeneration, the latter evident as proliferation of tubular structures.
T266 474183-474362 Sentence denotes Foot and mouth disease is not well documented in sheep; they are, in general, less susceptible than cattle, and the infection runs a milder course, though there may be exceptions.
T267 474363-474444 Sentence denotes The incubation period in sheep is commonly 3 -8 days, with fever lasting ~4 days.
T268 474445-474469 Sentence denotes Lesions may not develop.
T269 474470-474540 Sentence denotes When they do, the dental pad is the preferred site in the oral cavity.
T270 474541-474658 Sentence denotes Lingual lesions tend to occur on the posterior dorsal portion as underrunning necrotic erosions rather than vesicles.
T271 474659-474726 Sentence denotes These are small and easily missed, and they heal within a few days.
T272 474727-474768 Sentence denotes Lameness is prominent in acute outbreaks.
T273 474769-474856 Sentence denotes Typical vesicles develop in the interdigital cleft and on the coronet and bulb of heel.
T274 474857-474948 Sentence denotes They may occasionally involve all of the coronet and lead to eventual shedding of the hoof.
T275 474949-475044 Sentence denotes Vesicles also occasionally occur on the teats, vulva, prepuce, and on the pillars of the rumen.
T276 475045-475083 Sentence denotes The peracute form will occur in lambs.
T277 475084-475184 Sentence denotes In pigs there is also considerable variability in virulence of strains and acuteness of the disease.
T278 475185-475275 Sentence denotes The incubation period is somewhat longer than in cattle and may extend for a week or more.
T279 475276-475363 Sentence denotes Lesions occur in the usual sites, although more commonly on the feet than in the mouth.
T280 475364-475452 Sentence denotes They may be present on the snout and behind its rim, and on the teats of lactating sows.
T281 475453-475515 Sentence denotes Abortion and stillbirth of infected piglets has been recorded.
T282 475516-475580 Sentence denotes The peracute form with high mortality occurs in young sucklings.
T283 475581-475852 Sentence denotes The lesions of foot and mouth disease must be differentiated from other viral vesicular diseases such as vesicular stomatitis, vesicular exanthema, and swine vesicular disease and in the latter stages from diseases producing erosive-ulcerative lesions of the oral cavity.
T284 475853-475945 Sentence denotes Laboratory tests are essential to confirm or rule out a diagnosis of foot and mouth disease.
T285 475946-476127 Sentence denotes Complementfixation tests using vesicular fluid or epithelial cells from early lesions as antigen are the most commonly used procedures, because results may be available within 3 hr.
T286 476128-476311 Sentence denotes False negative results are possible, and these should be followed up with fluorescentantibody techniques, isolation attempts on tissue culture, and inoculation of susceptible animals.
T287 476312-476333 Sentence denotes VESICULAR STOMATITIS.
T288 476334-476540 Sentence denotes Vesicular stomatitis is a specific viral disease occurring naturally among horses, cattle, and pigs, and it is transmissible experimentally to a number of laboratory animals, including guinea pigs and mice.
T289 476541-476710 Sentence denotes The disease is important because it causes a loss in production, especially in dairy herds, and it must be differentiated from foot and mouth disease in cattle and pigs.
T290 476711-476792 Sentence denotes Vesicular stomatitis is the only vesicular disease naturally occurring in horses.
T291 476793-476856 Sentence denotes Sheep and goats do not appear to be susceptible to the disease.
T292 476857-476977 Sentence denotes Several wildlife species, such as white-tailed deer, raccoons, and feral swine, are susceptible to vesicular stomatitis.
T293 476978-477068 Sentence denotes In humans, the virus may cause an inapparent infection or a mild influenza-like condition.
T294 477069-477181 Sentence denotes Vesicular stomatitis is enzootic in Central and South America and occurs sporadically elsewhere in the Americas.
T295 477182-477306 Sentence denotes It has a seasonal occurrence, outbreaks occurring in the warmer seasons and ceasing abruptly with the onset of cold weather.
T296 477307-477432 Sentence denotes The seasonal nature of the disease suggests that it is transmitted by insects; however, insect transmission is not essential.
T297 477433-477507 Sentence denotes It is not known how the virus spreads from one geographic area to another.
T298 477508-477674 Sentence denotes The intact mucosa is resistant to infection, but abrasions in the susceptible site readily result in infection when contaminated with saliva or exudate from a lesion.
T299 477675-477719 Sentence denotes Swine may become infected through ingestion.
T300 477720-477804 Sentence denotes The virus of vesicular stomatitis belongs to the Rhabdoviridae, genus Vesiculovirus.
T301 477805-477911 Sentence denotes It contains single-stranded RNA, and the virion is large, rod-shaped, 80 x 120 nm, and it has an envelope.
T302 477912-478069 Sentence denotes Apart from having a greater susceptibility to heat, being inactivated by pasteurization temperatures, it shares qualities of resistance with the aphthovirus.
T303 478070-478146 Sentence denotes There are two serologically and immunologically distinct types of the virus.
T304 478147-478310 Sentence denotes The more common and more virulent New Jersey strain has only one serotype, is restricted to vertebrate hosts, and extends farthest north into more temperate zones.
T305 478311-478471 Sentence denotes The Indiana strain has three serotypes and occurs in vertebrate hosts but also in arthropods such as Phlebotomus flies, sand flies (Culicoides), and mosquitoes.
T306 478472-478534 Sentence denotes The epidemiologic significance of this observation is unknown.
T307 478535-478700 Sentence denotes The lesions of vesicular stomatitis occur mainly on the oral mucosa; occasionally they do occur elsewhere, including the feet, and in swine, foot lesions are common.
T308 478701-478855 Sentence denotes This is by no means a dependable feature, and outbreaks of the disease in cattle have been described in which the lesions were predominantly on the teats.
T309 478856-479023 Sentence denotes The incubation period following exposure by abrasion is 24-48 hr, and there is a viremic phase that persists longer than the vesicular, but secondary lesions are rare.
T310 479024-479151 Sentence denotes In cattle, intramuscular injections will not initiate the disease, a useful distinguishing feature from foot and mouth disease.
T311 479152-479262 Sentence denotes The lesions of vesicular stomatitis are indistinguishable from those of foot and mouth disease ( Fig. 1.20A) .
T312 479263-479395 Sentence denotes Initially, in cattle, there is a raised, flattened, pale pink to blanched papule a few millimeters in diameter in or near the mouth.
T313 479396-479448 Sentence denotes These papules rapidly become inflamed and hyperemic.
T314 479449-479569 Sentence denotes In the course of a day or so, they develop into vesicles 2 -3 cm in diameter and by coalescence may involve large areas.
T315 479570-479721 Sentence denotes The shallow erosions that follow rupture of vesicles heal within 1 to 2 weeks unless secondary infections occur; in the mouth, the latter are expected.
T316 479722-479979 Sentence denotes The first microscopic changes are seen in the deeper layers of the stratum spinosum, where increasing prominence of the intercellular spaces and stretching of the desmosomes are ac- companied by a reduction in volume of the cell cytoplasm ( Fig. 1.20B,D) .
T317 479980-480238 Sentence denotes This dissociation of cells proceeds to distinct intercellular edema (spongiosis), followed by further cytoplasmic retraction until the affected epithelial cells float freely in enlarging vacuoles, which in turn are loculated by strands of cytoplasmic debris.
T318 480239-480337 Sentence denotes There is no hydropic degeneration of the epithelial cells, and the nuclei until now remain normal.
T319 480338-480471 Sentence denotes With the onset of epithelial-cell necrosis there is a pleocellular inflammatory reaction in the mucosa and underlying lamina propria.
T320 480472-480641 Sentence denotes Electron microscopic examination of epithelial cells adjacent to the vesicles confirms the intercellular edema and keratinocyte necrosis seen under the light microscope.
T321 480642-480736 Sentence denotes Virions bud from the cytoplasmic membrane and are located in the dilated intercellular spaces.
T322 480737-480833 Sentence denotes There is marked reduplication of desmosomes, and normal desmosomes are evident in the cytoplasm.
T323 480834-481057 Sentence denotes These appear to be due to endocytosis of plasma membranes of adjacent damaged epithelial cells, and formation of desmosomes on invaginations of plasma membranes with subsequent migration into the cytoplasm of keratinocytes.
T324 481058-481125 Sentence denotes The microvesicles coalesce to produce macroscopically visible ones.
T325 481126-481156 Sentence denotes There are no inclusion bodies.
T326 481157-481217 Sentence denotes The microscopic appearance of the lesions is not diagnostic.
T327 481218-481348 Sentence denotes The severity of vesicular stomatitis in swine approximates that of foot and mouth disease, but in other species it is much milder.
T328 481349-481395 Sentence denotes Only -30% of infected cattle develop vesicles.
T329 481396-481533 Sentence denotes In light of its similarity to other vesicular diseases in cattle and swine, laboratory confirmation of vesicular stomatitis is essential.
T330 481534-481554 Sentence denotes VESICULAR EXANTHEMA.
T331 481555-481696 Sentence denotes Vesicular exanthema is an acute, febrile, viral disease of swine that is characterized by formation of vesicles on the mouth, skin, and feet.
T332 481697-481830 Sentence denotes It was first diagnosed in southern California in the 1930s and eventually spread to most swine-producing states in the United States.
T333 481831-481907 Sentence denotes The last reported outbreak of vesicular exanthema was in New Jersey in 1959.
T334 481908-481998 Sentence denotes The virus that causes vesicular exanthema belongs to the Caliciviridae, genus Calicivirus.
T335 481999-482070 Sentence denotes It has a single-stranded RNA genome and has only one major polypeptide.
T336 482071-482208 Sentence denotes It is about 3 5 -4 0 nm in diameter, and characteristic cup-shaped structures (calyces) are evident in electron microscopic preparations.
T337 482209-482282 Sentence denotes There are 13 immunologically distinct serotypes, which vary in virulence.
T338 482283-482464 Sentence denotes In 1973, a virus biophysically similar to vesicular exanthema virus was recovered from sea lions with vesicles on their flippers, off the coast of California near San Miguel Island.
T339 482465-482597 Sentence denotes This virus, called San Miguel sea lion virus, produces lesions identical to those of vesicular exanthema when inoculated into swine.
T340 482598-482718 Sentence denotes It has many distinct serotypes, which are considered to be another range of variants of swine vesicular exanthema virus.
T341 482719-482790 Sentence denotes It is found in marine fish as well as sea lions and Pribilof fur seals.
T342 482791-482900 Sentence denotes Most outbreaks of vesicular exanthema have been associated with feeding of raw garbage containing pork waste.
T343 482901-482973 Sentence denotes Therefore, the disease may be transmitted by direct contact and fomites.
T344 482974-483223 Sentence denotes Spontaneous outbreaks of vesicular exanthema in swine due to San Miguel sea lion virus have not been documented, though undiagnosed vesicular disease of swine, associated with the feeding of marine products, has occurred in Tasmania and New Zealand.
T345 483224-483469 Sentence denotes After inoculation, there is an incubation period of about 18 to 72 hr, followed by fever and development of vesicles on the mouth, lips, tongue, on the mucosa of the oral cavity, and on the sole of the hoof, coronary band, and interdigital skin.
T346 483470-483579 Sentence denotes Occasionally, they are present on the teats of nursing sows and on the skin of the metacarpus and metatarsus.
T347 483580-483651 Sentence denotes Secondary infections of the feet are common, and the hooves may slough.
T348 483652-483676 Sentence denotes Pregnant sows may abort.
T349 483677-483753 Sentence denotes Without complications, affected pigs recover completely within about a week.
T350 483754-483901 Sentence denotes The vesicular lesions are indistinguishable from those of vesicular stomatitis, swine vesicular disease, and foot and mouth disease ( Fig. 1.20C ).
T351 483902-483975 Sentence denotes Laboratory confirmation of clinical diagnosis should always be attempted.
T352 483976-484073 Sentence denotes This is possible through inoculation of susceptible pigs and laboratory animals (e.g., hamsters).
T353 484074-484170 Sentence denotes The virus does not grow in chick embryos but can be isolated in tissue cultures of swine origin.
T354 484171-484379 Sentence denotes Swine vesicular disease is a highly contagious viral disease of pigs that is characterized by formation of vesicles around the coronary bands of the feet and to a lesser extent on the mouth, lips, and tongue.
T355 484380-484515 Sentence denotes The disease was first recognized in Italy in 1966, and it has since been reported from Hong Kong, the United Kingdom, Europe, and Asia.
T356 484516-484726 Sentence denotes The economic importance of swine vesicular disease is related to losses in production and the fact that it is difficult to differentiate from other vesicular diseases in swine, including foot and mouth disease.
T357 484727-484836 Sentence denotes The cause of swine vesicular disease is a small RNA virus belonging to the Picornaviridae, genus Enterovirus.
T358 484837-484975 Sentence denotes It is considered to be a porcine strain of human Coxsackie B5 enterovirus and occasionally infects humans, but not other domestic species.
T359 484976-485055 Sentence denotes Swine vesicular disease virus is relatively resistant to environmental factors.
T360 485056-485177 Sentence denotes Unlike foot and mouth disease virus, it is not inactivated at the low pH in muscle commonly associated with rigor mortis.
T361 485178-485295 Sentence denotes Most outbreaks of swine vesicular disease appear to originate by feeding raw garbage contaminated with pork products.
T362 485296-485403 Sentence denotes Transmission within affected herds is by direct contact, especially during the early stages of the disease.
T363 485404-485542 Sentence denotes The portal of entry is through damaged epithelium, and this is most likely to occur on the feet and to a lesser extent in the oral cavity.
T364 485543-485651 Sentence denotes The tonsils and lower gastrointestinal tract may be routes of entry, but only when infective doses are high.
T365 485652-485914 Sentence denotes Fluorescent studies and virus titer determinations have shown that swine vesicular disease virus has a strong affinity for the epithelial cells of the coronary band of the feet, tongue, snout, lips, lymphoid follicles of the tonsils, myocardial cells, and brain.
T366 485915-485994 Sentence denotes Secretions and excretions have high viral titers for a period of 12 to 14 days.
T367 485995-486107 Sentence denotes Feces may contain virus for up to 3 months, but titers are apparently not sufficiently high to transmit disease.
T368 486108-486157 Sentence denotes Clinically, vesicles are most common on the feet.
T369 486158-486207 Sentence denotes Oral lesions occur only in -10% of affected pigs.
T370 486208-486293 Sentence denotes The foot lesions appear first at the junction between the heel and the coronary band.
T371 486294-486373 Sentence denotes Initially, there is a 5.0-mm-wide, pale, swollen area that encircles the digit.
T372 486374-486450 Sentence denotes A dark red to brown zone 2 -3 mm wide surrounds the pale zone on both sides.
T373 486451-486532 Sentence denotes In later stages a 1.0-cm-wide band of necrotic skin is located along the coronet.
T374 486533-486663 Sentence denotes Well-demarcated areas of necrosis, resembling superficial abrasions, extend to the metacarpus, metatarsus, and interdigital cleft.
T375 486664-486782 Sentence denotes Vesicles on the mouth, lips, and tongue occur in clusters, and they are small, -2.0 mm in diameter, white, and opaque.
T376 486783-486912 Sentence denotes They coalesce and rupture within 36 hr and may be covered by a pseudodiphtheritic membrane due to secondary bacterial infections.
T377 486913-487018 Sentence denotes The development of vesicles tends to follow a course similar to that reported for foot and mouth disease.
T378 487019-487168 Sentence denotes The virus infects individual epithelial cells in the stratum spinosum, which leads to focal areas of keratinocyte degeneration and vesicle formation.
T379 487169-487269 Sentence denotes Frequently, the necrosis involves the entire thickness of the epithelium, including the basal layer.
T380 487270-487362 Sentence denotes There is an intense leukocytic reaction in the necrotic areas, which is mainly neutrophilic.
T381 487363-487522 Sentence denotes Spongiosis is less prominent in swine vesicular disease, compared to vesicular stomatitis, although this depends to some extent on the location of the vesicle.
T382 487523-487591 Sentence denotes Intra-and intercellular edema may be extensive in the snout lesions.
T383 487592-487654 Sentence denotes After 1 week there are indications of epithelial regeneration.
T384 487655-487768 Sentence denotes These consist of an increase in mitotic figures, and long, flat epithelial cells at the periphery of the erosion.
T385 487769-487978 Sentence denotes In contrast to lesions of foot and mouth disease, which tend to heal in an orderly fashion, in swine vesicular disease long cords of epithelial cells proliferate parallel and perpendicular to the skin surface.
T386 487979-488072 Sentence denotes A moderate mononuclear-cell reaction and fibroplasia may be evident in the underlying dermis.
T387 488073-488204 Sentence denotes Necrosis and inflammation involve the external root sheath of hair follicles and the subepithelial glands, especially of the mouth.
T388 488205-488387 Sentence denotes The early lesions in the tonsils are characterized by degeneration of the squamous epithelial cells, which are replaced by large droplets of foamy, basophilic, PAS-positive material.
T389 488388-488434 Sentence denotes The tonsillar crypts are plugged with exudate.
T390 488435-488544 Sentence denotes Similar changes are found in the inter-and intralobular collecting ducts of the salivary glands and pancreas.
T391 488545-488614 Sentence denotes There is degeneration and hypertrophy of the renal pelvic epithelium.
T392 488615-488714 Sentence denotes Foci of necrosis with a mild interstitial mononuclear-cell reaction may be found in the myocardium.
T393 488715-488787 Sentence denotes There is necrosis and depletion of lymphocytes in most lymphoid tissues.
T394 488788-488909 Sentence denotes Nervous signs and lesions have been reported in field outbreaks and reproduced experimentally in swine vesicular disease.
T395 488910-489021 Sentence denotes The characteristic lesions are those of a nonsuppurative meningoencephalitis involving most areas in the brain.
T396 489022-489095 Sentence denotes Some reports indicate that the lesions are more severe in the brain stem.
T397 489096-489221 Sentence denotes Nonviral, intranuclear, amphophilic inclusion bodies may be found in the amphicytes of the Gasserian and dorsal root ganglia.
T398 489222-489438 Sentence denotes The minor differences in the distribution and morphology of the lesions in swine vesicular disease, compared with the other vesicular diseases affecting swine, may be of some assistance in the differential diagnosis.
T399 489439-489493 Sentence denotes However, further laboratory confirmation is necessary.
T400 489494-489677 Sentence denotes If virus titers in infected tissues used as antigen are sufficiently high, the complement fixation test using vesicular fluid or scrapings from lesions may give results in 4 to 24 hr.
T401 489678-489850 Sentence denotes Counterimmunoelectrophoresis appears to be the test of choice as a follow-up to a negative complement fixation test, since it is highly specific and produces rapid results.
T402 489851-489910 Sentence denotes The virus may be isolated in cell cultures of swine origin.
T403 489911-489933 Sentence denotes BOVINE VIRUS DIARRHEA.
T404 489934-490041 Sentence denotes Virus diarrhea, as originally described in New York state in 1946, was an acute, highly contagious disease.
T405 490042-490144 Sentence denotes The disease still occurs from time to time with these manifestations, but it also occurs sporadically.
T406 490145-490263 Sentence denotes The fatal cases usually represent one or two severe infections in a group of animals otherwise subclinically affected.
T407 490264-490400 Sentence denotes Mucosal disease was described in 1953 in the United States as a disease with a morbidity rate of 2 to 50% and a mortality rate of -100%.
T408 490401-490593 Sentence denotes It was characterized by an initial febrile reaction, mucoid nasal discharge, anorexia, constant or intermittent watery diarrhea with feces often containing blood, rapid dehydration, and death.
T409 490594-490675 Sentence denotes Erosions, ulcerations, and hemorrhages were always found in the alimentary canal.
T410 490676-490835 Sentence denotes Infection with bovine virus diarrhea virus results in a spectrum of signs that are compatible with both clinical syndromes: virus diarrhea and mucosal disease.
T411 490836-490944 Sentence denotes The causative agent of bovine virus diarrhea is an RNA virus belonging to the Togaviridae, genus Pestivirus.
T412 490945-491023 Sentence denotes It is antigenically related to hog cholera virus and the border disease virus.
T413 491024-491082 Sentence denotes There is only one serotype of bovine virus diarrhea virus.
T414 491083-491158 Sentence denotes Considerable variation in virulence is apparent among strains of the virus.
T415 491159-491235 Sentence denotes Both cytopathic and noncytopathic strains may be isolated in tissue culture.
T416 491236-491270 Sentence denotes Either may be virulent for cattle.
T417 491271-491446 Sentence denotes Transmission of the virus is still poorly understood; however, direct contact with clinically affected cattle or carriers and possibly with fomites is probably the main route.
T418 491447-491503 Sentence denotes Aerosol transmission has been documented experimentally.
T419 491504-491586 Sentence denotes A high prevalence is associated with the wide use of modified live virus vaccines.
T420 491587-491649 Sentence denotes After inoculation there is a viremia with a marked leukopenia.
T421 491650-492032 Sentence denotes Fluorescent-antibody studies show that the virus infects a wide variety of tissues, including squamous epithelial cells of the upper alimentary tract and the interdigital area of the feet, glandular and cryptal epithelial cells of the lower alimentary tract, epithelial cells of the respiratory tract, and endothelial cells of submucosal vessels in the gut and several other organs.
T422 492033-492126 Sentence denotes The virus has an affinity for lymphoid tissue, especially in the tonsils and Peyer's patches.
T423 492127-492244 Sentence denotes Neurons, glomerular cells, and epithelial cells of renal convoluted tubules may be infected under certain conditions.
T424 492245-492307 Sentence denotes The virus may cross the placental barrier in pregnant animals.
T425 492308-492573 Sentence denotes Depending on the stage of gestation, it may cause abortion, fetal mummification, or a wide spectrum of teratogenic lesions, including microencephaly, cerebellar hypoplasia and dysgenesis, hydranencephaly, hydrocephalus, and defective myelination of the spinal cord.
T426 492574-492785 Sentence denotes Ocular lesions, such as microphthalmia, cataracts, retinal degeneration, atrophy and dysplasia, and optic neuritis, have all been associated with fetal infections by the virus (see the Nervous System, Volume 1).
T427 492786-492911 Sentence denotes In addition, lesions of the alimentary tract similar to those seen in older animals may occur in fetuses and neonatal calves.
T428 492912-493192 Sentence denotes A condition in lambs, termed border disease, which is characterized by a hairy fleece, clonic rhythmic tremors, and unthriftiness, has been associated with prenatal infection by a togavirus that has a strong antigenic relationship to bovine virus diarrhea and hog cholera viruses.
T429 493193-493301 Sentence denotes Affected animals are termed "hairy shakers" (see the Skin and Appendages, and the Nervous System, Volume 1).
T430 493302-493400 Sentence denotes All virulent strains of virus produce the same sort of experimental disease in susceptible calves.
T431 493401-493547 Sentence denotes A slight fever with leukopenia at the third day is followed by a second phase of higher fever and more severe leukopenia at about the seventh day.
T432 493548-493664 Sentence denotes At the end of this second, febrile phase oral hyperemia with some erosions may develop, and perhaps slight diarrhea.
T433 493665-493754 Sentence denotes The severe fatal disease has seldom, if ever, been produced by experimental transmission.
T434 493755-493867 Sentence denotes These observations emphasize that the natural disease is usually very mild, or infection is commonly inapparent.
T435 493868-493930 Sentence denotes It is also very widespread, as indicated by serologic surveys.
T436 493931-494016 Sentence denotes Severe clinical or fatal cases are exceptional in spite of their apparent prevalence.
T437 494017-494109 Sentence denotes When acute cases occur in a herd, it is usual that many other animals show the mild disease.
T438 494110-494229 Sentence denotes The mildly affected may develop substantial levels of neutralizing antibody, while those severely affected tend not to.
T439 494230-494366 Sentence denotes While deaths may occur within 1 or 2 days of illness and almost always within 2 weeks, some cases remain clinically affected for months.
T440 494367-494517 Sentence denotes The failure of immunogenic response may be associated with immunotolerance or destruction of immunocompetent cells, which is reflected in lymphopenia.
T441 494518-494709 Sentence denotes In addition to a lack of humoral antibody response, there is also depression of cell-mediated immunity, as indicated by a poor response of cultured peripheral lymphocytes to various mitogens.
T442 494710-494783 Sentence denotes Animals with deficient humoral and cell-mediated immunity ultimately die.
T443 494784-495010 Sentence denotes There may also be impairment of polymorphonuclear-cell function in cattle infected with bovine virus diarrhea virus, which may explain in part the observation that such cattle are susceptible to secondary bacterial infections.
T1 495011-495078 Sentence denotes Acute fulminant bovine virus diarrhea closely resembles rinderpest.
T2 495079-495139 Sentence denotes The onset is febrile, with serous to mucoid nasal discharge.
T3 495140-495316 Sentence denotes Discrete oral lesions are preceded by an acute catarrhal stomatitis and pharyngitis, the mucosae being hyperemic and pink and covered by a thin, gray film of catarrhal exudate.
T4 495317-495438 Sentence denotes White necrotic foci 1-2 mm in size, surrounded by a margin of hyperemia, then appear on the muzzle and the buccal mucosa.
T5 495439-495581 Sentence denotes These erode or ulcerate and expand irregularly; the margins remain fairly discrete, except for those on the soft palate and pharyngeal mucosa.
T6 495582-495671 Sentence denotes There is severe diarrhea and tenesmus, with feces containing little or no blood or mucus.
T7 495672-495696 Sentence denotes Animals may die quickly.
T8 495697-495769 Sentence denotes The more chronic cases also begin with fever and serous nasal discharge.
T9 495770-495877 Sentence denotes The nasal discharge becomes more mucinous in a couple of days and dries on the muzzle, causing excoriation.
T10 495878-495980 Sentence denotes The temperature returns to normal in 2 to 5 days, and then oral lesions and a watery diarrhea develop.
T11 495981-496008 Sentence denotes These animals remain alert.
T12 496009-496162 Sentence denotes The development of the oral lesions is like that found in acute cases; by the time chronic cases die, however, there is usually some evidence of healing.
T13 496163-496339 Sentence denotes The watery diarrhea of the early phase gradually gives way to feces that are passed frequently, are scant in volume, and contain a large proportion of mucus flecked with blood.
T14 496340-496483 Sentence denotes Late in the clinical course, there is lethargy, emaciation, ruminal stasis, and frequent attempts at defecation accompanied by severe tenesmus.
T15 496484-496579 Sentence denotes Interdigital dermatitis affecting all four feet may be present in chronically affected animals.
T16 496580-496810 Sentence denotes In these, the skin is dry and scurfy, especially over the neck, withers, and back, and that on the medial aspect of the thighs and forelegs and in the perineal region becomes moist and discolored a dirty yellow with encrustations.
T17 496811-497105 Sentence denotes The gross lesions vary considerably, especially in the acute disease, in which either upper alimentary or intestinal lesions may be absent, and less so in the chronic disease, in which a broader pathologic picture is often present, perhaps partially obscured by healing or evolution of lesions.
T18 497106-497194 Sentence denotes Erosions and shallow ulcers are present on the muzzle and nares of many affected cattle.
T19 497195-497281 Sentence denotes The anterior edges of the lower lip and its cutaneous junction are similarly affected.
T20 497282-497350 Sentence denotes A similar loss of epithelium from much of the oral cavity is common.
T21 497351-497407 Sentence denotes Diffuse hyperemia of the mucosa may persist after death.
T22 497408-497516 Sentence denotes The most conspicuous oral erosions are on the palate, on the tips of the buccal papillae and on the gingiva.
T23 497517-497638 Sentence denotes Many, especially on the papillae and in the pharynx, are ulcers and expose a denuded, intensely hyperemic lamina propria.
T24 497639-497673 Sentence denotes The tongue is not always affected.
T25 497674-497744 Sentence denotes When present, lesions may be evident on all surfaces ( Fig. 1.21A,B) .
T26 497745-497947 Sentence denotes Those on the smooth lateral surfaces are typically erosive and irregular, although in some early cases the degenerate epithelium may remain attached, to form flat, white plaques that may be scraped off.
T27 497948-498129 Sentence denotes On the anterior half of the dorsum, the degenerate epithelium may accumulate and develop deep, irregular crevices and pits, or ulcerate to denude the greater portion of the surface.
T28 498130-498191 Sentence denotes In some cases the oral lesions are sharp, punched-out ulcers.
T29 498192-498345 Sentence denotes These occur on the dental pad, palate, ventral and lateral surfaces of the tongue, the gums about the incisors, and the inside of the cheeks and pharynx.
T30 498346-498466 Sentence denotes In some lesions of longer duration, the defect is filled in from the margin by thickened white proliferative epithelium.
T31 498467-498506 Sentence denotes Esophageal lesions are usually present.
T32 498507-498559 Sentence denotes They are common in the upper third of the esophagus.
T33 498560-498633 Sentence denotes In some acute cases, the lesions are shallow erosions rather than ulcers.
T34 498634-498772 Sentence denotes The erosions are more or less linear but otherwise irregular, have a dirty brown base, and little or no reactive hyperemia ( Fig. 1.21C ).
T35 498773-498905 Sentence denotes Shreds of adherent necrotic epithelium give the surface a rough, worn, tattered appearance in animals that have not been swallowing.
T36 498906-498957 Sentence denotes In more advanced cases, discrete ulcerations occur.
T37 498958-499145 Sentence denotes In many chronically affected animals, the ulcers begin to heal and appear as yellowish white, slightly elevated plaques of proliferative epithelium at the periphery of the mucosal defect.
T38 499146-499232 Sentence denotes Lesions are found in the rumenoreticulum and omasum, but not in the esophageal groove.
T39 499233-499334 Sentence denotes The ruminal content in chronically affected animals with prolonged anorexia is usually scant and dry.
T40 499335-499447 Sentence denotes The surface of the ingesta is frequently blackened, and the villi of the ruminal wall are thick, black, and dry.
T41 499448-499517 Sentence denotes In most acute cases the ruminal content is usually liquid and putrid.
T42 499518-499755 Sentence denotes The lesions on the wall of the rumen resemble those present elsewhere in the upper alimentary tract, and although they occur anywhere, they are best seen on the pillars and other smooth or nonvillous portions of the mucosa (Fig. 1.2IE ).
T43 499756-499876 Sentence denotes The omasal lesions are most numerous along the edges of the leaves, sometimes causing a scalloped margin or perforation.
T44 499877-500016 Sentence denotes The morphogenesis of the lesions in the squamous mucosa of the upper alimentary tract begins with necrosis of the epithelium (Fig. 1.2ID) .
T45 500017-500128 Sentence denotes Individual cells and groups of cells deep in the epithelium are eosinophilic and swollen, with pyknotic nuclei.
T46 500129-500238 Sentence denotes These foci enlarge progressively and form areas of necrosis that extend to, and may involve, the basal layer.
T47 500239-500367 Sentence denotes In the early stages there is little or no inflammation of the lamina propria, but leukocytes infiltrate the necrotic epithelium.
T48 500368-500496 Sentence denotes These small necrotic foci are elevated above the surface and form the friable plaques described earlier on the squamous mucosae.
T49 500497-500636 Sentence denotes They enlarge progressively and by coalescence, and may form small cleavage vesicles along the proprial-epithelial junction ( Fig. 1.23A ).
T50 500637-500704 Sentence denotes If the necrotic epithelium is abraded, erosions and ulcers develop.
T51 500705-500884 Sentence denotes The ulcerations of the squamous epithelium of the upper alimentary tract are accompanied by inflammation in the lamina propria, especially where this forms papillae (Fig. 1.23B ).
T52 500885-501024 Sentence denotes Capillaries are congested, the lymphatics are dilated, there is edema of the stroma, and a pleocellular inflammatory infiltrate is present.
T53 501025-501053 Sentence denotes Focal hemorrhages may occur.
T54 501054-501100 Sentence denotes Changes are regularly present in the abomasum.
T55 501101-501230 Sentence denotes The sides of the rugae bear what appear grossly to be ulcers, which may be punctate to 1.0 cm or more in diameter ( Fig. 1.22A ).
T56 501231-501339 Sentence denotes They are lesions with raised margins and a distinct pale halo; there may also be some peripheral hemorrhage.
T57 501340-501484 Sentence denotes The histologic changes in the glandular epithelium of the abomasum are characterized by epithelial necrosis, mainly in the depths of the glands.
T58 501485-501566 Sentence denotes The necrotic cells fragment and slough and may cause dilation of affected glands.
T59 501567-501645 Sentence denotes The mucosa is locally infiltrated by a variety of leukocytes and is edematous.
T60 501646-501793 Sentence denotes In some affected foci, the glandular epithelium loses its differentiated appearance, becoming cuboidal, basophilic, and apparently mucus secretory.
T61 501794-501894 Sentence denotes These glands too may be dilated with a small quantity of contained epithelial and leukocytic debris.
T62 501895-502002 Sentence denotes In some abomasa, mucous metaplasia may be patchy but widespread and may reflect inflammation in the mucosa.
T63 502003-502088 Sentence denotes There is some edema, hemorrhage, and modest leukocytic infiltration of the submucosa.
T64 502089-502208 Sentence denotes Some necrotic foci in the abomasal glands appear to be associated with necrosis of adjacent mucosal lymphoid follicles.
T65 502209-502288 Sentence denotes The mucosa of the small intestine often appears normal over much of its length.
T66 502289-502343 Sentence denotes There may be inspissated mucoid material in the lumen.
T67 502344-502430 Sentence denotes In some cases the mucosa of the small intestine may have patchy or diffuse congestion.
T68 502431-502498 Sentence denotes In rare cases, fibrin casts may be in the lumen of the small bowel.
T69 502499-502663 Sentence denotes The wall is atonic but not dilated and may be greatly thickened by submucosal and subserosal edema, which may give a ground-glass appearance to the serosal surface.
T70 502664-502801 Sentence denotes In acute cases, it is usual to find coagulated blood and fibrin overlying and outlining Peyer's patches, the covering of which is eroded.
T71 502802-502889 Sentence denotes This, when present, is a very distinctive lesion that is paralleled only in rinderpest.
T72 502890-503063 Sentence denotes Severely affected Peyer's patches are often obvious through the serosa as red-black oval areas up to 10 to 12 cm long on the antimesenteric border of the gut (Fig. 1.22B ).
T73 503064-503244 Sentence denotes Less acutely affected Peyer's patches may be overlain by a diphtheritic membrane, while in milder or more chronic cases the patches may be depressed and covered by tenacious mucus.
T74 503245-503369 Sentence denotes In chronic cases, exudate may not be evident over Peyer's patches, which become less obvious or sunken, resembling an ulcer.
T75 503370-503418 Sentence denotes Mesenteric lymph nodes are usually not enlarged.
T76 503419-503466 Sentence denotes Lesions in the large bowel are highly variable.
T77 503467-503561 Sentence denotes The mucosa may be congested, often in a ' 'tiger stripe'' pattern following the colonic folds.
T78 503562-503638 Sentence denotes In acute cases there may be fibrinohemorrhagic typhlocolitis ( Fig. 1.22D) .
T79 503639-503821 Sentence denotes In more chronic cases, fibrinous or fibronectrotic lesions and focal or extensive ulceration may be present at any level of the large bowel, but particularly in the cecum and rectum.
T80 503822-503942 Sentence denotes The characteristic lesion in the intestinal mucosa is destruc-tion of the epithelial lining of the crypts of Lieberkuhn.
T81 503943-504106 Sentence denotes In the duodenum, a few glands only are affected, but more glands are affected more severely in the lower reaches of the small intestine and in the cecum and colon.
T82 504107-504192 Sentence denotes Affected glands are dilated and filled with mucus, epithelial debris, and leukocytes.
T83 504193-504282 Sentence denotes Remaining crypt-lining cells are attenuated in an attempt to cover the basement membrane.
T84 504283-504344 Sentence denotes Reparative hyperplasia of crypt lining is rarely encountered.
T85 504345-504390 Sentence denotes Crypt dropout may be evident microscopically.
T86 504391-504550 Sentence denotes In the cecum and colon, extensive damage to crypts and attendant collapse of the lamina propria is the probable cause of ulceration seen grossly (Fig. 1.22E ).
T87 504551-504695 Sentence denotes Congestion of mucosal capillaries, and in acute or ulcerated cases, effusion of fibrin and neutrophils from the mucosal surface, may be evident.
T88 504696-504847 Sentence denotes The microscopic lesions of Peyer's patches are distinctive in bovine virus diarrhea, comparable lesions being caused only by rinderpest ( Fig. 1.22C ).
T89 504848-505087 Sentence denotes In the acute phase of the disease, severe acute inflammation in the mucosa over Peyer's patches accompanies almost complete destruction of the underlying glands, collapse of the lamina propria, and lysis of the follicular lymphoid tissues.
T90 505088-505357 Sentence denotes Later in the course of the disease, dilated crypts lined, at least in part, by cuboidal epithelium and filled with necrotic epithelial cells, mucus, and inflammatory cells appear to herniate into the submucosal space previously occupied by involuted lymphoid follicles.
T91 505358-505501 Sentence denotes Peyer's patches should be sought assiduously at autopsy since their gross and microscopic appearance may provide useful evidence for diagnosis.
T92 505502-505680 Sentence denotes An important microscopic lesion, which may have been previously overlooked, is hyaline degeneration and fibrinoid necrosis of submucosal and mesenteric arterioles ( Fig. 1.23C) .
T93 505681-505815 Sentence denotes A mild to moderate mononuclear inflammatory cell reaction is frequently present in the walls of the vessels and in perivascular areas.
T94 505816-506054 Sentence denotes The vascular lesions are not limited to the intestine but may be present in a variety of other organs such as the heart, brain, and adrenal cortices, which may make it difficult to differentiate the disease from malignant catarrhal fever.
T95 506055-506154 Sentence denotes The vascular lesions in bovine virus diarrhea are less consistently present and usually are milder.
T96 506155-506291 Sentence denotes In the acute disease, the lymph nodes of the head and neck are often enlarged and discolored reddish black by congestion and hemorrhage.
T97 506292-506413 Sentence denotes Microscopically, the mesenteric lymph nodes show a diminished population of lymphocytes and necrosis of germinal centers.
T98 506414-506536 Sentence denotes Similar lesions may be seen in the splenic lymphoid follicles, but they are not consistent and are difficult to interpret.
T99 506537-506703 Sentence denotes Coronitis may extend completely around the coronary band, with some separation of the skin-horn junction causing disturbance and overgrowth of the horn (Fig. 1.23D ).
T100 506704-506770 Sentence denotes Dermatitis may extend from the coronet up the back of the pastern.
T101 506771-506861 Sentence denotes Milder dermatitis is generalized, with scurfiness especially from the ears to the withers.
T102 506862-507029 Sentence denotes In sections of the skin of animals with virus diarrhea there are focal accumulations of necrotic epithelium, with intense hyperemia of the adjacent superficial dermis.
T103 507030-507151 Sentence denotes The epithelial lesions are basically similar to those in the squamous mucosa of the upper alimentary tract (Fig. 1.23E ).
T104 507152-507259 Sentence denotes Necrosis often extends deeply to or through the basal layers; it results in minute erosions or ulcerations.
T105 507260-507388 Sentence denotes These deeper lesions occur in the inner aspects of the legs and the perineum, and there is an exudation of serum in these areas.
T106 507389-507459 Sentence denotes In chronically affected animals, basal hyperplasia occurs in the skin.
T107 507460-507544 Sentence denotes The overlying degenerate epithelium becomes disorderly and eventually is lifted off.
T108 507545-507678 Sentence denotes Some animals with chronic disease develop mycotic infections secondary to lesions in the forestomachs, abomasum, and Peyer's patches.
T109 507679-507798 Sentence denotes The lesions are areas of hemorrhagic necrosis involving the mucosa, submucosa, and sometimes deeper layers of the wall.
T110 507799-507877 Sentence denotes Fungal hyphae are found invading the stroma and causing thrombosis in venules.
T111 507878-507959 Sentence denotes Abortion in the acute febrile stage or in convalescence occurs in virus diarrhea.
T112 507960-508020 Sentence denotes Enteric lesions of the disease may be observed in the fetus.
T113 508021-508209 Sentence denotes Punctate hemorrhages with ulcers 1-3 mm in diameter may be profuse in the oral cavity, excepting the dorsum of the tongue, and in the esophagus, larynx, trachea, conjunctiva, and abomasum.
T114 508210-508410 Sentence denotes The fetal lesions of squamous epithelium evolve in somewhat the same manner as those described above, with focal hemorrhages in the lamina propria and epithelial necrosis beginning in the basal layer.
T115 508411-508505 Sentence denotes More recently, a syndrome of inapparent persistent infection by the virus has been recognized.
T116 508506-508609 Sentence denotes Virus is present in a variety of tissues and body fluids, but serum neutralizing antibodies are absent.
T117 508610-508716 Sentence denotes These animals may be chronic shedders of virus and are an important source of infection for other animals.
T118 508717-508835 Sentence denotes Although they do not show any evidence of infection clinically, they have microscopic lesions in the kidney and brain.
T119 508836-508944 Sentence denotes The renal lesions consist of diffuse and focal thickening of the basement membranes of the glomerular tufts.
T120 508945-508985 Sentence denotes There is an increase in mesangial cells.
T121 508986-509136 Sentence denotes Fluorescent-antibody tests show antigen in glomeruli, epithelial cells of convoluted tubules, and endothelial cells in the interstitial blood vessels.
T122 509137-509246 Sentence denotes The glomerular lesions are probably due to deposition of antigen-antibody complexes on the basement membrane.
T123 509247-509321 Sentence denotes Antigen is also present in the neurons, especially of the cerebral cortex.
T124 509322-509410 Sentence denotes The neurons are pyknotic, and there is astrocytic and lymphocytic neuronal satellitosis.
T125 509411-509498 Sentence denotes A few vessels are mildly cuffed by lymphocytes and have hypertrophic endothelial cells.
T126 509499-509567 Sentence denotes The neuronal changes are probably due to direct action of the virus.
T127 509568-509800 Sentence denotes Antigen is present in many other tissues that do not have microscopic lesions, such as vascular endothelial cells in many organs, mononuclear cells of the spleen, mesenteric and mediastinal lymph nodes, and cryptal epithelial cells.
T128 509801-509968 Sentence denotes It has been suggested that the lack of serum neutralizing antibodies in these cattle is due to formation of antigen-antibody complexes in the kidney and other tissues.
T129 509969-510036 Sentence denotes Confirming a diagnosis of bovine virus diarrhea is often difficult.
T130 510037-510196 Sentence denotes The wide variety in signs and lesions, coupled with inconsistent and often negative virologic and serologic results, can be a challenge to most diagnosticians.
T131 510197-510365 Sentence denotes It is therefore important that clinical and pathologic findings should be supported by laboratory tests, including fluorescent-antibody techniques, and virus isolation.
T132 510366-510430 Sentence denotes Spleen and Peyer's patch should be collected for these purposes.
T133 510431-510553 Sentence denotes Serologic tests, preferably on acute and convalescent serum samples from several animals in a herd, should be carried out.
T134 510554-510644 Sentence denotes Bovine virus diarrhea resembles rinderpest, thus it is important to confirm the diagnosis.
T135 510645-510822 Sentence denotes Other diseases that must be differentiated include the vesicular diseases, malignant catarrhal fever, systemic infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, salmonellosis, and coccidiosis.
T136 510823-511081 Sentence denotes The triad of erosive-ulcerative upper alimentary lesions, cryptal necrosis in large or small intestine, and lesions of Peyer's patches provides a presumptive diagnosis of bovine virus diarrhea on morphologic grounds, in areas where rinderpest does not occur.
T137 511082-511252 Sentence denotes Otherwise known as ''cattle plague,'' rinderpest is an acute, highly contagious disease of cattle characterized by erosive or hemorrhagic lesions of all mucous membranes.
T138 511253-511382 Sentence denotes It is now enzootic in tropical Africa, the Middle East, and the Orient, to which places it is restricted by sanitary precautions.
T139 511383-511497 Sentence denotes Unfortunately, the long and interesting history of its pandemic plunges across continents cannot be followed here.
T140 511498-511583 Sentence denotes The virus that causes rinderpest belongs to the Paramyxoviridae, genus Morbillivirus.
T141 511584-511745 Sentence denotes It has a single-stranded RNA genome and is antigenically and morphologically closely related to the viruses causing canine distemper and human measles (rubeola).
T142 511746-511838 Sentence denotes The three viruses have immunologically identical nucleocapsids and shared envelope antigens.
T143 511839-512010 Sentence denotes The virus is highly fragile under ordinary environmental conditions; it is incapable of surviving more than a few hours outside the animal body under normal circumstances.
T144 512011-512202 Sentence denotes The agent is readily adapted to the chorioallantoic membrane of the developing chick embryo and can be adapted to rabbits, although strains differ in the ease with which this is accomplished.
T145 512203-512334 Sentence denotes Once adapted, the virus causes fever and characteristic grayish white, granular necrotic patches in the intestinal lymphoid tissue.
T146 512335-512478 Sentence denotes Goats and sheep do respond, but inconsistently, to artificial inoculation, although their susceptibility to rinderpest in the field is unclear.
T147 512479-512605 Sentence denotes Probably all clovenhoofed animals are naturally susceptible to infection, but the expression of infection varies considerably.
T148 512606-512708 Sentence denotes The virus of rinderpest is antigenically uniform and, when suitably modified, is an effective vaccine.
T149 512709-512898 Sentence denotes Control of the disease in endemic areas is impeded by difficulties inherent in systems of husbandry and in the coexistence of cattle with large populations of susceptible ungulate wildlife.
T150 512899-513051 Sentence denotes The lability of the virus is such that the spread of infection from endemic areas is most likely to be by live animals with mild or subclinical disease.
T151 513052-513167 Sentence denotes The disease in cattle may be mild, especially in endemic areas, but probably will be acute or peracute in new foci.
T152 513168-513341 Sentence denotes The different degrees of severity are in part due to real differences in virulence of strains, and largely due to differences in susceptibility of breeds or races of cattle.
T153 513342-513504 Sentence denotes Such variations are well documented and apply also to modified vaccine strains, which although quite safe in some breeds of cattle cause high mortality in others.
T154 513505-513607 Sentence denotes The upper respiratory tract appears to be the main portal of entry in spontaneous cases of rinderpest.
T155 513608-513677 Sentence denotes The virus localizes in the palatine tonsils and regional lymph nodes.
T156 513678-513807 Sentence denotes This is followed after a 10-to 15-day incubation by a 2-to 3-day period of viremia that coincides with the fever seen clinically.
T157 513808-513867 Sentence denotes In circulation, the virus is located mainly in lymphocytes.
T158 513868-514033 Sentence denotes After the viremic stage, the virus replicates in all lymphoid tissues, the bone marrow, and the mucosa of the upper respiratory tract and the gastrointestinal tract.
T159 514034-514107 Sentence denotes Nasal and oral secretions and the feces contain high titers of the virus.
T160 514108-514193 Sentence denotes In general, excretion of virus ceases by about the ninth day of the clinical disease.
T161 514194-514241 Sentence denotes Recovered animals do not appear to be carriers.
T162 514242-514302 Sentence denotes Fever and its attendant signs usher in the clinical syndrome
T163 514304-514326 Sentence denotes with early leukopenia.
T164 514327-514401 Sentence denotes Fever reaches its maximum in ~3 days and falls with the onset of diarrhea.
T165 514402-514514 Sentence denotes There is severe abdominal pain, tachypnea, occasional cough, severe dehydration and emaciation, and prostration.
T166 514515-514544 Sentence denotes Death occurs in 6 to 12 days.
T167 514545-514677 Sentence denotes The gross morbid anatomic changes in rinderpest are characteristic but not pathognomic and are identical with bovine virus diarrhea.
T168 514678-514759 Sentence denotes The lesions in the upper alimentary tract are necrotizing and erosive-ulcerative.
T169 514760-514861 Sentence denotes The virus of rinderpest has an affinity for the alimentary epithelium, which it gains hematogenously.
T170 514862-514902 Sentence denotes Oral lesions are not invariably present.
T171 514903-515070 Sentence denotes The oral lesions typically involve the inner side of the lower lips, the buccal papillae at the commissures, and the ventral surface of the free portion of the tongue.
T172 515071-515210 Sentence denotes In severe cases, however, all mucous surfaces of the mouth may be involved, with the regular exception of the dorsal surface of the tongue.
T173 515211-515280 Sentence denotes Esophageal erosions are usually mild and affect the anterior portion.
T174 515281-515325 Sentence denotes The forestomachs rarely exhibit any lesions.
T175 515326-515377 Sentence denotes When they do occur, the omasal leaves are involved.
T176 515378-515453 Sentence denotes The lesions of stratified squamous epithelium originate in the basal layer.
T177 515454-515632 Sentence denotes A few and then many epithelial cells undergo necrosis, the nuclei become pyknotic and fragmented, and the cytoplasm coagulated and eosinophilic, but true vesicles do not develop.
T178 515633-515697 Sentence denotes Multinucleate syncytia form in the epithelium ( Fig. 1 .24A-C).
T179 515698-515759 Sentence denotes The necrotic foci produce, initially, white pinpoint papules.
T180 515760-515845 Sentence denotes Natural movements cause the necrotic tissue to lift off and produce shallow erosions.
T181 515846-515922 Sentence denotes This occurs so readily that erosions are usually the first lesions observed.
T182 515923-516015 Sentence denotes Their margins are sharp, and the bases are reddened by the underlying congested capillaries.
T183 516016-516091 Sentence denotes The initial minute erosions enlarge and coalesce to form extensive defects.
T184 516092-516117 Sentence denotes Ulceration may supervene.
T185 516118-516218 Sentence denotes The abomasum is usually involved in this disease, its pyloric mucosa most consistently and severely.
T186 516219-516334 Sentence denotes The lesions of the fundus are linear on the margins of the mucosal folds, and in the pylorus they are more rounded.
T187 516335-516515 Sentence denotes The mucosa becomes necrotic and grayish in affected foci and then sloughs, leaving sharply marginated irregular erosions, the bases of which are intensely hyperemic and ooze blood.
T188 516516-516544 Sentence denotes Ulcerations sometimes occur.
T189 516545-516621 Sentence denotes There is usually a profuse submucosal edema that thickens the fundic plicae.
T190 516622-516806 Sentence denotes Lesions in the small intestine are less severe than those elsewhere but are of the same general character, streaks of congestion and erosion developing on the margins of mucosal folds.
T191 516807-516870 Sentence denotes They are best developed in the upper duodenum and in the ileum.
T192 516871-516945 Sentence denotes The ileocecal valve and surrounding cecal mucosa are congested and eroded.
T193 516946-517028 Sentence denotes The linear lesions of the mucosal folds are well developed in the cecum and colon.
T194 517029-517188 Sentence denotes Occasionally, the red foci are so numerous as to appear as diffuse hemorrhage, although they are, in reality, severely congested vessels of the lamina propria.
T195 517189-517283 Sentence denotes The colon and rectum are more severely affected as a rule than the rest of the enteric mucosa.
T196 517284-517537 Sentence denotes The Peyer's patches and other gastrointestinal lymphoid follicles, especially at the cecocolic junction, become necrotic ( Fig. 1.24D) , and this may be extensive enough to cause necrosis of the overlying mucosa, leaving lesions resembling deep ulcers.
T197 517538-517654 Sentence denotes Microscopically, the cryptal epithelium in the small intestine may become necrotic, and syncytia may form in crypts.
T198 517655-517697 Sentence denotes Associated villi may be somewhat atrophic.
T199 517698-517765 Sentence denotes Small hemorrhages occur from the intensely congested blood vessels.
T200 517766-517842 Sentence denotes There is diffuse edema of the submucosa, but little leukocytic infiltration.
T201 517843-517895 Sentence denotes The rinderpest virus is tropic for lymphoid tissues.
T202 517896-518018 Sentence denotes Necrosis of lymphocytes is extreme, but gross inspection, which reveals little abnormality except of nodes, is misleading.
T203 518019-518073 Sentence denotes There is no hemorrhage or inflammation of lymph nodes.
T204 518074-518248 Sentence denotes The necrosis begins in the germinal centers and proceeds until virtually all mature lymphocytes are lost in individual follicles, leaving only a reticular mesh (Fig. 1.24E) .
T205 518249-518340 Sentence denotes Multinucleate cells, similar to those in the mucosa, form in the lymph and hemolymph nodes.
T206 518341-518451 Sentence denotes All or only some follicles may be involved, and there is often an increase of other leukocytes in the sinuses.
T207 518452-518543 Sentence denotes Similar lesions occur in the spleen, tonsils, and as already noted, in the Peyer's patches.
T208 518544-518644 Sentence denotes Petechiae are common in the upper respiratory mucosae, and small erosions may develop on the larynx.
T209 518645-518782 Sentence denotes Hemorrhages beneath the epicardium and endocardium are common but nonspecific, and there may be mild nonspecific myocardial degeneration.
T210 518783-518852 Sentence denotes Mild erosive lesions develop in the mucosa of the bladder and vagina.
T211 518853-518965 Sentence denotes Acute congestion and edema of the conjunctiva may be followed by purulent conjunctivitis and corneal ulceration.
T212 518966-519047 Sentence denotes Skin lesions have been described, especially in buffalo, but are considered rare.
T213 519048-519149 Sentence denotes A moist eczematous lesion of the udder, scrotum, inner aspect of thighs, neck, and flank may develop.
T214 519150-519295 Sentence denotes Animals with such lesions usually die, but if recovery occurs, the dried scabs of exudate peel off, removing the superficial epithelium and hair.
T215 519296-519363 Sentence denotes The lesions of rinderpest can only provide a presumptive diagnosis.
T216 519364-519626 Sentence denotes Confirmation of the diagnosis requires detection of antigen by immunodiffusion, using infected tissue such as lymph node; virus isolation and identification in bovine cell culture systems; and serologic tests such as virus neutralization and complement fixation.
T217 519627-519801 Sentence denotes The virus may be isolated from unclotted blood, especially from the buffy coat, lymph nodes, and spleen, collected during the febrile and early erosive stages of the disease.
T218 519802-519980 Sentence denotes Cellular syncytia and intranuclear and intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies occur in epithelial and lymphoid tissues and perhaps are found more easily in the tonsils than elsewhere.
T219 519981-520094 Sentence denotes The presence of these may assist in differentiating rinderpest from bovine virus diarrhea on morphologic grounds.
T220 520095-520246 Sentence denotes Peste des petits ruminants (kata, stomatitis pneumoenteritis complex) is a disease of sheep and goats in west Africa that closely resembles rinderpest.
T221 520247-520358 Sentence denotes The causative agent is closely related to rinderpest virus, with which it shares common antigenic determinants.
T222 520359-520457 Sentence denotes The virus cross-reacts with rinderpest virus in the immunodiffusion and complement fixation tests.
T223 520458-520632 Sentence denotes It does not infect cattle through contact; however, experimental infection stimulates antibody formation in cattle that is protective against challenge with rinderpest virus.
T224 520633-520726 Sentence denotes Infection of sheep and goats with rinderpest virus will protect them against the peste virus.
T225 520727-520929 Sentence denotes The clinical signs and lesions of the disease in sheep and goats are similar to those of rinderpest, except that the disease is more acute in onset, especially in goats, and follows a more rapid course.
T226 520930-520998 Sentence denotes (malignant head catarrh, snotsiekte) is of worldwide distribu- tion.
T227 520999-521184 Sentence denotes It is generally sporadic in occurrence, although severe herd outbreaks have been reported in feedlot, dairy, and range cattle and zoo animals, mainly several species of deer, and bison.
T228 521185-521257 Sentence denotes Other susceptible species of ungulates include banteng and greater kudu.
T229 521258-521381 Sentence denotes Mortality usually reaches 100%, and although transmissible, it is apparently not contagious among cattle by direct contact.
T230 521382-521555 Sentence denotes There are two forms of the disease: the African form, which occurs in cattle associated with wildebeest, and the sheep-associated form, which occurs in many other countries.
T231 521556-521627 Sentence denotes The cause has only been determined for the African form of the disease.
T232 521628-521753 Sentence denotes The cause of the sheep-associated form of malignant catarrhal fever has never been determined, in spite of numerous attempts.
T233 521754-521815 Sentence denotes The diseases are clinically and morphologically very similar.
T234 521816-521950 Sentence denotes Rabbits are susceptible to experimental inoculation with infective material from cattle affected with the African form of the disease.
T235 521951-522022 Sentence denotes In these animals, lesions similar to those seen in cattle are produced.
T236 522023-522189 Sentence denotes The cause of the African, wildebeest-derived form of malignant catarrhal fever is an apparently cell-associated herpesvirus belonging to the alcelaphine herpes group.
T237 522190-522336 Sentence denotes The cytopathic effect in calf thyroid monolayers is characterized by formation of intranuclear basophilic (Cowdry type A) inclusions and syncytia.
T238 522337-522439 Sentence denotes Serial culture requires the transfer of cells because free virus is not present in the culture fluids.
T239 522440-522561 Sentence denotes Freezing of infected tissues destroys most of the virus; however, infected tissue cell cultures can be stored at -7 0°C .
T240 522562-522643 Sentence denotes The cause of the sheep-associated form of malignant catarrhal fever is not known.
T241 522644-522872 Sentence denotes A herpesvirus, morphologically and immunologically similar to that causing the African form, has been identified in cell cultures infected with material from an outbreak of malignant catarrhal fever in dairy cattle in Minnesota.
T242 522873-522958 Sentence denotes Experimental inoculation of cattle with this virus failed to induce clinical disease.
T243 522959-523062 Sentence denotes Cattle immunized with this agent survived a challenge with lethal doses of the virulent African strain.
T244 523063-523240 Sentence denotes Several cell-associated polykaryon-forming viral agents, including a morbillivirus, have been recovered from cattle affected with malignant catarrhal fever in the United States.
T245 523241-523289 Sentence denotes The significance of these isolates is not known.
T246 523290-523393 Sentence denotes None of these isolates was related to the herpesvirus of the African form of malignant catarrhal fever.
T247 523394-523469 Sentence denotes The mode of natural transmission of malignant catarrhal fever is not known.
T248 523470-523606 Sentence denotes Experimentally, the disease can be transmitted with large quantities of whole blood and lymphoid tissue, but not by cell-free filtrates.
T249 523607-523683 Sentence denotes This indicates that the agent is cell associated, probably with lymphocytes.
T250 523684-523879 Sentence denotes This virus is present in nasal secretions in wildebeest, and this may be important with regard to transmission to cattle, since steers have been infected experimentally via the respiratory route.
T251 523880-523990 Sentence denotes The incubation period of malignant catarrhal fever is 2 -8 weeks but may on occasion be much longer than this.
T252 523991-524049 Sentence denotes Initially, there is high fluctuating fever and depression.
T253 524050-524140 Sentence denotes There is usually enlargement of the superficial lymph nodes, which may be readily visible.
T254 524141-524235 Sentence denotes There is edema of the eyelids and conjunctivae and congestion of the nasal and buccal mucosae.
T255 524236-524355 Sentence denotes There is copious lacrimation; nasal discharge dries on and excoriates the nasolabium and partially obstructs the nares.
T256 524356-524494 Sentence denotes The conjunctivitis is accompanied by an increasing rim of opacity at the filtration angle, and later, the aqueous humor may become opaque.
T257 524495-524672 Sentence denotes Cor-neal edema and ulceration occur in some cases, but in those that die quickly the infiltration of the filtration angle may be all that is seen, and this is easily overlooked.
T258 524673-524795 Sentence denotes The clinical picture may be divided into four forms, namely, the peracute, the intestinal, the head and eye, and the mild.
T259 524796-524852 Sentence denotes There is considerable overlap in the syndromes observed.
T260 524853-524901 Sentence denotes The naturally acquired disease is usually fatal.
T261 524902-524978 Sentence denotes In the peracute form, there is hyperthermia and hemorrhagic gastroenteritis.
T262 524979-525011 Sentence denotes The clinical course is 1-3 days.
T263 525012-525132 Sentence denotes The intestinal form is characterized by fever, diarrhea, diffuse exanthema, lacrimation, and enlargement of lymph nodes.
T264 525133-525157 Sentence denotes The course is 4 -9 days.
T265 525158-525266 Sentence denotes The head and eye form is of slightly longer duration, and in addition to the above, there are nervous signs.
T266 525267-525305 Sentence denotes This is the typical clinical syndrome.
T267 525306-525393 Sentence denotes The mild form is an occasional experimental phenomenon and may be followed by recovery.
T268 525394-525637 Sentence denotes Gross morbid changes may not be present in animals that die of peracute malignant catarrhal fever, and in these the diagnosis must rest on the detection of the characteristic histologic changes and positive results of transmission experiments.
T269 525638-525728 Sentence denotes With the sheep-associated disease, diagnosis is based usually on the microscopic findings.
T270 525729-525874 Sentence denotes Bearing in mind the wide variation in the development and severity of lesions, the changes described below are what one hopes to see in any case.
T271 525875-525955 Sentence denotes The carcass is dehydrated and may be emaciated if the course has been prolonged.
T272 525956-526042 Sentence denotes There is a mucopurulent conjunctivitis, which may glue the edematous eyelids together.
T273 526043-526199 Sentence denotes The muzzle and nares are heavily encrusted and, if wiped, reveal irregular raw surfaces, although in some cases there may only be a slight serous discharge.
T274 526200-526250 Sentence denotes Cutaneous lesions are common but often overlooked.
T275 526251-526462 Sentence denotes There may be, acutely, a more or less generalized vesicular and papular exanthema, with sufficient exudation to wet and mat the hair and to form detachable crusts; in unpigmented skin there is obvious hyperemia.
T276 526463-526558 Sentence denotes In due course, the crusts become 1.0 mm or more in thickness, and there is patchy loss of hair.
T277 526559-526719 Sentence denotes Sometimes these cutaneous changes begin locally about the bases of the hooves and horns and on the loin and perineum and remain localized or become generalized.
T278 526720-526791 Sentence denotes The respiratory system may show minor or severe lesions ( Fig. 1.26A ).
T279 526792-526888 Sentence denotes When the course is short, the nasal mucosa may show congestion and slight serous exudation only.
T280 526889-526925 Sentence denotes Later, there is a copious discharge.
T281 526926-527034 Sentence denotes The mucosa is then intensely hyperemic and edematous, and erosions of a few millimeters diameter are common.
T282 527035-527089 Sentence denotes These are irregular in shape, with a hemorrhagic base.
T283 527090-527184 Sentence denotes Occasionally, dirty brown pseudomembranes form, and if these are removed, raw surfaces remain.
T284 527185-527278 Sentence denotes Lesions of severity similar to those on the septum and turbinates may develop in the sinuses.
T285 527279-527457 Sentence denotes The pharyngeal and laryngeal mucosae are hyperemic and swollen and later develop multiple erosions or ulcerations and are often covered in part by grayish yellow pseudomembranes.
T286 527458-527649 Sentence denotes The tracheobronchial mucosa is hyperemic and usually petechiated, but ulceration may occur, and in a small percentage of cases a pseudomembranous tracheobronchitis is present ( Fig. 1.26B ).
T287 527650-527757 Sentence denotes The lungs are usually edematous and emphysematous, but in peracute cases they may appear perfectly healthy.
T288 527758-527818 Sentence denotes A nonspecific bronchopneumonia may complicate chronic cases.
T289 527819-527898 Sentence denotes The alimentary mucosae may show no significant lesions in the peracute disease.
T290 527899-527984 Sentence denotes Minor erosions are first observed on the lips adjacent to the mucocutaneous junction.
T291 527985-528089 Sentence denotes Sometimes appar-ently normal epithelium on the surface of the tongue peels off in sheets ( Fig. 1.25C) .
T292 528090-528324 Sentence denotes Later, erosive and ulcerative lesions may involve a large area of oral mucosa ( Fig. 1.25A) , occurring especially on all surfaces of the tongue, the tips of the buccal papillae, gingivae, both divisions of the palate, and the cheeks.
T293 528325-528429 Sentence denotes In some areas, the cheesy or tattered necrotic epithelium may not be sloughed at the time of inspection.
T294 528430-528634 Sentence denotes Esophageal erosions, similar to those that occur in the other diseases causing ulcerative stomatitis, occur in malignant catarrhal fever and, as in rinderpest, are most consistent in the anterior portion.
T295 528635-528716 Sentence denotes Lesions of the same sort are revealed in the forestomachs by careful examination.
T296 528717-528819 Sentence denotes The abomasal mucosa is hyperemic and edematous, diffusely or in patches, and sprinkled with petechiae.
T297 528820-528932 Sentence denotes Hemorrhagic ulcerations may be present, especially on the margins of the plicae and along the greater curvature.
T298 528933-528996 Sentence denotes The wall of the small intestine is firm and thickened by edema.
T299 528997-529078 Sentence denotes Its serosa is dull, very finely granular, and often peppered with fine petechiae.
T300 529079-529116 Sentence denotes Its content is mucoid or hemorrhagic.
T301 529117-529202 Sentence denotes The mucosa is thickened and has few or many petechial hemorrhages and minor erosions.
T302 529203-529401 Sentence denotes Similar lesions occur in the large intestine and rectum but are more obvious; there are lines of congestion along the longitudinal mucosal rugae, and severe ulceration and hemorrhage may be present.
T303 529402-529483 Sentence denotes The contents of the large intestine are scant and may be dry and pasty or bloody.
T304 529484-529546 Sentence denotes Rather characteristic lesions may occur in the urinary system.
T305 529547-529584 Sentence denotes Renal changes are not always present.
T306 529585-529668 Sentence denotes They are infarcts or 2-to 4-mm foci of nonsuppurative interstitial nephritis (Figs.
T307 529669-529686 Sentence denotes 1.25D and 1.27A).
T308 529687-529747 Sentence denotes They may be numerous enough to produce a mottled appearance.
T309 529748-529823 Sentence denotes These foci may form slight, rounded projections from the capsular surfaces.
T310 529824-529908 Sentence denotes The pelvic and ureteral mucosa frequently have petechial and ecchymotic hemorrhages.
T311 529909-530101 Sentence denotes Similar lesions are present on the mucosa of the urinary bladder, or there may be more severe hemorrhage associated with erosion and ulceration of the epithelium, and hematuria ( Fig. 1.26F ).
T312 530102-530189 Sentence denotes Superficial lesions of the vagina, similar to those of the oral cavity and skin, occur.
T313 530190-530357 Sentence denotes The liver is slightly enlarged; close inspection will reveal, in some cases, a diffuse mottling with white foci that are periportal accumulations of mononuclear cells.
T314 530358-530459 Sentence denotes There may be numerous small hemorrhages and a few erosions of the mucous membrane of the gallbladder.
T315 530460-530552 Sentence denotes Among the characteristic lesions of malignant catarrhal fever is enlargement of lymph nodes.
T316 530553-530615 Sentence denotes All nodes may be involved, but some may appear grossly normal.
T317 530616-530770 Sentence denotes Affected nodes may be many times the normal size, and some, including hemolymph nodes, which are usually too small to recognize, may become quite obvious.
T318 530771-530913 Sentence denotes There is edema of the affected nodes, but on cross section it is apparent that much of the increase in size is due to lymphocytic hyperplasia.
T319 530914-530946 Sentence denotes Some of the nodes are congested.
T320 530947-531021 Sentence denotes The spleen is slightly enlarged, and the lymphoid follicles are prominent.
T321 531022-531151 Sentence denotes There is an excess of cerebrospinal fluid, which contains much protein and moderate numbers of mononuclear cells ( Fig. 1.26C ).
T322 531152-531242 Sentence denotes The meninges are wet, and there is some cloudiness in the subarachnoid space of the sulci.
T323 531243-531309 Sentence denotes There also may be scattered petechial hemorrhages in the meninges.
T324 531310-531386 Sentence denotes These lesions are usually most concentrated in the cerebellar leptomeninges.
T325 531387-531463 Sentence denotes Gross changes usually are not visible in the heart and larger blood vessels.
T326 531464-531628 Sentence denotes Polyarthritis, characterized by increased amounts of cloudy synovial fluid and red, swollen synovial membranes, has been reported in experimentally infected cattle.
T327 531629-531772 Sentence denotes Reliance must be placed on the histologic changes for the diagnosis of malignant catarrhal fever and its differentiation from similar diseases.
T328 531773-531963 Sentence denotes The characteristic histologic changes are found in lymphoid tissues and in the adventitia and walls of arterioles and arteries in any organ, and these will be described before other lesions.
T329 531964-532047 Sentence denotes The protean manifestations of this disease are due largely to the vascular lesions.
T330 532048-532164 Sentence denotes They comprise fibrinoid necrotizing vasculitis and accumulation of mainly mononuclear cells in the adventitia (Figs.
T331 532165-532193 Sentence denotes 1.25B,D, 1.26E, and 1.27B) .
T332 532194-532326 Sentence denotes These changes may be focal or segmental and may involve the full width of the wall or be confined more or less to one of the layers.
T333 532327-532408 Sentence denotes When the intima is involved, there is often endothelial swelling and hyperplasia.
T334 532409-532465 Sentence denotes Thrombi are difficult to demonstrate in damaged vessels.
T335 532466-532537 Sentence denotes The media may be selectively affected, or perhaps the adventitia alone.
T336 532538-532671 Sentence denotes The affected segments of vessel are replaced by a coagulum of homogeneous, eosinophilic material, in which nuclear remnants are seen.
T337 532672-532728 Sentence denotes The altered nuclei are small, distorted, and fragmented.
T338 532729-532799 Sentence denotes The perivascular accumulation of cells is particularly characteristic.
T339 532800-532943 Sentence denotes They are mainly lymphoid cells with large, open nuclei and prominent nucleoli; occasionally, small lymphocytes and plasma cells may be present.
T340 532944-533070 Sentence denotes In some forms of the experimental disease, fibrinoid necrosis, endothelial-cell hyperplasia, and thrombosis are not prominent.
T341 533071-533236 Sentence denotes Electron microscopic studies in these cases have shown that the endothelial reaction consists primarily of lymphocytes and macrophages rather than endothelial cells.
T342 533237-533366 Sentence denotes The degree of the mononuclear-cell reaction in the vessel walls and the medial necrosis increase with progression of the disease.
T343 533367-533557 Sentence denotes These changes in the blood vessels strongly suggest malignant catarrhal fever; arteritis may be seen in bovine virus diarrhea, however, mainly in the submucosa in the lower alimentary tract.
T344 533558-533767 Sentence denotes Fortunately for diagnostic purposes, arteritis is present in all cases of malignant catarrhal fever, whether peracute, acute, or mild with recovery, but it may be necessary to examine many sections to find it.
T345 533768-533974 Sentence denotes The best organs to examine for vascular lesions are the brain and leptomeninges, carotid rete, kidney, liver, and adrenal capsule and medulla, and any area of skin or alimentary tract showing gross lesions.
T346 533975-534106 Sentence denotes Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the pathogenesis of the vascular lesions, but none of these is well substantiated.
T347 534107-534351 Sentence denotes Malignant catarrhal fever may be an immune-mediated disease, like other diseases that are characterized by vascular necrosis and vasculitis, such as equine viral arteritis of horses, Aleutian disease of mink, and periarteritis nodosa of humans.
T348 534352-534448 Sentence denotes The vascular lesions of malignant catarrhal fever are similar to those seen in graft rejections.
T349 534449-534554 Sentence denotes The long incubation period and prepatent viremic stage are also suggestive of an immune-mediated disease.
T350 534555-534651 Sentence denotes The pathogenesis of the vascular lesions is discussed with the Cardiovascular System (Volume 3).
T351 534652-534829 Sentence denotes All lymphoid tissues show an active proliferation of lymphoblasts, which form extensive homogeneous populations of cells in the cortical and paracortical zone of the lymph node.
T352 534830-534911 Sentence denotes There may be focal necrosis associated with arteritis in both cortex and medulla.
T353 534912-535008 Sentence denotes The pathogenic mechanisms involved in the proliferation of lymphoid cells are poorly understood.
T354 535009-535025 Sentence denotes Areas containing
T355 535027-535132 Sentence denotes Microscopic arteritis similar to that present in other organs occurs in the nervous system of many cases.
T356 535133-535414 Sentence denotes Necrotizing arteritis, plasma exudation into the menginges or Virchow-Robin space, and the predominantly adventitial lymphocytic response are, in cattle, unique to malignant catarrhal fever and allow it to be differentiated from other nonsuppurative encephalitides ( Fig. 1.26C ).
T357 535415-535512 Sentence denotes Degenerative changes in nervous parenchyma can be explained on the basis of the vascular changes.
T358 535513-535605 Sentence denotes The lesions in skin and squamous mucosae of the alimentary tract are histologically similar.
T359 535606-535722 Sentence denotes The dermis or propria (and often the epithelium) is diffusely infiltrated with a mainly lymphocytic cell population.
T360 535723-535860 Sentence denotes The dermis, especially its superficial portion, is edematous, and typical arteritis, involving small-and mediumsized vessels, is present.
T361 535861-535998 Sentence denotes Epithelial changes are related to the presence of a diffuse mononuclear infiltrate and arteritis in the underlying dermis ( Fig. 1.25B ).
T362 535999-536170 Sentence denotes Groups of cells become necrotic with swollen, strongly acidophilic cytoplasm; ultimately, the full thickness of epithelium in affected areas undergoes necrosis and erodes.
T363 536171-536308 Sentence denotes Large areas of epithelium may thus be detached or lost, and there is not much acute leukocytic reaction in the exposed propria or dermis.
T364 536309-536553 Sentence denotes The severity of the lesions in the oral squamous mucosa is, in experimental cases at least, related to the degree of lymphoidcell infiltration in the mucosa and underlying lamina propria rather than to the vascular thrombosis, which is minimal.
T365 536554-536722 Sentence denotes The pathogenesis of the epithelial lesions has been compared to other lymphocyte-mediated reactions such as tuberculin, contact hypersensitivities, and graft rejection.
T366 536723-536960 Sentence denotes The graft-rejection reaction, which is morphologically similar to malignant catarrhal fever in many respects, is purported to represent a model of B-and Tcell-mediated autoimmunity, and similar mechanisms may be involved in this disease.
T367 536961-537088 Sentence denotes These lesions are all characterized by vasculitis, and perivascular mononuclear-cell reactions that extend into the epithelium.
T368 537089-537317 Sentence denotes These changes in the epithelium and its lamina propria account for the macroscopic lesions in the vagina, prepuce, bladder, and although there is often much less hemorrhage, oral cavity, nasal mucosa, esophagus, and forestomach.
T369 537318-537552 Sentence denotes Although gross lesions are not present in the salivary glands, there are microscopic degenerative changes in the epithelium of the interlobular and excretory ducts, with multiple foci of parenchymal necrosis associated with arteritis.
T370 537553-537742 Sentence denotes The mottling of liver and the focal nephritis seen grossly is due to the accumulation of mononuclear cells in the portal triads of the liver (Fig. 1.27D ) and in the cortices of the kidney.
T371 537743-537871 Sentence denotes In the liver, these cuffs may be very large and invest the branches of the hepatic artery, which may undergo fibrinoid necrosis.
T372 537872-538073 Sentence denotes Microscopic lesions are rather consistently present in the kidneys, even though gross lesions are not; they consist of vasculitis involving the smaller arteries and afferent arterioles ( Fig. 1.25D ).
T373 538074-538258 Sentence denotes Extensive diffuse lymphocytic infiltrates disrupt the normal renal cortical architecture, and in some cases infarcts appear to be associated with vasculitis involving arcuate arteries.
T374 538259-538392 Sentence denotes The mucosa of the stomach and small and large intestine is also densely infiltrated focally and/or diffusely with large lym-phocytes.
T375 538393-538501 Sentence denotes Mucosal infiltrates and necrosis are associated with inflammation of arterioles in the underlying submucosa.
T376 538502-538668 Sentence denotes In the abomasum, the glandular epithelium in affected areas becomes basophilic, cuboidal, or flattened mucous in type; eventually necrosis and focal ulceration occur.
T377 538669-538746 Sentence denotes In the small intestine and large bowel, the lesion resembles ischemic damage.
T378 538747-538826 Sentence denotes The superficial mucosa undergoes necrosis, and there is erosion and hemorrhage.
T379 538827-538900 Sentence denotes Surviving crypts and glands are lined by flattened basophilic epithelium.
T380 538901-539075 Sentence denotes In mucosa in which the epithelium is completely destroyed, the collapsed proprial stroma and mononuclear infiltrate are left resting on the muscularis mucosa ( Fig. 1.27C ).
T381 539076-539172 Sentence denotes The full thickness of the intestinal wall is edematous, and there is often mesenteric arteritis.
T382 539173-539366 Sentence denotes The microscopic lesions in the joints are characterized by a marked, mainly lymphocytic reaction in the synovial membrane and underlying connective tissue, especially in the perivascular areas.
T383 539367-539480 Sentence denotes Focal areas of necrosis and desquamation may be evident over regions that are heavily infiltrated by lymphocytes.
T384 539481-539528 Sentence denotes Fibrinous exudate may cover the necrotic areas.
T385 539529-539695 Sentence denotes Joint lesions have only been reported in experimental cases of malignant catarrhal fever, and a bovine syncytial virus was recovered from most of the affected joints.
T386 539696-539788 Sentence denotes The significance of this agent in relation to the development of the arthritis is not known.
T387 539789-539884 Sentence denotes This completes a description of the histologic changes that are the basis of the gross lesions.
T388 539885-539978 Sentence denotes These same changes may be found in any tissue, however, even in the absence of gross lesions.
T389 539979-540117 Sentence denotes Rather constantly, there are vascular lesions of this sort in the neurohypophysis, but not the adenohypophysis, and in the adrenal glands.
T390 540118-540218 Sentence denotes The adrenal changes are in the capsule and its vessels and trabeculae, and in the medullary vessels.
T391 540219-540375 Sentence denotes There may be minor focal necrosis of the cortex in consequence, and more often there is disorganization of the medulla and a diffuse lymphocytic infiltrate.
T392 540376-540526 Sentence denotes Ophthalmitis occurs with some consistency, and its presence is a useful differential criterion from other ulcerative diseases of the alimentary tract.
T393 540527-540569 Sentence denotes All portions of the globe may be affected.
T394 540570-540778 Sentence denotes Rather consistently there is fibrinocellular exudation from hyperemic ciliary processes, and the accumulation of this exudate in the filtration angle is responsible for the rim of opacity observed clinically.
T395 540779-540936 Sentence denotes Later and as a result of conjunctivitis and inflammation of the limbic vessels, the cornea is edematous and may be ulcerated and vascularized ( Fig. 1.26D ).
T396 540937-541070 Sentence denotes There is a retinal vasculitis and, in some cases, hemorrhagic or inflammatory detachment of the retina in focal areas ( Fig. 1.27B ).
T397 541071-541322 Sentence denotes The differential diagnosis of malignant catarrhal fever in cattle should include other erosive-ulcerative diseases of the alimentary tract, including bovine virus diarrhea, rinderpest, bluetongue, and epizootic hemorrhagic disease in wildlife species.
T398 541323-541463 Sentence denotes The African form of the disease may be confirmed by the isolation of the causative virus on bovine tissue cell cultures, especially thyroid.
T399 541464-541660 Sentence denotes The diagnosis of the sheep-associated form is based on clinicopathologic findings and may be confirmed by reproduction of the disease following inoculation of whole blood into susceptible species.
T400 541661-541730 Sentence denotes BluetongUe is caused by a member of the genus Orbivirus (Reoviridae).
T401 541731-541994 Sentence denotes There are more than 20 recognized serotypes of bluetongue virus dis- tinguished by neutralization tests, though they may represent not so much distinct types as points in a spectrum of antigenicity brought about by recombination of the segmented orbivirus genome.
T402 541995-542157 Sentence denotes Immunity to one serotype does not confer resistance against another and may cause "sensitization," with a more severe syndrome following infection by second type.
T403 542158-542263 Sentence denotes Epizootic hemorrhagic disease of deer is caused by a virus that represents another subgroup of Orbivirus.
T404 542264-542476 Sentence denotes The virus causing Ibaraki disease, recognized in cattle in Japan, is closely related to, if not a variant of, epizootic hemorrhage disease virus; seropositive animals also have been found in Taiwan and Indonesia.
T405 542477-542541 Sentence denotes Several other known orbiviruses are not associated with disease.
T406 542542-542679 Sentence denotes Bluetongue, epizootic hemorrhagic disease, and related viruses are spread by Culicoides, known variously as midges, gnats, or sand flies.
T407 542680-542806 Sentence denotes The virus multiplies by a factor of 10 3 to 10 4 in the Culicoides within 2 or 3 days of ingestion of the infected blood meal.
T408 542807-542871 Sentence denotes Transovarian transmission of virus in Culicoides does not occur.
T1 542872-543094 Sentence denotes Bluetongue virus circulates in a broad belt across the tropics and warm temperate areas, with incursions or recrudescence during the Culicoides season, annually, or at irregular longer intervals, in cooler temperate areas.
T2 543095-543276 Sentence denotes The condition is enzootic or seasonally epizootic in most of Africa, the Middle East, the eastern Mediterranean basin, the Indian subcontinent, the Caribbean, and the United States.
T3 543277-543405 Sentence denotes A strain of bluetongue has been isolated from Culicoides in northern Australia, but spontaneous disease has not been recognized.
T4 543406-543518 Sentence denotes It has made sporadic appearances in the Iberian peninsula, and seropositive cattle have been detected in Canada.
T5 543519-543608 Sentence denotes Cattle, sheep, and goats are the susceptible domestic species wherever bluetongue occurs.
T6 543609-543697 Sentence denotes Infection in cattle usually produces only inapparent infection or mild clinical disease.
T7 543698-543837 Sentence denotes Goats, though susceptible to infection, rarely show signs; however, significant disease has occurred in goats in the Middle East and India.
T8 543838-544118 Sentence denotes Sheep are the domestic species most highly susceptible to bluetongue, but there is considerable variation in expression of the disease, depending on the breed, age, and immune status of the sheep, the environmental circumstances under which they are held, and the strain of virus.
T9 544119-544315 Sentence denotes In Africa, a wide variety of nondomestic ungulates and some small mammals may be inapparently infected; mortality has occurred in naturally or experimentally infected topi, cape buffalo, and kudu.
T10 544316-544481 Sentence denotes In North America, wildlife species, particularly whitetailed deer, black-tailed or mule deer, elk (wapiti), bighorn sheep, and pronghorn antelope, are also infected.
T11 544482-544618 Sentence denotes Bluetongue is responsible for significant mortality in all these species except elk, which usually develop mild or inapparent infection.
T12 544619-544767 Sentence denotes Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus, or a closely related virus, has been isolated in Nigeria, but the natural vertebrate hosts there are not known.
T13 544768-544889 Sentence denotes In North America, white-tailed deer, black-tailed or mule deer, pronghorn antelope, and elk are susceptible to infection.
T14 544890-545018 Sentence denotes The white-tailed deer is extremely susceptible, and widespread epizootics have occurred among this species in the United States.
T15 545019-545076 Sentence denotes A single outbreak has been recognized in Alberta, Canada.
T16 545077-545199 Sentence denotes The rate of survival is much higher among black-tailed deer and pronghorn antelope, and elk are only very mildly affected.
T17 545200-545340 Sentence denotes Clinical disease similar to that produced by bluetongue may occur in cattle, but sheep do not develop disease when infected with this virus.
T18 545341-545480 Sentence denotes In Japan, the closely related virus of Ibaraki disease also produces a clinical syndrome resembling bluetongue in cattle, but not in sheep.
T19 545481-545577 Sentence denotes The viruses of bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic disease circulate together in North America.
T20 545578-545759 Sentence denotes Both viruses may be involved simultaneously in outbreaks of hemorrhagic disease in wild ruminants, and both have been isolated from Culicoides in a single locality at the same time.
T21 545760-546011 Sentence denotes Cattle, among domestic animals, may play a major role as reservoir or overwintering host for bluetongue, since inapparent or latent infection may persist for a number of years, and recrudescence of viremia may be stimulated by the bites of Culicoides.
T22 546012-546141 Sentence denotes Venereal transmission of bluetongue from an infected bull to the bred cow has been demonstrated, and infected progeny may result.
T23 546142-546238 Sentence denotes Vertical transmission of bluetongue from dam to offspring also occurs in cattle, sheep, and elk.
T24 546239-546296 Sentence denotes Immune tolerance may occur in prenatally infected calves.
T25 546297-546445 Sentence denotes The pathogenesis of bluetongue, epizootic hemorrhagic disease, and Ibaraki disease is fundamentally similar in all species in which disease is seen.
T26 546446-546545 Sentence denotes Primary viral replication following insect bite probably occurs in regional lymph nodes and spleen.
T27 546546-546790 Sentence denotes Viremia about 4 -6 days after inoculation results in secondary infection of endothelium in arterioles, capillaries, and venules throughout the body, with microscopic lesions and fever beginning a day or so later, about a week after inoculation.
T28 546791-546918 Sentence denotes Bluetongue virus in the blood appears to be closely associated with, or in, erythrocytes, and it may cocirculate with antibody.
T29 546919-547022 Sentence denotes Endothelial damage caused by virus infection initiates local microvascular thrombosis and permeability.
T30 547023-547195 Sentence denotes This is reflected microscopically by the presence of swollen endothelium, and fibrin and platelet thrombi in small vessels, with edema and hemorrhage in surrounding tissue.
T31 547196-547262 Sentence denotes These lesions in turn mediate the full spectrum of gross findings.
T32 547263-547527 Sentence denotes These are fundamentally ischemic necrosis of many tissues, edema due to vascular permeability, and hemorrhage resulting from vascular damage compounded, in severe cases, by consumption coagulopathy due to thrombocytopenia and depletion of soluble clotting factors.
T33 547528-547642 Sentence denotes Bluetongue in sheep is a highly variable disease; it may cause inapparent infection or an acute fulminant disease.
T34 547643-547733 Sentence denotes Typically, leukopenia and pyrexia occur, even in mild infections, coincident with viremia.
T35 547734-547828 Sentence denotes The degree and duration of fever do not correlate with the severity of the syndrome otherwise.
T36 547829-547971 Sentence denotes In the early phase there is hyperemia of the oral and nasal mucosa, salivation, and nasal discharge within a day or two of the onset of fever.
T37 547972-548105 Sentence denotes Hyperemia and edema of the eyelids and conjunctiva may occur, and edema of lips, ears, and the intermandibular area becomes apparent.
T38 548106-548219 Sentence denotes Hyperemia may extend over the muzzle and the skin of much of the body, including the axillary and inguinal areas.
T39 548220-548365 Sentence denotes Focal hemorrhage may be present on the lips and gums, and the tongue may become edematous and congested or cyanotic, giving the disease its name.
T40 548366-548554 Sentence denotes Infarcted epithelium thickens and becomes excoriated, erosions and ulcerations develop along the margins of the tongue opposite the molars, and the mucosa of much of the tongue may slough.
T41 548555-548647 Sentence denotes Excoriation and ulceration also occur on the buccal mucosa, the hard palate, and dental pad.
T42 548648-548810 Sentence denotes Affected areas of skin may also become encrusted and excoriated with time, and a break in the wool can result in parts or much of the fleece being tender or cast.
T43 548811-548887 Sentence denotes The coronet, bulbs, and interdigital areas of the foot may become hyperemic.
T44 548888-549020 Sentence denotes Coronary swelling and streaky hemorrhages in the periople may be evident as a result of lesions in the underlying sensitive laminae.
T45 549021-549114 Sentence denotes These hemorrhages may persist in the hoof as brown lines that move down the hoof as it grows.
T46 549115-549207 Sentence denotes A defect parallel to the coronet may also be evident in the growing hoof in recovered cases.
T47 549208-549326 Sentence denotes Internally, in acute cases, there is subcutaneous and intermuscular edema, which may be serous or suffused with blood.
T48 549327-549374 Sentence denotes Superficial lymph nodes are enlarged and juicy.
T49 549375-549550 Sentence denotes Bruiselike gelatinous hemorrhages and contusions, which may be small and easily overlooked if not numerous, are often present in the subcutis and intermuscular fascial planes.
T50 549551-549712 Sentence denotes Focal or multifocal pallid areas of streaky myodegeneration may be present throughout the carcass, perhaps partly obscured by petechial or ecchymotic hemorrhage.
T51 549713-549768 Sentence denotes Resolving muscle lesions may be mineralized or fibrous.
T52 549769-549884 Sentence denotes Necrosis may be present deep in the papillary muscle of the left ventricle and perhaps elsewhere in the myocardium.
T53 549885-550099 Sentence denotes The lesion that is perhaps most consistent and closest to pathognomonic for bluetongue is focal hemorrhage, petechial or up to 1.0 cm wide by 2 to 3 cm long, in the tunica media at the base of the pulmonary artery.
T54 550100-550245 Sentence denotes These hemorrhages are visible from both the internal and adventitial surfaces and may be present in clinically mild cases with few other lesions.
T55 550246-550377 Sentence denotes Petechial hemorrhage may also be present at the base of the aorta and in subendocardial and subepicardial locations over the heart.
T56 550378-550478 Sentence denotes There may also be edema and petechial or ecchymotic hemorrhage in the pharyngeal and laryngeal area.
T57 550479-550576 Sentence denotes In severe cases the lungs may assume a purplish hue, with marked edematous separation of lobules.
T58 550577-550667 Sentence denotes Animals with pharyngeal or esophageal myodegeneration may succumb to aspiration pneumonia.
T59 550668-550838 Sentence denotes Hyperemia, occasionally marked hemorrhage, or in advanced cases, ulceration of the mucosa may occur on rumen papillae, the pillars of the rumen, and the reticular plicae.
T60 550839-550945 Sentence denotes In convalescent animals, stellate healing ulcers or scars on the wall of the forestomachs may be apparent.
T61 550946-551054 Sentence denotes Petechial hemorrhage may be present in the abomasal mucosa, with congestion of the subserosa at the pylorus.
T62 551055-551186 Sentence denotes The remainder of the intestinal mucosa may be congested, and occasionally there may be hemorrhage, particularly in the large bowel.
T63 551187-551258 Sentence denotes Petechial hemorrhage of the mucosa of the gallbladder may also be seen.
T64 551259-551401 Sentence denotes The kidneys are commonly congested, and there may be petechial hemorrhage of the mucosa of the urinary bladder, urethra, and vulva or prepuce.
T65 551402-551545 Sentence denotes Acute lesions are characterized microscopically by microvascular thrombosis, and edema and hemorrhage, in affected sites recognized at autopsy.
T66 551546-551699 Sentence denotes In squamous mucosa and skin, capillaries of the proprial and dermal papillae are involved, resulting in vacuolation and necrosis of overlying epithelium.
T67 551700-551906 Sentence denotes There is a mild, local neutrophilic infiltrate acutely and a similarly mild mononuclear reaction in the dermis or propria in uncomplicated chronic lesions, which may granulate if widely or deeply ulcerated.
T68 551907-552004 Sentence denotes Similar microvascular lesions are associated with necrosis and fragmentation of infarcted muscle.
T69 552005-552180 Sentence denotes Muscle during the reparative phase follows the usual course of regeneration of fibers or fibrous replacement, depending on whether or not the sarcolemma retains its integrity.
T70 552181-552334 Sentence denotes In cattle, clinical bluetongue usually is apparent in only 5 to 10% of infected animals; mortality is low and often is attributed to secondary infection.
T71 552335-552494 Sentence denotes Fever, loss of appetite, and leukopenia are usually seen after an incubation period of 6 to 8 days, and there may be a drop in milk production in dairy cattle.
T72 552495-552625 Sentence denotes There is reddening of the epithelium of the mucous membranes, and of thin exposed skin, especially notable on the udder and teats.
T73 552626-552675 Sentence denotes Edema of the lips and conjunctiva may be present.
T74 552676-552825 Sentence denotes Salivation may become profuse, and as the disease progresses over the next several days, hyperemia and congestion of the mucosae become more intense.
T75 552826-552924 Sentence denotes Ulcerations of the gingival, lingual, or buccal mucosa occur, most consistently on the dental pad.
T76 552925-552975 Sentence denotes There may be necrosis of epithelium on the muzzle.
T77 552976-553037 Sentence denotes Muscle stiffness is a feature of the disease in some animals.
T78 553038-553209 Sentence denotes Laminitis, characterized by hyperemia and edema of the sensitive laminae at the coronet, may be apparent, and in some cases, hooves on affected feet may eventually slough.
T79 553210-553362 Sentence denotes Sloughing or cracking of crusts of necrotic epithelium also may occur on affected parts of the skin, but the ulcerative or erosive defects heal readily.
T80 553363-553464 Sentence denotes Viral antigen and thrombosis are present in small vessels in affected tissues during the acute phase.
T81 553465-553614 Sentence denotes The signs and lesions of Ibaraki disease are essentially similar to those of bluetongue in cattle, though perhaps a little more severe in some cases.
T82 553615-553819 Sentence denotes As well as the signs and lesions described in cattle with bluetongue, there may be difficulty in swallowing in 20 to 30% of clinically affected animals, and the swollen tongue may protrude from the mouth.
T83 553820-554011 Sentence denotes At autopsy, in addition to the lesions observable externally, there may be congestion, erosion, or ulceration of the mucosa of the abomasum, and less commonly, the esophagus and forestomachs.
T84 554012-554222 Sentence denotes Ischemic necrosis and hemorrhage of the striated muscle in the tongue, pharynx, larynx, and esophagus causes the difficulty in swallowing seen clinically, and similar changes are seen in other skeletal muscles.
T85 554223-554297 Sentence denotes Necrotizing aspiration pneumonia is a sequel to dysphagia in some animals.
T86 554298-554462 Sentence denotes The hemorrhagic diseases in bighorn sheep, pronghorn antelope, and white-tailed and black-tailed or mule deer in North America tend to resemble bluetongue in sheep.
T87 554463-554576 Sentence denotes White-tailed deer may develop a particularly severe and fulminant acute hemorrhagic disease, with high mortality.
T88 554577-554658 Sentence denotes Bluetongue in goats, though usually inapparent, can resemble bluetongue in sheep.
T89 554659-554816 Sentence denotes Bluetongue in sheep must be differentiated from foot and mouth disease, peste des petits ruminants, contagious ecthyma, and photosensitization in particular.
T90 554817-554996 Sentence denotes In cattle, the condition must be differentiated from foot and mouth disease, vesicular stomatitis, bovine virus diarrhea, rinderpest, malignant head catarrh, and photosensitivity.
T91 554997-555199 Sentence denotes In Japan, Ibaraki disease must in addition be differentiated, at least clinically, from ephemeral fever, and this would be the case in parts of Australia were the disease introduced into that continent.
T92 555200-555391 Sentence denotes In addition to the systemic disease described, abortion, perhaps unobserved, and birth of progeny with various congenital defects may follow bluetongue infection of pregnant sheep and cattle.
T93 555392-555480 Sentence denotes In sheep, bluetongue infection of ewes early in gestation may result in hydranencephaly.
T94 555481-555675 Sentence denotes Anomalous calves produced by bluetongue-infected cattle have excessive gingiva, an enlarged tongue, anomalous maxillae, dwartlike build, and rotations and contractures of the distal extremities.
T95 555676-555774 Sentence denotes Hydranencephaly and ar-throgryposis are also reported in calves infected in utero with bluetongue.
T96 555775-555969 Sentence denotes Antibody may be sought in neonates that have not sucked, and attempts should be made to isolate virus, since some prenatally infected animals will have immune tolerance and persistent infection.
T97 555970-556055 Sentence denotes The anomalies of the brain are considered further with the Nervous System (Volume 1).
T98 556056-556208 Sentence denotes (infectious ulcerative stomatitis and esophagitis, proliferative stomatitis) has been known in Europe since at least the 1930s, and it occurs worldwide.
T99 556209-556350 Sentence denotes It is generally an insignificant disease but needs to be differentiated from other, more serious diseases affecting the oral cavity and skin.
T100 556351-556427 Sentence denotes It is caused by a DNA virus belonging to the Poxviridae, genus Parapoxvirus.
T101 556428-556568 Sentence denotes The virus is closely related but not identical to the paravaccinia virus that causes pseudocowpox in cattle, and milker's nodules in humans.
T102 556569-556797 Sentence denotes It is morphologically similar to, and shares at least one antigen with, the virus of contagious ecthyma (orf, contagious pustular dermatitis) of sheep and goats (see viral diseases of skin, in the Skin and Appendages, Volume 1).
T103 556798-556968 Sentence denotes Bovine papular stomatitis virus is host specific; it grows on tissue cultures and produces specific intracytoplasmic, acidophilic inclusions in infected epithelial cells.
T104 556969-557019 Sentence denotes Neutralizing antibody is not readily demonstrated.
T105 557020-557123 Sentence denotes Infection does not confer significant immunity, and successive crops of lesions and relapses can occur.
T106 557124-557279 Sentence denotes The disease is more common in calves than in older animals, although the susceptibility of the latter may be increased by intercurrent debility or disease.
T107 557280-557653 Sentence denotes The papular lesions of this disease occur on the muzzle and in the anterior nares, on the gums, the buccal papillae, the dental pad, the inner aspect of the lips, the hard palate ( Fig. 1.28A) , the floor of the oral cavity behind the incisors, the ventral and lateral (not dorsal) surfaces of the tongue, and occasionally, in the esophagus ( Fig. 1.28B ) and forestomachs.
T108 557654-557771 Sentence denotes The lesions may be few or many; they may be transient, or repeated crops of them may take a course of several months.
T109 557772-557902 Sentence denotes The initial lesions, which are likely to be detected on the muzzle or lips, are erythematous macules, about 2 -1 5 mm in diameter.
T110 557903-558147 Sentence denotes Shortly, the central portion becomes elevated as a low papule, although the elevation is not easy to see, and by the second day a grayish central zone of epithelial hyperplasia has developed on which there is superficial scaliness and necrosis.
T111 558148-558374 Sentence denotes The lesions expand slowly to assume a " c o i n " shape, maintaining a hyperemic periphery and grayish center; the central necrotic area may slough to form a shallow craterous defect surrounded by a slightly raised red margin.
T112 558375-558424 Sentence denotes The course of individual lesions is about a week.
T113 558425-558581 Sentence denotes Histologically, there is focal but intense hyperemia and edema in the papillae of the lamina propria, with the accumulation of a few mononuclear leukocytes.
T114 558582-558725 Sentence denotes The epithelium is thickened, sometimes to twice its normal depth, by hyperplasia and ballooning degeneration in the deep layers ( Fig. 1.28C ).
T115 558726-558800 Sentence denotes The cytoplasm of affected cells is clear, and the nucleus may be shrunken.
T116 558801-558940 Sentence denotes A single round, dense, eosinophilic inclusion body lies in the vacuolate cytoplasm, especially in cells at the active margin of the lesion.
T117 558941-559133 Sentence denotes In the central, more advanced part of the lesion, a mainly neutrophilic infiltrate into the superficial propria and epithelium is associated with erosion of the upper layers of necrotic cells.
T118 559134-559201 Sentence denotes The basal layer survives and may be very flattened in eroded areas.
T119 559202-559223 Sentence denotes Vesicles do not form.
T120 559224-559304 Sentence denotes Papular stomatitis is probably more common and widespread than reports indicate.
T121 559305-559471 Sentence denotes Variation in the extent and gross appearance of the lesions is to be expected, depending on the usual host-parasite factors and the nature of superimposed infections.
T122 559472-559534 Sentence denotes They may predispose to the development of necrotic stomatitis.
T123 559535-559688 Sentence denotes The infection can be transmitted to humans to produce small papules, which may persist for several weeks on the skin, usually of the fingers or forearms.
T124 559689-559815 Sentence denotes Parapoxvirus particles may be demonstrated in negatively stained material from lesions examined under the electron microscope.
T125 559816-559835 Sentence denotes CONTAGIOUS ECTHYMA.
T126 559836-560090 Sentence denotes Contagious ecthyma (orf, contagious pustular dermatitis) is a poxviral disease of sheep and goats that is characterized mainly by proliferative scabby lesions on the lips, face, and feet (see viral diseases of skin, in the Skin and Appendages, Volume 1).
T127 560091-560186 Sentence denotes Lesions may extend into the oral cavity, involving the tongue, gingiva, dental pad, and palate.
T128 560187-560260 Sentence denotes Involvement of the esophagus and forestomachs occurs but is very unusual.
T129 560261-560413 Sentence denotes In general, the evolution of the lesions is similar to papular stomatitis of cattle, though they are more exudative and usually much more proliferative.
T130 560414-560541 Sentence denotes In the upper alimentary tract they may consist of focal red, raised areas, which coalesce to form papules followed by pustules.
T131 560542-560728 Sentence denotes The latter rupture, and on the muzzle and in the mouth they may become covered by a gray to brown scab, although scab formation may not occur in the mucosa of the upper alimentary tract.
T132 560729-560835 Sentence denotes Bovine herpesvirus type 1 has been associated with a wide range of clinicopathologic conditions in cattle.
T133 560836-561003 Sentence denotes These include necrotizing rhinotracheitis, infectious pustular vaginitis and balanoposthitis, encephalitis, abortions, and latent infection (see appropriate chapters).
T134 561004-561220 Sentence denotes A systemic form of the disease may occur spontaneously in neonatal calves (in which it may be congenital, or acquired shortly after birth) and in feedlot cattle; it has been reproduced experimentally in young calves.
T135 561221-561367 Sentence denotes Clinically affected animals have fever, leukocytosis, excessive salivation, nasal discharge, inspiratory dyspnea, depression, and often, diarrhea.
T136 561368-561630 Sentence denotes The oral and nasal mucosae are hyperemic, and focal areas of necrosis, erosion, and ulceration, a few millimeters up to 3.0 cm in diameter, are located on the nares, dental pad, gums, buccal mucosa, palate, and caudal, ventral, and dorsal surfaces of the tongue.
T137 561631-561838 Sentence denotes Characteristically, the lesions tend to be punctate with a slightly raised margin; the necrotic areas are covered by grayish white layer of fibrinonecrotic exudate, which leaves a raw, red base when removed.
T138 561839-561933 Sentence denotes The lesions may extend into the esophagus, usually only the upper third, and the forestomachs.
T139 561934-562093 Sentence denotes In the esophagus, the erosions and ulcers may be irregular, circular, or linear and often have a punched-out appearance and a hyperemic border ( Fig. 1.29A ).
T140 562094-562206 Sentence denotes The ruminal lesions, which are most commonly located in the dorsal and anterior ventral sacs, vary considerably.
T141 562207-562302 Sentence denotes The earliest lesions consist of foci of necrosis and hemorrhage, a few millimeters in diameter.
T142 562303-562528 Sentence denotes In some cases, the necrosis may involve almost the entire surface of the ruminal mucosa, which becomes covered by a thick, dirty gray layer of exudate, resembling curdled milk, that adheres tightly to the wall ( Fig. 1.28D ).
T143 562529-562577 Sentence denotes Similar lesions may be evident in the reticulum.
T144 562578-562690 Sentence denotes Focal areas of necrosis result in the formation of holes, up to 1.5 cm in diameter, in the leaves of the omasum.
T145 562691-562846 Sentence denotes In addition, these calves may have focal areas of necrosis in the abomasal mucosal folds, which may coalesce to form areas of necrosis 2 -3 cm in diameter.
T146 562847-562959 Sentence denotes The intestines are red and dilated, and the serosal surface may be covered by a thin layer of fibrinous exudate.
T147 562960-563041 Sentence denotes The enteric lesions may be accompanied by changes in the upper respiratory tract.
T148 563042-563278 Sentence denotes When present, the respiratory lesions are similar to those described for older cattle, although they are milder and generally limited to the nasal mucosa, larynx, and upper third of the trachea (see the Respiratory System, this volume).
T149 563279-563451 Sentence denotes Gray to yellow necrotic foci 2 -5 mm diameter may be evident macroscopically on the capsular and cut surfaces of the liver and the adrenal cortices, and in Peyer's patches.
T150 563452-563589 Sentence denotes Microscopically, the lesions in the squamous mucosa are characterized by focal areas of necrosis ( Fig. 1.28E) , erosion, and ulceration.
T151 563590-563747 Sentence denotes A marked leukocytic reaction, predominantly neutrophilic, is evident in the basilar areas of the lesions, often extending from the underlying lamina propria.
T152 563748-563855 Sentence denotes The epithelial cells at the periphery of the lesions are markedly swollen, and the cytoplasm is vacuolated.
T153 563856-563928 Sentence denotes Severe necrosis may involve the entire papilla or mucosa more diffusely.
T154 563929-564070 Sentence denotes Cowdry type A and B inclusions may be present in epithelial cells in the periphery of the lesion, although these are an inconsistent finding.
T155 564071-564191 Sentence denotes They are more likely to be found if tissues are collected in the early stages of the disease and fixed in Bouin's fluid.
T156 564192-564263 Sentence denotes The abomasal lesions consist of necrosis of glandular epithelial cells.
T157 564264-564324 Sentence denotes Affected glands are dilated and filled with necrotic debris.
T158 564325-564458 Sentence denotes Focal necrotic lesions involving crypts and lamina propria may be present in both the small intestine ( Fig. 1.29B ) and large bowel.
T159 564459-564578 Sentence denotes Abomasal and intestinal lesions may predispose to the development of secondary mycosis, which is a common complication.
T160 564579-564691 Sentence denotes Foci of coagulation necrosis may occur in the liver, lymph nodes, Peyer's patches, spleen, and adrenal cortices.
T161 564692-564761 Sentence denotes Typically, there is little inflammation associated with the necrosis.
T162 564762-564851 Sentence denotes Herpes inclusions are inconsistently seen in cells at the periphery of the necrotic foci.
T163 564852-565056 Sentence denotes The lesions in the upper alimentary tract of cattle associated with bovine herpesvirus infection must be differentiated from those of calf diphtheria, bovine papular stomatitis, and bovine virus diarrhea.
T164 565057-565242 Sentence denotes Bovine herpesvirus type 1 may be demonstrated in the lesions by means of electron microscopic examinationfluorescent-antibody technique, and tissue culture in a wide variety of systems.
T165 565243-565391 Sentence denotes The ruminal lesions must be differentiated from those of bovine adenovirus infection and nonspecific rumenitis, described elsewhere in this chapter.
T166 565392-565561 Sentence denotes The liver lesions may be confused with focal necrosis associated with septicemias, for example, listeriosis or salmonellosis (see Liver and Biliary System, this volume).
T167 565562-565740 Sentence denotes A herpesvirus that shares some antigens with, but is immunologically distinct from, bovine herpesvirus-! has been isolated from neonatal goat kids in Califor-nia and Switzerland.
T168 565741-565967 Sentence denotes The name caprine herpesvirus-1 has been suggested for this virus, which grows on embryonic bovine lung tissue cultures and causes severe systemic disease with erosions and ulcerations of the alimentary tract in neonatal goats.
T169 565968-566016 Sentence denotes Adult goats may be latent carriers of the virus.
T170 566017-566073 Sentence denotes Experimental infection of pregnant does causes abortion.
T171 566074-566122 Sentence denotes The virus is nonpathogenic for calves and lambs.
T172 566123-566337 Sentence denotes The disease in neonatal kids is characterized by fever, conjunctivitis, ocular and nasal discharges, dyspnea, anorexia, abdominal pain, weakness, and death, usually within 1 to 4 days after onset of clinical signs.
T173 566338-566388 Sentence denotes Affected kids have leukopenia and hypoproteinemia.
T174 566389-566465 Sentence denotes Macroscopic lesions are most obvious throughout the entire alimentary tract.
T175 566466-566560 Sentence denotes Round or longitudinal erosions, which have a hyperemic border, are evident in the oral mucosa.
T176 566561-566683 Sentence denotes These are particularly prominent on the gums around the incisor teeth and to a lesser extent in the pharynx and esophagus.
T177 566684-566793 Sentence denotes Focal red areas of necrosis, which may be slightly elevated above the surrounding mucosa, occur in the rumen.
T178 566794-566872 Sentence denotes In the abomasum, numerous longitudinal red erosions are located in the mucosa.
T179 566873-567100 Sentence denotes The most severe lesions occur in the cecum and ascending colon, which are dilated, with a thickened wall, and contain focal to large areas of mucosal necrosis and ulceration, frequently covered by a pseudodiphtheritic membrane.
T180 567101-567136 Sentence denotes The contents are yellow and mucoid.
T181 567137-567191 Sentence denotes Hemorrhagic foci may be visible in the bladder mucosa.
T182 567192-567326 Sentence denotes Microscopically, the lesions in the upper alimentary tract are typical areas of necrosis and erosion of the squamous epithelial cells.
T183 567327-567455 Sentence denotes The epithelial cells at the periphery of the necrotic areas are swollen and vacuolated, and these may contain herpes inclusions.
T184 567456-567527 Sentence denotes There is marked inflammatory reaction in the underlying lamina propria.
T185 567528-567591 Sentence denotes The abomasal lesions consist of acute foci of mucosal necrosis.
T186 567592-567641 Sentence denotes Inclusions are particularly evident in this area.
T187 567642-567806 Sentence denotes Lesions in the cecum and colon are more extensive and consist of large areas of mucosal ulceration and necrosis, which may involve the entire thickness of the wall.
T188 567807-567881 Sentence denotes The submucosa is edematous and markedly infiltrated by inflammatory cells.
T189 567882-567974 Sentence denotes The mesenteric nodes are edematous, and the germinal centers are depleted of lymphoid cells.
T190 567975-568070 Sentence denotes Focal areas of necrosis with mild inflammatory cell reaction are evident in the bladder mucosa.
T191 568071-568195 Sentence denotes The alimentary lesions in goat kids in many respects resemble the lesions in calves infected with bovine herpesvirus type 1.
T192 568196-568345 Sentence denotes Focal areas of necrosis in other organs, such as liver, spleen, and adrenal glands, which are often present in calves, are not reported in the goats.
T193 568346-568366 Sentence denotes OTHER HERPESVIRUSES.
T194 568367-568652 Sentence denotes Canine herpesvirus causes a systemic disease of neonatal puppies that is characterized by foci of necrosis and hemorrhage in a wide variety of organs, especially the lungs and renal cortices (see herpesvirus infections of the fetus and newborn, in the Female Genital System, Volume 3).
T195 568653-568737 Sentence denotes Focal areas of necrosis may occur in the intestine as part of the systemic syndrome.
T196 568738-568870 Sentence denotes Feline viral rhinotracheitis virus (feline herpesvirus-1) causes alimentary tract lesions (see Erosive and Ulcerative Stomatitides).
T197 568871-569015 Sentence denotes Viruses antigenically related to feline herpesvirus-1 have been isolated from dogs with diarrhea, but descriptions of lesions are not available.
T198 569017-569183 Sentence denotes The adenoviruses that have been associated with enteric infections in humans, cattle, swine, horses, sheep, and dogs belong to the Adenoviridae, genus Mastadenovirus.
T199 569184-569288 Sentence denotes In vivo and in vitro infection of cells results in the formation of both Cowdry type A and B inclusions.
T200 569289-569385 Sentence denotes Adenoviruses are relatively heat resistant and can survive for several days at room temperature.
T201 569386-569433 Sentence denotes Infected animals may remain carriers for weeks.
T202 569434-569603 Sentence denotes Adenovirus infections in both humans and animals appear, in general, to be systemic, and disease seems to occur more commonly in immunologically compromised individuals.
T203 569604-569694 Sentence denotes Certain strains have a tropism for the respiratory tract, others for the alimentary tract.
T204 569695-569748 Sentence denotes Their enteric manifestations will be considered here.
T205 569749-569843 Sentence denotes Serologic surveys indicate that adenovirus infections in cattle are worldwide in distribution.
T206 569844-569967 Sentence denotes In many areas there is a high prevalence of antibodies, indicating that infection is common, but overt disease is sporadic.
T207 569968-570061 Sentence denotes There are 10 different serotypes of bovine adenovirus, and this number is likely to increase.
T208 570062-570149 Sentence denotes Infection has been mainly associated with keratoconjunctivitis and respiratory disease.
T209 570150-570201 Sentence denotes Many strains have been isolated from normal cattle.
T210 570202-570286 Sentence denotes Serotypes 3, 4, 5, 7, and 8 have all been associated with a pneumoenteritis complex.
T211 570287-570462 Sentence denotes Experimental infection with most strains usually produces only a mild respiratory infection, and Koch's postulates have not been fulfilled for the enteric form of the disease.
T212 570463-570664 Sentence denotes It appears that after an initial viremic stage, the virus localizes in the endothelial cells of vessels in a variety of organs, resulting in thrombosis with subsequent focal areas of ischemic necrosis.
T213 570665-570787 Sentence denotes Clinically, enteric infections with bovine adenovirus occur sporadically in 1-to 8-week-old calves and in feedlot animals.
T214 570788-570854 Sentence denotes Affected animals have fever and diarrhea, which may contain blood.
T215 570855-570939 Sentence denotes They are dehydrated, and the mucous membranes of the muzzle and mouth are congested.
T216 570940-571052 Sentence denotes Dry encrusted exudate may cover the muzzle, and there may be serous to mucopurulent ocular and nasal discharges.
T217 571053-571137 Sentence denotes The macroscopic lesions may be present in the forestomachs, abomasum, and intestine.
T218 571138-571314 Sentence denotes Those in the forestomachs are characterized by irregular, raised, red to gray necrotic areas 2 -4 mm in diameter on the mucosa of both the dorsal and ventral sacs of the rumen.
T219 571315-571408 Sentence denotes In some cases the areas of necrosis coalesce to give rise to a diffuse necrotizing rumenitis.
T220 571409-571524 Sentence denotes Ulcers up to 1.5 cm in diameter may be located on the ruminal pillars, and these may be visible through the serosa.
T221 571525-571570 Sentence denotes Similar lesions may be evident in the omasum.
T222 571571-571754 Sentence denotes The abomasal mucosal folds are edematous and congested, with focal necrosis and ulceration in the mucosa, which, like those in the forestomachs, may be visible on the serosal surface.
T223 571755-571901 Sentence denotes The intestinal lesions vary from slight dilation and distention with excessive fluid to severe multifocal or diffuse fibrinohemorrhagic enteritis.
T224 571902-571993 Sentence denotes The Peyer's patches are often necrotic and may be covered by a pseudodiphtheritic membrane.
T225 571994-572060 Sentence denotes In feedlot cattle, the lesions may be most prominent in the colon.
T226 572061-572128 Sentence denotes The mucosa is dark red, and there is marked edema of the mesocolon.
T227 572129-572183 Sentence denotes The mesenteric lymph nodes are enlarged and edematous.
T228 572184-572389 Sentence denotes Microscopically, large, basophilic to amphophilic inclusions completely or partially fill the nuclei of endothelium in the vessels of the lamina propria and submucosa of the rumen, abomasum, and intestine.
T229 572390-572484 Sentence denotes The endothelial cells are swollen and necrotic, and some veins and lymphatics contain thrombi.
T230 572485-572629 Sentence denotes Foci of ischemic necrosis are evident in the overlying mucosa, and in more advanced lesions, the necrosis extends across the muscularis mucosae.
T231 572630-572687 Sentence denotes Fibrinocellular exudate often covers the mucosal surface.
T232 572688-572766 Sentence denotes There is usually marked submucosal edema, congestion, and fibrinous exudation.
T233 572767-572885 Sentence denotes Foci of necrosis are evident in the lymphoid follicles of the Peyer's patches, which are also depleted of lymphocytes.
T234 572886-572985 Sentence denotes Intestinal crypts are dilated, lined by flat epithelial cells, and usually contain necrotic debris.
T235 572986-573226 Sentence denotes Typical inclusions may also be found in endothelial cells of vessels and sinusoids of the adrenal glands, mesenteric lymph nodes, liver, spleen, glomeruli, and interstitial capillaries in the kidney and in the mucosa of the urinary bladder.
T236 573227-573331 Sentence denotes Ultrastructurally, adenovirus particles are located in large numbers in the nuclei of endothelial cells.
T237 573332-573574 Sentence denotes Confirmation of enteric bovine adenovirus infection depends on the demonstration of the typical intranuclear inclusions in endothelial cells, the ultrastructural presence of virus particles, and isolation of the virus in tissue cell cultures.
T238 573575-573778 Sentence denotes The latter is often difficult because different serotypes and strains of the virus require specific tissue cell cultures, and several blind passages may be required before cytopathic changes are evident.
T239 573779-574006 Sentence denotes Enteritis due to bovine adenovirus must be differentiated from bovine virus diarrhea, malignant catarrhal fever, the enteric form of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, salmonellosis, coccidiosis, and enteric mycotic infections.
T240 574007-574122 Sentence denotes There are five different serotypes of adenoviruses in swine, which, according to serologic surveys, are all common.
T241 574123-574224 Sentence denotes Serotype 4 appears to be the most widely distributed strain of the virus in Europe and North America.
T242 574225-574322 Sentence denotes Asymptomatic infections are most common in swine, and the virus may be isolated from normal pigs.
T243 574323-574419 Sentence denotes The importance of adenoviruses as a cause of enteric disease in the field remains controversial.
T244 574420-574560 Sentence denotes In Belgium, serotype 3 has been associated with diarrhea, occasional vomiting, dehydration, and reduced growth rate in 2-to 3-week-old pigs.
T245 574561-574731 Sentence denotes Experimental oronasal infection of hysterotomy-derived, colostrumdeprived pigs with this same serotype produces diarrhea, after an incubation period of about 3 to 4 days.
T246 574732-574826 Sentence denotes Diarrhea has also been produced experimentally with serotype 4 and other strains of the virus.
T247 574827-574963 Sentence denotes Other lesions produced with serotype 4 are interstitial pneumonia, nonsuppurative meningoencephalitis, and focal interstitial nephritis.
T248 574964-575039 Sentence denotes In general, however, these lesions do not appear to cause clinical disease.
T249 575040-575181 Sentence denotes The macroscopic lesions in the intestine consist of excessive yellow, watery contents and moderate enlargement of the mesenteric lymph nodes.
T250 575182-575365 Sentence denotes In contrast to the situation in calves, where the inclusions are located in the nuclei of endothelial cells, in pigs the inclusions are in enterocytes in the distal jejunum and ileum.
T251 575366-575488 Sentence denotes Initially the inclusions are amphophilic to basophilic and fill the entire nucleus, and the nuclear membrane is thickened.
T252 575489-575579 Sentence denotes In later stages of the infection, the inclusions are smaller and are surrounded by a halo.
T253 575580-575669 Sentence denotes The infected nuclei are enlarged, round, and displaced to the apical portion of the cell.
T254 575670-575769 Sentence denotes The inclusions are mainly located in cells on the sides of the villi, which may be short and blunt.
T255 575770-575883 Sentence denotes They are often seen in epithelium, and occasionally, in associated lymphocytes, on the dome over Peyer's patches.
T256 575884-575933 Sentence denotes They may persist for up to 15 days postinfection.
T257 575934-576006 Sentence denotes There may be a moderate mononuclear-cell reaction in the lamina propria.
T258 576007-576081 Sentence denotes Inclusions are also found in the squamous epithelial cells of the tonsils.
T259 576082-576220 Sentence denotes Ultrastructurally, infected nuclei of enterocytes are round and swollen and contain numerous typical adenovirus particles ( Fig. 1.29F ).
T260 576221-576313 Sentence denotes Affected enterocytes are cuboidal, and the apical portion protrudes slightly into the lumen.
T261 576314-576393 Sentence denotes The cell membrane and microvilli are irregular, and the terminal web is absent.
T262 576394-576496 Sentence denotes The rough endoplasmic reticulum shows local distension, with formation of large multivesicular bodies.
T263 576497-576647 Sentence denotes Eventually, there is complete loss of microvilli, and the cell membrane ruptures with release of cell contents and virus particles into the gut lumen.
T264 576648-576723 Sentence denotes The presence of inclusions in enterocytes must be interpreted with caution.
T265 576724-576853 Sentence denotes A survey in Canada revealed that 4.4% of 5-day-to 24-week-old pigs had adenovirus inclusions in enterocytes, mainly in the ileum.
T266 576854-576972 Sentence denotes More than 50% of the pigs had diarrhea; however, other enteropathogenic organisms were found in most of these animals.
T267 576973-577140 Sentence denotes Enteric adenovirus infection may be an incidental infection, and more research is needed to determine the prevalence and significance of adenovirus infection in swine.
T268 577141-577279 Sentence denotes The infection must be differentiated from other diseases that may cause villus atrophy, including rotavirus, coronavirus, and coccidiosis.
T269 577280-577441 Sentence denotes There is a single case report of an unidentified alimentary tract adenovirus infection in an Arabian foal that did not have lesions of combined immunodeficiency.
T270 577442-577514 Sentence denotes The foal had diarrhea and progressive weight loss over a 2-month period.
T271 577515-577622 Sentence denotes The macroscopic lesions consisted of ulcers in the distal esophagus and nonglandular mucosa of the stomach.
T272 577623-577673 Sentence denotes The intestine contained soft to semifluid ingesta.
T273 577674-577770 Sentence denotes Histologically, there was necrosis and ulceration of the esophageal and gastric squamous mucosa.
T274 577771-577849 Sentence denotes Typical adenoviral inclusions were found at all levels of the small intestine.
T275 577850-577989 Sentence denotes These were most commonly located in the villous epithelial cells, less often in the crypts, and only occasionally in the submucosal glands.
T276 577990-578060 Sentence denotes There was focal to diffuse villus atrophy through the small intestine.
T277 578061-578148 Sentence denotes has been recovered, in France, from feces of diarrheic lambs that also had coccidiosis.
T278 578149-578317 Sentence denotes Serotype 4 replicates and persists in the alimentary tract of sheep, but there is no information on the pathogenesis and lesions associated with the virus in this site.
T279 578318-578386 Sentence denotes Diarrhea has been reported in dogs with infectious canine hepatitis.
T280 578387-578460 Sentence denotes The virus has a particular tropism for hepatocytes and endothelial cells.
T281 578461-578666 Sentence denotes The serosal hemorrhages in the gastrointestinal tract and possibly the diarrhea may be related to the vascular damage in the serosa and mucosa, respectively (see the Liver and Biliary System, this volume).
T282 578667-578792 Sentence denotes Coronaviruses cause disease affecting a number of organ systems in a variety of species, many of which are outside our scope.
T283 578793-578964 Sentence denotes Among domestic mammals, they cause mainly enteric infections; the major exceptions are feline infectious peritonitis and hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus of swine.
T284 578965-579016 Sentence denotes Coronavirus is the only genus in the Coronaviridae.
T285 579017-579065 Sentence denotes These viruses have a single-stranded RNA genome.
T286 579066-579200 Sentence denotes They are pleomorphic or roughly spherical and vary in size from about 70 to 200 nm in diameter, averaging approximately 100 to 130 nm.
T287 579201-579291 Sentence denotes There is a phospholipid-bearing envelope probably derived in part from host cell membrane.
T288 579292-579486 Sentence denotes They gain their name from the characteristic "corona" of petal-or droplet-shaped radial surface projections (peplomeres) visible under the electron microscope in negatively stained preparations.
T289 579487-579521 Sentence denotes Some coronaviruses hemagglutinate.
T290 579522-579660 Sentence denotes The coronaviruses infecting each species of host appear to be distinctive; some species are infected by more than one type of coronavirus.
T291 579661-579846 Sentence denotes There are antigenic relationships among some viruses from various hosts, and experimental crossinfection will occur between some host species, generally without pathologic consequences.
T292 579847-579949 Sentence denotes Virus replication in the intestinal epithelium by coronaviruses is similar in all the species studied.
T293 579950-580077 Sentence denotes Coronavirus infects and replicates in the apical cytoplasm of absorptive enterocytes on the tips and sides of intestinal villi.
T294 580078-580196 Sentence denotes Virions are probably taken up by the apical border of the cell, perhaps by endocytosis or fusion with the plasmalemma.
T295 580197-580402 Sentence denotes Replication and maturation appear to involve budding of virions from the cytosol through the membrane and into the lumen of vacuoles or cisternae in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, where they accumulate.
T296 580403-580455 Sentence denotes Virions are found in tubules of the Golgi apparatus.
T297 580456-580707 Sentence denotes They may exit via that route from infected cells, by exocytosis at the apical cell membrane, or on the lateral cell surface, since virus particles are often seen lined up between microvilli or in the lateral intercellular space between infected cells.
T298 580708-580808 Sentence denotes Coronaviruses will also infect some mesenchymal cells in villi and, probably, mesenteric lymph node.
T299 580809-581048 Sentence denotes By about 12 to 20 hr after infection, mitochondria in virusinfected cells swell, cisternae of smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum dilate, the cytoplasm of infected cells loses its electron density, and cells lose their columnar profile.
T300 581049-581180 Sentence denotes The terminal web is fragmented; microvilli swell and become irregular, perhaps in association with blebbing of the apical membrane.
T301 581181-581303 Sentence denotes Damaged epithelium may lyse in situ, releasing virus retained in cytoplasmic vacuoles, or it may exfoliate into the lumen.
T302 581304-581450 Sentence denotes Profuse diarrhea usually begins about the time that early cytologic changes become apparent, but before there is extensive epithelial exfoliation.
T303 581451-581660 Sentence denotes Exfoliation of damaged epithelium may be massive over a relatively short period of time, leading to the development of villus atrophy, the severity of which largely reflects the degree of initial viral damage.
T304 581661-581788 Sentence denotes Villi may appear fused along their sides or tips, and during the exfoliative phase some villi with denuded tips may be present.
T305 581789-581979 Sentence denotes The enterocytes present on villi shortly after the initial exfoliative episode are mainly poorly differentiated, low columnar, cuboidal, or squamous cells, with stubby irreg-ular microvilli.
T306 581980-582163 Sentence denotes Within 2 or 3 days, villi begin to regenerate and the epithelium becomes progressively more columnar, though still lacking a well-developed brush border and its complement of enzymes.
T307 582164-582281 Sentence denotes Defective fat absorption is reflected in the accumulation of lipid droplets in the cytoplasm of enterocytes on villi.
T308 582282-582378 Sentence denotes This is particularly marked over the period of about 2 to 5 days after experimental inoculation.
T309 582379-582559 Sentence denotes With progressive epithelial regeneration from the crypts, the villus fusion, which may be the result of adhesion of temporarily denuded lamina propria of adjacent villi, regresses.
T310 582560-582663 Sentence denotes Separation begins along the basal margins of the adhesions and progresses toward the tips of the villi.
T311 582664-582821 Sentence denotes There may be focal acute inflammation in the lamina propria of temporarily denuded villi, and a mild mononuclear infiltrate in the stroma of collapsed villi.
T312 582822-583038 Sentence denotes Though several cycles of virus replication may occur, poorly differentiated enterocytes appear relatively refractory to infection, and the virus titer falls, presumably as local immune mechanisms also come into play.
T313 583039-583163 Sentence denotes Hyperplasia of epithelium in crypts usually results in eventual resolution of the villus atrophy, restoring normal function.
T314 583164-583383 Sentence denotes The diarrhea that occurs is a result of electrolyte and nutrient malabsorption, with some contribution by secretion from cells in crypts, and probably by poorly differentiated surface epithelium in the reparative phase.
T315 583384-583486 Sentence denotes Mechanisms of diarrhea in villus atrophy have been discussed under Pathophysiology of Enteric Disease.
T316 583487-583680 Sentence denotes Remission of signs occurs within about 4 to 6 days as regeneration of villi occurs, providing the animal survives the dehydration, electrolyte depletion, and acidosis brought about by diarrhea.
T317 583681-583739 Sentence denotes Three coronaviruses cause gastrointestinal signs in swine.
T318 583740-583967 Sentence denotes Hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus causes vomiting and wasting disease in suckling piglets; this is a condition mediated mainly by infection of the central and peripheral nervous system (see the Nervous System, Volume 1).
T319 583968-584174 Sentence denotes Transmissible gastroenteritis virus and coronavirus 777 (porcine epizootic diarrhea virus) both cause syndromes of acute diarrheal disease in all age groups, and chronic diarrhea and runting in weaned pigs.
T320 584175-584298 Sentence denotes In some areas, coronaviruses, especially transmissible gasteroenteritis, are the major cause of diarrhea in neonatal swine.
T321 584299-584424 Sentence denotes Transmissible gastroenteritis may affect swine of any age, causing vomition, severe diarrhea, and in piglets, high mortality.
T322 584425-584585 Sentence denotes The disease is recognized throughout most of the world, including the United Kingdom, Europe, all of North America, Central and South America, and the Far East.
T323 584586-584628 Sentence denotes Australia and New Zealand seem to be free.
T324 584629-584775 Sentence denotes The epizootiology of transmissible gastroenteritis depends on the overall immune status of the herd and of the various age groups within the herd.
T325 584776-584898 Sentence denotes Introduction of virus into a naive herd results in a rapid spread of disease with high morbidity affecting all age groups.
T326 584899-584992 Sentence denotes Sows and older pigs will show transient inappetence, possibly diarrhea, and perhaps vomition.
T327 584993-585082 Sentence denotes Signs may be more severe in sows exposed to high virus challenge from infected baby pigs.
T328 585083-585129 Sentence denotes Agalactia may occur in recently farrowed sows.
T329 585130-585243 Sentence denotes Suckling piglets develop severe diarrhea, and mortality may approach 100% in piglets less than 10 to 14 days old.
T330 585244-585314 Sentence denotes Older pigs usually develop less severe signs and have lower mortality.
T331 585315-585580 Sentence denotes In herds with enzootic infection, high piglet mortality may occur in the offspring of recently introduced naive sows, and diarrhea with lower mortality may occur in piglets more than about 2 to 3 weeks of age as milk intake and concomitant lactogenic immunity wane.
T332 585581-585647 Sentence denotes Infected pigs in the late suckling or weanling age group may runt.
T333 585648-585819 Sentence denotes Transmissible gastroenteritis is more prevalent in the winter months, perhaps because the virus is not resistant to summer environmental conditions of warmth and sunlight.
T334 585820-585903 Sentence denotes Baby pigs that are chilled also seem less able to survive the effects of infection.
T335 585904-586028 Sentence denotes The severity of disease in baby pigs is related partly to their inability to withstand dehydration, due to their small size.
T336 586029-586132 Sentence denotes Probably as significant is the differentiation, and low rate of turnover, of epithelium in the neonate.
T337 586133-586257 Sentence denotes Villi in piglets under ~5 days of age are very tall, about 700-1200 |xm long, with a villus:crypt ratio of about 7:1 to 9:1.
T338 586258-586449 Sentence denotes The surface epithelium is mature and has an extensive vesicular network in the apical cytoplasm associated with uptake of macromolecules and colostrum during the first day or two after birth.
T339 586450-586491 Sentence denotes Crypts are short and relatively inactive.
T340 586492-586637 Sentence denotes The population of epithelium susceptible to infection on each villus is therefore large, and the capacity to regenerate new enterocytes is small.
T341 586638-586826 Sentence denotes By ~3 weeks of age, villi are about 4 0 0 -700 |xm long, and crypts are longer and their epithelium is actively proliferative, so that the villus:crypt ratio is of the order of 3:1 or 4:1.
T342 586827-587046 Sentence denotes Virus production by infected enterocytes in older pigs seems less efficient, and replacement of cells lost to infection is more rapid, contributing to the relative resistance seen in swine more than 2 to 3 weeks of age.
T343 587047-587172 Sentence denotes Pigs infected with transmissible gastroenteritis often continue to suck, and at necropsy the stomach may contain a milk curd.
T344 587173-587264 Sentence denotes The small bowel is flaccid and contains yellow frothy fluid with flecks of undigested milk.
T345 587265-587352 Sentence denotes Chyle is not usually evident in mesenteric lymphatics since there is fat malabsorption.
T346 587353-587443 Sentence denotes The content of the large intestine is usually yellow, and watery to creamy in consistency.
T347 587444-587529 Sentence denotes The carcass is dehydrated, and there is usually evidence of diarrhea at the perineum.
T348 587530-587602 Sentence denotes Yellow granular deposits may be evident in the renal medulla and pelvis.
T349 587603-587700 Sentence denotes These are urates precipitated as the result of dehydration (see the Urinary System, this volume).
T350 587701-587859 Sentence denotes The microscopic lesions are those of villus atrophy ( Fig. 1 .30A-C), the severity of which is a function of the age of the pig and the stage of the disease.
T351 587860-587945 Sentence denotes The lesions are most severe about the time of the onset of diarrhea in young piglets.
T352 587946-588153 Sentence denotes In later phases or in older pigs there may be subtotal to moderate atrophy, and the mucosa may be lined by cuboidal to low columnar epithelium, with irregular nuclear polarity and an indistinct brush border.
T353 588154-588283 Sentence denotes Severe atrophy is readily recognized at necropsy of neonatal piglets, by examination of the mucosa under a dissecting microscope.
T354 588284-588406 Sentence denotes Lesions are most common in the middle and lower small intestine, and villi in the duodenum are usually tall and cylindric.
T355 588407-588537 Sentence denotes Lesions may be patchy, and several areas of lower small intestine must be examined before atrophy is considered not to be present.
T356 588538-588761 Sentence denotes In animals beyond the neonatal age group, atrophy may not be so severe and readily recognized under the dissecting microscope, and the contrast with the normally shorter villi in the duodenum of older pigs is not as marked.
T357 588762-588808 Sentence denotes Histologic assessment of the gut is essential.
T358 588809-588999 Sentence denotes Confirmation of a diagnosis of transmissible gastroenteritis is dependent on the demonstration of specific antigen in epithelium in frozen sections of lower small intestine by immunofluores-
T359 589001-589038 Sentence denotes cence or immunoperoxidase techniques.
T360 589039-589163 Sentence denotes Coronavirus may be found by direct examination of negatively stained ileal or colonic content under the electron microscope.
T361 589164-589291 Sentence denotes Immunoagglutination of virus in the content may improve the efficiency of this technique and allows differentiation from CV777.
T362 589292-589444 Sentence denotes Isolation of virus in tissue culture on appropriate cell lines, especially swine testis, may be accomplished, but other methods of diagnosis are faster.
T363 589445-589616 Sentence denotes To make a diagnosis it is essential to examine material taken from freshly killed piglets in the very early stages of clinical disease, before viral antigen is dissipated.
T364 589617-589874 Sentence denotes The differential diagnosis of diarrhea in suckling and weanling pigs includes, in piglets less than 5 days of age, transmissible gastroenteritis and enterotoxic E. coli diarrhea as the main candidates, with CV777 and clostridial enterotoxemia a possibility.
T365 589875-590036 Sentence denotes Piglets 5 days of age to weaning may have transmissible gastroenteritis, CV777, rotavirus, adenovirus, Isospora, Strongyhides, or enteropathic E. coli infection.
T366 590037-590096 Sentence denotes Coronavirus 777 is reported mainly from England and Europe.
T367 590097-590249 Sentence denotes It appears to cause disease that is essentially similar to transmissible gastroenteritis in epidemiology, pathogenesis, and pathology but may be milder.
T368 590250-590430 Sentence denotes Coronavirus infection is a common cause of diarrhea in neonatal beef and dairy calves, either alone or in combination with other agents, particularly rotavirus and Cryptosporidium.
T369 590431-590553 Sentence denotes The virus is capable of infecting absorptive epithelium in the full length of the small intestine, and in the large bowel.
T370 590554-590658 Sentence denotes Viral antigen is also found in macrophages in the lamina propria of villi and in mesenteric lymph nodes.
T371 590659-590767 Sentence denotes In field infections, microscopic lesions are most consistently found in the lower small intestine and colon.
T372 590768-590897 Sentence denotes Calves with coronavirus infection usually develop mild depression but continue to drink milk despite developing profuse diarrhea.
T373 590898-591081 Sentence denotes With progressive dehydration, acidosis, and hyperkalemia, the animals become weak and lethargic, death ensuing as a result of hypovolemia, hypoglycemia, and potassium cardiotoxicosis.
T374 591082-591128 Sentence denotes Diarrhea in survivors resolves in 5 or 6 days.
T375 591129-591230 Sentence denotes At autopsy, affected animals have the nonspecific lesions of undifferentiated neonatal calf diarrhea.
T376 591231-591337 Sentence denotes Rarely, mild fibrinonecrotic typhlocolitis is recognized at necropsy in calves with coronavirus infection.
T377 591338-591394 Sentence denotes Mesenteric lymph nodes may be somewhat enlarged and wet.
T378 591395-591579 Sentence denotes The microscopic lesions of coronavirus infection in calves vary with the severity and duration of the infection; villus atrophy in combination with colitis is typical ( Fig. 1.30D,E) .
T379 591580-591670 Sentence denotes In the small intestine, villus atrophy is rarely as severe as that seen in neonatal swine.
T380 591671-591781 Sentence denotes Rather, villi are moderately shortened or have subtotal atrophy, with a villusxrypt ratio of about 1:1 or 2:1.
T381 591782-591868 Sentence denotes Villi are stumpy, club-shaped or pointed at the tips, and villus fusion may be common.
T382 591869-591984 Sentence denotes In the early phase of the clinical disease, villi are often pointed and covered by cuboidal to squamous epithelium.
T383 591985-592043 Sentence denotes Exfoliation of epithelium and microerosion may be evident.
T384 592044-592173 Sentence denotes Later, the epithelium is cuboidal to low columnar and basophilic, with irregular nuclear polarity and an indistinct brush border.
T385 592174-592209 Sentence denotes Cryptal epithelium is hyperplastic.
T386 592210-592361 Sentence denotes The lamina propria may contain a moderate infiltrate of mainly mononuclear inflammatory cells, some of which may have pyknotic or karyorrhectic nuclei.
T387 592362-592477 Sentence denotes In the early stages of infection, necrosis of cells in mesenteric lymph nodes is associated with viral replication.
T388 592478-592614 Sentence denotes Peyer's patches in animals examined after 4 or 5 days of clinical illness often appear involuted and are dominated by histiocytic cells.
T389 592615-592715 Sentence denotes Whether this is the result of viral activity or the effect of endogenous glucocorticoids is unclear.
T1 592716-592960 Sentence denotes In the colon during the early phase of infection, surface epithelium may be exfoliating, flattened and squamous, or eroded in patchy areas, and some colonic glands lined by flattened epithelium will contain exfoliated cells and necrotic debris.
T2 592961-593136 Sentence denotes A moderate mixed inflammatory reaction is present in the lamina propria, and neutrophils may be in damaged glands or effusing into the lumen through superficial microerosions.
T3 593137-593356 Sentence denotes Later in infection, some dilated, debris-filled colonic glands will remain, but other glands will be lined by hyperplastic epithelium, and the surface epithelium will be restored to a cuboidal or low columnar cell type.
T4 593357-593402 Sentence denotes Goblet cells are usually relatively uncommon.
T5 593403-593548 Sentence denotes Colonic lesions may be recognizable in tissues from animals submitted dead, though postmortem change has obscured changes in the small intestine.
T6 593549-593666 Sentence denotes Live calves in the early stages of clinical disease are the best subjects for confirmation of an etiologic diagnosis.
T7 593667-593777 Sentence denotes In calves becoming ill at less than 4 or 5 days of age, enterotoxic E. coli is the main alternative diagnosis.
T8 593778-593876 Sentence denotes Rotavirus, Cryptosporidium, and combined infections must be considered in calves 5-15 days of age.
T9 593877-593977 Sentence denotes Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, salmonellosis, and bovine virus diarrhea must also be considered.
T10 593978-594231 Sentence denotes Both salmonellosis and bovine virus diarrhea may be associated with depletion of Peyer's patches and colitis, which can be confused with that of coronavirus infection; neither is common in the strictly neonatal age group (less than 7 to 14 days of age).
T11 594232-594459 Sentence denotes Demonstration of coronavirus antigen in frozen sections from the lower small intestine, in combination with direct electron microscopy or immunoelectron microscopy of content from the ileum or colon, will confirm the diagnosis.
T12 594460-594660 Sentence denotes Hemadsorption-elution hemagglutination assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELIS A) techniques have also been developed for demonstration of bovine coronavirus in intestinal contents or feces.
T13 594661-594754 Sentence denotes Preferably, more than one animal should be examined to establish the cause of a herd problem.
T14 594755-594881 Sentence denotes Isolation of the virus in cell culture can be accomplished in several systems but is not a practical means of rapid diagnosis.
T15 594882-595121 Sentence denotes In addition to its implication in neonatal diarrhea in calves, coronavirus has been associated with a diarrheal syndrome in older cattle in New Zealand, Japan, and France compatible with "winter dysentery." Mortality is low or nonexistent.
T16 595122-595273 Sentence denotes Since it has been demonstrated in feces in the absence of other known pathogens, it has been considered causally associated with outbreaks of diarrhea.
T17 595274-595398 Sentence denotes That coronavirus does cause colitis in calves makes it a plausible cause of transient colitis and diarrhea in older animals.
T18 595399-595491 Sentence denotes Whether it is the agent (or one among others) responsible for winter dysentery is not known.
T19 595492-595715 Sentence denotes A coronavirus was first associated with diarrhea in military dogs in Germany, and subsequent reports have emerged of coronavirus in normal canine feces, or associated with diarrhea, in Australia, North America, and Belgium.
T20 595716-595898 Sentence denotes Although dogs of all age groups appear to be susceptible to infection by coronavirus, the condition is probably most important as a transient, generally nonfatal diarrhea in puppies.
T21 595899-596052 Sentence denotes Coronaviruses were at first associated with the pandemic of diarrhea in dogs in 1978, which was subsequent demonstrated to be due to canine parvovirus-2.
T22 596053-596171 Sentence denotes Coronavirus is probably widely prevalent in the dog population, but a cause of diarrhea in only a minority of animals.
T23 596172-596283 Sentence denotes Very few animals with lesions consistent with coronavirus infection are submitted to biopsy or come to autopsy.
T24 596284-596513 Sentence denotes Viral replication is reported to occur in the enterocytes of the small intestine, and in experimental infections in neonatal puppies, the lesions resemble the villus atrophy associated with coronavirus infection in other species.
T25 596514-596596 Sentence denotes Diarrhea began as early as 1 day after inoculation, and in most animals by 4 days.
T26 596597-596681 Sentence denotes Onset of signs coincided with the development of moderate villus atrophy and fusion.
T27 596682-596781 Sentence denotes Enterocytes on villi became cuboidal, contained lipid vacuoles, and had an indistinct brush border.
T28 596782-596835 Sentence denotes Lesions were most consistent and severe in the ileum.
T29 596836-596924 Sentence denotes Resolution of villus atrophy within 7 to 10 days was associated with remission of signs.
T30 596925-597154 Sentence denotes Colonic infection by canine coronavirus was not demonstrated by immunofluorescence in experimental animals, though mild colonic lesions were described, including loss of sulfomucins from goblet cells and some epithelial shedding.
T31 597155-597301 Sentence denotes In the only available report of lesions due to spontaneous canine coronavirus infection, however, colonic infection and lesions were demonstrated.
T32 597302-597442 Sentence denotes There was watery content in the lumen of the small and large intestine, and in the cecum and colon fibrin mixed with some blood was evident.
T33 597443-597494 Sentence denotes Mesenteric lymph nodes were enlarged and edematous.
T34 597495-597611 Sentence denotes Villus atrophy in the jejunum was inconsistent, but there was necrotic debris in many glands in the cecum and colon.
T35 597612-597665 Sentence denotes Virus-infected cells were exfoliating into the lumen.
T36 597666-597912 Sentence denotes It seems, therefore, that canine coronavirus must be differentiated from common causes of small bowel diarrhea in the young dog, especially parvovirus infection, rotavirus infection, and coccidiosis, and from other forms of acute mucosal colitis.
T37 597913-598178 Sentence denotes Demonstration of coronavirus particles in intestinal content or feces in association with villus atrophy and/or acute mucosal colitis, and preferably, demonstration of virus-infected cells under the electron microscope, would confirm an etiologic diagnosis in dogs.
T38 598179-598281 Sentence denotes Our understanding of the enteric implications of the coronavirus infections of cats is still confused.
T39 598282-598428 Sentence denotes Feline infectious peritonitis is caused by a coronavirus that cross-reacts serologically with the virus of transmissible gastroenteritis in swine.
T40 598429-598599 Sentence denotes Equivocal lesions, including mild villus atrophy, have been described in cats with feline infectious peritonitis, but intestinal lesions are not a feature of the disease.
T41 598600-598783 Sentence denotes A morphologically similar, but probably different coronavirus, that also cross-reacts serologically with feline infectious peritonitis virus has been associated with diarrhea in cats.
T42 598784-598902 Sentence denotes A third coronavirus, with distinctive peplomere morphology, has been described in the feces of clinically normal cats.
T43 598903-599088 Sentence denotes Coronaviruses have been recovered from the feces of sheep with transient diarrhea, and they have been associated with severe villus atrophy in several spontaneous outbreaks of diarrhea.
T44 599089-599176 Sentence denotes No experimental confirmation of the pathogenicity of coronavirus in sheep is available.
T45 599177-599311 Sentence denotes Coronavirus infection may also be associated with diarrhea in foals, but again, experimental confirmation of pathogenicity is lacking.
T46 599312-599439 Sentence denotes Members of the genus Rotavirus, in the Reoviridae, infect the gastrointestinal tract of a very wide range of mammals and birds.
T47 599440-599514 Sentence denotes In the earlier literature they are frequently referred to as reoviruslike.
T48 599515-599658 Sentence denotes The ability to infect cells, and serologic specificity of individual types of rotaviruses, are conferred by elements of the outer capsid layer.
T49 599659-599842 Sentence denotes Some strains of rotaviruses isolated from one species can be transmitted successfully to other species, sometimes producing significant lesions and disease in experimental infections.
T50 599843-599954 Sentence denotes The factors influencing viral host specificity and virulence and their epizootiologic connotations are unclear.
T51 599955-600057 Sentence denotes The viruses are probably generally host specific, however, with little significant zoonotic potential.
T52 600058-600220 Sentence denotes Rotaviruses infect the absorptive enterocytes and occasionally goblet cells on the tips and sides of the distal half or twothirds of villi in the small intestine.
T53 600221-600307 Sentence denotes Virus production and the pathogenesis of infection are similar in all species studied.
T54 600308-600460 Sentence denotes The mode of entry of rotaviruses into the cell is unclear; presumably it is across the apical cell membrane or by endocytosis at the base of microvilli.
T55 600461-600696 Sentence denotes Granular "viroplasm" containing incomplete virions is seen in the apical cytoplasm of infected cells, and virions acquire their complete capsid after budding into dilated cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum, where they accumulate.
T56 600697-600804 Sentence denotes Elongate tubular structures are found in the nuclei and rough endoplasmic reticulum of some infected cells.
T57 600805-601015 Sentence denotes Virus-infected cells are most prevalent 18-24 hr after experimental infection, and they tend to diminish in number rapidly, so that by 3 or 4 days after infection few cells containing viral antigen are present.
T58 601016-601123 Sentence denotes Infected enterocytes lose cytoplasmic electron density, and mitochondria swell, as does the cell generally.
T59 601124-601218 Sentence denotes Microvilli become irregular and somewhat stunted, and there may be some blebbing of membranes.
T60 601219-601363 Sentence denotes Infected cells exfoliate into the intestinal lumen, and virus is probably released by lysis of damaged epithelium prior to or after exfoliation.
T61 601364-601434 Sentence denotes The pathogenesis of rotavirus infection resembles that of coronavirus.
T62 601435-601535 Sentence denotes Exfoliation of infected epithelium over a relatively short period of time results in villus atrophy.
T63 601536-601705 Sentence denotes The mucosal surface is covered by cuboidal, poorly differentiated epithelium that has an ill-defined microvillous border and may contain lipid droplets in the cytoplasm.
T64 601706-601834 Sentence denotes Diarrhea is mediated probably by electrolyte and nutrient malabsorption, perhaps exacerbated by the effect of cryptal secretion.
T65 601835-601993 Sentence denotes It begins about the time of early viral cytopathology, 2 0 -2 4 hr after infection, and may persist for a variable period, from a few hours to a week or more.
T66 601994-602179 Sentence denotes Regeneration of the mucosa by epithelium emerging from crypts, and differentiating on reformed villi, is associated with remission of signs in animals surviving the effects of diarrhea.
T67 602180-602324 Sentence denotes Rotaviruses are widespread, if not ubiquitous, among populations of most species, and they are relatively resistant to the external environment.
T68 602325-602437 Sentence denotes Protection against infection in neonates is apparently conferred largely by the presence of lactogenic immunity.
T69 602438-602510 Sentence denotes Probably, many individuals in a population undergo inapparent infection.
T70 602511-602702 Sentence denotes Disease is seen in the various species when viral contamination of the environment is heavy, perhaps as a result of intensive husbandry practices, and lactogenic immunity is waning or absent.
T71 602703-602861 Sentence denotes Though rotavirus infection is usually associated with younger age groups, naive older animals may become infected, sometimes with the development of diarrhea.
T72 602862-603061 Sentence denotes Rotavirus infection is implicated mainly in diarrhea of neonatal beef and dairy calves, both suckled and artifically reared, though there are reports of its association with diarrhea in adult cattle.
T73 603062-603272 Sentence denotes Diarrhea may be produced in calves by rotavirus infection alone, but the condition is usually considered to be relatively mild or transient in comparison with that induced by enterotoxic E. coli or coronavirus.
T74 603273-603384 Sentence denotes Combinations of agents including rotavirus are frequently involved in outbreaks of diarrhea in neonatal calves.
T75 603385-603578 Sentence denotes Rotavirus may be implicated in animals developing signs at any time over the period up to about 2 to 3 weeks of age, and it is more commonly encountered in animals more than 4 or 5 days of age.
T76 603579-603697 Sentence denotes The gross lesions of rotaviral infection are the nonspecific findings of undifferentiated neonatal diarrhea in calves.
T77 603698-603802 Sentence denotes Microscopic lesions in the small intestine cannot be differentiated from those of coronavirus infection.
T78 603803-603924 Sentence denotes They may vary somewhat, depending on the severity of the initial viral damage and the stage of evolution of the sequelae.
T79 603925-604042 Sentence denotes Blunt, club-shaped villi, mild or moderate villus atrophy, and perhaps villus fusion may be present ( Fig. 1.31B,C) .
T80 604043-604155 Sentence denotes Villi are covered by low columnar, cuboidal, or flattened surface epithelium with a poorly defined brush border.
T81 604156-604296 Sentence denotes There is usually a moderate proprial infiltrate of mononuclear cells and eosinophils or neutrophils, and hypertrophic crypts may be evident.
T82 604297-604529 Sentence denotes The distribution of lesions may vary between animals and perhaps with time after infection within an individual animal, since the onset of maximal viral damage may not occur synchronously throughout the full length of the intestine.
T83 604530-604660 Sentence denotes Lesions and viral antigen always should be sought in the distal small intestine, and preferably at several sites along its length.
T84 604661-604756 Sentence denotes Rotavirus does not cause gross or microscopic lesions in the colon, in contrast to coronavirus.
T85 604757-604872 Sentence denotes Rotavirus infection is widespread and enzootic in most swine herds, and subclinical infection of piglets is common.
T86 604873-605078 Sentence denotes It assumes particular importance as a cause of diarrhea in pigs with reduced lactogenic immunity, either as a result of removal of piglets from the sow at an early age or following normal weaning practice.
T87 605079-605230 Sentence denotes High environmental levels of virus may result in disease in piglets suckling the sow, but in these circumstances the signs are usually relatively mild.
T88 605231-605354 Sentence denotes Rotavirus may be an important cause of "3-week," " w h i t e , " or postweaning scours in piglets 2 to 7 or 8 weeks of age.
T89 605355-605479 Sentence denotes The signs may resemble those of transmissible gastroenteritis, although rotavirus infection is considered to be less severe.
T90 605480-605611 Sentence denotes Vomition is less commonly encountered than with transmissible gastroenteritis, but depression, diarrhea, and dehydration are usual.
T91 605612-605660 Sentence denotes The character of the feces varies with the diet.
T92 605661-605716 Sentence denotes Steatorrhea occurs in white scours of suckling piglets.
T93 605717-605852 Sentence denotes Rotavirus infection in swine may be associated with other causes of diarrhea, including E. coli, coccidiosis, adenovirus infection, and
T94 605853-605866 Sentence denotes Strongyhides.
T95 605867-606013 Sentence denotes The gross and microscopic lesions and pathogenesis of rotavirus infection in pigs resemble those of transmissible gastroenteritis ( Fig. 1.31 A) .
T96 606014-606180 Sentence denotes Rotavirus may cause diarrhea in neonatal lambs and has proved a useful model for the demonstration of the importance of lactogenic immunity in preventing the disease.
T97 606181-606297 Sentence denotes Rotavirus may cause diarrhea in neonatal lambs alone or in combination with enterotoxic E. coli and Cryptosporidium.
T98 606298-606462 Sentence denotes The pathogenesis and lesions of rotavirus infection in lambs are like those caused in other species, with the exception that viral infection of the colon may occur.
T99 606463-606557 Sentence denotes In foals less than 3 or 4 months of age, diarrhea may be associated with rotavirus infections.
T100 606558-606699 Sentence denotes Limited experimental work indicates that rotavirus alone or in combination with enterotoxic E. coli is capable of inducing diarrhea in foals.
T101 606700-606883 Sentence denotes The natural and experimental disease resembles that seen in other species, with significant viral infection limited to enterocytes in the small intestine, where villus atrophy occurs.
T102 606884-607016 Sentence denotes Diarrhea, occasionally fatal, may be caused by rotavirus infection in young puppies, especially those less than 1 or 2 weeks of age.
T103 607017-607178 Sentence denotes Little information is available on the pathology of the disease in naturally or experimentally infected animals, but it is presumably like that in other species.
T104 607179-607364 Sentence denotes Rotavirus infection should be sought in cases of diarrhea in young animals of any species, and it should be particularly suspected in animals with villus atrophy in the small intestine.
T105 607365-607460 Sentence denotes Members of the genus Parvovirus infect a variety of species of laboratory and domestic animals.
T106 607461-607647 Sentence denotes Syndromes associated with parvovirus infection include disease in cats, dogs, and mink, dominated clinically by enteritis; diarrhea in neonatal calves; and reproductive wastage in swine.
T107 607648-607698 Sentence denotes The bovine parvovirus is immunologically distinct.
T108 607699-607830 Sentence denotes The parvoviruses infecting cats, mink, and dogs are antigenically related, though subtle antigenic differences do exist among them.
T109 607831-608068 Sentence denotes On the basis of DNA restriction enzyme analysis, feline panleukopenia virus and mink enteritis virus are very closely related to each other and somewhat less related to canine parvovirus-2, the agent causing parvovirus enteritis in dogs.
T110 608069-608199 Sentence denotes The latter virus is antigenically distinct from canine parvovirus-1, or minute virus of canids, which causes little or no disease.
T111 608200-608455 Sentence denotes Feline panleukopenia virus, mink enteritis virus, and canine parvovirus-2 are each biologically distinct, varying somewhat in their hemagglutination characteristics, in vitro host-cell ranges, infectivity, and virulence in experimentally inoculated hosts.
T112 608456-608620 Sentence denotes Feline panleukopenia virus and canine parvovirus-2 will infect the heterologous host when inoculated parenterally, apparently without producing significant disease.
T113 608621-608802 Sentence denotes Though parvoviruses may infect cells at any phase of the cell cycle, replication is dependent on cellular mechanisms functional only during nucleoprotein synthesis prior to mitosis.
T114 608803-608976 Sentence denotes Hence the effects of parvovirus infection are greatest in tissues with a high mitotic rate; these include a variety of tissues during organogenesis in the fetus and neonate.
T115 608977-609113 Sentence denotes In older animals, the proliferative elements of the enteric epithelium, hematopoietic, and lymphoid tissue are particularly susceptible.
T116 609114-609285 Sentence denotes At the time of virus assembly, large basophilic or amphophilic Feulgenpositive intranuclear inclusions may be found in infected cells, especially in Bouin's-fixed tissues.
T117 609286-609360 Sentence denotes Parvovirus may be demonstrated in these inclusions by electron microscopy.
T118 609361-609673 Sentence denotes The chromatin in inclusion-bearing nuclei is usually clumped at the nu- The pathogenesis of feline panleukopenia and of canine parvovirus-2 infection is not firmly established but is probably sufficiently similar for them to be considered together here, followed by separate discussions of the specific diseases.
T119 609674-609777 Sentence denotes Oronasal exposure results in uptake of virus by epithelium over Peyer's patches and, possibly, tonsils.
T120 609778-609917 Sentence denotes Infection of draining lymphoid tissue is indicated by isolation of virus from mesenteric lymph nodes 2 days after experimental inoculation.
T121 609918-610177 Sentence denotes Release of virus into lymph and dissemination of infected lymphoblasts from these sites may result in infection of other central and peripheral lymphoid tissues, including thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and Peyer's patches, detected 3 or 4 days after infection.
T122 610178-610271 Sentence denotes Lysis of infected lymphocytes in these tissues releases virus, reinforcing cell-free viremia.
T123 610272-610376 Sentence denotes Viremia is terminated when neutralizing antibody appears in circulation about 5 -7 days after infection.
T124 610377-610539 Sentence denotes Moderate pyrexia occurs at about this time, perhaps associated with pyrogens released from lysing lymphocytes or with the formation of antigen-antibody complexes.
T125 610540-610606 Sentence denotes Infection of the gastrointestinal epithelium is a secondary event.
T126 610607-610753 Sentence denotes It follows primary viral replication in lymphoid tissue and the resulting dissemination of virus by circulating lymphocytes and cell-free viremia.
T127 610754-610947 Sentence denotes Peyer's patches are consistently infected at all levels of the intestine, and epithelium in crypts oif Lieberkuhn over or adjacent to Peyer's patches usually becomes infected a day or so later.
T128 610948-611034 Sentence denotes Infection of gastrointestinal epithelium at other sites in the gut is less consistent.
T129 611035-611141 Sentence denotes It may be the result of virus free in circulation or carried by infected lymphocytes homing to the mucosa.
T130 611142-611239 Sentence denotes Maximal infection of cryptal epithelium occurs during the period about 5 -9 days after infection.
T131 611240-611385 Sentence denotes In experimental studies it tends to be heaviest in the duodenum and cranial jejunum early, but in the ileum later during the course of infection.
T132 611386-611504 Sentence denotes The occurrence and severity of enteric signs is determined by the extent of damage to epithelium in intestinal crypts.
T133 611505-611553 Sentence denotes This seems to be a function of two main factors.
T134 611554-611726 Sentence denotes The first is the availability of virus, which is influenced by the rate of proliferation of lymphocytes and, therefore, their susceptibility to virus replication and lysis.
T135 611727-611872 Sentence denotes The second factor influencing the degree of epithelial damage is the rate of proliferation in the progenitor compartment in crypts of Lieberkuhn.
T136 611873-611976 Sentence denotes If many cells are entering mitosis, large numbers will support virus replication and subsequently lyse.
T137 611977-612146 Sentence denotes Destruction of cells in the crypts of Leiberkuhn, if severe enough, ultimately results in focal or widespread villus atrophy and, perhaps, mucosal erosion or ulceration.
T138 612147-612331 Sentence denotes The recognition, evolution, and sequelae of radiomimetic insult to the intestine, such as that caused by parvovirus, have been described under Epithelial Renewal in Health and Disease.
T139 612332-612554 Sentence denotes Regeneration of cryptal epithelium and partial or complete restoration of mucosal architecture will occur if undamaged stem cells persist in most affected crypts and the animal survives the acute phase of clinical illness.
T140 612555-612676 Sentence denotes In some survivors, focal villus atrophy is associated with local "drop out'' of crypts completely destroyed by infection.
T141 612677-612898 Sentence denotes Rarely, in animals recovering from acute disease, chronic malabsorption and protein-losing enteropathy are associated with persistent areas of ulceration caused by more extensive loss of crypts and collapse of the mucosa.
T142 612899-613102 Sentence denotes The relatively low rate of replication of intestinal epithelium in germ-free cats explains failure to produce significant intestinal lesions and clinical panleukopenia in experimentally infected animals.
T143 613103-613314 Sentence denotes In spontaneous cases, the lower prevalence of parvoviral lesions in the colon and stomach, in comparison with the small intestine, reflects the relatively lower rate of epithelial proliferation in those tissues.
T144 613315-613505 Sentence denotes The consistency of epithelial lesions in the mucosa over Peyer's patches probably results from high local concentrations of virus derived from infected lympho-cytes in the dome and follicle.
T145 613506-613634 Sentence denotes Possibly this is coupled with local stimulation of epithelial turnover by lymphokines released by T lymphocytes in the vicinity.
T146 613635-613933 Sentence denotes Variations in the rate of epithelial proliferation related to age, starvation, and refeeding or concomitant parasitic, bacterial, or viral infections may also influence the susceptibility of crypt epithelium to infection and therefore affect the extent and severity of intestinal lesions and signs.
T147 613934-614098 Sentence denotes It is difficult to duplicate fatal parvovirus infection experimentally, and work is required to define further the host factors influencing the severity of disease.
T148 614099-614218 Sentence denotes Diarrhea in parvovirus infections is mainly the result of reduced functional absorptive surface in the small intestine.
T149 614219-614346 Sentence denotes Effusion of tissue fluids and blood from a mucosa at least focally denuded of epithelium probably also contributes to diarrhea.
T150 614347-614504 Sentence denotes Dehydration and electrolyte depletion are the result of reduced fluid intake, enteric malabsorption, effusion of tissue fluid, and in some animals, vomition.
T151 614505-614619 Sentence denotes Hypoproteinemia is common, and anemia may occur in severely affected animals; both are exacerbated by rehydration.
T152 614620-614660 Sentence denotes Anemia reflects hemorrhage into the gut.
T153 614661-614733 Sentence denotes Proliferating cells in the bone marrow are also infected during viremia.
T154 614734-614888 Sentence denotes Lysis of many infected cells is reflected in hypocellularity of the marrow caused by depletion of myeloid and erythroid elements, particularly the former.
T155 614889-614986 Sentence denotes Megakaryocytes also may be lost, but they seem the least sensitive cell population in the marrow.
T156 614987-615085 Sentence denotes Reduction in the number of neutrophils in circulation ensues quickly in severely affected animals.
T157 615086-615197 Sentence denotes This is due to failure of recruitment from the marrow, and peripheral consumption, especially in the intestine.
T158 615198-615307 Sentence denotes Transient neutropenia, of about 2 or 3 days duration, occurs consistently in cats, and less commonly in dogs.
T159 615308-615485 Sentence denotes In surviving animals, regeneration of depleted myeloid elements from remaining stem cells results in restoration of the circulating population of granulocytes within a few days.
T160 615486-615554 Sentence denotes Neutrophilic leukocytosis with left shift may occur during recovery.
T161 615555-615670 Sentence denotes Lymphopenia, relative or absolute, results consistently from viral lymphocytolysis in all infected lymphoid tissue.
T162 615671-615747 Sentence denotes Relative lymphopenia is more consistently observed in dogs than neutropenia.
T163 615748-615859 Sentence denotes When lymphopenia and neutropenia occur together, the combined leukopenia may be profound in both dogs and cats.
T164 615860-616046 Sentence denotes In dogs surviving the lymphopenic phase, numbers of circulating lymphocytes return to normal within 2 to 5 days as regenerative hyperplasia occurs in lymphoid tissue throughout the body.
T165 616047-616137 Sentence denotes Lymphocyte number increases rapidly, sometimes producing lymphocytosis in recovering dogs.
T166 616138-616273 Sentence denotes However, there is evidence of at least transient immunosuppression in gnotobiotic pups subclinically infected with canine parvovirus-2.
T167 616274-616493 Sentence denotes Transient depression of T-cell response to mitogens occurs in cats a week after experimental infection with feline panleukopenia virus, but immunosuppression by this agent appears to be of little practical significance.
T168 616494-616554 Sentence denotes Most infected cats and dogs do not develop clinical disease.
T169 616555-616654 Sentence denotes When it occurs, signs usually begin during the late viremic phase, about 5 -7 days after infection.
T170 616655-616717 Sentence denotes Severe involvement of the gut is the major cause of mortality.
T171 616718-616861 Sentence denotes Shedding of infective virus in feces begins about 3 -5 days after infection, when Peyer's patches and cryptal epithelium first become infected.
T172 616862-616984 Sentence denotes Virus shedding persists until coproantibody appears to neutralize virus entering the gut, about 6 -9 days after infection.
T173 616985-617180 Sentence denotes Virus-infected cells still may be detected in crypts and Peyer's patches at this time, and virus complexed with antibody may be found in feces or intestinal content by direct electron microscopy.
T174 617181-617384 Sentence denotes Attempts to isolate virus from tissues or feces after several days of clinical disease or at death, however, are often thwarted by the fact that virus is neutralized by antibody present in tissue fluids.
T175 617385-617576 Sentence denotes Persistent or sporadic shedding of virus by recovered animals may be the result of virus replication in cells entering mitosis days or weeks after they were infected during the viremic phase.
T176 617577-617740 Sentence denotes Infection of the fetus during late prenatal life by feline panleukopenia virus causes anomalies of the central nervous system, mainly hypoplasia of the cerebellum.
T177 617741-617933 Sentence denotes Although reproductive success may be depressed in kennels infected with canine parvovirus-2, parvovirus infection has not been conclusively associated with fetal or congenital disease in dogs.
T178 617934-618014 Sentence denotes Rarely, however, a syndrome of generalized infection may occur in neonatal dogs.
T179 618015-618188 Sentence denotes Infection of proliferating cardiac myocytes in young puppies with canine parvovirus-2 results in a nonsuppurative myocarditis and sequelae of acute or chronic heart failure.
T180 618189-618280 Sentence denotes Similar syndromes have not been associated with spontaneous feline panleukopenia infection.
T181 618281-618443 Sentence denotes The virus of panleukopenia (infectious feline enteritis) infects all members of the Felidae, as well as mink, raccoons, and some other members of the Procyonidae.
T182 618444-618568 Sentence denotes Panleukopenia virus is ubiquitous in environments frequented by cats, and infection is common, though generally subclinical.
T183 618569-618716 Sentence denotes The disease usually occurs in young animals exposed after decay of passively acquired maternal antibody, but it may occur in naive cats of any age.
T184 618717-618885 Sentence denotes Clinical signs of several days duration, including pyrexia, depression, inappetence, vomition, diarrhea, dehydration, and perhaps anemia, may be evident in the history.
T185 618886-619113 Sentence denotes Many cases, however, particularly poorly observed animals or those prone to wander, may present as "sudden death." The pathogenesis of panleukopenia has been considered above, with that of canine parvovirus-2 infection in dogs.
T186 619114-619207 Sentence denotes Lesions of central nervous system in kittens are considered in the Nervous System (Volume 1).
T187 619208-619370 Sentence denotes At autopsy, external evidence of diarrhea may be present, the eyes may be sunken, and the skin is usually inelastic, with a tacky subcutis reflecting dehydration.
T188 619371-619454 Sentence denotes Rehydrated animals may have edema, hydrothorax, and ascites due to hypoproteinemia.
T189 619455-619536 Sentence denotes There is pallor of mucous membranes, fat, and internal tissues in anemic animals.
T190 619537-619625 Sentence denotes Gross lesions of internal organs most consistently involve the thymus and the intestine.
T191 619626-619696 Sentence denotes The thymus is markedly involuted and reduced in mass in young animals.
T192 619697-619763 Sentence denotes Enteric lesions may be subtle and easily overlooked in some cases.
T193 619764-619874 Sentence denotes Hence it is mandatory that intestine be examined microscopically despite the apparent absence of gross change.
T194 619875-619971 Sentence denotes The intestinal serosa may appear dry and nonreflective, with an opaque, ground-glass appearance.
T195 619972-620097 Sentence denotes Uncommonly in cats there may be petechiae or more extensive hemorrhage in the subserosa or muscularis of the intestinal wall.
T196 620098-620222 Sentence denotes The small bowel may be segmentally dilated and can acquire a hoselike turgidity, in places, perhaps due to submucosal edema.
T197 620223-620293 Sentence denotes However, turgidity is difficult to assess in the intestine of the cat.
T198 620294-620397 Sentence denotes The content is usually foul smelling, scant, watery, and yellowish gray at all levels of the intestine.
T199 620398-620514 Sentence denotes The mucosa may be glistening gray or pink, with petechiae, perhaps covered by fine strands of fibrin ( Fig. 1.3IE ).
T200 620515-620604 Sentence denotes Patchy diphtheritic lesions may be present, especially over Peyer's patches in the ileum.
T201 620605-620679 Sentence denotes Flecks of fibrin, and sometimes casts, may be in the content in the lumen.
T202 620680-620722 Sentence denotes Formed feces are not evident in the colon.
T203 620723-620781 Sentence denotes Lymph nodes may be prominent at the root of the mesentery.
T204 620782-620961 Sentence denotes Gross lesions elsewhere in the carcass are usually restricted to pulmonary congestion and edema in some animals, and pale gelatinous marrow in normally active hematopoietic sites.
T205 620962-621093 Sentence denotes Microscopic changes are consistently found in fatal cases in the intestinal tract and are usual in lymphoid organs and bone marrow.
T206 621094-621164 Sentence denotes The intestinal lesions vary with the severity and duration of disease.
T207 621165-621215 Sentence denotes Their interpretation may be obscured by autolysis.
T208 621216-621344 Sentence denotes Lesions may be patchy, and several levels of gut should be examined, preferably including ileum and, if possible, Peyer's patch.
T209 621345-621462 Sentence denotes During the late incubation period and early phase of clinical disease, there is infection of crypt-lining epithelium.
T210 621463-621573 Sentence denotes Intranuclear inclusions may be found, and there is exfoliation of damaged epithelium into the lumen of crypts.
T211 621574-621661 Sentence denotes Crypts appear dilated and are lined by cuboidal or more severely attenuated epithelium.
T212 621662-621838 Sentence denotes The lamina propria between crypts contains numerous neutrophils and eosinophils at this time, and some emigrate into the lumen of crypts, where they join the epithelial debris.
T213 621839-622014 Sentence denotes Subsequently, severely damaged crypts may be lined by extremely flattened cells and by scattered large, bizarre cells with swollen nuclei and prominent nucleoi ( Fig. 1.32C) .
T214 622015-622233 Sentence denotes Enterocytes covering villi are not affected, but as they progress off the villus, they are replaced by a few cuboidal, squamous or bizarre epithelial cells, so that villi in affected areas undergo progressive collapse.
T215 622234-622384 Sentence denotes If cryptal damage is severe and widespread, the mucosa becomes thin and eroded or ulcerated, with effusion of tissue fluids, fibrin, and erythrocytes.
T216 622385-622577 Sentence denotes Inflammatory cells are usually sparse in the gut of such animals, and superficial masses of bacteria may be present, occasionally accompanied by locally invasive fungal hyphae or pseudohyphae.
T217 622578-622802 Sentence denotes In less severely affected animals with disease of longer duration, corresponding to about 8 to 10 days after infection, scattered focal drop out of crypts, or focal mucosal collapse and erosion or ulceration, may be evident.
T218 622803-622929 Sentence denotes Remaining crypts recovering from milder viral damage show regenerative epithelial hyperplasia ( Fig. 1.32D ) in these animals.
T219 622930-623003 Sentence denotes Mucosal lesions are often most marked in the vicinity of Peyer's patches.
T220 623004-623146 Sentence denotes Lesions in the colon generally resemble those found in the small bowel, though they are frequently less severe or more patchy in distribution.
T221 623147-623232 Sentence denotes When sought, colonic lesions are found in about half of fatal cases of panleukopenia.
T222 623233-623325 Sentence denotes Gastric lesions resulting from damage to mitotic epithelium are relatively uncommon in cats.
T223 623326-623525 Sentence denotes They are recognized by flattening of basophilic cells lining the narrowed isthmus of gastric fundic glands, with some reduction in number of parietal cells in the upper portion of the neck of glands.
T224 623526-623754 Sentence denotes Lesions of lymphoid organs during the early phase of the disease consist of lymphocytolysis in follicles and paracortical tissue in lymph nodes, in the thymic cortex and splenic white pulp, and in gut-associated lymphoid tissue.
T225 623755-623806 Sentence denotes Infected cells rarely may contain inclusion bodies.
T226 623807-623957 Sentence denotes Lymphocytes are markedly depleted in affected tissue, and large histiocytes are prominent, often containing the fragmented remnants of nuclear debris.
T227 623958-624078 Sentence denotes Follicular hyalinosis, the presence of amorphous eosinophilic material in the center of depleted follicles, may be seen.
T228 624079-624182 Sentence denotes Erythrophagocytosis by sinus histiocytes may be seen in lymph nodes, especially those draining the gut.
T229 624183-624263 Sentence denotes Severely depleted Peyer's patches may be difficult to recognize microscopically.
T230 624264-624432 Sentence denotes Later in the course of clinical disease, corresponding to the period beyond about 7 or 8 days after infection, prominent regenerative lymphoid hyperplasia may be found.
T231 624433-624566 Sentence denotes In severely affected animals at the nadir of the leukopenia, virtually all proliferating elements in the bone marrow may be depleted.
T232 624567-624665 Sentence denotes The extremely hypocellular, moderately congested marrow is populated only by scattered stem cells.
T233 624666-624788 Sentence denotes Milder lesions affect mainly the neutrophil series, generally sparing megakaryocytes and the committed erythroid elements.
T234 624789-624941 Sentence denotes During the later phases of the disease, marked hyperplasia of stem cells and, eventually, of amplifier populations in the various cell lines is evident.
T235 624942-625068 Sentence denotes In the liver, dissociation and rounding up of hepatocytes, and perhaps some periacinar atrophy and congestion, may be evident.
T236 625069-625125 Sentence denotes This is probably associated with dehydration and anemia.
T237 625126-625190 Sentence denotes Pancreatic acinar atrophy is also usual, reflecting inappetence.
T238 625191-625231 Sentence denotes The lung may be congested and edematous.
T239 625232-625308 Sentence denotes In leukopenic animals, few white cells are seen in circulation in any organ.
T240 625309-625533 Sentence denotes A diagnosis of feline panleukopenia may be made on the basis of the characteristic microscopic intestinal lesions, in association with evidence of involution or regenerative hyperplasia of lymphoid and hematopoietic tissues.
T241 625534-625681 Sentence denotes Inclusions may be sought in these tissues but are usually present in significant numbers only during the late incubation and early clinical period.
T242 625682-625826 Sentence denotes Application of fluorescent-antibody or immunoperoxidase techniques may identify viral antigen in tissue as late as 8 to 10 days after infection.
T243 625827-625926 Sentence denotes Canine parvovirus-2 infection presumably resulted by mutation of the virus of feline panleukopenia.
T244 625927-626064 Sentence denotes It appeared spontaneously and virtually simultaneously in populations of dogs on several continents in 1978 and rapidly spread worldwide.
T245 626065-626225 Sentence denotes Retrospective observation of antibody to this virus in the canine population suggests that it was circulating unnoticed in western Europe in late 1976 and 1977.
T246 626226-626398 Sentence denotes In addition to domestic dogs, several species of wild canids, including coyotes, bush dogs, crab-eating foxes, raccoon dogs, and maned wolves, are susceptible to infection.
T247 626399-626525 Sentence denotes Enteric disease due to this virus was epizootic for several years in naive populations of dogs, affecting animals of all ages.
T248 626526-626681 Sentence denotes As the prevalence of antibody due to natural infection and vaccination increased in the dog population, the problem subsided to one of an enzootic disease.
T249 626682-626803 Sentence denotes It now affects those animals with reduced levels of passively acquired maternal immunity, or scattered naive individuals.
T250 626804-626996 Sentence denotes During the epizootic period, nonsuppurative viral myocarditis due to canine parvovirus-2 was prevalent in the juvenile offspring of naive bitches unable to protect pups with maternal antibody.
T251 626997-627112 Sentence denotes This syndrome has declined in frequency as the prevalence of antibody has increased in the reproductive population.
T252 627113-627210 Sentence denotes Enteric and myocardial disease rarely occur together in the same individual or cohort of animals.
T253 627211-627301 Sentence denotes Occasional cases of generalized parvovirus infection are reported in susceptible neonates.
T254 627302-627418 Sentence denotes Necrosis and inclusion bodies are found in organs such as kidney, liver, lung, heart, gut, and vascular endothelium.
T255 627419-627488 Sentence denotes They are presumably related to mitotic activity during organogenesis.
T256 627489-627664 Sentence denotes Dogs with typical disease due to canine parvovirus-2 become anorectic and lethargic and may vomit and develop diarrhea, perhaps in association with transient moderate pyrexia.
T257 627665-627746 Sentence denotes Relative or absolute lymphopenia or leukopenia of 1 or 2 days duration may occur.
T258 627747-627817 Sentence denotes Diarrhea may be mucoid or liquid, sometimes bloody, and is malodorous.
T259 627818-627948 Sentence denotes After a period of 2 or 3 days, dogs either succumb to the effects of dehydration, hypoproteinemia, and anemia or begin to recover.
T260 627949-628077 Sentence denotes Gross findings at autopsy of fatal cases are those of dehydration, accompanied by enteric lesions characteristic of the disease.
T261 628078-628207 Sentence denotes There is often segmental or widespread subserosal hemorrhage, often extending into the muscularis and submucosa of the intestine.
T262 628208-628299 Sentence denotes The serosa frequently appears granular due to superficial fibrinous effusion (Fig. 1.3ID ).
T263 628300-628416 Sentence denotes Peyer's patches may be evident from the serosal and mucosal aspects as deep red oval areas several centimeters long.
T264 628417-628520 Sentence denotes The intestinal contents may be mucoid or fluid; sometimes they look like tomato soup due to hemorrhage.
T265 628521-628616 Sentence denotes The mucosa is usually deeply congested and glistening or covered by a patchy fibrinous exudate.
T266 628617-628812 Sentence denotes Severe enteric lesions may be widespread or segmental, and their distribution is irregular; thus tissues from several levels of the small intestine should be selected for microscopic examination.
T267 628813-628856 Sentence denotes Gross changes are less common in the colon.
T268 628857-628944 Sentence denotes The stomach may have a congested mucosa and contain scant bloody or bile-stained fluid.
T269 628945-629024 Sentence denotes Mesenteric lymph nodes may be enlarged, congested, and wet, or reduced in size.
T270 629025-629149 Sentence denotes Thymic atrophy is consistently present in young animals, and the organ may be so reduced in size as to be difficult to find.
T271 629150-629210 Sentence denotes The lungs often appear congested and have a rubbery texture.
T272 629211-629441 Sentence denotes The microscopic lesions in stomach, small intestine ( Fig. 1.32A,B) , colon, lymphoid tissue, and bone marrow due to canine parvovirus-2 infection do not differ significantly from those described above in cats with panleukopenia.
T273 629442-629532 Sentence denotes Gastric lesions are perhaps more frequently encountered in dogs with parvovirus infection.
T274 629533-629595 Sentence denotes Small intestinal lesions are invariably severe in fatal cases.
T275 629596-629643 Sentence denotes The colon is involved in a minority of animals.
T276 629644-629853 Sentence denotes Pulmonary lesions such as alveolar septal thickening by mononuclear cells, congestion, and effusion of edema fluid and fibrin into the lumina of alveoli may be related in part to terminal Gram-negative sepsis.
T277 629854-629961 Sentence denotes However, interstitial pneumonitis is commonly found and may be a function of uncomplicated viral infection.
T278 629962-630118 Sentence denotes Periacinar atrophy and congestion in the liver are attributable to anemia, hypovolemia, and shock, and prominent Kupffer cells probably reflect endotoxemia.
T279 630119-630232 Sentence denotes The diagnosis of parvoviral enteritis in dogs follows the principles described for that of panleukopenia in cats.
T280 630233-630516 Sentence denotes The disease must be differentiated from canine coronavirus infection, which appears to be very rarely fatal, and from canine intestinal hemorrhage syndrome, shock gut, intoxication with heavy metals or warfarin, infectious canine hepatitis, and other causes of hemorrhagic diathesis.
T281 630517-630640 Sentence denotes Involution of gut-associated lymphoid tissue caused by parvovirus must be differentiated from that due to canine distemper.
T282 630641-630757 Sentence denotes bovine parvoviruses have been recognized since at least the 1960s and apparently occur widely in cattle populations.
T283 630758-630821 Sentence denotes Bovine parvovirus is nondefective and replicates independently.
T284 630822-630958 Sentence denotes Isolations have been made from the feces of normal and recently diarrheic calves as well as from conjunctiva, and from an aborted fetus.
T285 630959-631036 Sentence denotes The role of bovine parvovirus infection as a significant pathogen is unclear.
T286 631037-631201 Sentence denotes It is rarely diagnosed as a cause of death and unless sought specifically by culture or direct electron microscopy, would be missed as a cause of clinical diarrhea.
T287 631202-631324 Sentence denotes Its significance may be greatest in neonatal calves and animals exposed while passive maternal antibody levels are waning.
T288 631325-631398 Sentence denotes The pathogenesis of infection with bovine parvovirus is not well defined.
T289 631399-631667 Sentence denotes Viral antigen has been identified by immunofluorescence in the nuclei of epithelium in intestinal crypts and in cells in thymus, lymph nodes, adrenal glands, and heart muscle, suggesting similarities to the pathogenesis of feline panleukopenia and canine parvovirus-2.
T290 631668-631743 Sentence denotes The pathology of natural or experimental infections has not been described.
T291 631744-631853 Sentence denotes Intravenous inoculation of bovine parvovirus into young calves causes severe watery diarrhea and prostration.
T292 631854-631903 Sentence denotes Milder diarrhea occurs in calves infected orally.
T293 631904-632004 Sentence denotes The severity of the disease may be potentiated by concurrent infection with other enteric pathogens.
T294 632005-632115 Sentence denotes Escherichia coli infections in animals and humans cause disease by at least five different general mechanisms.
T295 632116-632280 Sentence denotes The first is enterotoxic colibacillosis: secretory small bowel diarrhea stimulated by enterotoxins produced by E. coli colonizing the muscoa of the small intestine.
T296 632281-632350 Sentence denotes This condition is an important cause of diarrhea in neonatal animals.
T297 632351-632544 Sentence denotes The second mechanism involves enterocyte-adherent E. coli strains, which colonize the surface of epithelial cells, do not produce recognized enterotoxin, but are associated with villus atrophy.
T298 632545-632603 Sentence denotes They currently are not known to occur in domestic animals.
T299 632604-632674 Sentence denotes Enterotoxemic colibacillosis is represented by edema disease of swine.
T300 632675-632844 Sentence denotes In this condition a toxin produced by specific strains of E. coli colonizing the small intestine is absorbed and has its pathogenic effect on tissues other than the gut.
T301 632845-632941 Sentence denotes Postweaning E. coli enteritis is also caused by the same strains, presumably by different means.
T302 632942-633010 Sentence denotes Enteroinvasive E. coli strains induce disease by a fourth mechanism.
T303 633011-633164 Sentence denotes They have the capacity to invade the epithelium of the intestine and cause acute exudative enteritis, often endotoxemia, and perhaps terminal septicemia.
T304 633165-633234 Sentence denotes Enteroinvasive colibacillosis is apparently rare in domestic animals.
T305 633235-633336 Sentence denotes Septicemic colibacillosis is the final, and common, manifestation of disease caused by this organism.
T306 633337-633431 Sentence denotes The intestine is not necessarily the portal of entry, and there may not be alimentary disease.
T307 633432-633604 Sentence denotes The signs of E. coli septicemia are referable mainly to bacteremia, endotoxemia, and the effect of bacterial localization in a variety of tissue spaces throughout the body.
T308 633605-633633 Sentence denotes ENTEROTOXIC COLIBACILLOSIS .
T309 633634-633736 Sentence denotes Enterotoxic colibacillosis is one of the major causes of diarrhea in neonatal pigs, calves, and lambs.
T310 633737-633790 Sentence denotes It is also a significant cause of diarrhea in humans.
T311 633791-633897 Sentence denotes Consequently, considerable information is available on the pathogenesis and prophylaxis of this condition.
T312 633898-633980 Sentence denotes Two major attributes confer virulence on certain diarrheagenic strains of E. coli.
T313 633981-634139 Sentence denotes These are the ability to colonize the intestine and the capacity to produce toxins that stimulate secretion of electrolyte and water by the intestinal mucosa.
T314 634140-634221 Sentence denotes Colonization and enterotoxin production must occur together for disease to occur.
T315 634222-634383 Sentence denotes The diarrhea produced by enterotoxic E. coli is accompanied by minor microscopic evidence of inflammation and by little or no architectural change in the mucosa.
T316 634384-634537 Sentence denotes As a result, overt enteritis usually is not evident at autopsy, and the disease is part of the syndrome of undifferentiated diarrhea of neonatal animals.
T317 634538-634729 Sentence denotes Intestinal colonization results from the capacity of certain strains of E. coli to adhere to the surface of enterocytes on villi in the small intestine ( Fig. 1.33A) and to proliferate there.
T318 634730-634834 Sentence denotes By adhering to the mucosal surface, they are able to resist the normal peristaltic clearance mechanisms.
T319 634835-634966 Sentence denotes Large numbers of organisms, of the order of 10 7 or more per gram of mucosa, or 20 to 30 per enterocyte, line the surface of villi.
T320 634967-635230 Sentence denotes The ability to attach to enterocytes is conferred on most adhesive strains of E. coli by pili-( = fimbriae) fibrillar proteinaceous appendages that protrude from the surface of the bacterial cell; they bind with receptors on the surface of the cell (Fig. 1.33B ).
T321 635231-635348 Sentence denotes The cell receptors have not been clearly defined; carbohydrate moieties in mucosal glycolipids are probably involved.
T322 635349-635437 Sentence denotes The pilar adhesins are distinct from type 1 fimbriae present on many strains of E. coli.
T323 635438-635521 Sentence denotes Type 1 fimbriae do not confer recognized virulence characteristics on the organism.
T324 635522-635647 Sentence denotes A number of different pilar adhesins, which promote colonization, have been recognized on E. coli infecting domestic animals.
T325 635648-635782 Sentence denotes Adhesin K88 occurs in at least three combinations of four antigenic subunit variants, K88ab, ac, and ad, on E. coli infecting piglets.
T326 635783-635920 Sentence denotes Five phenotypes of swine are recognized with resistance or susceptibility to enterocyte adhesion by the different K88 antigenic variants.
T327 635921-636000 Sentence denotes Adhesin 987P is found on some strains of E. coli infecting piglets, as is F-41.
T328 636001-636141 Sentence denotes Adhesin K99 is also found on some strains infecting swine and is the only adhesin known to promote E. coli colonization in calves and lambs.
T329 636142-636258 Sentence denotes Enterotoxic strains of E. coli lacking K88, K99, and 987P, but adherent to porcine enterocytes, are also recognized.
T330 636259-636384 Sentence denotes Bacteria possessing K88 colonize the entire small bowel, while those with K99 or 987P adhere mainly in the jejunum and ileum.
T331 636385-636540 Sentence denotes Genetic control of pilus production is invested in plasmid DNA, with the exception of 987P, information for which appears to be encoded in chromosomal DNA.
T332 636541-636633 Sentence denotes Combinations of more than one type of pilus adhesin occur on a single strain, exceptionally.
T333 636634-636826 Sentence denotes Susceptibility to bacterial pilus adhesins appears to be somewhat age related; the ability of adhesin-bearing£. coli to colonize the small intestine is greatest in animals only a few days old.
T334 636827-637014 Sentence denotes Stimulation of maternal immunity to appropriate pilus antigens causes antibody secretion in the milk, which agglutinates adhesins and prevents colonization of the gut of suckling animals.
T335 637015-637119 Sentence denotes Enterotoxin production is of two types, heat labile (LT) or heat stable (ST), both coded by plasmic DNA.
T336 637120-637252 Sentence denotes In strains of E. coli causing diarrhea in animals, adhesin and enterotoxin production are generally controlled by separate plasmids.
T337 637253-637327 Sentence denotes However, certain combinations of adhesin and toxin tend to occur together.
T338 637328-637417 Sentence denotes Heat-labile enterotoxin resembles cholera toxin in its structure and mechanism of action.
T339 637418-637499 Sentence denotes It is a large molecular weight, antigenic protein, comprised of A and B subunits.
T340 637500-637597 Sentence denotes The B sub- units bind to oligosaccharide moieties of ganglioside GMX in the apical cell membrane.
T341 637598-637725 Sentence denotes The toxin complex then undergoes dissociation and the A subunit enters the cell, where it stimulates the adenyl cyclase system.
T342 637726-637830 Sentence denotes Via mediation of cAMP it causes secretion of chloride, with sodium and water following, from the crypts.
T343 637831-638030 Sentence denotes Cotransport of sodium chloride and associated water absorption by enterocytes on villi is probably shut down at the same time, though other mechanisms of sodium and water absorption are not impaired.
T344 638031-638197 Sentence denotes Heat-stable enterotoxin is a poorly antigenic, low molecular weight polypeptide, which occurs in several forms with differing physical and functional characteristics.
T345 638198-638282 Sentence denotes These are reflected by variations in host and age-group susceptibility to the toxin.
T346 638283-638358 Sentence denotes The mechanism of action of the heat-stable toxin is not clearly understood.
T347 638359-638521 Sentence denotes It may act by reducing chloride absorption and perhaps by causing cellular secretion of electrolyte and water, associated with accumulation of intracellular cGMP.
T348 638522-638691 Sentence denotes This is probably mediated by stimulation of a transmembrane flux of calcium ions by toxin, with intracellular generation of prostaglandins that active guanylate cyclase.
T349 638692-638826 Sentence denotes The rate of intestinal transit may also be reduced by ST-enhancing proliferation of E. coli and perhaps promoting absorption of toxin.
T350 638827-639009 Sentence denotes The effect is rapid in onset and requires persistence of toxin, in contrast to that of the heat-labile toxin, which has a latent period after exposure and is relatively irreversible.
T351 639010-639142 Sentence denotes Enterotoxic colibacillosis in pigs is among the commonest causes of diarrhea in animals from a few hours old to about a week of age.
T352 639143-639282 Sentence denotes At autopsy it cannot be separated readily from the other common causes of undifferentiated neonatal diarrhea without laboratory assistance.
T353 639283-639393 Sentence denotes Generally there is dehydration, usually with evidence of diarrhea, or a history of its occurrence in the herd.
T354 639394-639575 Sentence denotes Other than the presence of characteristic fluid content in the flaccid small and large bowel, perhaps with clotted milk still in the stomach, the internal findings are unremarkable.
T355 639576-639685 Sentence denotes In order to establish the cause, one or more piglets early in clinical disease should be killed and examined.
T356 639686-639765 Sentence denotes Tissue sections from several levels of the small bowel should be fixed rapidly.
T357 639766-639822 Sentence denotes Bacterial cultures of intestinal content should be made.
T358 639823-640005 Sentence denotes Intestinal content for electron microscopy, and mucosal smears or frozen tissue for fluorescent-antibody tests, should be reserved to incriminate or eliminate the intestinal viruses.
T359 640006-640138 Sentence denotes In contrast to the viruses and Isospora, enterotoxic E. coli does not consistently cause significant villus atrophy ( Fig. 1.34A) .
T360 640139-640273 Sentence denotes Small clumps or a continuous layer of bacteria may be found on the surface of enterocytes on villi in mucosal sections ( Fig. 1.34B ).
T361 640274-640380 Sentence denotes Neutrophils may be present in the proprial core of villi and transmigrating the epithelium into the lumen.
T362 640381-640527 Sentence denotes Inflammation is not marked, however, and epithelial lesions and erosion generally are not seen in well-fixed tissue in enterotoxic colibacillosis.
T363 640528-640618 Sentence denotes Rare cases of villus atrophy associated with E. coli infection do occur in neonatal swine.
T364 640619-640676 Sentence denotes These are considered under Enteroinvasive Colibacillosis.
T365 640677-640893 Sentence denotes In calves, enterotoxic colibacillosis accounts for a significant proportion of cases of undifferentiated neonatal diarrhea; depending on the locality and circumstances, up to 20 to 30% of cases may be due to E. coli.
T366 640894-641041 Sentence denotes The infections typically occur within the first 2 or 3 days of life, probably due to the resistance of enterocytes in older calves to K99 adhesion.
T367 641042-641162 Sentence denotes In that age group they cause profuse yellow diarrhea and severe dehydration, with a high mortality in untreated animals.
T368 641163-641331 Sentence denotes Enteric colibacillosis must be differentiated from the other major causes of undifferentiated diarrhea in neonatal animals; coronavirus, rotavirus, and Cryptosporidium.
T369 641332-641422 Sentence denotes Enterotoxic E. coli is often found in combination with coronavirus or rotavirus infection.
T370 641423-641592 Sentence denotes Experimental evidence suggests that prior or concomitant infection with rotavirus may permit or promote establishment by enterotoxic E. coli in calves older than 2 days.
T371 641593-641711 Sentence denotes Combined infection may enhance the severity of disease in calves less than, and in some cases more than 2 days of age.
T1 641712-641833 Sentence denotes The gross findings in calves with enterotoxic colibacillosis are the nonspecific appearances of diarrhea and dehydration.
T2 641834-642072 Sentence denotes The infection is differentiated in tissue sections from the other infectious causes of this syndrome in calves by the absence of severe villus atrophy and by the presence of bacteria on the surfaces of villi in the distal small intestine.
T3 642073-642226 Sentence denotes As in piglets, application of a variety of presumptive or specific tests for the presence of enterotoxic E. coli in the intestine confirms the diagnosis.
T4 642227-642381 Sentence denotes Enterotoxic E. coli is not considered to induce diarrhea by villus atrophy and malabsorption, in contrast to the significant viruses and Cryptosporidium,.
T5 642382-642589 Sentence denotes In the jejunum and ileum of calves, however, where bacterial colonization of the surface of enterocytes is heavy, stumpiness, lateral corrugation and contraction, or moderate atrophy of villi may be present.
T6 642590-642714 Sentence denotes It is sometimes associated with villus fusion later in the course of the disease and as a result may resemble viral lesions.
T7 642715-642807 Sentence denotes Cells on the surface of villi may be cuboidal, and subepithelial capillaries may be dilated.
T8 642808-642990 Sentence denotes Transmigration of neutrophils from the lamina propria to the lumen is present in colonized areas of gut, especially in the vicinity of the domes over Peyer's patches ( Fig. 1.33D) .
T9 642991-643107 Sentence denotes Colonization of the mucosa precedes the development of atrophy, which seems to occur prior to the onset of diarrhea.
T10 643108-643299 Sentence denotes Atrophy of villi is related to degeneration and exfoliation of individual epithelial cells or small groups of enterocytes from the surface of villi, but the cause of the cell loss is unclear.
T11 643300-643438 Sentence denotes Enterotoxic colibacillosis should be suspected in neonatal calves having large numbers of Gram-negative rods in smears of ileal scrapings.
T12 643439-643618 Sentence denotes Though enterotoxic E. coli may be isolated from mesenteric lymph nodes or other parenchymatous tissues at autopsy, systemic invasion is not a significant component of the disease.
T13 643619-643792 Sentence denotes Enterotoxic colibacillosis must be differentiated from enteric colibacillosis in calves that appears to be due to enteroinvasive strains, and from septicemic colibacillosis.
T14 643793-643868 Sentence denotes Enterotoxic colibacillosis in Iambs is a significant problem in some areas.
T15 643869-643971 Sentence denotes The serotypes involved and pathogenesis and diagnosis of the condition are similar to those in calves.
T16 643972-644154 Sentence denotes Strains of E. coli have been associated with diarrhea in neonates of other species, but their enterotoxigenicity and other attributes of virulence have not been adequately described.
T17 644155-644376 Sentence denotes Edema disease (gut edema) is a distinct syndrome in pigs characterized by sudden death, or the development of nervous signs, associated with enteric colonization by certain serotypes of usually hemolytic Escherichia coli.
T18 644377-644499 Sentence denotes The disease occurs most commonly in pigs within a few weeks after weaning, or after other change in feeding or management.
T19 644500-644579 Sentence denotes It often occurs in association with outbreaks of postweaning E. coli enteritis.
T20 644580-644647 Sentence denotes Rare reports exist of edema disease in suckling and mature animals.
T21 644648-644804 Sentence denotes The disease may be sporadic or occur as an outbreak, usually affecting the best animals in a group, and mortality often approaches 100% of affected animals.
T22 644805-645029 Sentence denotes Edema disease and postweaning E. coli enteritis have apparently declined in prevalence in many parts of North America, perhaps with the use of concentrate rations based largely on soybeans and corn, rather than other grains.
T23 645030-645153 Sentence denotes Although the etiopathogenesis of edema disease is still incompletely understood, a soluble factor (' 'edema disease princi-
T24 645155-645287 Sentence denotes p i e " or " £ . coli neurotoxin") released in the gut by some serotypes of E. coli (mainly 0 1 3 8 , 0 1 3 9 , 0141) is implicated.
T25 645288-645379 Sentence denotes The factors predisposing to enteric colonization and adhesion by these strains are unknown.
T26 645380-645519 Sentence denotes Weaning, changes in ration, or accompanying alterations in the enteric microenvironment may favor proliferation of some strains of E. coli.
T27 645520-645750 Sentence denotes The E. coli stick to the microvillus border of enterocytes on villi in the small intestine, presumably by the medium of some sort of "adhesin" or perhaps by mechanisms analogous to the enterocyte-adhesive strains in other species.
T28 645751-645857 Sentence denotes They do not possess the K88, K99, or 987P pilus antigens, and pili are not obviously involved in adhesion.
T29 645858-646027 Sentence denotes The edema disease principle is not related to " O " or " K " antigens, nor to the hemolytic trait displayed by most, but not all, strains of E. coli causing the disease.
T30 646028-646193 Sentence denotes It is heat labile but is distinguishable from both heat-labile and heat-stable enterotoxins responsible for the secretory diarrhea caused by some strains of E. coli.
T31 646194-646278 Sentence denotes Some strains of E. coli that cause edema disease also produce secretory enterotoxin.
T32 646279-646354 Sentence denotes Diarrhea is not a usual concomitant of edema disease in individual animals.
T33 646355-646471 Sentence denotes However, some other animals in the group may develop typical E. coli "postweaning" diarrhea, described subsequently.
T34 646472-646680 Sentence denotes Gross or microscopic lesions in the intestinal mucosa do not occur in edema disease, which appears to be classical enterotoxemia, the active principle being absorbed from the gut and acting at a distant site.
T35 646681-646779 Sentence denotes The edema disease principle can be neutralized by antitoxin prepared against crude toxin extracts.
T36 646780-646909 Sentence denotes It shows specific titratable cytotoxicity for Vero cells grown in vitro and also may be assayed by intravenous injection in mice.
T37 646910-647105 Sentence denotes It appears to be analogous to Shigella neurotoxin, which has been recognized for many years, and perhaps to certain "verotoxins" or "neurotoxins" produced by serotypes of E. coli of human origin.
T38 647106-647174 Sentence denotes The mechanism of action of the edema disease principle is uncertain.
T39 647175-647264 Sentence denotes Its effect seems to be on the walls of small arteries and arterioles throughout the body.
T40 647265-647400 Sentence denotes Lesions at this level of the vascular tree are sometimes seen in animals dying acutely and showing typical postmortem lesions of edema.
T41 647401-647576 Sentence denotes They are more consistently encountered in survivors or in pigs with a subacute clinical course in which nervous signs are prominent but in which gross edema at autopsy is not.
T42 647577-647799 Sentence denotes The angiopathy, in its early stages, is recognized by swelling of endothelial cells and pyknosis and karyorrhexis of smooth muscle nuclei, often accompanied by fibrinoid degeneration or hyaline change, in the tunica media.
T43 647800-647910 Sentence denotes Proliferative mesenchymal elements are found in the tunica media and tunica adventitia in more advanced cases.
T44 647911-648085 Sentence denotes Inflammation is not at any stage a prominent component of the angiopathy, nor of the associated edema in most sites, however, and thrombosis of vessels is rarely encountered.
T45 648086-648207 Sentence denotes Edema is probably due to vessel damage during the early stages of the angiopathy, and perhaps to associated hypertension.
T46 648208-648434 Sentence denotes The lesions are distinct from those that might be expected with the alternative hypotheses advanced to explain the pathogenesis of edema disease, either endotoxemia or a hypersensitivity to soluble factors released by E. coli.
T47 648435-648494 Sentence denotes Swine with edema disease may die without premonitory signs.
T48 648495-648607 Sentence denotes Others may have anorexia or, more characteristically, show nervous signs, usually of less than a day's duration.
T49 648608-648714 Sentence denotes An unsteady, staggering gait, knuckling, ataxia, prostration and tremors, convulsions, and paddling occur.
T50 648715-648805 Sentence denotes A hoarse squeal at-tributed to laryngeal edema, and dyspnea, may also be noted clinically.
T51 648806-648866 Sentence denotes At autopsy, lesions in acute deaths may be subtle or absent.
T52 648867-648925 Sentence denotes Typically, edema is variably present in one or more sites.
T53 648926-649047 Sentence denotes It may be mild, however, and must be carefully sought, especially by "slipping" the suspected area over subjacent tissue.
T54 649048-649202 Sentence denotes Subcutaneous edema may be present in the frontal area and over the snout, in the eyelids, and in the submandibular, ventral abdominal, and inguinal areas.
T55 649203-649350 Sentence denotes Internally, there may be some hydropericardium and serous pleural and peritoneal effusion, perhaps accompanied by mild or moderate pulmonary edema.
T56 649351-649419 Sentence denotes More commonly, the serous surfaces merely appear glistening and wet.
T57 649420-649591 Sentence denotes Edema of the mesocolon, of the submucosa of the cardiac glandular area of the stomach over the greater curvature, and of mesenteric lymph nodes is most consistently found.
T58 649592-649696 Sentence denotes The gastric submucosal edema should be sought by gently cutting through the muscularis to the submucosa.
T59 649697-649760 Sentence denotes The edema fluid is clear and slightly gelatinous (Fig. 1.34C ).
T60 649761-649857 Sentence denotes It is rarely blood tinged, and overt hemorrhage is never present in uncomplicated edema disease.
T61 649858-649967 Sentence denotes The stomach is often full of feed, but the small intestine is relatively empty and the mucosa grossly normal.
T62 649968-650017 Sentence denotes The colon may contain somewhat inspissated feces.
T63 650018-650194 Sentence denotes In swine dying after a more prolonged clinical course, gross edema often is not present, though enlargement of mesenteric lymph nodes is present in a large proportion of cases.
T64 650195-650338 Sentence denotes A few pigs may show usually bilaterally symmetric foci of yellowish malacia in the brain stem at various levels, from basal ganglia to medulla.
T65 650339-650444 Sentence denotes Edema in the sites of predilection mentioned above is the main microscopic lesion in swine dying acutely.
T66 650445-650537 Sentence denotes It is generally devoid of much protein and contains few erythrocytes and inflammatory cells.
T67 650538-650641 Sentence denotes A proportion of animals will also have meningeal edema and distended Virchow-Robin spaces in the brain.
T68 650642-650708 Sentence denotes Vascular lesions may not be well developed in pigs dying suddenly.
T69 650709-650817 Sentence denotes When present, they usually consist of mycocyte necrosis, edema, and hyalin degeneration in the tunica media.
T70 650818-650884 Sentence denotes Angiopathy is more consistently found in cases of longer standing.
T71 650885-650944 Sentence denotes Affected vessels may be found in any tissue in the carcass.
T72 650945-651114 Sentence denotes Brain edema and focal encephalomalacia in the brain stem are associated with the presence of lesions in cerebral vessels; necrosis may be a sequel to edema and ischemia.
T73 651115-651211 Sentence denotes The entity known as swine cerebrospinal angiopathy is probably a manifestation of edema disease.
T74 651212-651381 Sentence denotes A diagnosis of edema disease is based on nervous signs or sudden death in growing pigs, in association with typical gross and microscopic lesions, when they are present.
T75 651382-651548 Sentence denotes In acute cases, heavy growth of hemolytic E. coli of one of the three common serotypes associated with edema disease is usual on culture of the small and large bowel.
T76 651549-651683 Sentence denotes In animals with more chronic signs, these strains may have been superseded by others as the dominant E. coli populating the intestine.
T77 651684-651860 Sentence denotes Tests for production of the edema disease principle by cultured bacteria, or for its presence in gut content, may become routine as techniques for in vitro assay are developed.
T78 651861-652141 Sentence denotes The disease must be differentiated from enteritis and endotoxemia due to E. coli in postweaning pigs, from mulberry-heart disease in animals dying suddenly, and from salt poisoning, Salmonella meningoencephalitis, and other infectious encephalitides in animals with nervous signs.
T79 652142-652329 Sentence denotes Postweaning E. coli enteritis (coliform "gastroenteritis" of weaned pigs) typically occurs during the first week or two following weaning or after some other change in feed or management.
T80 652330-652474 Sentence denotes It is usually associated with hemolytic E. coli of the same three serotypes primarily implicated in edema disease, as well as serotype 0 1 4 9 .
T81 652475-652579 Sentence denotes The two diseases often occur in the same population of pigs, though usually affecting different animals.
T82 652580-652732 Sentence denotes Typically, postweaning colibacillosis is a disease of high morbidity and variable mortality, with loss of condition in pigs suffering prolonged illness.
T83 652733-652794 Sentence denotes Diarrhea is usually yellow and fluid and stains the perineum.
T84 652795-652909 Sentence denotes Deaths that occur may or may not follow a prior episode of diarrhea and often appear to be related to endotoxemia.
T85 652910-653004 Sentence denotes In fatal cases, there may be bluish red discoloration of the skin and evidence of dehydration.
T86 653005-653087 Sentence denotes Deep red gastric venous infarcts are present in almost all cases ( Fig. 1.34D,E) .
T87 653088-653119 Sentence denotes The small intestine is flaccid.
T88 653120-653177 Sentence denotes The mucosa may be normal in color and the content creamy.
T89 653178-653358 Sentence denotes In other animals, the mucosa of the distal small intestine will be congested and the contents watery and perhaps blood stained or brown with flecks of yellow mucus ( Fig. 1.35A ).
T90 653359-653486 Sentence denotes Cecal and colonic lesions are usually mild, but there may be some congestion and fibrinous exudate in the proximal large bowel.
T91 653487-653557 Sentence denotes Mesenteric lymph nodes may be somewhat enlarged, congested, and juicy.
T92 653558-653604 Sentence denotes Other organs are usually unremarkable grossly.
T93 653605-653729 Sentence denotes The pathogenesis of postweaning E. coli enteritis is poorly understood, and the microscopic pathology is not well described.
T94 653730-653849 Sentence denotes In swine with diarrhea, E. coli is attached to the surface of villi by means not necessarily related to known adhesins.
T95 653850-653948 Sentence denotes Atrophy of villi does not seem to be evident, and diarrhea is presumed to be enterotoxin mediated.
T96 653949-654058 Sentence denotes Mortality in animals with prolonged diarrhea and few gross intestinal lesions may be ascribed to dehydration.
T97 654059-654246 Sentence denotes In animals dying of more acute disease, there is local microvascular thrombosis in sections of congested mucosa, and the gross and microscopic lesions are suggestive of endotoxemia (Figs.
T98 654247-654265 Sentence denotes 1.34E and 1.35B) .
T99 654266-654403 Sentence denotes Hemolytic E. coli of the implicated strains are consistently isolated in virtually pure culture from the lower small intestine and colon.
T100 654404-654541 Sentence denotes They are present in the spleen and liver in only a minority of cases, however, suggesting terminal bacteremia but not usually septicemia.
T101 654542-654628 Sentence denotes The factors predisposing to the massive colonization of hemolytic E. coli are unclear.
T102 654629-654879 Sentence denotes Loss of lactogenic immunity, a favorable environment for proliferation of bacterial strains with specific nutrient requirements, and promotion of epithelial colonization by the effects of antecedent rotavirus infection have been variously implicated.
T103 654880-655075 Sentence denotes A diagnosis of postweaning colibacillosis is suggested by the gross lesions in animals dying acutely or subacutely, and it is confirmed by culture and serotyping of associated strains of E. coli.
T104 655076-655205 Sentence denotes The fatal disease must be differentiated from edema disease, intestinal adenomatosis complex, salmonellosis, and swine dysentery.
T105 655206-655321 Sentence denotes Postweaning diarrhea due to uncomplicated rotavirus infection or transmissible gastroenteritis is usually nonfatal.
T106 655322-655353 Sentence denotes ENTEROINVASIVE COLIBACILLOSIS .
T107 655354-655519 Sentence denotes Strains of E. coli are recognized, infecting humans and certain other species, that have the capacity to invade surface enterocytes of the small and large intestine.
T108 655520-655585 Sentence denotes In this sense they resemble Shigella in primates, and Salmonella.
T109 655586-655727 Sentence denotes The enteroinvasiveness of Shigella and some strains of E. coli appears to be correlated with the presence of a high molecular weight plasmid.
T110 655728-655862 Sentence denotes Multiplication of the organism within cells results in local erosion and ulceration, associated with acute inflammation in the mucosa.
T111 655863-656054 Sentence denotes Although in shigellosis septicemia does not usually occur, bacteria may be present in inflamed mesenteric lymph nodes or liver in some enteroinvasive E. coli infections in laboratory animals.
T112 656055-656198 Sentence denotes Among domestic animals, enteroinvasive colibacillosis has been confirmed experimentally only in neonatal swine, using a strain of O101 E. coli.
T113 656199-656365 Sentence denotes Spontaneous enteritis, which appears to be due to enteroinvasive E. coli, is occasionally encountered in piglets up to weaning and in calves less than 2 weeks of age.
T114 656366-656473 Sentence denotes Diarrhea in experimentally infected piglets is described as grayyellow, watery, and containing small clots.
T115 656474-656604 Sentence denotes The gross findings may not be remarkable, or the intestine may appear congested in comparison with that in most diarrheic piglets.
T116 656605-656801 Sentence denotes In spontaneous cases suspected of being due to enteroinvasive E. coli, the gastric fundus may be congested also, and this correlates with the presence of venous infarction visible microscopically.
T117 656802-656951 Sentence denotes Experimental enteroinvasive colibacillosis in piglets causes villus atrophy comparable in severity to that induced by the common viruses of neonates.
T118 656952-657019 Sentence denotes Enterocytes appear cuboidal or flattened, and some are seen lysing.
T119 657020-657142 Sentence denotes The lamina propria is edematous and capillaries are congested and infiltrated by neutrophils and other inflammatory cells.
T120 657143-657238 Sentence denotes In spontaneous cases, thrombi may be evident in proprial capillaries and submucosal lymphatics.
T121 657239-657339 Sentence denotes Neutrophils and tissue fluid effuse into the lumen between villi through epithelial discontinuities.
T122 657340-657461 Sentence denotes Similar microthrombosis, proprial inflammation, enterocyte destruction, and effusion may be found in the cecum and colon.
T123 657462-657674 Sentence denotes Intracellular organisms of strain O101 were demonstrated by immunoperoxidase staining in the experimental study but are not generally recognized in spontaneous cases suspected to be due to enteroinvasive E. coli.
T124 657675-657760 Sentence denotes Edema and neutrophil accumulation in sinusoids of mesenteric lymph nodes are present.
T125 657761-657955 Sentence denotes Experimental enteroinvasive colibacillosis in piglets has been associated with malabsorption and protein loss into the gut, presumably due to villus atrophy and effusive enteritis, respectively.
T126 657956-658057 Sentence denotes In calves, lesions suspected to be due to enteroinvasive E. coli grossly resemble mild salmonellosis.
T127 658058-658183 Sentence denotes The mucosa of the lower small intestine, cecum, and spiral colon is congested and may be covered by a fine fibrinous exudate.
T128 658184-658233 Sentence denotes The content is fluid and may appear blood tinged.
T129 658234-658278 Sentence denotes Mesenteric lymph nodes are enlarged and wet.
T130 658279-658342 Sentence denotes The microscopic lesions resemble those described above in pigs.
T131 658343-658494 Sentence denotes Generalized systemic infection with E. coli occurs commonly in calves and less commonly or sporadically in young animals of the other domestic species.
T132 658495-658595 Sentence denotes Predisposition to infection is a prerequisite for E. coli septicemia caused by a variety of strains.
T133 658596-658736 Sentence denotes This usually results from reduced transfer or absorption of maternal immunoglobulin from colostrum, or intercurrent disease or debilitation.
T134 658737-658797 Sentence denotes But certain strains of E. coli, especially O78:K80 and 0 2 :
T135 658798-658966 Sentence denotes K 1 , are particularly associated with septicemia in calves and lambs and may possess characteristics that enhance their ability to invade and proliferate systemically.
T136 658967-659132 Sentence denotes Among factors conferring virulence on these strains are plas- mids coding for colicin V (Col V) and for the production of a specific toxin and surface antigen (Vir).
T137 659133-659282 Sentence denotes Colicin V enhances the ability of the organism to resist host defense mechanisms, possibly by interfering with phagocytosis or complement activation.
T138 659283-659382 Sentence denotes The Vir plasmid causes production of a toxin lethal in chicks and presumably active in other hosts.
T139 659383-659483 Sentence denotes Hemolysin seems to promote virulence of some invasive strains of E. coli in experimental situations.
T140 659484-659574 Sentence denotes The portal of entry of E. coli causing septicemia is unclear and probably varies somewhat.
T141 659575-659686 Sentence denotes The navel in the neonate, the upper respiratory tract, possibly the tonsil, and the intestine are likely sites.
T142 659687-659749 Sentence denotes The nasopharyngeal route appears to be particularly important.
T143 659750-659837 Sentence denotes Enteritis is not a necessary, or even common, concomitant of colisepticemia in animals.
T144 659838-660013 Sentence denotes Invasive strains given to animals with adequate levels of immunoglobulin are usually limited to colonization of the intestine and local carriage to the mesenteric lymph nodes.
T145 660014-660159 Sentence denotes The lesions associated with colisepticemia in young animals of any species, especially calves, lambs, and foals, may vary from subtle to obvious.
T146 660160-660272 Sentence denotes Mortality in hypogammaglobulinemic neonates may occur acutely with little in the way of abnormal gross findings.
T147 660273-660405 Sentence denotes These may be limited to mildly congested or blue-red, slightly rubbery lungs and a firm spleen, perhaps with evidence of omphalitis.
T148 660406-660591 Sentence denotes Microscopic changes in the lungs include thickening of alveolar septa by mononuclear cells and neutrophils, and effusion of lightly fibrinous exudate and a few neutrophils into alveoli.
T149 660592-660781 Sentence denotes There may be a corona of neutrophils around white pulp in the spleen, and neutrophils may be present in abnormal numbers in circulation in many organs, including lung and hepatic sinusoids.
T150 660782-660844 Sentence denotes Kupffer cells also may be prominent in sinusoids in the liver.
T151 660845-660934 Sentence denotes Fibrin thrombi may be evident in pulmonary capillaries, glomeruli, and hepatic sinusoids.
T152 660935-661099 Sentence denotes Some calves will develop acute interstitial nephritis with foci of neutrophil accumulation, which with time evolves into "whitespotted kidney" in surviving animals.
T153 661100-661275 Sentence denotes More severe acute cases will show evidence of serosal hemorrhage, including petechiae or ecchymoses on the epicardium and endocardium and perhaps parietal and visceral pleura.
T154 661276-661329 Sentence denotes There may be slight serosanguinous pericardial fluid.
T155 661330-661394 Sentence denotes The lungs may be deep red-blue and rubbery and fail to collapse.
T156 661395-661505 Sentence denotes Interlobular septa may be slightly separated by edema, and froth or fluid may be present in the major airways.
T157 661506-661563 Sentence denotes Meningeal vessels may be congested, and the meninges wet.
T158 661564-661676 Sentence denotes The abomasum or stomach may have focal superficial ulcers or more extensive deep red areas of venous infarction.
T159 661677-661767 Sentence denotes There may be evidence of diarrhea and dehydration, with congestion of the small intestine.
T160 661768-661913 Sentence denotes Microscopic lesions resemble those previously described, with more severe congestion, thrombosis, and edema in lungs and, perhaps, other tissues.
T161 661914-662029 Sentence denotes In cases not examined by some time after death, clumps of small bacilli may be seen in vessels throughout the body.
T162 662030-662104 Sentence denotes The vascular permeability, thrombosis, and hemorrhage reflect endotoxemia.
T163 662105-662254 Sentence denotes Subacute cases may develop localized infection, often multiple, on serous surfaces, in the joints, meninges, and rarely, anterior chamber of the eye.
T164 662255-662405 Sentence denotes Fibrinous peritonitis, pleuritis and pericarditis, and fibrinopurulent arthritis and meningitis are commonly found, alone or in variable combinations.
T165 662406-662536 Sentence denotes Affected animals may have a history of lameness ascribable to arthritis, nervous signs due to meningitis, or general debilitation.
T166 662537-662767 Sentence denotes Microscopic examination reveals the lesions already described in animals with active systemic disease, with the addition of extensive congestion and edema of inflamed serous surfaces, associated with an acute inflammatory exudate.
T167 662768-662912 Sentence denotes In lambs, congestion and edema of the mucosa of turbinates and sinuses, perhaps with mucopurulent to hemorrhagic sinusitis, have been described.
T168 662913-663139 Sentence denotes Fibrinous polyserositis and arthritis are sporadic manifestations of E. coli septicemia in swine and must be differentiated from the more significant Haemophilus, Mycoplasma, and Streptococcus infections causing these lesions.
T169 663140-663216 Sentence denotes Colisepticemia is a sporadic cause of mortality in litters of young puppies.
T170 663217-663547 Sentence denotes Diagnosis of E. coli septicemia is based on the isolation of E. coli in large numbers from more than one parenchymatous organ or other internal site other than mesenteric lymph node (preferably liver, spleen, lung, or kidney) or from a site of serosal localization, in conjunction with compatible gross and/or microscopic lesions.
T171 663548-663584 Sentence denotes The genus Salmonella is named for D.
T172 663585-663587 Sentence denotes E.
T173 663588-663754 Sentence denotes Salmon, who was the first to describe one species, S. choleraesuis, in detail, although diseases in humans caused by members of this genus had been described earlier.
T174 663755-663844 Sentence denotes Each antigenically distinct type is accorded species status and assigned a specific name.
T175 663845-663943 Sentence denotes This usually designates the locality in which the specific type was first isolated and identified.
T176 663944-664030 Sentence denotes Some 2000 or more serotypes have been defined, including members of the arizona group.
T177 664031-664112 Sentence denotes All known types are pathogenic, or potentially so, for humans or animals or both.
T178 664113-664293 Sentence denotes For the most part, however, salmonellosis is caused by a few types that are somewhat host specific, like S. abortusovis, and a few which are not host specific, like S. typhimurium.
T179 664294-664353 Sentence denotes Salmonellosis is one of the most serious zoonotic diseases.
T180 664354-664442 Sentence denotes Phage typing is indicated when there is evidence of transmission from animals to humans.
T181 664443-664568 Sentence denotes This technique should also be used when the offending serotype is found in feed, or other epidemiologic tracing is necessary.
T182 664569-664754 Sentence denotes Knowledge of the pathogenesis of salmonellosis has not advanced in parallel with our more purely bacteriologic knowledge, so that much that is important about the disease remains vague.
T183 664755-665086 Sentence denotes Probably, salmonellosis in animals (here excepting birds and humans) should be regarded as many diseases by reason of the variety of animal species that are susceptible, the variety of bacterial species that are pathogenic, and the poorly defined variety of circumstances in which host and pathogen interact to produce the disease.
T184 665087-665168 Sentence denotes However, there are some general features of salmonellosis that may be noted here.
T185 665169-665488 Sentence denotes The more common "stress" factors that have been associated with salmonellosis in most species of domestic animals include transportation, starvation, changes in ration, overcrowding, age, pregnancy, parturition, exertion, anesthesia, surgery, intercurrent disease, and oral treatment with antibiotics and anthelmintics.
T186 665489-665546 Sentence denotes A few of these factors will be considered in more detail.
T187 665547-665637 Sentence denotes There is clearly an age susceptibility to clinical disease and somewhat also to infection.
T188 665638-665734 Sentence denotes Adult animals are less likely to suffer generalized or septicemic infections than are the young.
T189 665735-665854 Sentence denotes When adults become infected, they are more likely to cast it off or become symptomless carriers for indefinite periods.
T190 665855-666070 Sentence denotes The greater susceptibility of young animals is only partially explained by their failure to obtain specific antibody in colostrum; there is no sound explanation of why young animals are more susceptible than adults.
T191 666071-666234 Sentence denotes The containment of many young animals in limited areas is conducive to high degrees of contamination of the local environment and to rapid spread of the infection.
T192 666235-666327 Sentence denotes The concentration of animals is also of importance in adults, particularly horses and sheep.
T193 666328-666410 Sentence denotes In these species, outbreaks are more common when the animals are closely confined.
T194 666411-666558 Sentence denotes Often coupled with close confinement are the rigors attending it, especially during long travel with irregular and inadequate feeding and watering.
T195 666559-666672 Sentence denotes Less tangible environmental effects are suggested by the seasonal occurrence of salmonellosis in pigs and horses.
T196 666673-666771 Sentence denotes There are many examples of enhancement of susceptibility to salmonellosis by intercurrent disease.
T197 666772-666979 Sentence denotes The best known association is that between the virus of hog cholera and Salmonella choleraesuis, an association so close as to have caused early pathologists to disregard the bacterium as a primary pathogen.
T198 666980-667159 Sentence denotes Salmonellosis sometimes complicates viral disease of carnivores and has also been observed in cattle infected with the viruses of foot and mouth disease and bovine virus diarrhea.
T199 667160-667339 Sentence denotes The disease in adult cattle is usually sporadic, and there are often noninfectious predisposing diseases such as parturient paresis, ketosis, mastitis, and parasitic infestations.
T200 667340-667489 Sentence denotes The stress of anesthesia and surgery may account for the serious outbreaks of salmonellosis that occur in hospitalized animals at veterinary schools.
T201 667490-667603 Sentence denotes The significance of antibiotic treatment in relation to salmonellosis is discussed under Typhlocolitis in Horses.
T202 667604-667679 Sentence denotes The pathogenesis of salmonellosis in domestic animals is poorly understood.
T203 667680-667739 Sentence denotes The main route of transmission is undoubtedly by ingestion.
T204 667740-667866 Sentence denotes Most of the more basic information on the pathogenesis has been obtained through experimental infection in laboratory animals.
T205 667867-667989 Sentence denotes Although the data obtained from these experiments are valuable, they may not be completely applicable to domestic animals.
T206 667990-668094 Sentence denotes There are obvious differences in susceptibility of animal species to particular serotypes of Salmonella.
T207 668095-668208 Sentence denotes Some strains of S. typhimurium may cause a subclinical infection in mice but prove to be highly fatal for calves.
T208 668209-668311 Sentence denotes There are three basic requirements which must be met before infection with Salmonella induces disease.
T209 668312-668471 Sentence denotes The bacteria have to be present in sufficient numbers; generally a minimal infective dose of 10 7 to 10 9 organisms is needed to infect large domestic animals.
T210 668472-668599 Sentence denotes The strain must also colonize and invade enterocytes to produce enteritis; noninvasive strains of Salmonella are nonpathogenic.
T211 668600-668681 Sentence denotes The ability to cause intestinal secretion is a property of some invasive strains.
T212 668682-668811 Sentence denotes Some Salmonella species have the ability to adhere to the brush border, but the mechanism by which this occurs is not understood.
T213 668812-668951 Sentence denotes Adherence of S. typhimurium to the ileal mucosa of germ-free or specific-pathogen-free mice is not associated with O or H antigens or pili.
T214 668952-669101 Sentence denotes In chicks, colonization and adherence of Salmonella occur more readily throughout the gastrointestinal tract in the absence of the normal microflora.
T215 669102-669337 Sentence denotes In experimental infections of guinea pigs, Salmonella invades the enterocytes, especially those in the ileum, and within 12 hr large numbers of organisms are present in the lumen, on the surface of the brush border, and in enterocytes.
T216 669338-669473 Sentence denotes There is an increase in the number of neutrophils in the gut lumen and within intercellular spaces, and some of these contain bacteria.
T217 669474-669545 Sentence denotes Bacteria are also located in the lamina propria, mainly in macrophages.
T218 669546-669663 Sentence denotes Degeneration of microvilli characterized by loss of filamentous cores is associated with close adherence of bacteria.
T219 669664-669777 Sentence denotes Other degenerative changes consist of elongation, budding, and fusion of microvilli and loss of the terminal web.
T220 669778-669938 Sentence denotes The organisms usually appear to invade the cells through the brush border; however, they may also enter the mucosa through the intercellular junctional complex.
T221 669939-670082 Sentence denotes The bacteria are located in the cytoplasm within membrane-bound vacuoles, which may also contain remnants of microvilli and cytoplasmic debris.
T222 670083-670166 Sentence denotes The Salmonella bacteria remain largely intact during their transcellular migration.
T223 670167-670302 Sentence denotes Many bacteria are often present in a single enterocyte during the early stages of infection, but cellular damage is mild and transient.
T224 670303-670386 Sentence denotes After 24 hr, most of the bacteria are located in macrophages in the lamina propria.
T225 670387-670510 Sentence denotes Many organisms are evident in the lumina of crypts, but invasion of cryptal epithelial cells evidently does not take place.
T226 670511-670673 Sentence denotes In addition to causing obvious morphologic changes in the gut mucosa, some strains of invasive Salmonella are associated with fluid exsorption into the gut lumen.
T227 670674-670724 Sentence denotes The secretion of fluid is probably toxin mediated.
T228 670725-670895 Sentence denotes The significance of heat-labile or heatstable enterotoxins, the effects of which are described under Enterotoxic Colibacillosis, is not defined for enteric salmonellosis.
T229 670896-671019 Sentence denotes The cAMP system may play a role in secretion of fluids into the gut lumen, but the mechanism involved is poorly understood.
T230 671020-671184 Sentence denotes Salmonella infection stimulates adenyl cyclase activity in the rabbit ileum, but the level of stimulation is considerably less than that produced by cholera toxins.
T231 671185-671416 Sentence denotes Enterocolitis associated with salmonellosis may result in increased synthesis and secretion of prostaglandins, which in turn stimulate mucosal adenyl cyclase activity, causing abnormalities in fluid, sodium, and chloride transport.
T232 671417-671545 Sentence denotes As a result of the fluid exsorption that occurs, mainly in the lower small intestine, a large volume of fluid reaches the colon.
T233 671546-671638 Sentence denotes Diarrhea is at least in part due to the inability of the damaged colon to absorb this fluid.
T234 671639-671782 Sentence denotes A cytotoxin similar to the eytotoxin or "neurotoxin" produced by Shigella dysenteriae has been associated with several serotypes of Salmonella.
T235 671783-671861 Sentence denotes This toxin causes extensive detachment of intact Vero cells in tissue culture.
T236 671862-672012 Sentence denotes The cytolytic activity is probably due to inhibition of protein synthesis rather than being a direct effect of the toxic factor on membrane integrity.
T237 672013-672121 Sentence denotes The degeneration and necrosis of enterocytes in salmonellosis may be associated in part with such cytotoxin.
T238 672122-672222 Sentence denotes Vascular degeneration and thrombosis of mucosal vessels are common features of Salmonella enteritis.
T239 672223-672352 Sentence denotes The vascular lesions may be due to action of large amounts of endotoxins absorbed through the damaged mucosa or released locally.
T240 672353-672461 Sentence denotes The effects of cytotoxin on the endothelial cells also may be involved in the pathogenesis of these lesions.
T241 672462-672646 Sentence denotes Once the Salmonella organisms have crossed the mucosa, they may enter the blood stream via the lymphatics, perhaps carried in macrophages, and cause septicemia or transient bacteremia.
T242 672647-672745 Sentence denotes Or they may remain indefinitely in the gut-associated lymphoid tissues and mesenteric lymph nodes.
T243 672746-672919 Sentence denotes Increased susceptibility to salmonellosis in animals with intercurrent disease or subjected to stress may be related to relaxation of cell-mediated immunity to the organism.
T244 672920-673025 Sentence denotes Septicemia may be of variable duration and severity, but as a rule, it is rapidly fatal in young animals.
T245 673026-673171 Sentence denotes If, however, there is transient bacteremia, the organisms are removed by the fixed macrophages, especially of the spleen, liver, and bone marrow.
T246 673172-673342 Sentence denotes They may continue to proliferate in such extravascular locations and cause another bacteremic phase that may be fatal as a septicemia or result in secondary localization.
T247 673343-673424 Sentence denotes The carrier state is of particular importance to the epidemiology of the disease.
T248 673425-673510 Sentence denotes Swine especially may carry the organism in the intestine and excrete it in the feces.
T249 673511-673765 Sentence denotes Whether Salmonella can maintain itself in the intestine is not clear; to some extent, at least, the fecal flora is likely to depend on intermittent seeding from the gallbladder or from macrophages in the lamina propria and gut-associated lymphoid tissue.
T250 673766-673865 Sentence denotes The duration of the carrier state may be prolonged, or animals may rid themselves of the infection.
T251 673866-674067 Sentence denotes The carrier state is an unstable one, for it appears that if the carrier is subjected to some stress or debilitating disease, it may succumb to disease; this often seems to be the case in adult cattle.
T252 674068-674237 Sentence denotes The carrier animal is a potential threat to any other animal it contacts, either directly or through the medium of its excreta, or through by-products such as bone meal.
T253 674238-674246 Sentence denotes HORSES .
T254 674247-674356 Sentence denotes The most common serotype in horses in most areas is Salmonella typhimurium, and its prevalence is increasing.
T255 674357-674431 Sentence denotes Other serotypes are usually associated with sporadic outbreaks of disease.
T256 674432-674521 Sentence denotes The high prevalence of salmonellosis in veterinary teaching hospitals has been mentioned.
T257 674522-674609 Sentence denotes Many are carriers when they are admitted, and when they are stressed, diarrhea follows.
T258 674610-674734 Sentence denotes Salmonellosis in horses may be manifested clinically as peracute, acute, chronic forms and as an asymptomatic carrier state.
T259 674735-674803 Sentence denotes The septicemic form occurs most commonly in foals 1-6 months of age.
T260 674804-674895 Sentence denotes These animals are usually with their dams at pasture, and predisposing factors are unclear.
T261 674896-674937 Sentence denotes The infection in foals tends to be fatal.
T262 674938-675071 Sentence denotes Affected animals are lethargic and develop severe diarrhea, often with characteristic green color, which may contain casts and blood.
T263 675072-675130 Sentence denotes They are febrile and waste rapidly, to die in 2 or 3 days.
T264 675131-675255 Sentence denotes Some survive for a week or more, and these may develop signs of pneumonia, osteitis, polyarthritis, and meningoencephalitis.
T265 675256-675340 Sentence denotes The primarily enteric forms of the disease are more likely to occur in older horses.
T266 675341-675408 Sentence denotes Most of the predisposing factors mentioned earlier apply to horses.
T267 675409-675562 Sentence denotes Salmonellosis is an occupational hazard of horses since many are exposed to long periods of transport and exertion due to overwork or excessive training.
T268 675563-675683 Sentence denotes Clinically, the acute disease is characterized by diarrhea and fever for a period of 1 to 3 weeks, followed by recovery.
T269 675684-675730 Sentence denotes The chronic form persists for weeks or months.
T270 675731-675799 Sentence denotes Affected horses pass soft, unformed manure that resembles cow feces.
T271 675800-675883 Sentence denotes They lose their appetite, with subsequent progressive loss of weight and condition.
T272 675884-675938 Sentence denotes In later stages, they become dehydrated and emaciated.
T273 675939-675983 Sentence denotes The carrier state is somewhat controversial.
T274 675984-676138 Sentence denotes Some investigators were unable to confirm long-term carriers in horses; others were able to recover Salmonella from feces of recovered animals for months.
T275 676139-676219 Sentence denotes Reinfection may complicate attempts to determine whether an animal is a carrier.
T276 676220-676330 Sentence denotes The gross lesions are those of enteritis and/or septicemia; the former are most consistently found at autopsy.
T277 676331-676426 Sentence denotes As a rule, the longer the course, the lower in the intestine one finds the most severe lesions.
T278 676427-676571 Sentence denotes Acute septicemic cases show small hemorrhages on the serous membranes, especially the pericardium and peritoneum, and enlargement of the spleen.
T279 676572-676724 Sentence denotes In others, petechiae are present on the valvular endocardium, vesical mucosa, renal and adrenal cortices, and meninges, but none of these is consistent.
T280 676725-676815 Sentence denotes The splenic enlargement is most marked in peracute cases, and the organ is dark and pulpy.
T281 676816-676918 Sentence denotes Hepatic lipidosis seems to be common, but this may be related more to inanition than to the infection.
T282 676919-676994 Sentence denotes The visceral lymph nodes are always enlarged, juicy, and often hemorrhagic.
T283 676995-677046 Sentence denotes The main lesions are in the stomach and intestines.
T284 677047-677185 Sentence denotes In peracute cases, there is intense hyperemia of the gastric mucosa, probably venous infarction, with some edema and scattered hemorrhage.
T285 677186-677260 Sentence denotes The small intestine may be congested with a mucous or hemorrhagic exudate.
T286 677261-677510 Sentence denotes In acute cases, there is diffuse and intense hemorrhagic inflammation of the cecum and colon, overshadowing any lesions in the upper intestine and leading rapidly to superficial necrosis of the mucosa and a grayish red pseudomembrane ( Fig. 1.35C ).
T287 677511-677574 Sentence denotes In chronic salmonellosis, enteric lesions may be few or subtle.
T288 677575-677668 Sentence denotes Some animals have extensive or patchy fibrinous or ulcerative lesions of the cecum and colon.
T289 677669-677800 Sentence denotes In others, raised circumscribed lesions about 2 -3 cm in diameter may be evident, with a gelatinous submucosa and ulcerated mucosa.
T290 677801-677879 Sentence denotes Some such lesions are more fibrinous and resemble button ulcers (Fig. 1.35D ).
T291 677880-677956 Sentence denotes Histologic alterations of significance are usually limited to the intestine.
T292 677957-678130 Sentence denotes In septicemic animals, however, there is sometimes focal Kupffer-cell hyperplasia in the liver, acute ileocecocolic lymphadenitis, and inflammation in sites of localization.
T293 678131-678282 Sentence denotes Depending on the duration of the enteritis there may be hemorrhage, necrosis, or diphtheresis, but the infiltrating leukocytes are largely mononuclear.
T294 678283-678362 Sentence denotes The superficial coagulation necrosis of the mucosa may extend over large areas.
T295 678363-678428 Sentence denotes A layer of fibrinocellular exudate may cover the necrotic mucosa.
T296 678429-678523 Sentence denotes Fibrin thrombi are frequently present in the capillaries of the lamina propria ( Fig. 1.35E ).
T297 678524-678625 Sentence denotes There is usually marked congestion of submucosal vessels, which is accompanied by considerable edema.
T298 678626-678787 Sentence denotes Salmonellosis must be differentiated from septicemia due to Actinobacillus equuli in foals and colitis X and ischemic lesions of the large bowel in older horses.
T299 678788-678862 Sentence denotes The differential diagnosis of typhlocolitis has been discussed previously.
T300 678863-678992 Sentence denotes For some unknown reason, Salmonella is often difficult to isolate from horses that have typical signs and lesions of the disease.
T301 678993-679146 Sentence denotes The tissues of choice for isolation are the mesenteric and ileocolic lymph nodes and gut, which should be ground up and inoculated into enrichment media.
T302 679147-679213 Sentence denotes Repeated fecal cultures are necessary to identify carrier animals.
T303 679214-679319 Sentence denotes It has been suggested that five consecutive negative cultures are required to rule out the carrier state.
T304 679320-679390 Sentence denotes There are differences between salmonellosis in young and adult cattle.
T305 679391-679555 Sentence denotes The serotypes usually incriminated are Salmonella typhimurium, S. enteritidis, and S. dublin, the latter having often in the past been classified as S. enteritidis.
T306 679556-679602 Sentence denotes These serotypes are of worldwide distribution.
T307 679603-679831 Sentence denotes Salmonella dublin is not common in North America east of the Rockies, and wherever it is found it tends to show some specific adaptation to cattle and to occur in epizootics, whereas the other infections are more often sporadic.
T308 679832-679992 Sentence denotes Salmonella muenster has become enzootic in cattle in Ontario and appears to be spreading to other eastern Canadian provinces and the northeastern United States.
T309 679993-680055 Sentence denotes The behavior of this serotype is similar to that of S. dublin.
T310 680056-680156 Sentence denotes Whatever the infecting serotype, the manifestations of infection in individual animals are the same.
T311 680157-680300 Sentence denotes It is unusual to find salmonellosis in calves less than 1 week of age, in contrast to colibacillosis, which usually affects very young animals.
T312 680301-680404 Sentence denotes In calves, salmonellosis is a febrile disease typified by dejection, dehydration, and usually diarrhea.
T313 680405-680525 Sentence denotes Diarrhea is not always present, but when it is, the feces are pulpy, yellow or grayish, and have a very unpleasant odor.
T314 680526-680586 Sentence denotes In older calves there is often blood and mucus in the feces.
T315 680587-680689 Sentence denotes In less acute cases there may be delayed evidence of localization in the lung and synovial structures.
T316 680690-680804 Sentence denotes Morbidity and mortality may be considerable, especially in calves that are confined, such as in vealer operations.
T317 680805-680966 Sentence denotes Experimental infections in calves indicate that survival is inversely related to the numbers of Salmonella in the inoculum and directly to the age of the calves.
T318 680967-681073 Sentence denotes The general appearance at autopsy of a calf with salmonellosis may be the same as one with colibacillosis.
T319 681074-681187 Sentence denotes However, enlargement of mesenteric lymph nodes and gross enteric lesions are generally observed in salmonellosis.
T320 681188-681349 Sentence denotes There are moderately severe gastrointestinal inflammation, acute swelling, and hemorrhage of the visceral lymph nodes, and some petechiation of serous membranes.
T321 681350-681491 Sentence denotes The gastroenteritis may be catarrhal, but sometimes it is hemorrhagic or more commonly causes exudation of yellowish fibrin ( Fig. 1.37A,B) .
T322 681492-681565 Sentence denotes The mucosa overlying the lymphoid tissues may become necrotic and slough.
T323 681566-681687 Sentence denotes In animals with fibrinous enteritis, the bowel wall is somewhat turgid and the serosa may have a ground-glass appearance.
T324 681688-681754 Sentence denotes There is often a diffuse, but perhaps mild, fibrinous peritonitis.
T325 681755-681866 Sentence denotes The intestinal lesions are usually most severe in the ileum, especially during the early stages of the disease.
T326 681867-681959 Sentence denotes With time the jejunum and colon become involved, but the duodenum remains relatively normal.
T327 681960-682103 Sentence denotes The regional distribution of the lesions may, at least in part, be related to differences in the level of bacterial colonization of the mucosa.
T328 682104-682360 Sentence denotes Twelve hours after oral infection of calves with Salmonella typhimurium, the numbers of bacteria are generally lower in the abomasum and duodenum than in the lower intestinal tract, where they are relatively constant from the jejunum through to the rectum.
T329 682361-682519 Sentence denotes The early microscopic lesions in the small intestine consist of a thin layer of fibrinocellular exudate on the surface of short and blunt villi (Fig. 1.36B ).
T330 682520-682681 Sentence denotes This is followed by extensive necrosis and ulceration of the mucosa, with fibrin and neutrophils exuding from the ulcerated areas into the lumen (Fig. 1.36C,D) .
T331 682682-682765 Sentence denotes The lamina propria may be moderately infiltrated by mononuclear inflammatory cells.
T332 682766-682823 Sentence denotes Fibrin thrombi are often evident in proprial capillaries.
T333 682824-682937 Sentence denotes There is also marked submucosal edema, and the centers of lymphoid follicles in the Peyer's patches are necrotic.
T334 682938-683062 Sentence denotes The mucosal damage is usually too extensive to be explained solely on the basis of ischemia due to microvascular thrombosis.
T335 683063-683149 Sentence denotes Similar erosion, ulceration, and fibrinous effusion occur in the proximal large bowel.
T336 683150-683260 Sentence denotes Scanning electron microscopy of small intestine shows large numbers of bacteria on a tattered mucosal surface.
T337 683261-683333 Sentence denotes Clusters of enterocytes slough off short and blunt villi ( Fig. 1.36A) .
T338 683334-683405 Sentence denotes Strands of fibrin emerge from the mucosal defects and cover the mucosa.
T339 683406-683600 Sentence denotes Ultrastructurally, the lesions are similar to those described above for guinea pigs, except that there is more damage to epithelium in calves experimentally infected with Salmonella typhimurium.
T340 683601-683709 Sentence denotes Characteristic changes usually occur in the liver and spleen but may be absent in peracute septicemic cases.
T341 683710-683767 Sentence denotes There is often fibrinous inflammation in the gallbladder.
T342 683768-683955 Sentence denotes In acute cases, the spleen is enlarged and pulpy as a result of congestion, but this is soon replaced by acute splenitis, present as miliary, tiny foci of necrosis or as reactive nodules.
T343 683956-684068 Sentence denotes The liver is often pale and beset with many minute foci of necrosis, which may require microscopy for detection.
T344 684069-684219 Sentence denotes They are referred to as "paratyphoid nodules," although all transitional stages from foci of simple nonspecific necrosis to reactive granulomas occur.
T345 684220-684332 Sentence denotes Typically there are few neutrophils, and whether the nodules are necrotic or reactive depends on their duration.
T346 684333-684382 Sentence denotes The initial change is focal coagulation necrosis.
T347 684383-684528 Sentence denotes About the margins, the macrophages accumulate and form small histiocytic granulomas, which expand and displace the surrounding parenchymal cords.
T348 684529-684689 Sentence denotes In the spleen, macrophage reaction is sometimes diffuse. "Paratyphoid" granulomas may also be found microscopically in the kidney, lymph nodes, and bone marrow.
T349 684690-684823 Sentence denotes In calves with acute septicemia, interstitial thickening of pulmonary alveolar septa by mononuclear cells and edema is usually found.
T350 684824-684941 Sentence denotes There may be thrombosis of septal capillaries, and some effusion of edema fluid and macrophages into alveolar spaces.
T351 684942-685109 Sentence denotes In chronic salmonellosis, there is almost always an anterior bronchopneumonia, usually with adhesions and small abscesses, and purulent exudation in synovial cavities.
T352 685110-685266 Sentence denotes The organism is recoverable in pure culture from such affected joints and tendon sheaths but may be mixed with Corynebacterium and Pasteurella in the lungs.
T353 685267-685372 Sentence denotes Salmonellosis in adult cattle may occur in outbreaks as it does in calves, but more often it is sporadic.
T354 685373-685427 Sentence denotes The source of infection is usually the carrier animal.
T355 685428-685578 Sentence denotes Other sources, such as feed containing protein of animal origin or bone meal, should be considered when the disease is caused by an uncommon serotype.
T356 685579-685671 Sentence denotes Abortions are common with Salmonella dublin and S. muenster but may occur with any serotype.
T357 685672-685812 Sentence denotes In some herds this may be the only clinical evidence of infection, although other animals often excrete the offending serotype in the feces.
T358 685813-685974 Sentence denotes The morbid changes in adults correspond to those in calves, except that there is more pleural hemorrhage and the enteritis may be more hemorrhagic and fibrinous.
T359 685975-686089 Sentence denotes The histologic changes seen in the liver and other organs are the same as those seen in calves with salmonellosis.
T360 686090-686239 Sentence denotes As well as abortion caused by Salmonella abortusovis, abortion and neonatal death may attend infection of pregnant ewes by any species of Salmonella.
T361 686240-686351 Sentence denotes Otherwise it is not a common disease in sheep, but outbreaks are always severe and may cause very heavy losses.
T362 686352-686465 Sentence denotes Predisposing influences are necessary, and these are usually provided by circumstances that enforce congregation.
T363 686466-686646 Sentence denotes Deprivation of food and water for 2 or 3 days may be sufficient and, coupled with fatigue, is the usual predisposing factor when sheep are transported or confined in holding yards.
T364 686647-686745 Sentence denotes Deaths usually continue for a week to 10 days after debilitating circumstances have been remedied.
T365 686746-686844 Sentence denotes The serotypes usually found in sheep are Salmonella ry- phimurium, S. arizona, and S. enteritidis.
T366 686845-686955 Sentence denotes Salmonella dublin is increasing in prevalence in Great Britain and the midwestern states of the United States.
T367 686956-687070 Sentence denotes They produce the same sort of disease, which closely resembles that seen in cattle both clinically and at autopsy.
T368 687071-687138 Sentence denotes The major findings are fibrinohemorrhagic enteritis and septicemia.
T369 687139-687271 Sentence denotes Many serotypes of Salmonella have been isolated from swine, and with poultry they form the most important reservoir of the organism.
T370 687272-687441 Sentence denotes The bacteria are carried in the intestine but also in the regional lymph nodes of the alimentary tract so that carrier animals may not excrete the organism in the feces.
T371 687442-687512 Sentence denotes Salmonellosis occurs in feeder pigs, usually those 2 -4 months of age.
T372 687513-687562 Sentence denotes It is very uncommon in sucklings and adult swine.
T373 687563-687630 Sentence denotes Three syndromes are associated with Salmonella infections in swine.
T374 687631-687775 Sentence denotes Septicemic salmonellosis is usually associated with S. choleraesuis var. kunzendorf, although enteric lesions may be present with this serotype.
T375 687776-687869 Sentence denotes Sporadic infections with S. dublin have also been associated with septicemia in nursing pigs.
T376 687870-688014 Sentence denotes Salmonella typhimurium most commonly causes acute or chronic enterocolitis, including a necrotizing proctitis that may lead to rectal structure.
T377 688015-688140 Sentence denotes Salmonella typhisuis infection is characterized by caseous tonsillitis and lymphadenitis as well as ulcerative enterocolitis.
T378 688141-688283 Sentence denotes Detailed consideration of the three syndromes just outlined is warranted because salmonellosis is one of the most important diseases of swine.
T379 688284-688410 Sentence denotes Salmonella choleraesuis was once thought to be the cause of hog cholera because gross lesions of the two diseases are similar.
T380 688411-688461 Sentence denotes Hog cholera may be complicated by S. choleraesuis.
T381 688462-688561 Sentence denotes It has been estimated that the bacterium may be recovered from 10 to 50% of hog cholera infections.
T382 688562-688654 Sentence denotes Other predisposing factors mentioned earlier generally also apply to salmonellosis in swine.
T383 688655-688786 Sentence denotes The major clinical manifestations of Salmonella choleraesuis infection are septicemia and enteritis; they usually occur separately.
T384 688787-688813 Sentence denotes Septicemia is more common.
T385 688814-688919 Sentence denotes It is probable that the pathogenesis of the infection follows the system given for Salmonella in general.
T386 688920-689103 Sentence denotes The bacteremic phase may develop into a fatal septicemia, or the organism may localize in the intestine, causing enteritis that is not necessarily chronic or even clinically manifest.
T387 689104-689165 Sentence denotes Salmonellosis that is clinically septicemic is usually fatal.
T388 689166-689252 Sentence denotes Death may occur quickly without observed illness, or after a course of a week or more.
T389 689253-689505 Sentence denotes There is a high fever; characteristic but not pathognomonic blue discoloration of the skin, especially of the tail, snout, and ears; posterior weakness; dyspnea, which often leads to misdiagnosis of primary pneumonia; and sometimes terminal convusions.
T390 689506-689638 Sentence denotes Pigs recover from this phase may have dry gangrene of the ears and tail, posterior paralysis, blindness, and diphtheritic enteritis.
T391 689639-689734 Sentence denotes The chronic or enteric form may develop from the acute but is usually insidious from the onset.
T392 689735-689862 Sentence denotes It is characterized by loose yellow feces containing flakes of fibrin, progressive emaciation and debility, and eventual death.
T393 689863-689943 Sentence denotes Some recover but fail to thrive, often partly owing to chronic bronchopneumonia.
T394 689944-690062 Sentence denotes At autopsy there is a bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin, which may be very intense about the head and ears.
T395 690063-690109 Sentence denotes There may be superficial necrosis of the ears.
T396 690110-690188 Sentence denotes The internal lesions are typically hemorrhagic; the hemorrhages are petechial.
T397 690189-690292 Sentence denotes The lymph nodes are almost invariably hemorrhagic but not much enlarged unless the course is prolonged.
T398 690293-690459 Sentence denotes The visceral nodes are more frequently and obviously involved than the peripheral ones, with the exception of those of the throat, which are consistently hemorrhagic.
T399 690460-690613 Sentence denotes The mesenteric lymph nodes are greatly enlarged; they may be speckled with parenchymal hemorrhages, or the extravasations may be in the peripheral sinus.
T400 690614-690717 Sentence denotes There may be hemorrhages, petechial or as small discrete blebs, on the laryngeal mucosa ( Fig. 1.37D ).
T401 690718-690802 Sentence denotes The lungs do not collapse because there is frothy fluid in the respiratory passages.
T402 690803-690835 Sentence denotes They may be pale blue or purple.
T403 690836-690904 Sentence denotes Beneath the visceral pleura there are small dark foci of hemorrhage.
T404 690905-690970 Sentence denotes The lungs are wet, and there is fluid in the interlobular tissue.
T405 690971-691101 Sentence denotes The changes are best appreciated in the posterior lobes, because the anterior lobes are often the seat of acute lobular pneumonia.
T406 691102-691180 Sentence denotes These pulmonary changes account for the respiratory signs observed clinically.
T407 691181-691276 Sentence denotes The pneumonia is interstitial because of the influence of the organism on the alveolar vessels.
T408 691277-691376 Sentence denotes The lobar antero ventral pneumonia may be due to ascending Salmonella alveolitis and bronchiolitis.
T409 691377-691535 Sentence denotes Occasionally, the injury to the alveolar septa by Salmonella results in copious outpouring of fibrin and extensive fibrinous pneumonia of the posterior lobes.
T410 691536-691683 Sentence denotes The cardiac serosae often bear petechiae, and in some more virulent infections there is fibrinohemorrhagic pericarditis with scant fluid exudation.
T1 691684-691736 Sentence denotes The spleen is enlarged, deep blue, with sharp edges.
T2 691737-691880 Sentence denotes There may be petechiae on the capsule, but the small marginal infarcts of hog cholera or the larger ones of porcine erysipelas are not present.
T3 691881-691978 Sentence denotes The enlargement of the spleen and absence of infarcts distinguish salmonellosis from hog cholera.
T4 691979-692120 Sentence denotes In acute erysipelas, the spleen is enlarged but the sectioned surface is the same blue color as the capsular surface and is firm and rubbery.
T5 692121-692191 Sentence denotes These points are made as generalizations and are not totally reliable.
T6 692192-692244 Sentence denotes Other causes of splenomegaly must be differentiated.
T7 692245-692329 Sentence denotes The liver is usually congested, and focal hemorrhages may be visible in the capsule.
T8 692330-692429 Sentence denotes In some cases the hemorrhages are very large, involving up to half of the central area in a lobule.
T9 692430-692523 Sentence denotes They may be scattered at random throughout the liver or grouped, often at the edge of a lobe.
T10 692524-692629 Sentence denotes Occasionally, almost every lobule is affected, and the lesions may resemble those of hepatosis dietetica.
T11 692630-692747 Sentence denotes In some, there are tiny yellow foci of necrosis, the "paratyphoid nodules" described above for calves ( Fig. 1.37C) .
T12 692748-692814 Sentence denotes Pinpoint hemorrhages are consistently present in the renal cortex.
T13 692815-692925 Sentence denotes There may be only a few in each kidney, or they may be so numerous as to cause the "turkey e g g " appearance.
T14 692926-693050 Sentence denotes The kidneys may be of normal color, or the cortices may be pale and the medulla intensely congested as in other septicemias.
T15 693051-693118 Sentence denotes In some, there are petechiae in the pelvic and ureteral epithelium.
T16 693119-693202 Sentence denotes In almost all cases, hemorrhages are present beneath the epithelium of the bladder.
T17 693203-693330 Sentence denotes The stomach shows the intense red-black color of the severe congestion and infarction common to endotoxemia in postweaned pigs.
T18 693331-693435 Sentence denotes If the animal survives a week or more, the superficial layers of the affected gastric epithelium slough.
T19 693436-693477 Sentence denotes There may be no lesions in the intestine.
T20 693478-693647 Sentence denotes There may be a catarrhal enteritis, or more frequently, the enteritis is hemorrhagic, increasing in severity lower in the tract and terminating in a hemorrhagic ileitis.
T21 693648-693784 Sentence denotes The mucosae of the colon and cecum may be normal, but if the course if prolonged, there is hyperemia or fibrinohemorrhagic inflammation.
T22 693785-693887 Sentence denotes Petechial hemorrhages may occur in the meninges and brain, but there is no sign of gross inflammation.
T23 693888-693994 Sentence denotes Localization sometimes occurs in synovial membranes, producing poly synovitis and sometimes polyarthritis.
T24 693995-694107 Sentence denotes It is more usual to have an increase in the volume of fluid with red, velvety hypertrophy of the synovial villi.
T25 694108-694222 Sentence denotes The gross features that have been described are a composite, and they are usually not all present in any one case.
T26 694223-694294 Sentence denotes The splenic, gastric, renal, and lymphatic lesions are most consistent.
T27 694295-694391 Sentence denotes The development of the experimental intestinal lesions in salmonellosis has been well described.
T28 694392-694489 Sentence denotes The morphogenesis and microscopic appearance of the enteritis resemble those described in calves.
T29 694490-694788 Sentence denotes The result may be diffuse diphtheritic enteritis in the cecum and colon and, occasionally, ileum, or focal "button ulcers." Focal ulcers in salmonellosis may occur at points where the bacteria have breached the epithelium, or they may be centered on Peyer's patches and solitary lymphoid follicles.
T30 694789-694945 Sentence denotes Button ulcers that occur along the cecum and colon are to be distinguished from nonspecific ulcers that occasionally occur on and about the ileocecal valve.
T31 694946-695091 Sentence denotes Necrotic enteritis due to secondary invasion of the eroded ileum and large bowel by pathogenic anaerobes and Balantidium coli may also supervene.
T32 695092-695175 Sentence denotes Porcine adenomatosis is probably a more important forerunner of necrotic enteritis.
T33 695176-695344 Sentence denotes The histologic changes that occur in internal organs in acute disease are mainly associated with endothelial damage due to endotoxin and focal localization of bacteria.
T34 695345-695489 Sentence denotes The discoloration of the skin is initially due to intense dilation, congestion, and thrombosis of capillaries and venules in the dermal papilla.
T35 695490-695568 Sentence denotes There is activation and necrosis of the endothelial cells in affected vessels.
T36 695569-695629 Sentence denotes The renal lesions vary but affect principally the glomeruli.
T37 695630-695730 Sentence denotes In some there is diffuse glomerulitis, and this is associated with mild nephrosis and hyaline casts.
T38 695731-695854 Sentence denotes In others the glomerulitis is exudative and hemorrhagic, and in these a great many capillary loops contain hyaline thrombi.
T39 695855-696041 Sentence denotes The hemorrhages seen grossly come mainly from glomeruli and the wide venules of the outer cortex, although some are from intertubular capillaries; this is always the case in the medulla.
T40 696042-696138 Sentence denotes Embolic bacterial colonies are occasionally seen in the glomerular and intertubular capillaries.
T41 696139-696225 Sentence denotes Fibrin thrombi may also be found in the afferent arterioles and interlobular arteries.
T42 696226-696367 Sentence denotes It has been suggested that the pathogenesis of the renal vascular lesions can be explained on the basis of a generalized Shwartzman reaction.
T43 696368-696556 Sentence denotes However, disseminated intravascular coagulation initiated by endotoxemia may be all that is necessary to cause these and other vascular lesions in septicemia due to Gram-negative bacteria.
T44 696557-696710 Sentence denotes The microscopic pulmonary lesions similarly are characterized by thrombosis and vasculitis and a largely mononuclear cellular response in alveolar septa.
T45 696711-696806 Sentence denotes There is a flooding of the alveoli by edema fluid and moderate numbers of alveolar macrophages.
T46 696807-696942 Sentence denotes This is the usual histologic picture; the extremes are an acute fibrinous inflammation or only a few scattered parenchymal hemorrhages.
T47 696943-697094 Sentence denotes In the spleen there are some scattered hemorrhages, but the overall histologic impression is of increased histiocytes with a scattering of neutrophils.
T48 697095-697140 Sentence denotes The follicles are small and rather inac-tive.
T49 697141-697344 Sentence denotes Very small foci of necrosis, containing many bacteria, are scattered in the sections or are relatively numerous, and these develop a reactive macrophage response and form the typical paratyphoid nodules.
T50 697345-697430 Sentence denotes Meningoencephalomyelitis occurs in a proportion of cases of septicemic salmonellosis.
T51 697431-697472 Sentence denotes The lesion is fundamentally a vasculitis.
T52 697473-697640 Sentence denotes There may be petechiae in the meninges, but microscopically, there is an infiltration of large mononuclear cells in the pia-arachnoid and concentrated about the veins.
T53 697641-697731 Sentence denotes There is also sludging of these cells and polymorphs, including eosinophils, in the veins.
T54 697732-697784 Sentence denotes Similar lesions may occur at any level in the brain.
T55 697785-697920 Sentence denotes In some cases the walls of many veins are necrotic, and there may be a mononuclear-cell reaction in the walls and surrounding neuropil.
T56 697921-698019 Sentence denotes Only a few neutrophils and eosinophils form part of the inflammatory cell reaction in these areas.
T57 698020-698103 Sentence denotes The parenchymal lesions consist of a disseminated focal granulomatous encephalitis.
T58 698104-698159 Sentence denotes Areas of malacia may be associated with the granulomas.
T59 698160-698240 Sentence denotes Microabscesses form in those few cases in which bacterial emboli are detectable.
T60 698241-698287 Sentence denotes Glial nodules are typical of the healed phase.
T61 698288-698335 Sentence denotes These lesions occur in the spinal cord as well.
T62 698336-698452 Sentence denotes Salmonella typhimurium infection in swine produces a syndrome that differs from S. choleraesuis in a number of ways.
T63 698453-698636 Sentence denotes Clinically, the disease occurs in feeder pigs and is characterized by fever, inanition, and yellow, watery diarrhea, which may contain blood and mucus, especially in the later stages.
T64 698637-698682 Sentence denotes The diarrhea may be chronic and intermittent.
T65 698683-698727 Sentence denotes There is a high morbidity but low mortality.
T66 698728-698799 Sentence denotes Most pigs recover but may remain carriers for variable periods of time.
T67 698800-698924 Sentence denotes The pathogenesis and morphology of the enteric lesions are similar to those described for Salmonella choleraesuis enteritis.
T68 698925-699096 Sentence denotes The lesions with S. typhimurium infection are mainly confined to the colon ( Fig. 1.37E) , cecum, and rectum, however, with rare involvement of the distal small intestine.
T69 699097-699230 Sentence denotes Rectal stricture is thought to be a sequel in most cases to ulcerative proctitis of ischemic origin caused by Salmonella typhimurium.
T70 699231-699356 Sentence denotes It is characterized clinically by marked progressive distension of the abdomen, loss of appetite, emaciation, and soft feces.
T71 699357-699498 Sentence denotes At autopsy, there is marked dilatation of the colon, which is caused by narrowing of the rectum, 1-10 cm anterior to the anus ( Fig. 1.37F ).
T72 699499-699592 Sentence denotes The stricture is usually less than 1.0 cm in diameter and varies in length from 0.5 to 20 cm.
T73 699593-699681 Sentence denotes There is marked fibrous thickening of the rectal wall, which may contain microabscesses.
T74 699682-699819 Sentence denotes The dilatation of the colon, anterior to the stricture, may consist of a well-demarcated, widened area several centimeters long and wide.
T75 699820-699913 Sentence denotes The colonic mucosa in this area is usually ulcerated and may be covered by fibrinous exudate.
T76 699914-700044 Sentence denotes In some cases, there is more gradual dilatation of the entire colon, with ulceration of the mucosa just anterior to the stricture.
T77 700045-700164 Sentence denotes The mucosa is always excessively corrugated; this is mainly the result of marked thickening of the internal muscularis.
T78 700165-700254 Sentence denotes Localized chronic peritonitis is often associated with the dilated segments of the colon.
T79 700255-700397 Sentence denotes Microscopically, the strictures are the result of marked fibrosis of the gut wall, with almost complete obliteration of the normal structures.
T80 700398-700440 Sentence denotes The mucosa is generally completely absent.
T81 700441-700507 Sentence denotes The luminal surface is covered by debris, fibrin, and neutrophils.
T82 700508-700563 Sentence denotes A few veins in the wall contain well-organized thrombi.
T83 700564-700664 Sentence denotes The colonic lesions are those of a mild to severe necrotizing ulcerative colitis, described earlier.
T84 700665-700846 Sentence denotes The stricture is located in an area of rectum that has a relatively poor blood supply, namely, the junction of the circulatory fields of the caudal mesenteric and pudendal arteries.
T85 700847-700958 Sentence denotes Ulcerative proctitis is consistently found in swine with typhlocolitis due to Salmonella typhimurium infection.
T86 700959-701033 Sentence denotes Granulation of such lesions probably leads to cicatrization and stricture.
T87 701034-701205 Sentence denotes The location, the persistent nature of this lesion in some pigs, and its limited capacity to heal are probably related to the restricted blood supply of the affected area.
T88 701206-701337 Sentence denotes The lesions in the colon and cecum, with greater collateral blood supply, heal more rapidly, usually without further complications.
T89 701338-701430 Sentence denotes At the time of autopsy, S. typhimurium may not be isolated due to loss of the carrier state.
T90 701431-701555 Sentence denotes Alternatively, rectal stricture in some cases may result from ischemia due to noninfectious causes, such as rectal prolapse.
T91 701556-701660 Sentence denotes Salmonella typhisuis infection is an uncommon condition in pigs, with a limited geographic distribution.
T92 701661-701705 Sentence denotes The disease is called paratyphoid in Europe.
T93 701706-701885 Sentence denotes It is a progressive disease of 2-to 4-month-old pigs that is clinically characterized by intermittent diarrhea, emaciation, and frequently, massive enlargement of the neck region.
T94 701886-702004 Sentence denotes The lesions are those of circular or button-like to confluent ulceration of the mucosa of the ileum, cecum, and colon.
T95 702005-702168 Sentence denotes Other typical findings are caseous palatine tonsillitis and cervical lymphadenitis, parotid sialoadenitis, and caseous lymphadenitis of the mesenteric lymph nodes.
T96 702169-702349 Sentence denotes The differential diagnosis of septicemic salmonellosis includes other septicemias that occur in feeder swine, such as peracute erysipelas, Haemophilus, and Steptococcus infections.
T97 702350-702458 Sentence denotes It is important to differentiate Salmonella choleraesuis infection from hog cholera and African swine fever.
T98 702459-702651 Sentence denotes The enteric forms of salmonellosis must be differentiated from other enteritides in postweaning swine, particularly postweaning E. coli enteritis, swine dysentery, and Campylobacter enteritis.
T99 702652-702696 Sentence denotes Salmonella may often be recovered from dogs.
T100 702697-702746 Sentence denotes However, primary disease rarely, if ever, occurs.
T101 702747-702953 Sentence denotes Salmonellosis is most commonly secondary to canine distemper and may cause bronchopneumonia, acute gastroenteritis, splenic swelling, serosal hemorrhages, and foci of necrosis in the liver and other organs.
T102 702954-703010 Sentence denotes There is also enlargement of the mesenteric lymph nodes.
T103 703011-703121 Sentence denotes Salmonellosis has also been reported in dogs with lymphosarcoma, shortly after the initiation of chemotherapy.
T104 703122-703219 Sentence denotes The immunosuppressive effect of the treatment probably predisposes to the development of disease.
T105 703220-703325 Sentence denotes Various serotypes have been isolated from cats, and most of these appear to cause subclinical infections.
T106 703326-703474 Sentence denotes Salmonellosis may be a problem in catteries and hospitals, however, affecting animals subjected to the usual stressful conditions mentioned earlier.
T107 703475-703546 Sentence denotes Salmonella typhimurium is most commonly associated with such outbreaks.
T108 703547-703610 Sentence denotes The disease is characterized by gastroenteritis and septicemia.
T109 703611-703766 Sentence denotes Because of their close association with humans, especially children and the aged, dogs and cats, which are carriers, may be a source of zoonotic infection.
T110 703767-703897 Sentence denotes Yersinia enterocolitica causes sporadic cases of mucoid enterocolitis in young dogs and produces ulcerative ileocolitis in humans.
T111 703898-703976 Sentence denotes The significance of the organism in human disease has finally been recognized.
T112 703977-704103 Sentence denotes Strains of Y. enterocolitica from dogs, and from pigs, which are regarded as reservoirs of infection, cause disease in humans.
T113 704104-704187 Sentence denotes Outbreaks of disease in pigs and goats due to Y. enterocolitica have been recorded.
T114 704188-704308 Sentence denotes In goats, sudden deaths sometimes preceded by diarrhea occur; the diarrhea is associated with acute catarrhal enteritis.
T115 704309-704343 Sentence denotes Kids are particularly susceptible.
T116 704344-704417 Sentence denotes Certain strains of Y. enterocolitica are enterotoxigenic and/or invasive.
T117 704418-704481 Sentence denotes Invasion occurs via the lymphoid tissue of the ileum and cecum.
T118 704482-704578 Sentence denotes Yersinia (Pasteurella) pseudotuberculosis infection may cause enteritis and diarrhea in animals.
T119 704579-704652 Sentence denotes The organism is carried in the alimentary tract of rats, mice, and birds.
T120 704653-704727 Sentence denotes Following oral infection, a local lesion in the intestine may be produced.
T121 704728-704817 Sentence denotes In some animals, systemic spread, with multifocal hepatic necrosis and splenitis, occurs.
T122 704818-704951 Sentence denotes Captive wild ruminants commonly show enteric lesions as well as visceral lesions, and this combination is seen occasionally in sheep.
T123 704952-705032 Sentence denotes In dogs and cats, signs of enteritis occur, but lesions have not been described.
T124 705033-705177 Sentence denotes Yersinia pseudotuberculosis occasionally can be isolated from small green abscesses in the mesenteric lymph nodes of asymptomatic dogs and cats.
T125 705178-705273 Sentence denotes The organism also causes pneumonia and septicemia in foals and sporadic abortions in ruminants.
T126 705274-705392 Sentence denotes Enteritis in animals and humans associated with Campylobacter, or Campylobacter--like organisms, appears in two forms.
T127 705393-705570 Sentence denotes The first is characterized by adenomatous proliferation of epithelium in the crypts of Lieberkuhn in the small intestine (especially ileum) and in mucosal glands in large bowel.
T128 705571-705717 Sentence denotes Bacteria that have been confirmed as Campylobacter or that resemble Campylobacter morphologically are found within proliferating epithelial cells.
T129 705718-706110 Sentence denotes Conditions that fall into this category include ileal hyperplasia or proliferative ileitis in hamsters, typhlitis in rabbits, duodenal hyperplasia in guinea pigs, intestinal adenomatosis affecting the cecum and colon in blue foxes, proliferative colitis in ferrets, intestinal adenomatosis in horses, and a cluster of syndromes in swine grouped under the name intestinal adenomatosis complex.
T130 706111-706238 Sentence denotes Terminal ileitis or regional enteritis in lambs has not been firmly associated with intracellular Campylobacter-like organisms.
T131 706239-706379 Sentence denotes The second group of conditions comprises enteritis and mucosal colitis associated with apparently noninvasive C. jejuni and perhaps C. coli.
T132 706380-706446 Sentence denotes Diarrhea in humans, dogs, and cattle is associated with C. jejuni.
T133 706447-706567 Sentence denotes The causal role of C. jejuni and C. coli in spontaneous enteritis in sheep, cats, and swine is less clearly established.
T134 706568-706786 Sentence denotes The intestinal adenomatosis complex of swine, the most significant expression of Campylobacter-associated proliferative enteritis, and the syndromes associated with C. jejuni and C. coli, will be considered more fully.
T135 706787-706939 Sentence denotes of conditions is associated with intracellular proliferation of Campylobacter spp. in the mucosal glands of the ileum and proximal large bowel of swine.
T136 706940-707246 Sentence denotes Its components have been variously recognized in the past as intestinal adenoma of swine, adenomatous intestinal hyperplasia, terminal regional ileitis, regional ileitis, terminal ileitis, proliferative ileitis, and as part of hemorrhagic bowel syndrome, necrotic enteritis, and ileal muscular hypertrophy.
T137 707247-707465 Sentence denotes The agent associated most commonly with the intestinal adenomatosis complex is Campylobacter sputorum var. mucosalis, which has been isolated from the mucosal lesion and from the oral cavity of swine in affected herds.
T138 707466-707620 Sentence denotes It has proved difficult consistently to reproduce the disease, or its essential lesions, even using crude inocula comprised of infected intestinal mucosa.
T139 707621-707745 Sentence denotes Cultures of the organism may inconsistenly produce disease in Caesarian-derived, colostrum-deprived, but not germ-free pigs.
T140 707746-707911 Sentence denotes A second species, C. hyointestinalis, has been recovered commonly, alone or in association with C. sputorum var. mucosalis, from lesions in naturally infected swine.
T141 707912-708117 Sentence denotes Immunofluorescence suggests that C. hyointestinalis is more numerous and widespread in cells in hypertrophic crypts, while C. sputorum var. mucosalis is limited to more superficial foci in affected tissue.
T142 708118-708274 Sentence denotes The etiologic significance of each of these agents and their possible interactions with each other and the rest of the enteric flora remain to be clarified.
T143 708275-708369 Sentence denotes A number of clinicopathologic syndromes comprise the intestinal adenomatosis complex in swine.
T144 708370-708528 Sentence denotes They may be found concurrently in a single herd and are manifestations of different phases of the interaction between the host and the invasive Campylobacter.
T145 708529-708715 Sentence denotes The fundamental lesion is porcine intestinal adenomatosis-proliferation of Campylobacter-'mtected epithelial cells in crypts and glands and associated mucosal alterations ( Fig. 1.38A ).
T146 708716-708844 Sentence denotes Necrotic enteritis, regional ileitis, and proliferative hemorrhagic enteropathy are the other defined components of the complex.
T147 708845-708885 Sentence denotes Each syndrome will be discussed in turn.
T148 708886-709023 Sentence denotes Porcine intestinal adenomatosis and its sequelae, necrotic enteritis or regional ileitis, occur most commonly in postweaning feeder pigs.
T149 709024-709121 Sentence denotes Piglets as young as 3 weeks of age, however, as well as adults, may have lesions of adenomatosis.
T150 709122-709288 Sentence denotes Intestinal adenomatosis is associated with a syndrome that may vary from subtle subclinical disease with a mild decrease in growth rate to diarrhea and unthriftiness.
T151 709289-709451 Sentence denotes Animals with extensive lesions, developing necrotic enteritis, or regional ileitis may show anorexia, intermittent or persistent diarrhea, and severe weight loss.
T152 709452-709618 Sentence denotes Death may follow a period of diarrhea and progressive cachexia, or it may occur occasionally as a result of perforation of an ulcerated intestine in regional ileitis.
T153 709619-709794 Sentence denotes In adenomatosis, infection of cells lining mucosal glands may occur initially in the vicinity of Peyer's patches and mucosal lymphoid aggregates in the ileocecal colic region.
T154 709795-709969 Sentence denotes In some experimental studies, lesions were first seen there, and in mildly affected spontaneous cases, lesions sometimes seem associated with these structures preferentially.
T155 709970-710091 Sentence denotes Campylobacter invades epithelium in crypts and glands, where the bacteria lie free in the apical cytoplasm and replicate.
T156 710092-710216 Sentence denotes Goblet cells disappear from affected glands, and infected epithelium is transformed to a population of highly mitotic cells.
T157 710217-710303 Sentence denotes These form a crowded, pseudostratified columnar epithelium, with basophilic cytoplasm.
T158 710304-710387 Sentence denotes Nuclei may be open and vesiculate with prominent nucleoli, or laterally compressed.
T159 710388-710469 Sentence denotes Glands become elongate, dilated, and branching, causing thickening of the mucosa.
T160 710470-710551 Sentence denotes Isolated plaques of affected mucosa may project above adjacent unaffected tissue.
T161 710552-710629 Sentence denotes The derivation of the term adenomatosis to describe such a change is obvious.
T162 710630-710707 Sentence denotes Hypertrophic glands sometimes protrude into lymphoid tissue in the submucosa.
T163 710708-710871 Sentence denotes Enterocyte migration from crypt to lumen appears to decline, and villi undergo progressive atrophy so that they may be entirely absent in well-established lesions.
T164 710872-710932 Sentence denotes Adenomatous areas merge sharply with adjacent normal mucosa.
T165 710933-711149 Sentence denotes Masses of Campylobacter are readily recognized in silver-stained tissue sections as curved rods, sometimes seagull-or W-shaped, infecting especially the apical cytoplasm of cells in adenomatous glands ( Fig. 1.38B) .
T166 711150-711265 Sentence denotes Campylobacter also has been identified ultrastructurally in degenerate cells and macrophages in the lamina propria.
T167 711266-711365 Sentence denotes However, proprial and submucosal inflammation in areas of uncomplicated adenomatosis is not marked.
T168 711366-711416 Sentence denotes How Campylobacter induces such lesions is unknown.
T169 711417-711531 Sentence denotes The lesion may be the result of cell-mediated immune reactions stimulating, by lymphokine, crypt-cell hyperplasia.
T170 711532-711746 Sentence denotes Proliferation of the bacteria appears to be largely intracellular, and the effect of continual mitosis of cells in crypts may be to increase the population of cells able to support bacterial growth and replication.
T171 711747-711981 Sentence denotes In animals with the relatively mild syndrome of uncomplicated intestinal adenomatosis, lesions are always found in the terminal portion of the ileum, extending proximally from the ileocecal-colic orifice for usually less than a meter.
T172 711982-712069 Sentence denotes In a proportion of cases they involve the cecum and proximal third of the spiral colon.
T173 712070-712140 Sentence denotes Lesions of the cecum and colon do not occur without ileal involvement.
T174 712141-712281 Sentence denotes In mild cases, which are likely to be subclinical, only a few ridge-or plaquelike thickened areas project above the remainder of the mucosa.
T175 712282-712411 Sentence denotes However, more typical widespread lesions cause the thickened mucosa to form irregular longitudinal or transverse folds or ridges.
T176 712412-712526 Sentence denotes The surface may be intact, but commonly, small foci of fibrin exudation or necrosis may be evident ( Fig. 1.38F) .
T177 712527-712708 Sentence denotes Thickening of the adenomatous mucosa, and perhaps some edema of the submucosa, is reflected in accentuation of the normal reticular pattern on the serosa of the ileum (Fig. 1.38D ).
T178 712709-712902 Sentence denotes This results in a "cerebral" or gyrate pattern of projections and depressions on the serosal aspect of the intestine, which is readily recognized and virtually pathognomonic for this condition.
T179 712903-713038 Sentence denotes Mucosal lesions in the large intestine often form thickened plaquelike or almost polypoid masses, which may be confluent in some areas.
T180 713039-713108 Sentence denotes Serosal folds may be evident on extensively affected large intestine.
T181 713109-713165 Sentence denotes The ileocolic lymph nodes are enlarged and hyperplastic.
T182 713166-713288 Sentence denotes Occasionally, microscopic foci of adenomatous epithelium may be found in submucosal lymphatics or the regional lymph node.
T183 713289-713348 Sentence denotes Coagulation necrosis of adenomatous mucosa occurs commonly.
T184 713349-713475 Sentence denotes Necrotic enteritis may be partly the result of pathogenic anaerobic large bowel flora, colonizing the affected terminal ileum.
T185 713476-713606 Sentence denotes There may be effusion of fibrin from superficial lesions, and a pseudodiphtheritic membrane or luminal fibrin cast may be present.
T186 713607-713740 Sentence denotes Caseous yellow-brown or blood-tinged necrotic mucosa may be found focally or widely in the distal ileum and proximal large intestine.
T187 713741-713821 Sentence denotes The cerebral pattern of serosal folding is evident in such cases ( Fig. 1.39B ).
T188 713822-713952 Sentence denotes Necrotic enteritis may be a sequel to other enterocolitides in swine, but adenomatosis is probably the most common primary lesion.
T189 713953-714170 Sentence denotes Microscopically, coagulation necrosis of the mucosa may be focal and superficial, with local effusion of neutrophils and fibrin into the lumen and an acute inflammatory infiltrate at the margin of the necrotic tissue.
T190 714171-714284 Sentence denotes Frequently, necrosis extends to involve most the thickness of the mucosa, sometimes penetrating to the submucosa.
T191 714285-714381 Sentence denotes A few islands of viable adenomatous crypts or glands may be left deep among the necrotic debris.
T192 714382-714598 Sentence denotes Tissue in the upper ileum at the proximal margin of the zone of mucosal necrosis should be examined for adenomatosis, since in severe cases of necrotic enteritis, no remnants of abnormal mucosa may persist elsewhere.
T193 714599-714694 Sentence denotes Masses of bacteria, presumably fecal anaerobes, are found superficially in the necrotic tissue.
T194 714695-714753 Sentence denotes With time, granulation tissue develops in ulcerated areas.
T195 714754-714928 Sentence denotes Regional ileitis is the term applied to contracted tubular distal ileum, which may have an ulcerated mucosa, perhaps with a few raised foci of surviving proliferative mucosa.
T196 714929-715007 Sentence denotes Granulation of ulcerated gut may result in progressive stricture of the lumen.
T197 715008-715083 Sentence denotes More characteristically, there is hypertrophy of the external muscle layer.
T198 715084-715194 Sentence denotes Idiopathic ileal muscular hypertrophy also occurs in swine, apparently independent of antecedent adenomatosis.
T199 715195-715344 Sentence denotes Granulomatous regional ileitis and mesenteric lymphadenitis in swine, nontuberculous and distinct from adenomatosis, has been described from Finland.
T200 715345-715445 Sentence denotes Proliferative hemorrhagic enteropathy is the fourth syndrome in the intestinal adenomatosis complex.
T201 715446-715551 Sentence denotes It is a distinctive clinical entity, characterized by acute or subacute intestinal hemorrhage and anemia.
T202 715552-715620 Sentence denotes Animals may exsanguinate so quickly as to die without passing blood.
T203 715621-715668 Sentence denotes Others pass dark, tarry feces for several days.
T204 715669-715739 Sentence denotes This syndrome is more common in young adults rather than growing pigs.
T205 715740-715850 Sentence denotes It is usually sporadic or of relatively low morbidity, but up to half the clinically recognized cases may die.
T206 715851-715914 Sentence denotes Animals dead of proliferative hemorrhagic enteropathy are pale.
T207 715915-716046 Sentence denotes The typical cerebral pattern is evident on the external surface of the distal ileum, which is thickened and turgid ( Fig. 1.39A ).
T208 716047-716228 Sentence denotes Fluid blood, or a loose or firm fibrin and blood clot, may be present in the ileum (Fig. 1.38E) , and the contents of the cecum and colon may contain dark, bloody digesta and feces.
T209 716229-716392 Sentence denotes The mucosa of the affected ileum usually resembles that in uncomplicated adenomatosis, and overt points of hemorrhage or ulceration are rarely appreciated grossly.
T210 716393-716468 Sentence denotes Rather, the animals appear to suffer widespread diapedesis from the mucosa.
T211 716469-716572 Sentence denotes In tissue section there is extensive degeneration and necrosis of adenomatous epithelium (Fig. 1.38C ).
T212 716573-716772 Sentence denotes An acute inflammatory infiltrate is present in the upper lamina propria, small vessels are thrombosed, and heavy effusion of neutrophils onto the mucosal surface and into lumina of glands is evident.
T213 716773-716866 Sentence denotes Fibrin and hemorrhage emanating from superficial mucosal vessels are in the intestinal lumen.
T214 716867-716974 Sentence denotes More extensive coagulation necrosis of the mucosa is associated occasionally with the hemorrhagic syndrome.
T215 716975-717235 Sentence denotes It has been suggested that proliferative hemorrhagic enteropathy is the result of a hypersensitivity reaction to release of normally occult intracellular bacterial antigen from its intracellular location, by degeneration or phagocytosis of infected epithelium.
T216 717236-717466 Sentence denotes The diagnosis of proliferative hemorrhagic enteropathy at autopsy is based on the presence in the distal ileum of gross lesions characteristic of adenomatosis, in association with massive hemorrhage from the lower small intestine.
T217 717467-717674 Sentence denotes The condition must be differentiated from hemorrhagic ulceration of the pars esophagea, mesenteric torsion, and acute swine dysentery as well as from less common causes of gastrointestinal bleeding in swine.
T218 717675-717794 Sentence denotes Less hemorrhagic manifestations of the adenomatosis complex must be differentiated from acute or chronic salmonellosis.
T219 717795-717900 Sentence denotes The diagnosis of components of the intestinal adenomatosis complex is confirmed by finding Campylobacter.
T220 717901-718045 Sentence denotes They may be seen in smears of mucosal scrapings stained by the modified Koster's acid-fast method or with specific immunofluorescent techniques.
T221 718046-718174 Sentence denotes Their intracellular location and association with typical adenomatous lesions is demonstrated in silver-stained tissue sections.
T222 718175-718277 Sentence denotes Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli have been recognized recently as common causes of diarrhea in humans.
T223 718278-718368 Sentence denotes Campylobacter enteritis rivals salmonellosis in significance in this regard in many areas.
T224 718369-718429 Sentence denotes Like salmonellosis, Campylobacter infection may be zoonotic.
T225 718430-718561 Sentence denotes Many human infections appear to be acquired by drinking raw milk or come from other animal foodstuffs, especially poultry products.
T226 718562-718617 Sentence denotes Chickens are common asymptomatic shedders of C. jejuni.
T227 718618-718707 Sentence denotes Some human cases have been associated with diarrhea in family pets, particularly puppies.
T228 718708-718893 Sentence denotes Despite the fact that it can be isolated from nondiarrheic animals, Campylobacter jejuni has been associated with diarrhea characterized by the presence of blood and mucus in some dogs.
T229 718894-719057 Sentence denotes It has also been isolated from dogs with parvoviral enteritis and other viral infections; it is not known if concurrent infection with these agents is synergistic.
T230 719058-719140 Sentence denotes The role of Campylobacter as a significant primary pathogen in dogs is not proven.
T231 719141-719311 Sentence denotes Mild enteritis and colitis have been described in naturally infected dogs, while in experimentally infected gnotobiotic dogs, lesions are limited to mild mucosal colitis.
T232 719312-719517 Sentence denotes Campylobacter jejuni, C. fetus subsp. fetus, and C. fecalis have been isolated from the feces of normal cattle and from diarrheic calves and cattle, many of them suffering from disease due to other agents.
T233 719518-719635 Sentence denotes Experimental inoculation of these agents has resulted in passage of dark, fluid feces with mucus and flecks of blood.
T234 719636-719742 Sentence denotes The intestine was described as thickened and patchily reddened, especially in the ileum, cecum, and colon.
T235 719743-719877 Sentence denotes Mild enteritis with stunting of villi and some accumulation of neutrophils in crypts was described in sections of the small intestine.
T236 719878-719965 Sentence denotes There was hyperplasia of lymphoid tissue in Peyer's patches and mesenteric lymph nodes.
T237 719966-720130 Sentence denotes Campylobacter jejuni and perhaps other species are thought to be primary agents causing diarrhea in cattle, but further work is needed to define their significance.
T238 720131-720298 Sentence denotes For many years Campylobacter (Vibrio) coli was proposed as the cause of "winter dysentery," a clinical entity in cattle, the etiology of which has not been determined.
T239 720299-720489 Sentence denotes Campylobacter jejuni, in addition to causing a significant proportion of "vibrionic" abortions, is isolated from the intestine of sheep with diarrhea, but its causal association is unproven.
T240 720490-720623 Sentence denotes The same agent also has been isolated from the feces of a number of scouring foals, but the significance of the infection is unclear.
T241 720624-720727 Sentence denotes Campylobacter jejuni is also isolated commonly from cats, but not usually in association with diarrhea.
T242 720728-720808 Sentence denotes Campylobacter coli is the species commonly isolated from the intestine of swine.
T243 720809-720945 Sentence denotes As "Vibrio coli" it was long associated with swine dysentery but did not induce enteritis in experimentally inoculated gnotobiotic pigs.
T244 720946-721049 Sentence denotes More recent reports of diarrhea in conventional swine inoculated orally with C. coli need confirmation.
T245 721051-721197 Sentence denotes Swine dysentery is a highly infectious disease mainly of weaned pigs that is characterized by diarrhea, with mucus, blood, or fibrin in the feces.
T246 721198-721301 Sentence denotes The disease has been reported from a number of countries and probably occurs wherever swine are raised.
T247 721302-721484 Sentence denotes It has been recognized for nearly half a century, and as long ago as 1924 was known to be experimentally transmissible by dosing young pigs with colonic contents from affected swine.
T248 721485-721673 Sentence denotes Campylobacter coli (formerly Vibrio coli) was thought to be the etiologic agent of swine dysentery for many years, but Treponema hyodysenteriae is now considered to be the causative agent.
T249 721674-721778 Sentence denotes It is a Gram-negative, anaerobic but oxygen-tolerant spirochete, 6-8.5 |xm long and 0.5 (xm in diameter.
T250 721779-721831 Sentence denotes It produces strong P-hemolysis on blood agar plates.
T251 721832-721938 Sentence denotes The organism is motile, moving in serpentine fashion; it is loosely coiled and has 7 -1 3 axial filaments.
T252 721939-722077 Sentence denotes Swine dysentery can be reproduced by feeding pure cultures of T. hyodysenteriae to specific pathogen-free and conventionally reared swine.
T253 722078-722244 Sentence denotes Experimental reproduction of the disease in gnotobiotic pigs requires the presence of anaerobic bacteria indigenous to the normal colon, along with T. hyodysenteriae.
T254 722245-722367 Sentence denotes There is apparently a synergistic action between the spirochete and the other anaerobes, mainly Bacteroides and fusiforms.
T255 722368-722452 Sentence denotes These probably provide a suitable microenvironment for the Treponema to proliferate.
T256 722453-722522 Sentence denotes Treponema hyodysenteriae is also pathogenic for guinea pigs and mice.
T257 722523-722571 Sentence denotes Oral inoculation causes colitis in both species.
T258 722572-722632 Sentence denotes Other Treponema organisms occur in the colon of normal pigs.
T259 722633-722783 Sentence denotes These spirochetes are approximately half the size of T. hyodysenteriae, are nonhemolytic or only weakly so, and differ in other biochemical reactions.
T260 722784-722851 Sentence denotes It has been suggested that these spirochetes be called T. innocens.
T261 722852-722996 Sentence denotes Their role in spontaneous disease is controversial, since they have been associated with diarrhea that resembled a mild form of swine dysentery.
T262 722997-723082 Sentence denotes It appears that at least some strains of T. innocens are mildly pathogenic for swine.
T263 723083-723152 Sentence denotes The pathogenesis of swine dysentery is still incompletely understood.
T264 723153-723246 Sentence denotes Treponema hyodysenteriae invades the epithelial cells of the superficial mucosa of the colon.
T265 723247-723465 Sentence denotes Although there is no evidence to suggest that invasion is essential for epithelial necrosis to occur, lesions in the mucosa are associated with the presence of large numbers of spirochetes and other anaerobic bacteria.
T266 723466-723515 Sentence denotes Only the spirochetes invade the epithelial cells.
T267 723516-723681 Sentence denotes It has been suggested that liberation of large amounts of toxins by T. hyodysenteriae and possibly other anaerobes results in the superficial necrosis of the mucosa.
T268 723682-723752 Sentence denotes Treponema usually does not invade beyond the mucosal epithelial cells.
T269 723753-723905 Sentence denotes The morphologic lesion is mucosal colitis characterized by hypersecretion of mucus, and superficial erosion with hyperplasia of cells in colonic glands.
T270 723906-724125 Sentence denotes Thrombosis of capillaries and venules in the superficial areas of the mucosa in the colon and the gastric fundic mucosa (venous infarction) is probably due to absorption of endotoxins released by Gram-negative bacteria.
T271 724126-724230 Sentence denotes The diarrhea in swine dysentery is due to failure of absorption of fluids and electrolytes in the colon.
T272 724231-724305 Sentence denotes This presumably results from damage to the superficial colonic epithelium.
T273 724306-724371 Sentence denotes The normal colon of the pig has a tremendous absorptive capacity.
T274 724372-724449 Sentence denotes Interference with this absorption results in severe diarrhea and dehydration.
T275 724450-724536 Sentence denotes There is no evidence of active fluid secretion associated with bacterial enterotoxins.
T276 724537-724603 Sentence denotes Fluid and electrolyte transport are normal in the small intestine.
T277 724604-724742 Sentence denotes Thus the pathogenesis of diar-rhea associated with swine dysentery differs from that seen with enterotoxigenic E. coli and Salmonella spp.
T278 724743-724883 Sentence denotes Prostaglandins released during the inflammation do not appear to be implicated in the development of diarrhea, as they are in salmonellosis.
T279 724884-725032 Sentence denotes Histories usually recount the introduction of pigs, presumably carriers, into a herd some days, weeks, or even months before the disease breaks out.
T280 725033-725243 Sentence denotes Once established in a herd, the infection tends to remain enzootic, and although treatment can effect a rapid clinical amelioration, it is not curative, and relapses at greater or lesser intervals are the rule.
T281 725244-725405 Sentence denotes Apparently infection is not followed by a substantial immunity, although individual pigs are resistant to challenge with Treponema hyodysenteriae after recovery.
T282 725406-725452 Sentence denotes The morbidity may reach 90% and mortality 30%.
T283 725453-725533 Sentence denotes Many of the factors predisposing to salmonellosis also apply to swine dysentery.
T284 725534-725642 Sentence denotes Pigs fed diets deficient in vitamin E and selenium develop more severe signs and lesions of swine dysentery.
T285 725643-725762 Sentence denotes The disease occurs in pigs of all ages more than about 2 to 3 weeks old, but particularly in pigs 8 to 14 weeks of age.
T286 725763-725813 Sentence denotes Once initiated, it spreads rapidly by pen contact.
T287 725814-725903 Sentence denotes The disease is initially febrile, but with the onset of diarrhea, fever tends to subside.
T288 725904-726071 Sentence denotes The initial diarrheic feces are thin, semisolid, and without blood or mucus; it is usually only after 1 or 2 days of diarrhea that blood and mucus appear in the feces.
T289 726072-726219 Sentence denotes Some pigs die peracutely without showing diarrhea and many that show diarrhea do not have dysentery but pass feces composed almost wholly of mucus.
T290 726220-726379 Sentence denotes Pigs that die of swine dysentery are usually gaunt with a contracted abdomen, the eyes are sunken, and there may be bluish discoloration of the abdominal skin.
T291 726380-726492 Sentence denotes Incidental lesions may include pericardial serous effusion and intense congestion and infarction of the stomach.
T292 726493-726671 Sentence denotes The intestinal lesions, especially in young pigs dying acutely, can be easily overlooked because the mucosal colitis may be mild, patchy, and often more catarrhal than fibrinous.
T293 726672-726810 Sentence denotes In typical cases, dehydration gives to the serosa a semiopaque, ground-glass appearance, and the wall of the cecum and colon is thickened.
T294 726811-726937 Sentence denotes The colonic content in these cases is usually scant and of a porridge-like, dirty gray to reddish brown and greasy appearance.
T295 726938-727060 Sentence denotes The mucosa, with patchy foci of light fibrin exudation, has the velvety thickening of catarrhal secretion ( Fig. 1.39C ).
T296 727061-727162 Sentence denotes The most severe lesions approach those of salmonellosis in extent and severity of fibrinous effusion.
T297 727163-727294 Sentence denotes The production of mucus in swine dysentery becomes copious in many chronic cases, and there is a remarkable goblet-cell metaplasia.
T298 727295-727405 Sentence denotes It is common to find foul-smelling straw and bedding in the stomach and colon of such cases, evidence of pica.
T299 727406-727534 Sentence denotes The earliest microscopic lesions are characterized by expulsion of mucus from the basilar portions of the crypts (Fig. 1.39D ).
T300 727535-727610 Sentence denotes There are discrete areas of necrosis and erosion in the superficial mucosa.
T301 727611-727673 Sentence denotes Thin layers of fibrinocellular exudate cover the eroded areas.
T302 727674-727808 Sentence denotes In more advanced cases, the areas of necrosis become more diffuse but remain superficial, and exudation is more copious (Fig. 1.39F ).
T303 727809-727873 Sentence denotes There may be minor bleeding from small vessels in eroded mucosa.
T304 727874-727966 Sentence denotes Fibrin thrombi are evident in the capillaries and venules of the superficial lamina propria.
T305 727967-728040 Sentence denotes There is usually some edema of the lamina propria, submucosa, and serosa.
T306 728041-728137 Sentence denotes Many crypts are dilated and contain necrotic debris; others show marked goblet-cell hyperplasia.
T307 728138-728289 Sentence denotes In response to the increased turnover of epithelial cells associated with the superficial necrosis, there is hyperplasia of cells deeper in the glands.
T308 728290-728446 Sentence denotes The crypts are elongated, lined by proliferative basophilic epithelial cells that have large nuclei, and have few differentiated goblet cells (Fig. 1.39E) .
T309 728447-728552 Sentence denotes Large numbers of spirochetes are easily demonstrated using Warthin-Starry silver stain or similar stains.
T310 728553-728640 Sentence denotes They are mainly located in the areas of superficial erosion and in the lumen of crypts.
T311 728641-728761 Sentence denotes Ultrastructurally, large numbers of spirochetes are located on the surface and within the cytoplasm of epithelial cells.
T312 728762-728919 Sentence denotes Fewer organisms are present in the intercellular spaces between superficial epithelial cells, in the lumen of crypts, and occasionally in the lamina propria.
T313 728920-729106 Sentence denotes Degenerative changes in the epithelial cells are characterized by loss of microvilli, clumping of nuclear chromatin, and swelling of the mitochondria and the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
T314 729107-729309 Sentence denotes The diagnosis of swine dysentery is usually based on the characteristic clinical signs and gross and microscopic lesions, since it is difficult to isolate the causative agent under practical conditions.
T315 729310-729375 Sentence denotes Selective media are required to isolate Treponema hyodysenteriae.
T316 729376-729452 Sentence denotes Colonic contents may be examined by phase contrast or dark field microscopy.
T317 729453-729538 Sentence denotes Large numbers of the characteristic motile spirochetes are present in affected cases.
T318 729539-729702 Sentence denotes Fluorescent-antibody and special stains such as crystal violet, Victoria 4-R, and modified acid fast are all used to demonstrate the spirochetes in mucosal smears.
T319 729703-729823 Sentence denotes However, culture is required conclusively to differentiate T. hyodysenteriae from other spirochetes such as T. innocens.
T320 729824-730029 Sentence denotes The differential diagnosis of swine dysentery from salmonellosis, especially that due to Salmonella typhimurium, intestinal adenomatosis complex, and trichurosis, is discussed under Typhlocolitis in Swine.
T321 730030-730187 Sentence denotes Most of the important enteric clostridial diseases occur in herbivores and are caused by one or other of the five toxigenic types of Clostridium perfringens.
T322 730188-730350 Sentence denotes Occasionally, other members of the genus are associated with enteric disease, examples being C. sordellii and C. hotulinum in cattle and C. strasburgense in dogs.
T323 730351-730521 Sentence denotes There are five types of Clostridium perfringens, designated A -E , which are differentiated on the basis of their production of the four major antigenic lethal exotoxins.
T324 730522-730600 Sentence denotes A strain formerly classified as type F is now regarded as a subtype of type C.
T325 730601-730753 Sentence denotes The major exotoxins are alpha (a), beta (p), epsilon (e), and iota (i); the relationships between the five types and the four toxins are tabulated here:
T326 730754-730957 Sentence denotes Eight minor toxins (antigens) are produced by Clostridium perfringens, and it is suggested that some of these may be useful in identification of types and in division of types A, B, and C into varieties.
T327 730958-731057 Sentence denotes The a toxin is a lecithinase that acts on cell membranes, producing hemolysis or necrosis of cells.
T328 731058-731106 Sentence denotes The chemical nature of the P toxin is not clear.
T329 731107-731261 Sentence denotes It is common to those strains (B and C) that cause enteritis and is necrotizing, trypsin labile, and appears to have a paralyzing effect on the intestine.
T330 731262-731353 Sentence denotes The e toxin is produced as an inactive prototoxin that is activated by enzymatic digestion.
T331 731354-731466 Sentence denotes In culture, the appropriate enzymes [the minor toxins kappa (K) and lambda (X)] may be produced by the organism.
T332 731467-731519 Sentence denotes In the intestine, trypsin is an effective activator.
T333 731520-731577 Sentence denotes The prototoxin is produced only during periods of growth.
T334 731578-731710 Sentence denotes The i toxin also is elaborated as a prototoxin and activated by proteolytic enzymes either in culture (X toxin) or in the intestine.
T335 731711-731772 Sentence denotes The K toxin is a collagenase, and X a nonspecific proteinase.
T336 731773-731853 Sentence denotes Other minor toxins include mu (|x), a hyaluronidase, and delta (8), a hemolysin.
T337 731854-731917 Sentence denotes The enterotoxin produced by certain strains is discussed below.
T338 731918-732013 Sentence denotes There is not always a clear distinction between the different types of Clostridium perfringens.
T339 732014-732225 Sentence denotes Some strains lose their ability to produce one or more of their toxins when stored or cultured, and this complicates the identifications of isolates and the assessment of their significance in disease outbreaks.
T340 732226-732296 Sentence denotes Clostridial diseases of the intestine often are called enterotoxemias.
T341 732297-732494 Sentence denotes Disease produced by Clostridium perfringens type D, whose e exotoxin is elaborated in the intestine but exerts its important effects on distant organs such as brain and kidney, is an enterotoxemia.
T342 732495-732628 Sentence denotes The hemolytic disease attributed to type A is also an enterotoxemia, but in general the other types produce local intestinal lesions.
T343 732629-732759 Sentence denotes The production of an enterotoxin, distinct from the classical exotoxins, by some types of C. perfringens is potentially confusing.
T344 732760-732855 Sentence denotes This enterotoxin is elaborated only by sporulating cells and is released on lysis of the cells.
T345 732856-732988 Sentence denotes It is almost exclusively a product of type A strains but is identified occasionally from type C and very rarely from type D strains.
T346 732989-733112 Sentence denotes The enterotoxin is not involved in the pathogenesis of enterotoxemia ("pulpy-kidney disease") caused by the latter strains.
T347 733113-733177 Sentence denotes It is significant in food poisoning by type A strains in humans.
T348 733178-733331 Sentence denotes Clostridium perfringens type A is the most common of the five types and is the only one associated with the microflora of both soil and intestinal tract.
T349 733332-733400 Sentence denotes Its major toxin is the a toxin and it also produces the enterotoxin.
T350 733401-733473 Sentence denotes Some type A strains may produce either very small amounts or no a toxin.
T351 733474-733531 Sentence denotes Strains yielding large quantities of this toxin are rare.
T352 733532-733640 Sentence denotes Clostridium perfringens type A is one of several Clostridia that produce gas gangrene in humans and animals.
T353 733641-733794 Sentence denotes The production of gas gangrene in wound and puerperal infections probably is a composite effect of the major and minor toxins elaborated by the organism.
T354 733795-733967 Sentence denotes The necrotizing and hemolytic activity of the a toxin is assisted by the collagenase and hyaluronidase, which disrupt connective tissues and permit the infection to spread.
T355 733968-734067 Sentence denotes Other wound contaminants, not necessarily clostridial, also can be important in lesion development.
T356 734068-734207 Sentence denotes The significance of type A strains in enteric diseases other than food poisoning in humans and necrotic enteritis of chickens is not clear.
T357 734208-734292 Sentence denotes Their postulated causative association with equine colitis X is discussed elsewhere.
T358 734293-734422 Sentence denotes A very rare disease of calves and lambs characterized by acute intravascular hemolysis is also associated with type A infections.
T359 734423-734529 Sentence denotes Affected animals may be found dead or moribund, and jaundice and hemoglobinuria may be evident clinically.
T360 734530-734631 Sentence denotes At autopsy, icterus, anemia, and other changes of severe acute intravascular hemolysis are prominent.
T361 734632-734734 Sentence denotes Severe diarrhea may occur in calves, but enteric lesions are likely to be obscured by rapid autolysis.
T362 734735-734959 Sentence denotes This hemolytic disease must be distinguished from other causes of acute intravascular hemolysis such as leptospirosis, bacillary hemoglobinuria caused by Clostridium novyi type D (haemolyticum), and chronic copper poisoning.
T363 734960-735053 Sentence denotes Presumably the hemolytic effect of this toxin is responsible for the intravascular hemolysis.
T364 735054-735294 Sentence denotes Given that type A strains are commonly found in the intestines of ruminants, and that a toxin given intravenously is destroyed rapidly, it is apparent that there must be complex pathogenetic requirements for the development of this disease.
T365 735295-735406 Sentence denotes The pathogenesis may be somewhat analagous to that of enterotoxemia caused by type D, which is discussed below.
T366 735407-735541 Sentence denotes Clostridium perfringens type B is reported from Europe, South Africa, and the Middle East, but not from North America and Australasia.
T367 735542-735734 Sentence denotes It causes 4 i a m b dysentery,'' usually in lambs up to about 10 to 14 days of age, dysentery in calves of approximately the same age, and dysentery in foals within the first few days of life.
T368 735735-735920 Sentence denotes In lambs, death may occur without premonitory signs, but there is usually abdominal pain, especially when forced to rise, and passage of semifluid dark feces mixed or coated with blood.
T369 735921-735953 Sentence denotes The abdomen is often tympanitic.
T370 735954-736235 Sentence denotes A more chronic form in older lambs, which among other diseases is known as " p i n e " in England, is characterized by unthriftiness and depression, reluctance to suckle, and a peculiar stretching when the animal rises; such cases are reputed to respond well to specific antiserum.
T371 736236-736364 Sentence denotes Proof of the nature of their illness is lacking, although epidemiologically it does appear to be a chronic form of this disease.
T372 736365-736464 Sentence denotes Typical lesions are usually present, although in exceptional peracute cases they may be indistinct.
T373 736465-736599 Sentence denotes The first impression on opening the abdominal cavity is that there is intestinal strangulation, an occasional accident in young lambs.
T374 736600-736664 Sentence denotes The characteristic lesion is an extensive hemorrhagic enteritis.
T375 736665-736742 Sentence denotes Discrete and then confluent ulcerations develop if the course is long enough.
T376 736743-736812 Sentence denotes In peracute cases, there may be only a few small patches of necrosis.
T377 736813-736897 Sentence denotes The peritoneal cavity often contains a small amount of serous or bloodstained fluid.
T378 736898-737078 Sentence denotes In cases with more severe and deeply penetrating mucosal ulcerations, there may be an overlying peritonitis with red fibrin strands on the local mesentery and intestinal adhesions.
T379 737079-737231 Sentence denotes The ulcers are usually visible through the serosa as purplish areas, and they may be limited to the small intestine or also involve the large intestine.
T380 737232-737438 Sentence denotes On the mucosal surface, they are irregular but well defined by a sharp margin and rim of intense hyperemia, and they contain a yellow necrotic deposit; they may coalesce to form extensive areas of necrosis.
T381 737439-737619 Sentence denotes Usually the intestinal contents are bloodstained and may appear to be composed of pure blood, but in lambs that live for 3 or 4 days, there may be little or no staining with blood.
T382 737620-737683 Sentence denotes In acute cases, the abomasal mucosa may be intensely congested.
T383 737684-737748 Sentence denotes The mesenteric lymph nodes are edematous or intensely congested.
T384 737749-737957 Sentence denotes Histologically, the wall of the intes-tine is suffused with blood, and the areas of necrosis extend deeply into the mucous membrane and may penetrate the muscularis mucosa to the muscle layers and peritoneum.
T385 737958-738075 Sentence denotes In the necrotic tissue, there are large numbers of typical bacilli, but the cellular inflammatory response is slight.
T386 738076-738132 Sentence denotes The lesions in other organs are those of severe toxemia.
T387 738133-738192 Sentence denotes The liver is usually pale and friable but may be congested.
T388 738193-738308 Sentence denotes The spleen is normal or slightly enlarged and pulpy, owing to congestion and dissolution of its delicate reticulum.
T389 738309-738388 Sentence denotes The kidneys may be enlarged, edematous, pale, and soft from toxic degeneration.
T390 738389-738562 Sentence denotes The pericardial sac contains abundant clear gelatinous fluid, the myocardium is pale and soft, and hemorrhages beneath the serous membranes of the heart are almost constant.
T391 738563-738621 Sentence denotes The lungs are often slightly congested and very edematous.
T392 738622-738793 Sentence denotes In areas in which this disease occurs, the diagnosis can be made with reasonable certainty on the basis of the history and the presence of the typical macroscopic lesions.
T393 738794-738967 Sentence denotes Confirmation depends on finding large numbers of Clostridia in the necrotic tissue of the ulcers and on the detection of toxins in the intestinal contents of fresh cadavers.
T394 738968-739039 Sentence denotes The organism may be isolated only from the intestine of fresh cadavers.
T395 739040-739262 Sentence denotes The disease in calves caused by type B Clostridium perfringens closely resembles that in lambs, usually affecting sucklings less than 10 days of age, with a course of 2 to 4 days characterized by prostration and dysentery.
T396 739263-739321 Sentence denotes Older calves up to 10 weeks of age sometimes are affected.
T397 739322-739399 Sentence denotes It appears that calves are more likely to recover, albeit slowly, than lambs.
T398 739400-739556 Sentence denotes The intestinal lesion is an acute hemorrhagic enteritis with extensive mucosal necrosis and patchy diphtheritic membrane formation, especially in the ileum.
T399 739557-739623 Sentence denotes In foals also there is hemorrhagic enteritis with severe diarrhea.
T400 739624-739692 Sentence denotes Suckling foals of 2 days to, rarely, some weeks of age are affected.
T401 739693-739734 Sentence denotes The course of the illness is 1 or 2 days.
T402 739735-739859 Sentence denotes The intestine is intensely hyperemic, with a number of dark foci up to 1.0 cm in diameter that may develop into ulcerations.
T403 739860-739907 Sentence denotes The contents of the intestine are bloodstained.
T404 739908-740108 Sentence denotes The disease is apparently rare in foals but should be differentiated bacteriologically from infection with Actinobacillus equuli, and from salmonellosis, which more typically involves the large bowel.
T405 740109-740140 Sentence denotes CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS TYPE c.
T406 740141-740301 Sentence denotes Clostridium perfringens type C has a worldwide distribution and causes disease in adult sheep and goats, feeder cattle, and lambs, calves, foals, and baby pigs.
T407 740302-740410 Sentence denotes The prevalence of disease varies widely between countries, and between regions and species within countries.
T408 740411-740515 Sentence denotes There appear to be several varieties within type C that possibly are associated with different diseases.
T409 740516-740663 Sentence denotes In adult sheep, Clostridium perfringens type C causes "struck,'' a disease of pastured animals that has a mortality rate of 5 to 15% in some areas.
T410 740664-740745 Sentence denotes The disease in adult goats probably is similar in most respects to that in sheep.
T411 740746-740937 Sentence denotes Death usually occurs suddenly with terminal convulsive episodes, but some animals, with infections not so peracute, stand in a straining position that probably indicates acute abdominal pain.
T412 740938-740989 Sentence denotes In adult sheep there is no diarrhea or convulsions.
T1 740990-741169 Sentence denotes At autopsy, the peritoneal cavity contains up to 3 liters of clear, pale yellow fluid that clots on exposure to air and that becomes stained with hemoglobin if autopsy is delayed.
T2 741170-741338 Sentence denotes The peritoneal vessels, especially of the omentum, small intestine, and urinary bladder, are intensely congested, and multiple subperitoneal hemorrhages may be present.
T3 741339-741556 Sentence denotes The small intestine is intensely hyperemic, either in patches or along most of its length, and in the zones of hyperemia there may be ulcers that vary in size, in diameter from 2 to 3 mm and in length from 6 to 12 cm.
T4 741557-741736 Sentence denotes Ulcers usually are present, mostly in the jejunum, and are surrounded by a zone of hyperemia with deep red base, although in some the necrotic material is dark green and adherent.
T5 741737-741767 Sentence denotes The large intestine is normal.
T6 741768-741924 Sentence denotes The primary intestinal lesion is superficial mucosal necrosis, which advances more deeply into a developing leukocytic reaction, congestion, and hemorrhage.
T7 741925-742059 Sentence denotes The organisms do not invade the healthy mucosa but appear in tissue already necrotic, apparently invading from the lumen of the bowel.
T8 742060-742245 Sentence denotes Lesions in other organs are those of severe toxemia and include copious pleural and pericardial transudate of gelatinous fluid and hemorrhages beneath the serous membranes of the heart.
T9 742246-742336 Sentence denotes There is congestion and sometimes gross hemorrhage of the zona reticularis of the adrenal.
T10 742337-742489 Sentence denotes The causative organism is usually distributed in all organs, and this accounts for the very different appearance when autopsy is delayed for some hours.
T11 742490-742643 Sentence denotes In such instances, there is extensive bloodstained gelatinous fluid in the intermuscular septa and subcutis, and fluid in the serous cavities is stained.
T12 742644-742718 Sentence denotes The muscles are soft, stained pink to black with blood, and emphysematous.
T13 742719-742819 Sentence denotes Because of this change, "struck" may be confused with blackleg if postmortem examination is delayed.
T14 742820-742991 Sentence denotes The disease in feedlot cattle is similar to "struck." Animals are found either dead or moribund, and congestion and hemorrhage of the gastrointestinal tract are prominent.
T15 742992-743070 Sentence denotes The jejunal and ileal content is bloody with fibrin clots and necrotic debris.
T16 743071-743184 Sentence denotes Excessive straw-colored pleural and pericardial fluid and petechiation of epicardium and endocardium are present.
T17 743185-743316 Sentence denotes Autolysis and postmortem bloat occur rapidly, and differentiation from ruminal tympany and other clostridial diseases is necessary.
T18 743317-743423 Sentence denotes The diseases caused by type C in calves, lambs, and foals are very similar and will be discussed together.
T19 743424-743580 Sentence denotes Affected animals are young sucklings, which contract the disease within the first few days of life, often within the first 12 hr if they have been confined.
T20 743581-743712 Sentence denotes Foals and most clinically affected lambs die, but in calves, subacute cases may occur in which there is diarrhea and unthriftiness.
T21 743713-743752 Sentence denotes Often, affected animals are found dead.
T22 743753-743871 Sentence denotes Sick lambs may shiver, show abdominal pain, abdominal distension, dysentery, and prostration and die in 12 hr or less.
T23 743872-743988 Sentence denotes Sick calves show abdominal pain, some show diarrhea of sudden onset, and death is preceded by spasmodic convulsions.
T24 743989-744069 Sentence denotes Similar lesions occur at autopsy in all species but may be less severe in lambs.
T25 744070-744228 Sentence denotes In lambs, the intestinal changes vary from catarrhal to acute hemorrhagic enteritis with mucosal necrosis, which, like lamb dysentery, suggests strangulation.
T26 744229-744544 Sentence denotes The most prominent changes occur in the jejunum and ileum, the lumen of which may contain free blood, which forms a clotted cast in fresh cadavers; sometimes there is merely acute hyperemia of a segment of jejunum with edema of the wall, a scant creamy intestinal content, and a few small ulcerations of the mucosa.
T27 744545-744732 Sentence denotes The peritoneal cavity contains a small quantity of serous, bloodstained fluid, and the local mesentery and peritoneum are often mildly inflamed, hyperemic, and bear red strands of fibrin.
T28 744733-744787 Sentence denotes The mesenteric nodes are enlarged, wet, and congested.
T29 744788-744870 Sentence denotes There is usually an excess of pericardial fluid, and pulmonary interstitial edema.
T30 744871-745169 Sentence denotes Ecchymoses on the serous membranes are nearly constant, and in a few cadavers all tissues, but especially the meninges and brain, are liberally sprinkled with small hemorrhages; these are sites of bacterial embolism, a massive terminal bacteremia by Clostridium perfringens occurring in such cases.
T31 745170-745570 Sentence denotes Other lesions are those of toxemia, and the histologic changes are the same as those of lamb dysentery; indeed, there is no reliable distinction between the two diseases except for the geography of their occurrence and the results of toxin analyses, which must be performed both on the intestinal contents and the cultured organism since only the p toxin may be detectable in the intestinal contents.
T32 745571-745678 Sentence denotes Clostridium prefringens type C causes hemorrhagic enteritis of suckling piglets in many parts of the world.
T33 745679-745771 Sentence denotes The disease occurs as epizootics in affected herds and regions and may then remain enzootic.
T34 745772-745902 Sentence denotes Whole litters are affected, usually within the first week of life and often within the first 24 hr; the clinical course is ~1 day.
T35 745903-745971 Sentence denotes Rarely, epizootics occur in 2-to 4-week-old pigs and in weaned pigs.
T36 745972-746099 Sentence denotes Affected animals pass bloodstained feces in the terminal stages, and there is marked hyperemia of the anus just prior to death.
T37 746100-746290 Sentence denotes The predominant lesions occur in the small intestine, especially the jejunum, but the cecum and spiral colon often are involved, and occasionally lesions are confined to the large intestine.
T38 746291-746481 Sentence denotes Lesions are similar in all areas and in acute cases consist of intestinal and mesenteric hyperemia, extensive necrosis of the intestinal mucosa, and staining of the contents ( Fig. 1.41 A) .
T39 746482-746551 Sentence denotes There may be emphysema of the intestinal wall, which becomes fragile.
T40 746552-746639 Sentence denotes Mesenteric lymph nodes are red, and sanguinous peritoneal and pleural fluid is present.
T41 746640-746683 Sentence denotes Fibrinous intestinal adhesions may develop.
T42 746684-746784 Sentence denotes Microscopically, the necrotic process extends deeply and sometimes penetrates the muscularis mucosa.
T43 746785-746885 Sentence denotes Numerous typical bacilli inhabit the necrotic tissue and line up along the margin of involved villi.
T44 746886-747001 Sentence denotes Older pigs may not show intestinal hemorrhage but do show mucosal necrosis and peritoneal and pericardial effusion.
T45 747002-747142 Sentence denotes Infection is acquired from the sow's feces, and lesions begin in the jejunum with adhesion to and necrosis of epithelium on the villus tips.
T46 747143-747305 Sentence denotes The cells are sloughed, and extension of the necrotizing process then is nonselective and involves all the structures of the villi as it extends toward the crypt.
T47 747306-747460 Sentence denotes The disease is not reproducible with toxins of Clostridium perfringens type C but requires viable organisms with the ability to attach to the enterocytes.
T48 747461-747480 Sentence denotes PERFRINGENS TYPE D.
T49 747481-747691 Sentence denotes Enterotoxemia ("pulpy-kidney disease," "braxy-like disease," "overeating disease") through the toxins of Clostridium perfringens type D is an important disease of sheep and goats, with a worldwide distribution.
T50 747692-747725 Sentence denotes It occurs occasionally in calves.
T51 747726-747809 Sentence denotes Focal symmetric encephalomalacia of sheep is caused by the epsilon toxin of type D.
T52 747810-747914 Sentence denotes In most lambs and calves with type D enterotoxemia, the course is peracute and the animal is found dead.
T53 747915-748015 Sentence denotes Lambs and calves may die in a few minutes in convulsions, and calves often bawl as from severe pain.
T54 748016-748165 Sentence denotes Animals that survive longer may show excessive salivation, rapid breathing, hyperesthesia, straining, opisthotonus, and terminal coma or convulsions.
T55 748166-748287 Sentence denotes In adult sheep, in which the clinical course may be 2 days, diarrhea with the passage of dark, semifluid feces is common.
T56 748288-748351 Sentence denotes In sheep, subacute cases may occur and be followed by recovery.
T57 748352-748401 Sentence denotes In some such cases, neurologic signs may develop.
T58 748402-748565 Sentence denotes These include blindness, ataxia, head pressing, and posterior paresis, and the lesions of focal symmetric encephalomalacia are present in the brains of such cases.
T59 748566-748642 Sentence denotes On other occasions these lesions are not preceded by signs of enterotoxemia.
T60 748643-748873 Sentence denotes In goats, signs of enterotoxemia similar to those in sheep and lambs may be seen, but chronic enterotoxemia characterized by abdominal distension and pain, depression, and dark green diarrhea may persist for several days to weeks.
T61 748874-748931 Sentence denotes Focal symmetric encephalomalacia does not occur in goats.
T62 748932-749008 Sentence denotes In lambs dead of acute enterotoxemia, the carcass usually is well nourished.
T63 749009-749107 Sentence denotes In those with a course of 1 or 2 days, often there is evidence of a dark scour about the buttocks.
T64 749108-749143 Sentence denotes Putrefactive changes occur rapidly.
T65 749144-749193 Sentence denotes In some rapidly fatal cases there are no lesions.
T66 749194-749453 Sentence denotes Often there is excessive straw-colored pericardial fluid that clots on exposure to air, congestion and edema of the lungs that may be severe enough to produce froth in all the respiratory passages, and hemorrhage beneath the endocardium of the left ventricle.
T67 749454-749625 Sentence denotes There may be hemorrhages beneath other serous membranes ( Fig. 1.40A) , such as the epicardium, and blotchy hemorrhages beneath the parietal peritoneum are characteristic.
T68 749626-749693 Sentence denotes Sometimes the liver is congested and the spleen enlarged and pulpy.
T69 749694-749803 Sentence denotes There is no gastrointestinal inflammation visible at autopsy, although there is a mild microscopic enteritis.
T70 749804-749892 Sentence denotes Short lengths of the small intestine are distended with gas and are pink from hyperemia.
T71 749893-750066 Sentence denotes The intestinal content is creamy in cases of rapid death, but in those that live for some hours, the contents, especially the lower intestine, are more fluid and dark green.
T72 750067-750176 Sentence denotes In experimental cases and natural cases examined immediately after death there are no specific renal lesions.
T73 750177-750341 Sentence denotes The kidneys often are congested, and postmortem degeneration leads within a few hours to the intertubular "hemorrhages" characteristic of the disease (Fig. 1.40D) .
T74 750342-750442 Sentence denotes Similarly, autolysis that is unusually rapid is responsible for the "pulpy kidney" of enterotoxemia.
T75 750443-750497 Sentence denotes Both of these "lesions" can be useful diagnostic aids.
T76 750498-750719 Sentence denotes In adult sheep, the lesions are the same as those in lambs but are more constant and more developed, with the exception of renal autolytic changes, which occur less rapidly and rarely progress to the stage of "pulpiness."
T77 750720-750868 Sentence denotes Brain lesions occur in lambs with enterotoxemia that is not immediately fatal, and these are sufficiently constant to be of diagnostic significance.
T78 750869-750929 Sentence denotes They develop in two patterns; each is bilaterally symmetric.
T79 750930-751169 Sentence denotes The commonest pattern involves the basal ganglia, internal capsule, dorsolateral thalamus, and substantia nigra; there are some minor variations of the pattern, but the lesions always are of the same type and are symmetric ( Fig. 1.40B ).
T80 751170-751275 Sentence denotes The second pattern affects the white matter of the frontal gyri, sparing only the communicating U fibers.
T81 751276-751404 Sentence denotes The lesion begins with edema and the leakage of plasma and then red cells from the venules and capillaries in the affected area.
T82 751405-751562 Sentence denotes The altered permeability of the vessels is diffuse throughout the brain, sparing only heavily myelinated tracts such as the optic tracts and corpus callosum.
T83 751563-751624 Sentence denotes This is well demonstrated by vital staining with trypan blue.
T84 751625-751731 Sentence denotes The least change visible by light microscopy is the accumulation of protein droplets around small venules.
T85 751732-751857 Sentence denotes Electron microscopically severe damage to vascular endothelium is apparent, and there is swelling of protoplasmic astrocytes.
T86 751858-751957 Sentence denotes The foot processes around blood vessels and the processes around neurons are most severely swollen.
T87 751958-752017 Sentence denotes Edema and hemorrhage lead to malacia in the affected areas.
T88 752018-752140 Sentence denotes In goats with chronic enterotoxemia, enterocolitis occurs and is characterized by atrophy of villi and mucosal ulceration.
T89 752141-752180 Sentence denotes Specific systemic signs do not develop.
T90 752181-752295 Sentence denotes Lesions in calves dying of enterotoxemia caused by Clostridium perfringens type D closely resemble those in lambs.
T91 752296-752342 Sentence denotes Affected calves are usually 1-3 months of age.
T92 752343-752461 Sentence denotes Splenic swelling is more common in calves than in lambs, and rapid autolysis of the kidney is not a prominent finding.
T93 752462-752629 Sentence denotes Subcapsular congestion and hemorrhage occur ( Fig. 1.40C) , however, and sometimes a blackish clot of blood up to 1.0 cm thick forms a rather even cast for the kidney.
T94 752630-753261 Sentence denotes The histologic changes in enterotoxemia include, in addition to the brain lesions described above, mild degeneration and necrosis of the epithelium of the proximal convoluted tubules with edema, congestion and interstitial hemorrhage in the renal cortex, and congestion of the medulla (these are autolytic changes but are useful diagnostically); superficial desquamation in the intestine with congestion, and numerous typical bacilli in the contents; congestion and hemorrhage of the spleen with disruption of reticulum; subepicardial hemorrhage and degeneration in the Purkinje network; and proteinaceous edema fluid in the lungs.
T95 753262-753343 Sentence denotes All of these changes are secondary to endothelial damage produced by the € toxin.
T96 753344-753508 Sentence denotes The nature of the clinical syndrome, including the severity and extent of the nervous disorder, probably depends on the amount and rate of absorption of this toxin.
T97 753509-753619 Sentence denotes Significant biochemical abnormalities that occur in enterotoxemia include hemoconcentration and hyperglycemia.
T98 753620-753731 Sentence denotes Hemoconcentration is secondary to loss of fluid into tissues and cavities through injured vascular endothelium.
T99 753732-753860 Sentence denotes The increase in blood glucose is due to rapid mobilization of hepatic glycogen, possibly stimulated by hepatocyte-bound e toxin.
T100 753861-754011 Sentence denotes The blood glucose may reach 400 mg % and spills into the urine, providing the basis of very good circumstantial evidence for diagnosis of the disease.
T101 754012-754162 Sentence denotes The absence of glucosuria after some hours postmortem is of no significance, as early postmortem growth of bacteria in the urine destroys the glucose.
T102 754163-754285 Sentence denotes Glucosuria may occur in calves and presumably in kids but does not occur in starved animals with depleted glycogen stores.
T103 754286-754373 Sentence denotes Clostridium perfringens type E causes a rare disease that occurs in calves and rabbits.
T104 754374-754511 Sentence denotes Calves die acutely and have a congested ulcerated abomasum and hemorrhagic enteritis, which occurs segmentally along the small intestine.
T105 754512-754615 Sentence denotes Mesenteric nodes are enlarged and red, and pericardial effusion and serosal hemorrhages may be present.
T106 754616-754763 Sentence denotes Hemorrhagic canine gastroenteritis (canine gastrointestinal hemorrhage syndrome) occurs sporadically in associa- tion with Clostridium perfringens.
T107 754764-754951 Sentence denotes Usually a peracute hemorrhagic gastroenteritis develops, and the specific C. perfringens type is not identified; recurrent diarrhea associated with a type A strain has also been recorded.
T108 754952-755039 Sentence denotes Dogs with the peracute disease often are found dead, lying in a pool of bloody excreta.
T109 755040-755099 Sentence denotes Sometimes hemorrhage from the anus is noted prior to death.
T110 755100-755198 Sentence denotes Autopsy reveals hemorrhagic enteritis and colitis, and sometimes superficial gastritis is present.
T111 755199-755238 Sentence denotes Colonic lesions tend to be more severe.
T112 755239-755358 Sentence denotes Microscopically, there is hemorrhagic necrosis of the intestinal mucosa, with accumulation of necrotic cells in crypts.
T113 755359-755462 Sentence denotes Numerous Clostridia may line the necrotic intestinal structures or be distributed through the detritus.
T114 755463-755607 Sentence denotes The condition must be differentiated from canine parvoviral enteritis, canine hepatitis, shock gut, and warfarin toxicity or other coagulopathy.
T115 755608-755698 Sentence denotes The pathogenesis of some of the enteric clostridial disease is extraordinarily circuitous.
T116 755699-755986 Sentence denotes More is known of the pathogenesis of enterotoxemia caused by Clostridium perfringens type D than of the others, and this can be exemplary: disease due to types A and E may develop in the same way, but types B and C usually affect the newborn and probably have a more simple pathogenesis.
T117 755987-756377 Sentence denotes In all of the diseases, the organism multiplies rapidly in the intestine and disease results from the activity of the bacterial exotoxins. (The contribution of enterotoxin from type A strains to enteric diseases of animals probably is minimal.) Many animals harbor the specific clostridial organisms in their alimentary canal for greater or lesser periods but in small and harmless numbers.
T118 756378-756475 Sentence denotes Under certain circumstances they grow profusely and produce toxins in overwhelming concentration.
T119 756476-756614 Sentence denotes Enterotoxemia of pastured lambs occurs mainly in the spring, when pastures are abundant and lush, and usually the best lambs are affected.
T120 756615-756797 Sentence denotes It is possible that intestinal hypomotility may be a primary factor that allows Clostridia to proliferate in the small intestine instead of being carried by peristalsis to the colon.
T121 756798-757095 Sentence denotes Whether it is the level of nutrients or other factors in ingested pasture that predispose to the development of enterotoxemia is unclear. "Pulpy kidney" is not solely a disease of green, lush pastures; it also occurs on pastures of little but coarse fibrous grass, and in sheep fed pelleted feeds.
T122 757096-757155 Sentence denotes In these circumstances the relationship to diet is obscure.
T123 757156-757344 Sentence denotes Lambs fed large amounts of grain or concentrate are highly susceptible, thus the synonym "overeating disease." The manner in which overeating leads to clostridial enterotoxemia is complex.
T124 757345-757449 Sentence denotes Cultures of Clostridium perfringens type D given orally are largely destroyed in the rumen and abomasum.
T125 757450-757668 Sentence denotes The few organisms that reach the intestine proliferate rapidly and produce toxin, but when the numbers are no longer reinforced by escapees from the stomachs, they are rapidly cleared from the intestine by peristalsis.
T126 757669-757874 Sentence denotes If the cultures are administered into the duodenum, the concentrations of organisms and toxin in the intestine become much larger than after oral dosing but not large enough to cause anything but diarrhea.
T127 757875-758020 Sentence denotes The disease can be reproduced successfully if the diet of the sheep is suddenly changed to grain or concentrate before administering the culture.
T128 758021-758335 Sentence denotes The critical factor is almost certainly the presence of starch in the small intestine, providing a suitable substrate for these sac-charolytic bacteria, and they proliferate to immense numbers perhaps more than 1 x 10 9 organisms per gram of intestinal contents, and produce correspondingly large amounts of toxin.
T129 758336-758698 Sentence denotes When the rumen is provided suddenly with excessive quantities of food, or food of a different type, there is a delay before the ruminal flora can adapt; in this period, undigested or partially digested food may escape into the intestine, and if starch is there, as it is with overeating on grain, Clostridium perfringens type D is likely to take advantage of it.
T130 758699-758858 Sentence denotes It appears that the concentration of toxin must be maintained at high levels for several hours on end if it is to cause intoxication rather than just diarrhea.
T131 758859-759050 Sentence denotes The outcome depends not only on the concentration of toxin in the intestine but also on the length of time it is maintained, the size of the sheep, and whether there is circulating antitoxin.
T132 759051-759173 Sentence denotes Some sheep possess e antitoxin, attesting to previous nonfatal intoxication, and they are highly resistant to the disease.
T133 759174-759267 Sentence denotes Even with high intestinal concentrations of toxin, only small amounts reach the blood stream.
T134 759268-759413 Sentence denotes A high concentration of e toxin facilitates its own absorption from the intestine, probably in part by increasing the permeability of the mucosa.
T135 759414-759615 Sentence denotes Necrosis of epithelium and moderate atrophy of villi is evident in some animals with type D enterotoxemia, and it is reasonable to assume that epithelial damage must precede the facilitated absorption.
T136 759616-759690 Sentence denotes Probably the disease develops in the same way in the calf as in the sheep.
T137 759691-759788 Sentence denotes The virtual confinement of the disease to calves that are overfed suggests that this is the case.
T138 759789-759971 Sentence denotes The acute disease in goats likely has a similar pathogenesis, but the chronic disease, with lesions confined to the intestine, appears to be caused by local effects of type D toxins.
T139 759972-760033 Sentence denotes This form of the disease has not been investigated in detail.
T140 760034-760101 Sentence denotes The pathogenesis of disease produced by type A bacteria is obscure.
T141 760102-760173 Sentence denotes In lambs it occurs under circumstances similar to type D enterotoxemia.
T142 760174-760371 Sentence denotes Nothing is known of the permeability of the ruminant intestine to a toxin, but the syndrome described in both lambs and calves is consistent with the action of a hemolytic toxin in the circulation.
T143 760372-760548 Sentence denotes The diseases caused in young animals by Clostridium perfringens types B and C are principally diseases of the intestine, and this suggests that the pathogenesis is more direct.
T144 760549-760615 Sentence denotes This is particularly true of type C hemorrhagic enteritis in pigs.
T145 760616-760704 Sentence denotes Cultures of type B or C given orally produce disease much more consistently than type D.
T146 760705-760933 Sentence denotes Types B and C possess the p toxin, which is probably responsible for the severe intestinal lesion, and it is possible that these types need not attain the high concentration in the intestine that type D must to initiate illness.
T147 760934-761095 Sentence denotes The p toxin is trypsin labile, and circumstances such as low enzyme levels in young animals, very high levels of toxin, or trypsin inhibitors could be important.
T148 761096-761228 Sentence denotes Although both "lamb dysentery" and "hemorrhagic enterotoxemia" occur in pastured animals, they are most serious in confined animals.
T149 761229-761360 Sentence denotes Under these circumstances, disease spreads rapidly among the susceptible age group, as would be expected of any virulent infection.
T150 761361-761718 Sentence denotes Often the most vigorous and presumably the best nourished lambs and calves succumb, and on occasion there may be a nutritional predisposition to these diseases. "Pig b e l , " a necrotizing jejunitis of humans in New Guinea that probably is caused by the P toxin, has been causally related to consumption of heat-stable trypsin inhibitors in sweet potatoes.
T151 761719-761818 Sentence denotes Naturally occurring protease inhibitors in soybeans appear to have a similar effect in guinea pigs.
T152 761819-761930 Sentence denotes "Struck" in adult sheep, caused by type C, is prevalent when the grass is short in late winter or early spring.
T153 761931-762134 Sentence denotes It is also a disease of the best conditioned sheep, but the place of nutritional factors in its pathogenesis, and in the pathogenesis of disease caused by type C in feedlot cattle, has not been examined.
T154 762135-762228 Sentence denotes The diagnosis of outbreaks of enteric diseases caused by Clostridia usually is not difficult.
T155 762229-762344 Sentence denotes A history of sudden deaths in appropriate environmental circumstances, age groups, etc. should provoke a suspicion.
T156 762345-762464 Sentence denotes Gross lesions in one or more reasonably fresh carcasses are often characteristic enough to provide a working diagnosis.
T157 762465-762567 Sentence denotes Glucosuria may be demonstrable in type D enterotoxemia, but its absence does not preclude the disease.
T158 762568-762739 Sentence denotes Confirmation of type D enterotoxemia can be based on microscopic brain lesions, but in this and other suspected clostridial diseases, bacteriologic proof should be sought.
T159 762740-762803 Sentence denotes Examinations should be made as soon after death as is possible.
T160 762804-762951 Sentence denotes Very autolyzed carcasses generally are unsuitable as the toxin is rapidly destroyed postmortem and the intestinal flora very quickly becomes mixed.
T161 762952-763158 Sentence denotes The contents of the small intestine should be examined for toxin; in adult sheep that have shown diarrhea, it is well to examine the contents of cecum and colon if toxin is not found in the small intestine.
T162 763159-763241 Sentence denotes One drop of chloroform per 10 ml of content should be added to preserve the toxin.
T163 763242-763360 Sentence denotes There is no critical concentration of toxin diagnostic for pulpy-kidney disease or other enteric clostridial diseases.
T164 763361-763445 Sentence denotes The presence of toxin in conjunction with typical lesions is considered significant.
T165 763446-763567 Sentence denotes The absence of demonstrable toxin does not preclude a presumptive diagnosis if other characteristic findings are evident.
T166 763568-763696 Sentence denotes Negative results on a toxin analysis made more than 4 hr after death do not eliminate clostridial disease as the cause of death.
T167 763697-763802 Sentence denotes Gram-stained smears should be made from various levels of the intestine or from discrete mucosal lesions.
T168 763803-763900 Sentence denotes The smears should reveal large numbers of bacilli with the morphology of Clostridium perfringens.
T169 763901-764039 Sentence denotes In pulpy-kidney disease, and the other clostridial enteritides, the bacteria are present in smears in pure, or virtually pure, population.
T170 764040-764191 Sentence denotes Corynebacterium equi, thought formerly to be primarily a soil-associated organism, is now believed to be part of the normal intestinal flora of horses.
T171 764192-764310 Sentence denotes The organism usually is associated with pyogranulomatous pneumonia of foals (see the Respiratory System, this volume).
T172 764311-764371 Sentence denotes About half the pneumonic foals also have ulcerative colitis.
T173 764372-764417 Sentence denotes In some foals intestinal lesions occur alone.
T174 764418-764552 Sentence denotes The development of intestinal lesions appears to be dose related in that reproduction of the disease requires repeated oral infection.
T175 764553-764714 Sentence denotes In natural disease, continual exposure to bacteria in swallowed respiratory exudate probably is an important source of infection in those animals with pneumonia.
T176 764715-764860 Sentence denotes Gross lesions may occur throughout the small and large intestines but usually are most severe in the cecum, large colon, and related lymph nodes.
T177 764861-764995 Sentence denotes Mucosal lesions consist of irregular ulcers up to 1 to 2 cm in diameter, often covered by purulent or necrotic debris ( Fig. 1.4 ID) .
T178 764996-765039 Sentence denotes Edema of the wall of the gut may be severe.
T179 765040-765179 Sentence denotes Lymph nodes often are massively enlarged by edema and by caseous or purulent foci that may destroy the structure of the node (Fig. 1.41C) .
T180 765180-765286 Sentence denotes Occasionally, massively enlarged abscessed lymph nodes are found without evidence of concurrent enteritis.
T181 765287-765409 Sentence denotes Microscopically, infection seems to occur by penetration of the specialized epithelium over intestinal lymphoid follicles.
T182 765410-765490 Sentence denotes An initial neutrophilic response occurs, and erosions of the epithelium develop.
T183 765491-765558 Sentence denotes Macrophages and a few neutrophils accumulate in the lamina propria.
T184 765559-765628 Sentence denotes The macrophages contain Corynebacterium equi but do not destroy them.
T185 765629-765730 Sentence denotes Later, multinuclear giant cells form, deep ulcers develop, and necrosis of lymphoid follicles occurs.
T186 765731-765831 Sentence denotes Lymphangitis and pyogranulomatous mesenteric lymphadenitis characterize the chronic enteric disease.
T187 765832-765899 Sentence denotes Various Mycobacterium species may cause enteric disease in animals.
T188 765900-766291 Sentence denotes Mycobacterium avium has been incriminated as a cause of colonic ulceration and of granulomatous enteritis in horses; M. intracellulare has been isolated from granulomas in mesenteric lymph nodes of pigs in various countries, but enteric lesions have not been described; the primary complex of M. bovis may include an enteric lesion (see tuberculosis, in the Respiratory System, this volume).
T189 766292-766400 Sentence denotes All of these infections are of minor importance compared to that caused by M. paratuberculosis in ruminants.
T190 766401-766523 Sentence denotes Johne's disease (paratuberculosis) is a specific infectious disease of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium paratuberculosis.
T191 766524-766633 Sentence denotes Infections by M. paratuberculosis can be produced in pigs and horses, but gross lesions are modest or absent.
T192 766634-766687 Sentence denotes Typical histologic lesions may develop, but are mild.
T193 766688-766756 Sentence denotes The disease can be transmitted to mice, hamsters, rats, and rabbits.
T194 766757-766898 Sentence denotes There are several strains of Myobacterium paratuberculosis, differing in cultural characteristics and in pathogenicity for different species.
T195 766899-767049 Sentence denotes A pigmented strain that produces an intensely orange pigment in tissues and in cultures sometimes is isolated from sheep and occasionally from cattle.
T196 767050-767121 Sentence denotes Each strain can infect and produce disease in cattle, sheep, and goats.
T197 767122-767205 Sentence denotes The epidemiology and pathogenesis of Johne's disease are best understood in cattle.
T198 767206-767282 Sentence denotes It is assumed that the disease develops in sheep and goats in a similar way.
T199 767283-767357 Sentence denotes Young animals are more susceptible than the old to experimental infection.
T200 767358-767465 Sentence denotes Adults may become infected but are less likely to develop the disease and often recover from the infection.
T201 767466-767585 Sentence denotes The critical age determining susceptibility to an infection that will ultimately produce clinical disease is not known.
T202 767586-767627 Sentence denotes For many calves it is probably ~6 months.
T203 767628-767793 Sentence denotes This age-dependent resistance is reflected in the ability of the macrophages of resistant animals to restrict intracellular growth of bacteria, but not to lyse them.
T204 767794-768025 Sentence denotes Although the major lesions of Johne's disease usually are confined to the ileum, colon, and draining lymph nodes, the infection is generalized; organisms may be excreted in milk, semen, and urine, and intrauterine infections occur.
T205 768026-768091 Sentence denotes Bovine fetuses may be infected as early as 2 months of gestation.
T206 768092-768233 Sentence denotes The excretion of the organism in milk and the fact of intrauterine infection have important implications for the epidemiology of the disease.
T207 768234-768335 Sentence denotes A prevalence of 50% has been reported for intrauterine infection when the dam is clinically diseased.
T208 768336-768403 Sentence denotes Intrauterine infection can occur when the dam is clinically normal.
T209 768404-768615 Sentence denotes In both clinical and nonclinical cases of the disease, the organism can be cultured from a variety of parenchymatous organs and widely distributed lymph nodes and has also been found in the gonads of both sexes.
T210 768616-768741 Sentence denotes In fulminating infections, there is a bacteremia, and it is in these unusual cases that the organism is excreted in the milk.
T211 768742-768858 Sentence denotes Excretion of the organism in the milk of ewes has not been demonstrated, but congenital and uterine infections have.
T212 768859-768928 Sentence denotes The incubation period of Johne's disease is protracted and irregular.
T213 768929-769100 Sentence denotes Following oral infection, Mycobacterium paratuberculosis enters the lymphatic system through the tonsils (and probably the intestinal mucosa) and spreads through the body.
T214 769101-769221 Sentence denotes It localizes mainly in the small intestine, and in the first 2 to 3 months after infection the organisms multiply there.
T215 769222-769325 Sentence denotes Depending on their resistance, some animals clear themselves of infection while others become carriers.
T216 769326-769397 Sentence denotes In the latter, bacteria persist in the mucosa and draining lymph nodes.
T217 769398-769470 Sentence denotes Some carriers may be infected for life without showing signs of disease.
T218 769471-769575 Sentence denotes This tolerance to infection may result from compromised immunologic reactivity at thb time of infection.
T219 769576-769620 Sentence denotes Fetal infection may fall into this category.
T220 769621-769772 Sentence denotes When there is a breakdown of tolerance, hypersensitivity and cell-mediated immunity develop, the mucosal lesions progress, and clinical disease occurs.
T221 769773-769924 Sentence denotes Shifts between levels of tolerance and hypersensitivity probably are responsible for the clinical exacerbations that are characteristic of the disease.
T222 769925-769984 Sentence denotes The diarrhea of Johne's disease has a complex pathogenesis.
T223 769985-770111 Sentence denotes It is related to the moderate villus atrophy that develops, probably as a result of the immune response in the lamina propria.
T224 770112-770254 Sentence denotes In addition, there is leakage of plasma proteins, amino acid malabsorption, and increased gut motility with decreased intestinal transit time.
T225 770255-770396 Sentence denotes Exacerbations of clinical disease often are associated with parturition, a low nutritional plane, heavy milk yield, and intercurrent disease.
T226 770397-770453 Sentence denotes A change of environment often leads to clinical disease.
T227 770454-770690 Sentence denotes Often this can be attributed to differences in the lime content and pH of the soil; soils high in lime tend to inhibit clinical breakdowns, and transfer from alkaline to acid soils often precipitates clinical disease within a few weeks.
T228 770691-770776 Sentence denotes The typical manifestation of Johne's disease is profuse diarrhea passed effortlessly.
T229 770777-770907 Sentence denotes Emaciation is progressive and ultimately fatal, but the appetite is retained, and animals remain bright until the terminal stages.
T230 770908-771060 Sentence denotes Clinically affected animals are usually 2 years of age or older, and Channel Island breeds and beef shorthorn cattle appear to be unusually susceptible.
T231 771061-771186 Sentence denotes Johne's disease in sheep and goats is comparable to that in cattle, occurring in adults and characterized by chronic wasting.
T232 771187-771286 Sentence denotes The feces are soft, but there is usually no diarrhea, except intermittently in the terminal stages.
T233 771287-771389 Sentence denotes There is no correlation between the severity of the clinical syndrome and the severity of the lesions.
T234 771390-771674 Sentence denotes Many animals allowed to die have gross and microscopic lesions so slight that they would be easily missed unless looked for specifically, and in some of these even detailed gross inspection is unrewarding; on the other hand, severe lesions can be found in animals that appear healthy.
T235 771675-771729 Sentence denotes In goats and sheep, gross changes usually are minimal.
T236 771730-771932 Sentence denotes Advanced cases of Johne's disease are emaciated with gelatinous atrophy of fat depots, intermandibular edema, and serous effusion in the body cavities, more voluminous in sheep and goats than in cattle.
T237 771933-771998 Sentence denotes Specific gross lesions occur in the intestine and regional nodes.
T238 771999-772195 Sentence denotes The mesenteric nodes, particularly the ileocecal, are always enlarged, sometimes remarkably so, pale so that there is little corticomedullary distinction, and edematous, especially in the medulla.
T239 772196-772367 Sentence denotes Lymphangitis of some degree is constant, and the lymphatic vessels can often be traced as thickened cords from the intestine through the mesentery to the mesenteric nodes.
T240 772368-772491 Sentence denotes Often, lymphangitis is the only recognizable gross change and is specific enough to justify a diagnosis of Johne's disease.
T241 772492-772648 Sentence denotes In sheep and goats, the lymphatics may be knotted as well as corded, the knots being focal granulomatous accumulations of epithelioid cells and lymphocytes.
T242 772649-772700 Sentence denotes Sometimes lymphangitis is not recognizably grossly.
T243 772701-772836 Sentence denotes The intestinal serosa has a slight granular and diffusely opaque appearance because of subserosal edema and cellularity ( Fig. 1.42A ).
T244 772837-772969 Sentence denotes The specific intestinal lesions may occur from the duodenum to the rectum, but in many animals both of these regions are unaffected.
T245 772970-773051 Sentence denotes Lesions are usually best developed in the lower jejunum and ileum ( Fig. 1.42B ).
T246 773052-773298 Sentence denotes Reference is frequently made to enlargement of the ileocecal valve, and to this vicinity as the earliest and most consistently affected, but specific changes of, and immediately adjacent to, the valve are so inconsistent as to deserve deemphasis.
T247 773299-773452 Sentence denotes The classical intestinal change is diffuse hypertrophy, with the mucosa folded into thick, tranverse rugae, like the convolutions of the cerebral cortex.
T248 773453-773586 Sentence denotes When well developed, the mucosal folds cannot be smoothed out by stretching, and they fissure if the intestinal wall is bent sharply.
T249 773587-773750 Sentence denotes These mucosal changes are partly due to thickenings of the mucosa itself, but largely they are due to abundant accumulations of epithelioid cells in the submucosa.
T250 773751-773923 Sentence denotes The crests of the folds are often slightly reddened by congestion, and the mucosal surface is velvety, but there is no excess of mucus except in occasional sheep and goats.
T251 773924-774022 Sentence denotes The minimal recognizable gross change is a very slight fleshy or velvety thickening of the mucosa.
T252 774023-774118 Sentence denotes In sheep and goats, enteric lesions are usually mild, resembling the minimal lesions of cattle.
T253 774119-774224 Sentence denotes Occasionally the bowel is quite remarkably thickened and contains nodules of caseation and calcification.
T254 774225-774331 Sentence denotes Necrosis occurs rarely in the lesions in cattle, but there is almost never any caseation or calcification.
T255 774332-774404 Sentence denotes This is a distinguishing feature from intestinal tuberculosis of cattle.
T256 774405-774518 Sentence denotes Other distinguishing features are the diffuseness of the lesion and the absence of ulceration in Johne's disease.
T257 774519-774672 Sentence denotes The lesion in cattle is characterized by the virtual absence of necrosis, the absence of inflammatory hyperemia, and the absence of reactionary fibrosis.
T258 774673-774795 Sentence denotes Orange pigmentation of the mucosa and lymph nodes may be seen in sheep infected with the pigmented strain of the organism.
T259 774796-775070 Sentence denotes When gross lesions are well developed, histologic changes are obvious and very characteristic, but in those bovine cases in which gross changes are minimal or absent, the microscopic changes in the mucosa are more indefinite; this is probably true too of very early lesions.
T260 775071-775205 Sentence denotes In these, the lamina propria is diffusely but loosely infiltrated with lymphocytes and plasma cells and a large number of eosinophils.
T261 775206-775443 Sentence denotes There may be very few epithelioid cells ( Fig. 1.42E) , and the most characteristic change is usually a loose infiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cells in the submucosa and in association with the submucosal and mesenteric lymphatics.
T262 775444-775533 Sentence denotes As the epithelioid cells increase in number, the other cells are proportionately reduced.
T263 775534-775793 Sentence denotes In single sections of bowel, the epithelioid cells may infiltrate diffusely from the onset, especially when the outer layers of the mucous membranes are involved, or the infiltrations may be predominantly nodular, either in the tips or the bases of the villi.
T264 775794-776000 Sentence denotes The cell accumulations tend to be progressive, and they gradually compress and obliterate the crypts, although some glands persist for a while as cystic remnants containing cellular detritus ( Fig. 1.42D ).
T265 776001-776183 Sentence denotes The infiltrating cells congregate in the submucosa, and when gross thickening of the intestine occurs, it is largely due to this submucosal infiltration of typical epithelioid cells.
T266 776184-776321 Sentence denotes Almost invariably there are lymphocytes in the cellular masses, both as a diffuse distribution of isolated cells and as microscopic foci.
T267 776322-776349 Sentence denotes Giant cells may be present.
T268 776350-776474 Sentence denotes Foci of necrosis occur within the cell masses, but in cattle, caseation and calcification are extremely rare ( Fig. 1.42C) .
T269 776475-776804 Sentence denotes A significant proportion of sheep and goats develop foci of tubercle-like caseation with some calcification in the mucosa, the submucosa, on the peritoneal surface of the bowel, in the lymphatics, and in the lymph nodes; some are recognizable grossly as whitish foci, 1-4 mm in diameter, and there is modest surrounding fibrosis.
T270 776805-776957 Sentence denotes These lesions in sheep are the only suggestion that affected animals may develop resistance or hypersensitivity comparable to that seen in tuberculosis.
T271 776958-777129 Sentence denotes It is usual for the organism to be demonstrable in vast numbers both intracellularly and extracellularly in the lesions when appropriately stained by acid-fast techniques.
T272 777130-777303 Sentence denotes When there are few organisms, they are best demonstrated by fluorescent staining; this technique is applicable to tissue but not to feces, as these exhibit autofluorescence.
T273 777304-777550 Sentence denotes The pigmented strains of the organism are invariably present in large numbers in sheep, but in those infected with nonpigmented strains and showing evidence of tubercle formation, the organisms may be too few to be demonstrated except by culture.
T274 777551-777602 Sentence denotes Lymphangitis is one of the most consistent changes.
T275 777603-777733 Sentence denotes Initially the lymphatics are surrounded by lymphocytes and plasma cells, and many contain plugs of epithelioid cells in the lumen.
T276 777734-777888 Sentence denotes These changes are progressive, and small mononuclear cells are replaced by large ones; epithelioid granulomas form in the wall and project into the lumen.
T277 777889-777933 Sentence denotes These nodules frequently show some necrosis.
T278 777934-778015 Sentence denotes Specific lesions similar to those in the intestine occur also in the lymph nodes.
T279 778016-778105 Sentence denotes In the early stages, the subcapsular sinus is infiltrated loosely with epithelioid cells.
T280 778106-778257 Sentence denotes The infiltrations are progressive, forming follicular or diffuse areas of epithelioid and giant cells, which may ultimately replace much of the cortex.
T281 778258-778398 Sentence denotes When tubercles form in the intestine of sheep and goats, they form in lymph nodes, too, and may be large enough to replace much of the node.
T282 778399-778538 Sentence denotes Of the other organs and tissues in which the bacilli may be found, lesions have been described only in the liver, tonsils, and lymph nodes.
T283 778539-778580 Sentence denotes These lesions are of characteristic type.
T284 778581-778717 Sentence denotes They are common in the liver and consist of foci of epithelioid cells and lymphocytes in the triads and indiscriminately in the lobules.
T285 778718-778783 Sentence denotes These lesions contain bacilli, which can be readily demonstrated.
T286 778784-778887 Sentence denotes Antemortem diagnosis of Johne's disease and infection with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis is difficult.
T287 778888-779011 Sentence denotes Various immunologic tests are more or less useful, depending on the immune status of the host and the stage of the disease.
T288 779012-779087 Sentence denotes Textbooks of medicine and the Bibliography should be consulted for details.
T289 779088-779235 Sentence denotes Biopsy of the ileocecal lymph node appears to be a useful diagnostic test, much more so than rectal biopsy, since rectal infection often is absent.
T290 779236-779419 Sentence denotes The examination of feces for organisms is a useful diagnostic aid in clinical cases; it is too cumbersome and too often negative for use as a screening procedure on preclinical cases.
T291 779420-779617 Sentence denotes In fecal smear examinations, individual acid-fast organisms are ignored (they are probably incidental saprophytes) and significance is given only to clumps of two or more organisms of typical size.
T292 779618-779959 Sentence denotes It may be validly objected that such organisms may be merely ingested ones being passed in the feces even when they are certainly Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, but nevertheless, reliance can be placed on positive smears when the animals are typically diseased and other causes of chronic diarrhea have been eliminated by appropriate means.
T293 779960-780020 Sentence denotes A negative fecal smear should not be given any significance.
T294 780021-780207 Sentence denotes The slow growth of the organism in culture and the variable requirements for growth of different strains limits this examination to the experimental rather than the diagnostic procedure.
T295 780208-780256 Sentence denotes Chlamydiae are obligate intracellular parasites.
T296 780257-780376 Sentence denotes There are two species, Chlyamydia trachomatis, which infects humans, and C. psittaci, which infects animals and humans.
T297 780377-780551 Sentence denotes Chlamydia psittaci is divisible into two types: type 1 is associated with abortion, pneumonia, or enteric disease; type 2 with polyarthritis, encephalitis, or conjunctivitis.
T298 780552-780618 Sentence denotes The nonenteric diseases are discussed in the appropriate chapters.
T299 780619-780678 Sentence denotes The intestinal tract is the natural habitat for chlamydiae.
T300 780679-780889 Sentence denotes Most infections probably are inapparent, but the intestine may be an important portal of entry in the development of systemic infections leading to arthritis, encephalitis, pneumonia, and abortion in ruminants.
T301 780890-781008 Sentence denotes Enteritis may accompany or presage these diseases, and occasionally chlamydiae cause severe enteric disease in calves.
T302 781009-781103 Sentence denotes Following oral infection, chlamydiae infect mainly the enterocytes on the tips of ileal villi.
T303 781104-781232 Sentence denotes These cells are in the G x phase of the cell cycle; cells in this phase are required by chlamydiae as a site for multiplication.
T304 781233-781333 Sentence denotes Chlamydiae also infect other cells, including goblet cells, enterochromaffin cells, and macrophages.
T305 781334-781433 Sentence denotes Macrophages may transport chlamydiae systemically prior to destruction by the organisms they carry.
T306 781434-781527 Sentence denotes Chlamydiae are adsorbed on the brush border of enterocytes and enter the cell by pinocytosis.
T307 781528-781615 Sentence denotes Following multiplication of organisms in the supranuclear region, the cells degenerate.
T308 781616-781771 Sentence denotes Chlamydiae are released into the gut lumen and into the lamina propria, where they infect endothelial cells of lacteals, are released, and become systemic.
T309 781772-781934 Sentence denotes Gastrointestinal disease caused by chlamydiae usually is a problem of calves less than 10 days old but may affect older calves and may produce recurrent diarrhea.
T310 781935-782052 Sentence denotes Watery diarrhea, dehydration, and death are often accompanied by lesions, though not necessarily signs, of arthritis.
T311 782053-782186 Sentence denotes Gross lesions may occur in the abomasum and throughout the intestinal tract but are most consistent and severe in the terminal ileum.
T312 782187-782277 Sentence denotes Mucosal edema, congestion, and petechiae, sometimes with ulceration, are usually observed.
T313 782278-782330 Sentence denotes Serosal hemorrhages and focal peritonitis may occur.
T314 782331-782453 Sentence denotes Histologically, chlamydial inclusions may be demonstrable with Giemsa stain in the supranuclear region of the enterocytes.
T315 782454-782560 Sentence denotes Central lacteals and capillaries are dilated, and neutrophils and monocytes infiltrate the lamina propria.
T316 782561-782730 Sentence denotes Occasionally, granulomatous inflammation occurs in the intestinal submucosa and extends into the mesentery and to the serosa to produce the peritonitis observed grossly.
T317 782731-782851 Sentence denotes Crypts in the small and large intestine may be dilated, lined by flattened epithelium, and contain inflammatory exudate.
T318 782852-782980 Sentence denotes Mycotic invasion of the wall of the gastrointestinal tract is a common sequel to many diseases and lesions affecting the mucosa.
T319 782981-783241 Sentence denotes Although it is generally agreed that one or more of lowered host resistance, disruption of the normal flora, or a local lesion is required for establishment of mycotic disease in the gut, it is possible that spores are carried across the mucosa in macrophages.
T320 783242-783398 Sentence denotes Organisms usually associated with alimentary tract mycoses are zygomycetes of the genera Absidia, Mucor, and Rhizopus, and the phaeohyphomycete Aspergillus.
T321 783399-783468 Sentence denotes Candida may also invade the wall of the alimentary canal (see below).
T322 783469-783580 Sentence denotes Zygomycoses are characterized in their invasive mycelial form by infrequent septation and broad, coarse hyphae.
T323 783581-783654 Sentence denotes Aspergillus has a filamentous tissue form with relatively numerous septa.
T324 783655-783749 Sentence denotes Lesions occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract, including the forestomachs of ruminants.
T325 783750-783899 Sentence denotes Clinical signs may be related specifically to the location of lesions (vomition, bloody diarrhea) or be nonspecific (malaise, weight loss) or absent.
T326 783900-783993 Sentence denotes Three types of lesion are produced: hemorrhagic and infarctive, caseating, and granulomatous.
T327 783994-784120 Sentence denotes Hemorrhagic and infarctive lesions are illustrated by mycotic rumenitis following grain overload in ruminants ( Fig. 1.8A,B) .
T328 784121-784312 Sentence denotes They often complicate Peyer's patch necrosis in cattle with bovine virus diarrhea and are seen along the tips of the abomasal folds in calves in the later stages of bacterial gastroenteritis.
T329 784313-784415 Sentence denotes The fungi have a propensity to invade mucosal and submucosal veins, producing thrombosis and necrosis.
T330 784416-784546 Sentence denotes Usually there is full-thickness necrosis of the gut wall, which is edematous and blue-black due to venous stasis ( Fig. 1.11A-C) .
T331 784547-784615 Sentence denotes Often there is a relatively mild inflammatory response to the fungi.
T332 784616-784713 Sentence denotes Spread to the liver and other organs via portal and systemic circulations is common (Fig. 1.8D ).
T333 784714-784796 Sentence denotes Mycotic ileitis and colitis in cats occasionally may be a sequel to panleukopenia.
T334 784797-784986 Sentence denotes Intestinal lesions caused by the fungi (usually Aspergillus) may be hemorrhagic and necrotizing with a prominent cellular response but sometimes are small, localized, and difficult to find.
T335 784987-785117 Sentence denotes In the latter cases, lesions of panleukopenia in the intestine and multifocal mycotic emboli in the lung suggest the pathogenesis.
T336 785118-785183 Sentence denotes The lung appears to be the favored site of dissemination in cats.
T337 785184-785269 Sentence denotes Mycotic enteritis with dissemination is a rare sequel to canine parvovirus enteritis.
T338 785270-785389 Sentence denotes The gastrointestinal tract is probably a common portal of entry for many sporadic, disseminated zygomycoses in animals.
T339 785390-785636 Sentence denotes The presence of fungal hyphae in mesenteric lymph node granulomas of many clinically normal cattle indicates that contrary to general impressions, invasion by these agents across the intestinal mucosa does not lead invariably to systemic disease.
T340 785637-785758 Sentence denotes It seems likely that the ability of the fungus to cause thrombosis and necrosis determines whether generalization occurs.
T341 785759-785976 Sentence denotes In the absence of infarctive lesions, fungi may produce a localized granulomatous lesion in specialized lymphoid tissue of the Peyer's patch or may be carried to the regional lymph node while the mucosal lesion heals.
T342 785977-786129 Sentence denotes In the lymph nodes, a granulomatous response with giant cells that contain hyphal fragments often develops; asteroid bodies may form around Aspergillus.
T343 786130-786310 Sentence denotes Usually the granulomatous lesions produce no or moderate enlargement of lymph nodes, but sometimes a massive, caseating lymphadenitis with adhesions to adjacent structures results.
T344 786311-786450 Sentence denotes Candida species are normal inhabitants of the alimentary tract of animals, existing as budding yeasts in association with mucosal surfaces.
T345 786451-786650 Sentence denotes When there are changes in the mucosae, particularly squamous mucosae, or in the mucosal flora, the yeasts may become invasive, and branching, filamentous pseudohyphae largely replace the yeast forms.
T346 786651-786770 Sentence denotes In order of prevalence, the species producing candidiasis in animals are C. albicans, C. slooffii, and C. parapsilosis.
T347 786771-786914 Sentence denotes Changes in the mucosal flora usually result from antibiotic therapy, which reduces the numbers of bacteria and allows proliferation of Candida.
T348 786915-787075 Sentence denotes Antibiotics may also inhibit antibody synthesis and phagocyte activity and may directly injure the mucosa, but these effects probably are of minor significance.
T349 787076-787165 Sentence denotes Treatment with anticancer and antiinflammatory agents may also predispose to candidiasis.
T350 787166-787300 Sentence denotes Pseudohypha formation is favored by carbohydrates such as sucrose or polysaccharides, which are less readily fermentable than glucose.
T351 787301-787352 Sentence denotes Glucose is necessary for keratolysis by the fungus.
T352 787353-787526 Sentence denotes An endotoxin released during reproduction and death of Candida organisms probably causes local irritation and damage and permits deeper penetration into squamous epithelium.
T353 787527-787733 Sentence denotes Candida occasionally is an opportunistic invader of mucosal lesions anywhere in the alimentary tract, but other fungi are more likely to take advantage of this kind of lesion, particularly in older animals.
T354 787734-787845 Sentence denotes Candidiasis is mainly a disease of keratinized epithelium in young animals, especially pigs, calves, and foals.
T355 787846-788006 Sentence denotes Accumulation of keratin due to anorexia probably contributes to the extensiveness of lesions in all species by increasing the substrate available to the fungus.
T356 788007-788113 Sentence denotes In pigs, Candida often invades the parakeratotic material that accumulates in the gastric squamous mucosa.
T357 788114-788322 Sentence denotes Apparently these infections are innocuous. "Thrush" is candidiasis of the oral cavity; it is seen occasionally in young pigs, especially those raised on artificial diets, or in pigs with intercurrent disease.
T358 788323-788454 Sentence denotes Lesions may be confined to the tongue, hard palate, or pharynx but often involve the esophagus and gastric squamous mucosa as well.
T359 788455-788497 Sentence denotes Rarely, the glandular stomach is involved.
T360 788498-788598 Sentence denotes Grossly, the lesions are yellow-white, smooth or wrinkled plaques, more or less covering the mucosa.
T361 788599-788786 Sentence denotes Histologically, the epithelium is spongy and contains abundant pseudohyphae and, particularly with C. albicans infections, pockets of neutrophils and bacteria beneath the cornified layer.
T362 788787-788881 Sentence denotes There is congestion of vessels, and a few inflammatory cells are present under the epithelium.
T363 788882-788938 Sentence denotes Desquamation of the epithelium may produce small ulcers.
T364 788939-789051 Sentence denotes In calves, candidiasis occurs following prolonged antibiotic therapy and in association with rumen putrefaction.
T365 789052-789183 Sentence denotes Lesions are seen most often in the ventral sac of the rumen but may involve the omasum and reticulum and occasionally the abomasum.
T366 789184-789317 Sentence denotes Grossly, the lesions resemble those of thrush in pigs, but the keratinaceous layer tends to be thicker, less diffuse, and light gray.
T367 789318-789404 Sentence denotes In the omasum, the leaves may be stuck together by the mass of fungus-riddled keratin.
T368 789405-789560 Sentence denotes Disseminated candidiasis occurs more often in calves than in pigs, probably because of the relatively prolonged survival of calves with alimentary lesions.
T369 789561-789645 Sentence denotes Candidiasis in calves must be differentiated from alimentary herpesvirus infections.
T370 789646-789782 Sentence denotes Gastroesophageal candidiasis in foals involves the squamous epithelium and is associated with ulceration adjacent to the margo plicatus.
T371 789783-789911 Sentence denotes Colic and anorexia are seen and are probably related to the development of the ulcers, which may perforate, causing peritonitis.
T372 789912-790035 Sentence denotes In tissues, the presence of blastospores mixed with pseudohyphae or hyphae permits a provisional identification of Candida.
T373 790036-790104 Sentence denotes Histoplasma capsulatum is a soil organism of worldwide distribution.
T374 790105-790233 Sentence denotes The disease histoplasmosis is endemic in certain areas for example, the Mississippi and Ohio River Valleys of the United States.
T375 790234-790310 Sentence denotes In is important in humans and dogs and occurs sporadically in other species.
T376 790311-790423 Sentence denotes Infection usually occurs via inhalation of spores, and if lesions occur, usually they are confined to the lungs.
T377 790424-790580 Sentence denotes Dissemination with hepatic, splenic, and sometimes gastrointestinal lesions develops in some dogs and probably requires a degree of host immunoincompetence.
T378 790581-790725 Sentence denotes Infection can be produced by ingestion, and possibly the rare examples of disease confined to the gastrointestinal tract develop in this manner.
T379 790726-790796 Sentence denotes Intestinal infection by ingestion of infected sputum also is possible.
T1 790797-790981 Sentence denotes Disseminated histoplasmosis is a disease predominantly of young dogs, which usually present with weight loss, generalized lymphadenopathy, and often, diarrhea with blood, and tenesmus.
T2 790982-791105 Sentence denotes Intestinal histoplasmosis has been reported as part of a disseminated disease of cats and as an isolated lesion in a horse.
T3 791106-791313 Sentence denotes At postmortem there may be hemorrhagic enteritis involving the small and large intestine, or granulomatous thickening of the mucosa and intestinal wall with ulceration ( Fig. 1.4IE ), or no apparent lesions.
T4 791314-791365 Sentence denotes Mesenteric lymph nodes often are markedly enlarged.
T5 791366-791444 Sentence denotes Histologically, lesions may occur in the stomach and small or large intestine.
T6 791445-791608 Sentence denotes The nonulcerated areas of the mucosa contain focal to diffuse infiltrations of macrophages laden with Histoplasma capsulatum organisms within cytoplasmic vacuoles.
T7 791609-791696 Sentence denotes The mucosa may be grossly thickened by the infiltrate, causing necrosis and ulceration.
T8 791697-791767 Sentence denotes The cellular reaction may extend through the muscularis to the serosa.
T9 791768-791888 Sentence denotes Macrophages filled with organisms are particularly prominent in the lymphoid tissue of the gut and the mesenteric nodes.
T10 791889-792082 Sentence denotes Microscopic diagnosis of gastrointestinal histoplasmosis is not difficult, but grossly the disease must be distinguished from intestinal lymphoma and, in the colon, from colitis of other types.
T11 792083-792162 Sentence denotes Histoplasmosis is discussed in detail with the Hematopoietic System (Volume 3).
T12 792163-792251 Sentence denotes Prototheca species are colorless algae closely related to the blue-green alga Chlorella.
T13 792252-792370 Sentence denotes They are ubiquitous in raw and treated sewage and in water and are found in feces, plant sap, and slime flux of trees.
T14 792371-792543 Sentence denotes Lesions caused by Prototheca include cutaneous infections of cats (see the Skin and Appendages, Volume 1) and humans, mastitis in cows, and disseminated infections in dogs.
T15 792544-792664 Sentence denotes The intestine and the eye (see the Eye and Ear, Volume 1) are the most commonly involved sites in protothecosis of dogs.
T16 792665-792778 Sentence denotes Clinically, chronic, intractable, bloody diarrhea or passage of bloodstained feces are frequent presenting signs.
T17 792779-792897 Sentence denotes Hemorrhagic and ulcerative colitis is a prominent enteric lesion, but changes may develop also in the small intestine.
T18 792898-792937 Sentence denotes Mesenteric lymph nodes may be enlarged.
T19 792938-793067 Sentence denotes Characteristic of protothecosis is the mild host response to infection; usually only a few lymphocytes and monocytes are present.
T20 793068-793253 Sentence denotes In early lesions, the organisms are scattered in the lamina propria, but later they fill the lamina propria and often are packed in cords between the connective tissue of the submucosa.
T21 793254-793382 Sentence denotes Lacteals are distended, while the lymphatics proximal to them and the sinuses of draining lymph nodes are filled with organisms.
T22 793383-793473 Sentence denotes Factors predisposing to the development of intestinal protothecosis are poorly understood.
T23 793474-793656 Sentence denotes Skin infections are thought to result from traumatic inoculation, and it is possible that in the alimentary tract, Prototheca is an opportunistic invader of existing mucosal lesions.
T24 793657-793757 Sentence denotes The chronicity of the disease and the mild host response are inconsistent with a virulent infection.
T25 793758-793877 Sentence denotes Two species, P. zopfti and P. wickerhamii, cause disease in animals; infections with both may occur in the same animal.
T26 793878-793943 Sentence denotes Prototheca in sections somewhat resembles cryptococcal organisms.
T27 793944-794038 Sentence denotes They range from 5-mm spheres to 9 x 12 |xm ovoids and are positive with PAS and silver stains.
T28 794039-794179 Sentence denotes The presence of endosporulation with formation of 2 to 20 sporangiospores within a single sporangium characterizes Prototheca and Chlorella.
T29 794180-794335 Sentence denotes Chlorella contains PAS-positive cytoplasmic starch granules that are PAS-negative following diastase digestion; Prototheca does not contain these granules.
T30 794336-794444 Sentence denotes Differentiation of the genera by a fluorescent-antibody test using formalin-fixed material is also possible.
T31 794445-794623 Sentence denotes Clinically, and grossly at postmortem, protothecal enterocolitis must be distinguished from histiocytic ulcerative colitis of boxer dogs, histoplasmosis, and intestinal lymphoma.
T32 794624-794785 Sentence denotes The diagnosis of disease due to gastrointestinal helminths must be made with knowledge of their pathogenic potential and the mechanisms by which it is expressed.
T33 794786-794961 Sentence denotes Parasites are much more common than the diseases they cause, and helminthiasis, the state of infection, must be differentiated clearly from helminthosis, the state of disease.
T34 794962-795053 Sentence denotes Gastrointestinal helminths fall into five categories, according to pathogenesis of disease.
T35 795054-795171 Sentence denotes The first group resides free in the lumen of the intestine, competing with the host for nutrients in the gut content.
T36 795172-795322 Sentence denotes They are of generally low pathogenicity, except for rare overwhelming infections, and are not likely to cause lethal infection, except by obstruction.
T37 795323-795472 Sentence denotes These worms, present in sufficient numbers, may cause subclinical disease, such as inefficient growth, or clinical disease in the form of ill thrift.
T38 795473-795634 Sentence denotes The ascarids, small stronglyes (cyathostomes), and tapeworms such as Moniezia and Taenia fall into this group, as may Physaloptera, in the stomach of carnivores.
T39 795635-795741 Sentence denotes A second group of helminths, all nematodes, causes disease exclusively or primarily by causing blood loss.
T40 795742-795815 Sentence denotes These worms feed on the mucosa, causing bleeding, or actively suck blood.
T41 795816-795911 Sentence denotes Anemia, hypoproteinemia, and their sequelae cause production loss, clinical disease, and death.
T42 795912-796097 Sentence denotes Haemonchus in the abomasum, and in the intestine the hookworms of carnivores and ruminants, the large strongyles of horses, and Oesophagostomum radiatum in cattle are the main examples.
T43 796098-796273 Sentence denotes The third group, composed of nematodes and some flukes, in heavy infestations causes mainly protein-losing gastroenteropathy, usually associated with inappetence and diarrhea.
T44 796274-796414 Sentence denotes In the abomasum, Ostertagia and Trichostrongylus axei cause mucous metaplasia and hyperplasia of gastric glands, achlorhydria, and diarrhea.
T45 796415-796470 Sentence denotes In the intestine, several species cause villus atrophy.
T46 796471-796538 Sentence denotes This may cause malabsorption of nutrients, electrolytes, and water.
T47 796539-796625 Sentence denotes But probably more important is the associated loss of endogenous protein into the gut.
T48 796626-796713 Sentence denotes Cooperia mdNematodirus live in the lumen, coiled among villi, against which they brace.
T49 796714-796827 Sentence denotes Longitudinal cuticular ridges (the synlophe) may aid them in holding position among villi, resisting peristalsis.
T50 796828-797019 Sentence denotes The members of the genera Strongyloides and Trichostrongylus are buried, at least partly, in tunnels within, but not normally beneath, the epithelium about the base of villi ( Fig. 1.45A,B) .
T51 797020-797120 Sentence denotes Flukes, especially larval paramphistomes in sheep and cattle, attach by their suckers to the mucosa.
T52 797121-797203 Sentence denotes The villus atrophy that occurs in these infections may be largely immune mediated.
T53 797204-797335 Sentence denotes Crypts become hypertrophic, and cells on the mucosal surface in animals with subtotal or total villus atrophy are often attenuated.
T54 797336-797490 Sentence denotes There may be transient " l e a k s " of tissue fluid and inflammatory cells through the epithelium, and microerosion of the mucosa occurs in severe cases.
T55 797491-797631 Sentence denotes Physical damage to the mucosa due to feeding activity of the nematodes is unlikely; however, in fluke infestations this may be superimposed.
T56 797632-797796 Sentence denotes Disease due to these agents is marked by diarrhea and weight loss, the latter probably mainly the result of the interaction of inappetence and enteric protein loss.
T57 797797-797923 Sentence denotes In infection of the cecum and colon by Trichuris, the worms reside partly in tunnels in the epithelium on the mucosal surface.
T58 797924-798032 Sentence denotes Mucosal typhlocolitis results, which may be in part related to the immunoinflammatory response to the worms.
T59 798033-798174 Sentence denotes In heavy infestations, erosion results in loss of absorptive function and effusion of tissue fluids, or in severe cases, hemorrhagic exudate.
T60 798175-798300 Sentence denotes More subtle alteration in colonic function, perhaps again immune mediated, is caused by Oesophagostomum columbianum in sheep.
T61 798301-798341 Sentence denotes Mucus hypersecretion and diarrhea occur.
T62 798342-798488 Sentence denotes The fourth group causes physical trauma to the intestinal wall by burrowing into or inciting inflammatory foci in the sub-mucosa or deeper layers.
T63 798489-798601 Sentence denotes In the stomach, various species of spirurids embed in the mucosa or establish in cystic spaces in the submucosa.
T64 798602-798786 Sentence denotes In the intestine, Acanthocephala cause local ulceration by their thorny holdfast organ; larval stages of equine cyathostomes, and Oesophagostomum, become encapsulated in the submucosa.
T65 798787-798872 Sentence denotes Protein loss may occur from ulcerated areas or when larvae emerge from the submucosa.
T66 798873-798992 Sentence denotes The potential exists for perforation of the stomach or bowel, or for complications due to sepsis of submucosal nodules.
T67 798993-799091 Sentence denotes Adhesion of inflamed serosal surfaces associated with nodules or perforations may impair motility.
T68 799092-799213 Sentence denotes Finally, some intestinal helminths, among them a few in the categories above, have effects at sites distant from the gut.
T69 799214-799324 Sentence denotes This is usually the result of migrating larval stages of the worm, either in definitive or intermediate hosts.
T70 799325-799465 Sentence denotes Larval Habronema, ascarids, hookworms, and equine strongyles may cause lesions in a variety of extraintestinal sites in the definitive host.
T71 799466-799607 Sentence denotes Larval ascarids and taeniid cestodes may cause lesions or signs due to migration in nonenteric locations in accidental or intermediate hosts.
T72 799608-799940 Sentence denotes A diagnosis of helminthosis should be reserved for cases where, ideally, three criteria are met: the helminth is present, and in numbers consistent with disease; the lesions (if any) typically caused by the agent are identified; and there is a syndrome compatible with the pathogenic mechanisms known to be associated with the worm.
T73 799941-800054 Sentence denotes A presumptive diagnosis only can be made if the syndrome, and preferably lesions, are present, but worms are not.
T74 800055-800255 Sentence denotes This is appropriate only if treatment is very recent, and the condition of the animal is such that it would have been virtually moribund prior to therapy, since response to treatment is usually rapid.
T75 800256-800494 Sentence denotes In many cases, it may be necessary and reasonable to base the diagnosis only on the presence of an adequate number of worms, associated with an appropriate syndrome, since autolysis may preclude critical examination of intestinal tissues.
T76 800495-800586 Sentence denotes This is also appropriate for the establishment of a rapid presumptive diagnosis at autopsy.
T77 800587-800648 Sentence denotes However, quantitation of the worm burden is highly desirable.
T78 800649-800844 Sentence denotes To this end, appropriate samples of gastric and intestinal content and mucosa should be collected, and estimates made of the number of worms they contain, using standard parasitologic techniques.
T79 800845-800939 Sentence denotes Many species of nematodes are difficult to see and impossible to enumerate with the naked eye.
T80 800940-801060 Sentence denotes Others, such as hookworms, though usually visible, may be so sparsely distributed that they are overlooked or dismissed.
T81 801061-801192 Sentence denotes An accurate estimate of their number might indicate that they were present in numbers sufficient to represent a significant burden.
T82 801193-801332 Sentence denotes It is not acceptable to diagnose helminthosis only on the basis of the presence of worms, without evidence of an appropriate disease state.
T83 801333-801512 Sentence denotes Nor it is an acceptable diagnosis when a syndrome such as wasting and diarrhea, or anemia, is recognized without identifying the presence of worms or their characteristic lesions.
T84 801513-801527 Sentence denotes OSTERTAGOSIS .
T85 801528-801660 Sentence denotes Ostertagosis is probably the most important parasitism in grazing sheep and cattle in temperate climatic zones throughout the world.
T86 801661-801785 Sentence denotes It causes subclinical loss in production, and clinical disease characterized by diarrhea, wasting, and in many cases, death.
T87 801786-801893 Sentence denotes Ostertagia ostertagi, O. lyrata, and O. leptospicularis infect cattle; the first species is most important.
T88 801894-801991 Sentence denotes Sheep and goats are infected by O. circumcincta, which is most significant, and by O. trifurcata.
T89 801992-802091 Sentence denotes Some cross-infection by these species occurs between sheep and cattle but is of minor significance.
T90 802092-802256 Sentence denotes Related genera, including Marshallagia, Teladorsagia, and Camelostrongylus, may infect sheep and goats; their development and behavior resemble those of Ostertagia.
T91 802257-802282 Sentence denotes The life cycle is direct.
T92 802283-802387 Sentence denotes Third-stage larvae exsheath in the rumen and enter glands in the abomasum, where they undergo two molts.
T93 802388-802634 Sentence denotes Normally, early fifth-stage larvae emerge to mature on the mucosal surface, beginning between the eighth and twelfth days after infection in Ostertagia circumcincta infections in sheep, and about 17-21 days after O. ostertagi infection in cattle.
T94 802635-802829 Sentence denotes A proportion of larvae ingested may persist in glands in a hypobiotic state at the early fourth stage, however, only to resume development and emerge at a future time, perhaps many months hence.
T95 802830-802863 Sentence denotes The prepatent period is ~3 weeks.
T96 802864-803062 Sentence denotes During the course of larval development, the normal architecture of the gastric mucosa is altered by interstitial inflammation, and mucous metaplasia and hyperplasia of the epithelium lining glands.
T97 803063-803285 Sentence denotes In sheep infected with Ostertagia circumcincta, mucous metaplasia and hyperplasia occur in infected and surrounding glands early in infection, reaching a peak about the time of emergence of larvae onto the mucosal surface.
T98 803286-803486 Sentence denotes In cattle with O. ostertagi ( Fig. 1.43D) , only glands infected with larvae undergo significant mucous change until about the time larvae leave the glands for the surface of the mucosa (Fig. 1.43E ).
T99 803487-803606 Sentence denotes Mucous change then becomes more widespread, involving uninfected glands in the vicinity of those that contained larvae.
T100 803607-803717 Sentence denotes In both species, affected glands are lined by mucous neck cells, which proliferate, displacing parietal cells.
T101 803718-803776 Sentence denotes Glands elongate, and the affected areas of mucosa thicken.
T102 803777-803878 Sentence denotes In developing lesions the gland lining is cuboidal or low columnar, and mitotic figures are frequent.
T103 803879-804038 Sentence denotes In infected glands the lining in many cases is flattened adjacent to worms ( Fig. 1.43F ) but is composed of tall columnar mucous cells elsewhere in the gland.
T104 804039-804160 Sentence denotes The undifferentiated mucous cells lining uninfected glands also eventually differentiate into tall columnar mucous cells.
T105 804161-804287 Sentence denotes If infection is not heavy, lesions are limited to a radius of a few millimeters around infected or previously infected glands.
T106 804288-804380 Sentence denotes These form raised, nodular pale areas in the mucosa, often with a slightly depressed center.
T107 804381-804576 Sentence denotes Confluence of these lesions in heavily infected animals leads to the development of widespread areas of irregularly thickened mucosa with a convoluted surface pattern, likened to Morocco leather.
T108 804577-804713 Sentence denotes With time, severely affected mucosa may be comprised almost totally of somewhat dilated, elongate glands lined by columnar mucous cells.
T109 804714-804823 Sentence denotes With loss of the worm burden, through treatment or natural attrition, the mucosa gradually returns to normal.
T110 804824-804940 Sentence denotes Mucous metaplasia and hyperplasia are accompanied by a mixed population of inflammatory cells in the lamina propria.
T111 804941-805042 Sentence denotes As has been speculated earlier, under Gastritis, the epithelial lesion itself may be immune mediated.
T112 805043-805248 Sentence denotes Infiltrates of lymphocytes are present between glands deep in infected mucosa within a few days after infection of sheep with Ostertagia, and lymphoid follicles with germinal centers evolve in these sites.
T113 805249-805364 Sentence denotes Lymphocytes, plasma cells, eosinophils, and a few neutrophils are pre-sent between glands in the infected abomasum.
T114 805365-805547 Sentence denotes There may be edema of the lamina propria associated with permeability of proprial vessels, which in experimental Camelostrongylus infection occurs as early as 4 days after infection.
T115 805548-805611 Sentence denotes Globule leukocytes are common in the lining of infected glands.
T116 805612-805707 Sentence denotes A few eosinophils, neutrophils, and effete epithelial cells may be seen in the lumen of glands.
T117 805708-805812 Sentence denotes Mucosal lesions lead to achlorhydria, elevation of plasma pepsinogen levels, and loss of plasma protein.
T118 805813-805944 Sentence denotes Widespread replacement of parietal cells by mucous neck cells results in progressive and massive decline in hydrogen-ion secretion.
T119 805945-806048 Sentence denotes In severe cases, the abomasal content has a pH of up to 7 or more, and a high sodium-ion concentration.
T120 806049-806197 Sentence denotes The pathogenic significance of associated failure to hydrolyze protein in the abomasum, and of increased numbers of bacteria in content, is unclear.
T121 806198-806385 Sentence denotes Mucous metaplasia and achlorhydria in ovine ostertagosis occur in the face of substantially increased gastrin secretion, which is not stimulated simply by failure of antral acidification.
T122 806386-806562 Sentence denotes The permeability of the mucosa is also increased, which is reflected in back diffusion of pepsinogen from the lumen of glands to the propria, and ultimately to the circulation.
T123 806563-806760 Sentence denotes Intercellular junctions between poorly differentiated mucous neck cells are permeable also to plasma protein in tissue fluids, emanating from the leaky small vessels in the inflamed lamina propria.
T124 806761-806827 Sentence denotes Significant loss of protein occurs into the lumen of the abomasum.
T125 806828-806927 Sentence denotes The cardinal signs of ostertagosis in sheep and cattle are loss of appetite, diarrhea, and wasting.
T126 806928-806969 Sentence denotes The cause of reduced appetite is unclear.
T127 806970-807084 Sentence denotes Diarrhea is associated with marked elevation in abomasal pH, but the mechanism by which it occurs is also obscure.
T128 807085-807356 Sentence denotes Plasma protein loss into the gastrointestinal tract, in combination with reduced feed intake, seems largely responsible for the weight loss and hypoproteinemia that occur in clinical ostertagiosis, and for loss in productive efficiency that occurs in subclinical disease.
T129 807357-807453 Sentence denotes The interaction of protein-losing gastroenteropathy and nutrition has been discussed previously.
T130 807454-807515 Sentence denotes Clinical ostertagosis occurs under two sets of circumstances.
T131 807516-807659 Sentence denotes The first, type I disease, is seen in lambs or calves at pasture during or shortly following a period of high availability of infective larvae.
T132 807660-807790 Sentence denotes It is due to the direct development, from ingested larvae, of large numbers of adult worms over a relatively short period of time.
T133 807791-807991 Sentence denotes In contrast, type II disease is due to the synchronous maturation and emergence of large numbers of hypobiotic larvae from the mucosa, and it occurs when intake of larvae is likely low or nonexistent.
T134 807992-808122 Sentence denotes It may occur in yearlings during the winter in the northern hemisphere, or during the dry summer period in Mediterranean climates.
T135 808123-808275 Sentence denotes Heifers about the time of parturition may succumb, and this syndrome is also occasionally seen in animals experiencing environmental stress of any type.
T136 808276-808368 Sentence denotes Type I and II ostertagosis do not differ fundamentally in the signs or lesions they present.
T137 808369-808516 Sentence denotes Animals will have a history of depression, inappetence, and diarrhea, and weight loss consistent with the severity and duration of the other signs.
T138 808517-808624 Sentence denotes There may be edema of subcutaneous tissues and mesenteries, and accumulation of fluid in the body cavities.
T139 808625-808737 Sentence denotes The carcass may be wasted, and the liver is often atrophic and the gallbladder dilated as a result of inanition.
T140 808738-808775 Sentence denotes The content of the abomasum is fluid.
T141 808776-808876 Sentence denotes It may be slightly foul smelling, in contrast to the normal sharply acidic odor of abomasal content.
T142 808877-808942 Sentence denotes The rugae often have substantial submucosal edema ( Fig. 1.43A) .
T143 808943-809128 Sentence denotes The mucosa will have widespread individual or confluent thickened pale mucosal nodules ( Fig. 1 .43B ,C) or will show diffuse thickening and corrugation over much of the gastric lining.
T144 809129-809172 Sentence denotes Both fundic and pyloric areas are involved.
T145 809173-809291 Sentence denotes The mucosa may be reddened and perhaps focally eroded, with a superficial light fibrinous exudate in occasional cases.
T146 809292-809375 Sentence denotes The diagnosis is indicated at autopsy by an abnormally elevated abomasal pH ( > 4 .
T147 809376-809438 Sentence denotes 5 ) , in association with typical gross lesions on the mucosa.
T148 809439-809560 Sentence denotes The adult worms are brown and threadlike, up to 1.5 cm long but very difficult to see on the mucosa with the unaided eye.
T149 809561-809695 Sentence denotes Abomasal contents and washings should be quantitatively examined for the presence of emergent or adult Ostertagia and other nematodes.
T150 809696-809811 Sentence denotes The mucosa, or a known portion of it, should be digested to permit recovery and quantitation of preemergent stages.
T151 809812-809888 Sentence denotes Significant worm burdens in sheep are in the range 10,000 to 50,000 or more.
T152 809889-810077 Sentence denotes In cattle, more than 40,000 to 50,000 adult worms may be present, and in outbreaks of type II disease, hundreds of thousands of hypobiotic larvae are often detected in the abomasal mucosa.
T153 810078-810185 Sentence denotes Typically, there is widespread mucous metaplasia and hyperplasia in dilated glands in sections of abomasum.
T154 810186-810392 Sentence denotes Ostertagia is recognized, in glands, or on the mucosal surface, in sections by the presence of prominent longitudinal cuticular ridges that project from the surface of worms cut transversely ( Fig. 1.43F ).
T155 810393-810558 Sentence denotes In some cases, the worm burden may have been lost through attrition or treatment, and the diagnosis must be presumptive, based on the characteristic mucosal lesions.
T156 810559-810696 Sentence denotes Ostertagosis must be differentiated in sheep from other gastrointestinal helminthoses (except haemonchosis) and from chronic coccidiosis.
T157 810697-810851 Sentence denotes In cattle, gastrointestinal helminthosis, chronic bovine virus diarrhea, chronic salmonellosis, and in older animals, Johne's disease, must be considered.
T158 810852-810938 Sentence denotes Haemonchosis may be a common and severe disease in parts of the world where it occurs.
T159 810939-811032 Sentence denotes Haemonchus contortus infects mainly sheep and goats, while//, placei occurs mainly in cattle.
T160 811033-811219 Sentence denotes Though H. contortus and H. placei will infect the heterologous host, the host-parasite relationship appears to be less well adapted, and the species do appear to be genetically distinct.
T161 811220-811346 Sentence denotes Mecistocirrus digitatus causes disease very similar to haemonchosis in cattle and sheep in Southeast Asia and Central America.
T162 811347-811448 Sentence denotes Haemonchus species require a period of minimum warmth and moisture for larval development on pasture.
T163 811449-811554 Sentence denotes As a result, they tend to be most important in tropical or warm temperate climates with hot, wet summers.
T164 811555-811760 Sentence denotes By exploitation of hypobiosis or retardation of larvae, populations of H. contortus are able to persist in the abomasum of the host through periods of climatic adversity, such as excessive cold or dryness.
T165 811761-812048 Sentence denotes Disease can be expected in animals, especially females, experiencing the synchronous "spring rise" or periparturient development and maturation of previously hypobiotic larvae, and in young animals heavily stocked at pasture during periods of optimal larval development and availability.
T166 812049-812176 Sentence denotes Resistance to reinfection occurs much more reliably in calves infected with H. placei than in sheep infected with H. contortus.
T167 812177-812264 Sentence denotes Haemonchus, commonly called the large stomach worm or barberpole worm, is -2.0 cm long.
T168 812265-812378 Sentence denotes Females give the species its common name by their red color, against with the white ovaries and uterus stand out.
T169 812379-812431 Sentence denotes The male is a little shorter and a uniform deep red.
T170 812432-812532 Sentence denotes These worms are equipped with a buccal tooth or lancet, and fourth-stage and adult worms suck blood.
T171 812533-812752 Sentence denotes Ingested third-stage larvae enter glands in the abomasum, where they molt to the fourth stage and persist as hypobiotic larvae, or from which they emerge as late fourth-stage larvae to continue development in the lumen.
T172 812753-812862 Sentence denotes The prepatent period of H. contortus in sheep is about 15 days, and for//, placei in cattle about 26-28 days.
T173 812863-812985 Sentence denotes Haemonchosis may present as peracute or acute disease, resulting from the maturation or intake of large numbers of larvae.
T174 812986-813066 Sentence denotes It may cause more insidious chronic disease if worm burdens are low or moderate.
T175 813067-813214 Sentence denotes The pathogenicity of Haemonchus infection, whatever its manifestation, is the result of anemia and hypoproteinemia caused by bloodsucking activity.
T176 813215-813434 Sentence denotes Large numbers of Haemonchus administered to sheep cause changes resembling those occurring in ostertagosis, including achlorhydria, increased plasma pepsinogen, and some architectural alterations in the abomasal glands.
T177 813435-813536 Sentence denotes These appear to be experimental phenomena, however, and do not contribute to the spontaneous disease.
T178 813537-813618 Sentence denotes Individual Haemonchus worms in sheep cause the loss of -0.05 ml of blood per day.
T179 813619-813793 Sentence denotes Of the order of a tenth to a quarter of the erythrocyte volume may be lost per day by heavily infected lambs; the plasma loss is concomitant, several hundreds of milliliters.
T180 813794-813912 Sentence denotes The potential for the rapid development of profound anemia and hypoproteinemia in heavily infected animals is obvious.
T181 813913-813994 Sentence denotes Such animals succumb quickly, some even before the maturation of the worm burden.
T182 813995-814103 Sentence denotes Less severely affected animals may be able to withstand the anemia and hypoproteinemia for a period of time.
T183 814104-814216 Sentence denotes They compensate by expanding erythropoiesis two-or threefold and increasing hepatic synthesis of plasma protein.
T184 814217-814454 Sentence denotes They are unable adequately to compensate for the enteric iron loss, however, despite intestinal reabsorption of a proportion of the excess and they ultimately succumb some weeks later to iron-loss anemia, when iron reserves are depleted.
T185 814455-814585 Sentence denotes Low-level infections may contribute to subclinical loss of production or ill thrift through chronic enteric protein and iron loss.
T186 814586-814626 Sentence denotes The clinical syndrome may vary somewhat.
T187 814627-814694 Sentence denotes Some animals are found dead, without the owner's observing illness.
T188 814695-814809 Sentence denotes Others lack exercise tolerance, fall when driven, or are reluctant to stand or move, so weak are they from anemia.
T189 814810-814923 Sentence denotes Sometimes edema of dependent portions, especially the submandibular area or head in grazing animals, is observed.
T190 814924-815084 Sentence denotes In primary haemonchosis, there is no diarrhea; this sign may be present if intercurrent infection with large numbers of other gastrointestinal helminths occurs.
T191 815085-815250 Sentence denotes The postmortem appearance of animals with haemonchosis is dominated by the extreme pallor of anemia, apparent on the conjunctiva and throughout the internal tissues.
T192 815251-815306 Sentence denotes The liver is pale, friable, and perhaps somewhat fatty.
T193 815307-815458 Sentence denotes There is usually edema of subcutaneous tissues and mesenteries, with hydrothorax, hydropericardium, and ascites, reflecting the severe hypoproteinemia.
T194 815459-815610 Sentence denotes In animals with more chronic disease, perhaps complicated by a low plane of nutrition, there may be depletion of fat depots and atrophy of muscle mass.
T195 815611-815713 Sentence denotes The abomasal content is usually fluid and dark red-brown, due to the presence of blood ( Fig. 1.44D ).
T196 815714-815833 Sentence denotes The abomasal rugae may be edematous due to hypoproteinemia, and focal areas of hemorrhage are evident over the surface.
T197 815834-815995 Sentence denotes In animals not decomposing, the worms will be evident to the naked eye: if alive, writhing on the mucosal surface; if dead, less obvious and free in the content.
T198 815996-816100 Sentence denotes The mucosa should be washed and the washings combined with content for determination of the worm burden.
T199 816101-816183 Sentence denotes In clinically affected sheep and goats, usually about 1000-12,000 worms are found.
T200 816184-816300 Sentence denotes The severity of the disease is partly a function of the number of worms, and to some extent, the size of the animal.
T201 816301-816426 Sentence denotes In lambs, 2000-3000 worms is a heavy burden, while in adult sheep and goats, 8000-10,000 are associated with fatal infection.
T202 816427-816668 Sentence denotes Burdens of less than 500 to 1000 Haemonchus worms are unlikely to cause death in animals on a good plane of nutrition but may contribute to inefficiency in production or cause ill thrift and perhaps mortality if the quality of feed declines.
T203 816669-816763 Sentence denotes A high egg count is usually found on fecal flotation since Haemonchus is a prolific egg layer.
T204 816764-816831 Sentence denotes In peracute prepatent infections, however, no eggs will be present.
T205 816832-816931 Sentence denotes In recently treated animals, no worms may be present, and the diagnosis may have to be presumptive.
T206 816932-817052 Sentence denotes On the other hand, animals returned to contaminated pasture may succumb to reinfection within 2 to 3 weeks of treatment.
T207 817053-817220 Sentence denotes A diagnosis of haemonchosis in one or two animals from a group indicates the necessity of treatment and a move to clean pasture for the remainder of the flock or herd.
T208 817221-817415 Sentence denotes Other causes of acute anemic syndromes in sheep and goats, from which haemonchosis should be differentiated, include Bunostomum infection, acute fascioliasis, coccidiosis, and eperythrozoonosis.
T209 817416-817511 Sentence denotes Chronic copper poisoning is more marked by icterus than anemia, though hemolytic anemia occurs.
T210 817512-817722 Sentence denotes In cattle, sucking lice, infections with Bunostomum, Oesophagostomum radiatum, coccidiosis, and hemolytic anemias due to babesiosis, anaplasmosis, leptospirosis, and bacillary hemoglobinuria must be considered.
T211 817723-817818 Sentence denotes At some stage, all of the hemolytic anemias cause hemoglobinuria, and icterus is often present.
T212 817819-817850 Sentence denotes Neither occurs in haemonchosis.
T213 817851-817949 Sentence denotes Trichostrongylus axei infects the abomasum of cattle, sheep, and goats, and the stomach of horses.
T214 817950-818116 Sentence denotes It has a direct life cycle, third-stage infective larvae entering tunnels in the epithelium of the foveolae and isthmus of gastric glands in fundic and pyloric areas.
T215 818117-818240 Sentence denotes The worms live throughout their life at least partly embedded in intraepithelial tunnels at about this level of the mucosa.
T216 818241-818356 Sentence denotes They molt to the fourth stage about a week after being ingested and to the fifth stage by ~2 weeks after infection.
T217 818357-818433 Sentence denotes The prepatent period is -3 weeks in calves and sheep and -25 days in horses.
T218 818434-818530 Sentence denotes Infections with Trichostrongylus axei are usually part of a mixed gastrointestinal helminthosis.
T219 818531-818637 Sentence denotes In all hosts, however, this species alone is capable of inducing disease if present in sufficient numbers.
T220 818638-818756 Sentence denotes After a period of several weeks, mucous metaplasia and hyperplasia are seen in glands in infected areas of the mucosa.
T221 818757-818880 Sentence denotes Mucous neck cells replace parietal and peptic cells, and the glands increase markedly in depth and appear slightly dilated.
T222 818881-819003 Sentence denotes This change is associated with an infiltrate of eosinophils and lymphocytes, especially in the superficial lamina propria.
T223 819004-819351 Sentence denotes In severely affected animals, flattening of surface epithelium with desquamation, or erosion of the mucosa, develops, accompanied by effusion of neutrophils, eosinophils, and tissue fluid, The inflammatory reaction in the propria is most intense in the vicinity of erosions, and no specific reaction is associated with worms in epithelial tunnels.
T224 819352-819417 Sentence denotes Fibroplasia may occur in the superficial propria in eroded areas.
T225 819418-819525 Sentence denotes In light infestations there may be no changes visible in the abomasum, other than congestion of the mucosa.
T226 819526-819652 Sentence denotes The gross lesions present in heavy Trichostrongylus axei infections reflect the hypertrophy of glands and superficial erosion.
T227 819653-819781 Sentence denotes Circular or irregular, raised white plaques of thickened infected mucosa stand out against the background of more normal tissue.
T228 819782-819855 Sentence denotes The surface of the mucosa generally is covered by a heavy layer of mucus.
T229 819856-819940 Sentence denotes Erosions or shallow ulcers may be present, especially on the tips of abomasal folds.
T230 819941-820012 Sentence denotes In severe infections the entire mucosa appears edematous and congested.
T231 820013-820108 Sentence denotes Infection in horses is uncommon and is related usually to sharing pasture with sheep or cattle.
T232 820109-820283 Sentence denotes In chronically infected horses, white raised plaques ( Fig. 1.44B ) or nodular areas of mucosa are present, covered by tenacious mucus and surrounded by a zone of congestion.
T233 820284-820405 Sentence denotes Mucosal lesions may be confluent in heavily infected animals, and erosions and superficial ulceration may be encountered.
T234 820406-820536 Sentence denotes Infection may extend into the proximal duodenum, where polypoid masses of hypertrophic glandular mucosa are occasionally observed.
T235 820537-820657 Sentence denotes Achlorhydria develops in heavily infected sheep and cattle, associated with diarrhea particularly in the latter species.
T236 820658-820706 Sentence denotes Dehydration may prove severe in scouring calves.
T237 820707-820780 Sentence denotes Plasma pepsinogen levels increase, and hypoproteinemia and wasting occur.
T238 820781-820946 Sentence denotes This suggests that the mucous metaplasia in the glands is associated with increased permeability and that plasma protein loss occurs into the gastrointestinal tract.
T239 820947-821121 Sentence denotes Though Trichostrongylus axei is not common as a primary cause of disease in any species, it should be sought at autopsy of animals with signs of wasting and perhaps diarrhea.
T240 821122-821189 Sentence denotes The typical gross lesions in the stomach are distinctive in horses.
T241 821190-821311 Sentence denotes They must be differentiated from those due to Ostertagia, with which animals may be intercurrent^ infected, in ruminants.
T242 821312-821413 Sentence denotes The worms are very fine, and gastric washes or digestion are required to recover them quantitatively.
T243 821414-821579 Sentence denotes The distinctive intraepithelial location of T. axei in section differentiates it from other nematodes inhabiting the abomasum of ruminants and the stomach of horses.
T244 821580-821609 Sentence denotes GASTRIC PARASITISM IN HORSES.
T245 821610-821710 Sentence denotes The commonest parasites of the equine stomach are larvae of the botflies of the genus Gasterophilus.
T246 821711-821781 Sentence denotes Though they are not helminths, it is convenient to consider them here.
T247 821782-821958 Sentence denotes There are six species of the genus, the common ones being G. intestinalis, G. nasalis, and G. haemorrhoidalis, and the uncommon ones G. pecorum, G. nigricornis, and G. inermis.
T248 821959-822011 Sentence denotes The ova are deposited on the ends of the coat hairs.
T249 822012-822223 Sentence denotes The larvae of G. inermis and G. haemorrhoidalis are able to penetrate the cheeks of horses, but those of G. intestinalis and G. pecorum must be licked to stimulate hatching and to convey the larvae to the mouth.
T250 822224-822311 Sentence denotes The first-stage larvae penetrate the oral mucosa and migrate down the alimentary canal.
T251 822312-822458 Sentence denotes Gasterophilus intestinalis usually wanders about in the super- ficial tissues of the tongue or gums for 3 to 4 weeks before molting and moving on.
T252 822459-822600 Sentence denotes This is the most common species, and in the stomach it attaches itself to the squamous mucosa of the cardia to complete its subsequent molts.
T253 822601-822727 Sentence denotes The larvae of G. nasalis first invade the gums, then pass to the stomach and settle on the pyloric mucosa and in the duodenum.
T254 822728-822966 Sentence denotes Members of any of these species may occasionally be found attached to the pharynx and esophagus, but except for G. pecorum, which congregates in the pharynx and causes pharyngitis, these preliminary migrations are uneventful for the host.
T255 822967-823083 Sentence denotes In the summer following the deposition of the ova, the larvae leave the stomach and pass out in the feces to pupate.
T256 823084-823193 Sentence denotes Those of G. pecorum and G. haemorrhoidalis may attach themselves for a short while to the wall of the rectum.
T257 823194-823284 Sentence denotes It is generally assumed that the larvae of Gasterophilus have little effect on their host.
T258 823285-823340 Sentence denotes They may, however, produce significant gastric lesions.
T259 823341-823495 Sentence denotes Infestations by bots usually involve scores or occasionally hundreds, scattered or more commonly grouped together in rosette-like colonies ( Fig. 1.44A ).
T260 823496-823598 Sentence denotes The larvae fasten themselves to the mucosa by the chitinous oral hooks, and they bore into the mucosa.
T261 823599-823722 Sentence denotes They apparently subsist on blood, exudate, and detritus and produce focal erosions and ulcerations at the point of contact.
T262 823723-823818 Sentence denotes These defects in the cardia are surrounded by a narrow rim of hyperplastic squamous epithelium.
T263 823819-823936 Sentence denotes Usually the number of epithelial defects exceeds the number of larvae, suggesting that they move about on the mucosa.
T264 823937-824025 Sentence denotes Undoubtedly many are removed mechanically, and often some are found free in the ingesta.
T265 824026-824122 Sentence denotes Severe infestations produce a dense, pockmarked appearance with chronic inflammatory thickening.
T266 824123-824222 Sentence denotes Ulcers may occur in the glandular mucosa, and a large proportion of the pyloric mucosa may be lost.
T267 824223-824319 Sentence denotes Healing occurs when the larvae migrate, but may be complicated by secondary bacterial infection.
T268 824320-824402 Sentence denotes Histologically, the ulcers penetrate the submucosa, which is chronically inflamed.
T269 824403-824542 Sentence denotes The deep layers of eroded epithelium and the epithelial margins of ulcers in the squamous mucosa become hyperplastic and develop rete pegs.
T270 824543-824701 Sentence denotes Other exceptional untoward sequelae include subserosal abscessation, or perforation with hemorrhage or peritonitis, and inflammatory stricture of the pylorus.
T271 824702-824843 Sentence denotes The spirurid nematodes Draschia megastoma, Habronema majus (formerly microstoma), and H. muscae are also parasitic in the stomachs of horses.
T272 824844-824881 Sentence denotes The adult worms are 1-2 cm in length.
T273 824882-825034 Sentence denotes The latter two species lie on the mucosal surface and are probably pathogenetically insignificant except possibly for a few erosions and mild gastritis.
T274 825035-825134 Sentence denotes Draschia megastoma burrows into the submucosa to produce large, tumor-like nodules ( Fig. 1.44C) .
T275 825135-825260 Sentence denotes Habronema majus mainly uses Stomoxys calcitrans as its intermediate host, and the other two species use various muscid flies.
T276 825261-825412 Sentence denotes The Habronema larvae in the feces are swallowed by maggots of the appropriate intermediate host and persist through pupation and maturation of the fly.
T277 825413-825468 Sentence denotes They leave the host fly via the proboscis when it eats.
T278 825469-825533 Sentence denotes Horses may also be infected when they swallow parasitized flies.
T279 825534-825735 Sentence denotes Larvae deposited on or in cutaneous wounds invade them and provoke an intense local reaction that becomes granulomatous and densely infiltrated with eosinophils (see the Skin and Appendages, Volume 1).
T280 825736-825901 Sentence denotes The only one of concern in the stomach is Draschia megastoma, which burrows into the submucosa of the fundus, usually within a few centimeters of the margo plicatus.
T281 825902-826053 Sentence denotes Within the sub-mucosa, the worms provoke a surrounding granulomatous reaction, which contains them in a central core of necrotic and cellular detritus.
T282 826054-826095 Sentence denotes Eosinophils are present in large numbers.
T283 826096-826170 Sentence denotes The granulomas cause the overlying mucosa to bulge into the gastric lumen.
T284 826171-826335 Sentence denotes Except for a small fistulous communication through which the ova pass, the epithelium is not defective, even though the protrusions may be 5.0 cm or so in diameter.
T285 826336-826518 Sentence denotes The nodules generally produce no clinical disturbance though they have been considered to lead rarely to abscessation or perforation when secondarily infected with pyogenic bacteria.
T286 826519-826595 Sentence denotes Trichostrongylus axei in horses has been considered in the previous section.
T287 826596-826737 Sentence denotes Gastric parasitism is not of great clinical or pathologic importance in swine and is rare in pigs reared in modern total-confinement systems.
T288 826738-826842 Sentence denotes Ascaris suum, normally inhabiting the small intestine, may migrate or reflux to the stomach after death.
T289 826843-827002 Sentence denotes Hyostrongylus rubidus is probably the most significant parasite of the stomach of swine, while the various spirurids are more common in pigs allowed to forage.
T290 827003-827058 Sentence denotes Ollulanus tricuspis has been reported to occur in pigs.
T291 827059-827158 Sentence denotes It is more commonly encountered in cats and is discussed under Gastric Parasitism in Dogs and Cats.
T292 827159-827238 Sentence denotes Hyostrongylus rubidus is a trichostrongylid nematode with a typical life cycle.
T293 827239-827354 Sentence denotes Third-stage larvae enter glands in the stomach, especially in the fundic region, where they develop and molt twice.
T294 827355-827444 Sentence denotes Preadult and adult worms emerge onto the gastric mucosa about 18-20 days after ingestion.
T295 827445-827532 Sentence denotes The lesions produced by Hyostrongylus resemble those caused by Ostertagia in ruminants.
T296 827533-827698 Sentence denotes During the course of larval development, there is mucous metaplasia and hyperplasia of the lining of infected and neigboring glands, and dilation of infected glands.
T297 827699-827863 Sentence denotes The lamina propria in infected mucosa is edematous and infiltrated by lymphocytes, plasma cells, and eosinophils, and lymphoid follicles develop deep in the mucosa.
T298 827864-827993 Sentence denotes Neutrophils and eosinophils may transmigrate the epithelium into dilated glands, the lining of which may become quite attenuated.
T299 827994-828120 Sentence denotes Effusion of neutrophils and fibrin may occur through transient gaps, or more extensive erosions, in the surface of the mucosa.
T300 828121-828236 Sentence denotes Larval nematodes are found in the gastric glands in sections, while adults are mainly on the surface of the mucosa.
T301 828237-828408 Sentence denotes During the course of development of the worms, the mucous metaplasia and hyperplasia cause the formation of pale nodules in the vicinity of infected glands ( Fig. 1.44F ).
T302 828409-828606 Sentence denotes In heavy infections these may become confluent, causing the development of an irregularly thickened convoluted mucosa ( Fig. 1.44E ), most notable in the fundic area and along the lesser curvature.
T303 828607-828716 Sentence denotes Adult worms are fine, red, and threadlike in the gastric mucus; they are difficult to see with the naked eye.
T304 828717-828842 Sentence denotes Mucosal nodularity is most apparent during larval development and perhaps persists around glands containing inhibited larvae.
T305 828843-828907 Sentence denotes In established heavy infections, the mucosa is not so thickened.
T306 828908-828971 Sentence denotes It is pinkish brown, corrugated, and covered with excess mucus.
T307 828972-829151 Sentence denotes There may be focal or diffusely eroded areas with pale fibrin evident on the surface, and occasionally ulceration of the glandular mucosa has been associated with hyostrongylosis.
T308 829152-829255 Sentence denotes Experimental infections of moderate degree do not produce obvious clinical signs or loss of production.
T309 829256-829366 Sentence denotes Plasma protein loss has been documented in Hyostrongylus infections, however, following heavy doses of larvae.
T310 829367-829449 Sentence denotes Inappetence, diarrhea, and reduced weight gains also occur in these circumstances.
T311 829450-829656 Sentence denotes In the field, hyostrongylosis is associated mainly with the "thin-sow syndrome.'' It seems probable that hyostrongylosis may interact with nutritional and metabolic factors in contributing to this syndrome.
T312 829657-829817 Sentence denotes Hyostrongylosis is confirmed by total worm count on the gastric mucosa and digests, in association with compatible gross and microscopic lesions in the stomach.
T313 829818-829960 Sentence denotes Spirurid nematodes parasitizing the porcine stomach include Physocephalus sexalatus, Ascarops strongylina, A. dentata, and Simondsia paradoxa.
T314 829961-830080 Sentence denotes Physocephalus and Ascarops utilize dung beetles as intermediate hosts; the intermediate host of Simondsia is not known.
T315 830081-830178 Sentence denotes Ascarops and Physocephalus are common in swine with access to grazing in many parts of the world.
T316 830179-830232 Sentence denotes Large numbers of worms are required to cause disease.
T317 830233-830417 Sentence denotes Worms in affected pigs may be free in the lumen or partly embedded in the mucosa, which may be congested and edematous, or eroded and ulcerated with a fibrinous exudate on the surface.
T318 830418-830465 Sentence denotes Simondsia is found in swine in Europe and Asia.
T319 830466-830603 Sentence denotes The posterior portion of the female worms is globular and embedded in palpable nodules up to 6 to 8 mm in diameter in the gastric mucosa.
T320 830604-830766 Sentence denotes Gnathostoma hispidum may cause lesions in the liver, and submucosal nodules in the gastric wall of pigs, similar to those produced by G. spinigerum in carnivores.
T321 830767-830949 Sentence denotes Parasites are relatively uncommonly encountered in the stomach of dogs and cats at autopsy, and most are incidental findings or postmortem migrants from the intestine to the stomach.
T322 830950-831052 Sentence denotes Gnathostoma spinigerum occurs in the stomach of dogs and cats and a variety of nondomestic carnivores.
T323 831053-831099 Sentence denotes It is more common in areas with warm climates.
T324 831100-831280 Sentence denotes The life cycle of this spirurid nematode involves Cyclops as an aquatic invertebrate intermediate host, and a variety of fish, amphibians, or reptiles as second intermediate hosts.
T325 831281-831374 Sentence denotes Third-stage larvae may also persist in the tissues of a variety of mammalian transport hosts.
T326 831375-831465 Sentence denotes The life cycle dictates that infected animals have the opportunity to forage and scavenge.
T327 831466-831589 Sentence denotes Ingested third-stage larvae may migrate in the liver, leaving tracks of necrotic debris, which eventually heal by fibrosis.
T328 831590-831713 Sentence denotes In heavy infections, lesions associated with larval migration may be found elsewhere in the abdominal and pleural cavities.
T329 831714-831789 Sentence denotes Adults are found in groups of up to 10 in nodules in the gastric submucosa.
T330 831790-831861 Sentence denotes Nodules are up to -5.0 cm in diameter, and open into the gastric lumen.
T331 831862-831918 Sentence denotes Portions of nematodes may protrude through this opening.
T332 831919-832085 Sentence denotes The worms lie in a pool of blood-tinged purulent exudate in the lumen of the nodule, the wall of which is comprised of granulation tissue and reactive fibrous stroma.
T333 832086-832230 Sentence denotes A mixed inflammatory infiltrate is in the wall of the nodules, and focal granulomas may center on nematode ova trapped in the connective tissue.
T334 832231-832290 Sentence denotes Infection with Gnathostoma has been considered significant.
T335 832291-832467 Sentence denotes Illness and death may be associated with disturbance of motility, chronic vomition, and occasional rupture of verminous nodules onto the gastric serosa, leading to peritonitis.
T336 832468-832645 Sentence denotes A number of species of Physaloptera, including P. praeputialis (cat), P. rara (dogs and wild Canidae and Felidae), and P. canis (dog), are found in the stomach of dogs and cats.
T337 832646-832745 Sentence denotes These nematodes utilize arthropod intermediate hosts, and probably some vertebrate transport hosts.
T338 832746-832867 Sentence denotes The adult worms, which may be mistaken for small ascarids, are found in the stomach, where they may be free in the lumen.
T339 832868-832958 Sentence denotes More commonly they are attached as individuals or in small clusters to the gastric mucosa.
T340 832959-833047 Sentence denotes Ulcers may be formed, and the anterior end of the worm may be embedded in the submucosa.
T341 833048-833160 Sentence denotes A hyaline, PAS-positive material surrounds the anterior end of some worms, perhaps anchoring them in the tissue.
T342 833161-833316 Sentence denotes These nematodes are not highly pathogenic, though heavy burdens may have the potential to cause significant gastric damage and protein loss into the lumen.
T343 833317-833435 Sentence denotes Cylicospirura felineus and members of the genus Cyathospirura may be found in the stomach of domestic and wild felids.
T344 833436-833652 Sentence denotes Cylicospirura is usually found in the submucosal nodules, similar to those formed by Gnathostoma, while Cyathospirura is usually found free in the lumen, or sometimes associated with Cylicospirura in gastric nodules.
T345 833653-833725 Sentence denotes The pathogenicity of these species is poorly defined, but is likely low.
T346 833726-833833 Sentence denotes Ollulanus tricuspis is a small trichostrongyle, -1.0 mm long, which inhabits the stomach of cats and swine.
T347 833834-833941 Sentence denotes It is viviparous, and third stage larvae developing in the uterus of the female are transmitted in vomitus.
T348 833942-834071 Sentence denotes As a result, infection is usually not detected by usual coprologic examination, and infection with this species may go unnoticed.
T349 834072-834161 Sentence denotes In some parts of the world it is common, particularly in cat colonies and cats that roam.
T350 834162-834228 Sentence denotes Clinical signs and gross lesions due to O. tricuspis are uncommon.
T351 834229-834320 Sentence denotes The worms lie beneath the mucus on the surface of the stomach, or partly in gastric glands.
T352 834321-834559 Sentence denotes Infection is associated with the presence of increased numbers of lymphoid follicles deep in the gastric mucosa, increased interstitial connective tissue in the mucosa, and elevated numbers of globule leukocytes in the gastric epithelium.
T353 834560-834721 Sentence denotes Heavy infection results in mucous metaplasia and hyperplasia of gastric glands, causing the surface of the stomach to be thrown into thickened, convoluted folds.
T354 834722-834803 Sentence denotes Gastric glands are separated by the heavy, reactive fibrous stroma in the mucosa.
T355 834804-834948 Sentence denotes Ollulanus is characterized in section by the numerous longitudinal cuticular ridges recognized as projections on the surface of sectioned worms.
T356 834949-835016 Sentence denotes Capillaria putorii has also been reported from the stomach of cats.
T357 835017-835150 Sentence denotes It is probably an uncommonly recognized inhabitant of the intestine, found in the stomach due to intestinal reflux at or after death.
T358 835151-835202 Sentence denotes It is likely of little significance in either site.
T359 835203-835333 Sentence denotes Ascarids, hookworms, and tapeworms normally found in the small intestine may also be found as postmortem artifacts in the stomach.
T360 835334-835415 Sentence denotes Strongyloides species parasitize all species of domestic animals considered here.
T361 835416-835608 Sentence denotes Ruminants are infected by S. papillosus, horses by S. westeri, swine mainly by S. ransomi, dogs by S. stercoralis, and cats by S. cati, perhaps S. stercoralis, and S. tumefaciens in the colon.
T362 835609-835788 Sentence denotes The parasitic worms are parthenogenetic females, which produce larvae capable of direct infection of the host, or of development into a freeliving generation of males and females.
T363 835789-835855 Sentence denotes The offspring of this generation then adopt a parasitic existence.
T364 835856-836023 Sentence denotes Infection by third-stage larvae takes place by skin penetration, or to a lesser extent by ingestion and probably subsequent penetration of the gastrointestinal mucosa.
T365 836024-836114 Sentence denotes Larvae attain the bloodstream, and in young animals they break out into pulmonary alveoli.
T366 836115-836259 Sentence denotes They migrate to the large airways, whence they are carried up the mucociliary escalator to be swallowed, and established in the small intestine.
T367 836260-836342 Sentence denotes Alternatively, prenatal, or much more importantly, transmammary, infection occurs.
T368 836343-836452 Sentence denotes Infective early fourth-stage larvae are mobilized from muscle or adipose tissue in the periparturient female.
T369 836453-836562 Sentence denotes They may cross the placenta shortly before birth or are shed in the milk for several weeks after parturition.
T370 836563-836662 Sentence denotes No somatic migration is required prior to establishment of these larvae in the gut of the new host.
T371 836663-836741 Sentence denotes The suckling young may develop patent infections within 1 or 2 weeks of birth.
T372 836742-836850 Sentence denotes The prepatent period is short, and development of free-living larvae or the free-living generation is rapid.
T373 836851-837033 Sentence denotes If sanitation is poor, and large numbers of larvae derived from parasitic or free-living generations of the worm are in the substrate, infection through the skin may be considerable.
T374 837034-837145 Sentence denotes Dermatitis of contact surfaces may be associated with skin penetration (see the Skin and Appendages, Volume 1).
T375 837146-837307 Sentence denotes Heavy intestinal infections may be a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in neonatal or suckling animals under appropriate epizootiologic circumstances.
T376 837308-837507 Sentence denotes Typically infecting the anterior small intestine of all species, Strongyloides larvae establish in tunnels in the epithelium about the base of villi, and they persist in that location ( Fig. 1.45A ).
T377 837508-837571 Sentence denotes Adult worms are small, only 2 -6 mm long, depending on species.
T378 837572-837741 Sentence denotes In sufficient numbers, they cause the development of villus atrophy, associated with a mixed but mainly mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltrate into the lamina propria.
T379 837742-837777 Sentence denotes Cryptal epithelium is hyperplastic.
T380 837778-837832 Sentence denotes Villi are stumpy, or there is subtotal villus atrophy.
T381 837833-837921 Sentence denotes Surface epithelium is usually low columnar to cuboidal, with an indistinct brush border.
T382 837922-837967 Sentence denotes It may be squamous or, in some cases, eroded.
T383 837968-838061 Sentence denotes In such circumstances, local effusion of neutrophils and tissue fluid into the lumen is seen.
T384 838062-838160 Sentence denotes The nematodes are usually seen in tunnels in the surface epithelium, not beneath the basal lamina.
T385 838161-838229 Sentence denotes In animals with severe atrophy, they may be in crypts of Lieberkuhn.
T386 838230-838412 Sentence denotes Embryonated or larvating ova may be retained in epithelial tunnels and help to distinguish this nematode in tissue section from Trichostrongylus in hosts in which both species occur.
T387 838413-838510 Sentence denotes Strongyloides ransomi is responsible for diarrhea in suckling piglets in some parts of the world.
T388 838511-838692 Sentence denotes Minor local hemorrhage occurs as larvae migrate through the lungs and thickening of alveolar septa, associated with scattered aggregates of lymphocytes and plasma cells is reported.
T389 838693-838814 Sentence denotes In the duodenum, villus atrophy is associated with local malabsorption of amino acids and with protein loss into the gut.
T390 838815-838933 Sentence denotes In heavy infections, amino acid malabsorption is not compensated for by increased absorption in more distal intestine.
T391 838934-838990 Sentence denotes Diarrhea occurs, presumably the result of malabsorption.
T392 838991-839086 Sentence denotes Debilitation is the product of anorexia, protein loss into the gut, and nutrient malabsorption.
T393 839087-839194 Sentence denotes Plasma gastrin levels are elevated in this infection, but the pathogenetic significance of this is obscure.
T394 839195-839365 Sentence denotes This disease must be considered in enzootic areas and differentiated from the other causes of undifferentiated diarrhea in suckling piglets more than 6 to 10 days of age.
T395 839366-839445 Sentence denotes Specific gross lesions other than those associated with diarrhea may be absent.
T396 839446-839598 Sentence denotes Moderate to severe clinical disease in 3month-old pigs is associated with 20,000 to 70,000 worms, most in the anterior 30 to 40% of the small intestine.
T397 839599-839649 Sentence denotes Worms are evident in mucosal scrapings at autopsy.
T398 839650-839695 Sentence denotes Strongyloides westeri commonly infects foals.
T399 839696-839795 Sentence denotes It is associated with diarrhea, occasionally fatal, in some animals less than 4 to 5 months of age.
T400 839796-839919 Sentence denotes It is claimed that skin lesions by larval penetration may permit entry of Corynebacterium equi, which causes lymphadenitis.
T401 839920-840004 Sentence denotes Millions of infective larvae are necessary to cause fatal infections experimentally.
T402 840005-840197 Sentence denotes The gross findings at necropsy do not indicate the etiology, which may be suggested by finding worms in gut scrapings, and confirmed by their association with atrophic villi in tissue section.
T403 840198-840351 Sentence denotes In suckling ruminants, or young animals artifically reared, Strongyloides papillosus may cause diarrhea and, in occasional overwhelming infection, death.
T404 840352-840452 Sentence denotes The pathology, and presumably the pathogenesis of S. papillosus infection, are typical of the genus.
T1 840453-840581 Sentence denotes Strongyloides stercoralis infections are most commonly fatal in puppies up to 2 to 3 months old, often from kennel environments.
T2 840582-840738 Sentence denotes Affected dogs are wasted and dehydrated with evidence of diarrhea, perhaps blood tinged, but the intestine may only be congested or unremarkable at autopsy.
T3 840739-840853 Sentence denotes Severe villus atrophy and heavy mononuclear interstitial infiltrates are evident in the duodenum of affected dogs.
T4 840854-840940 Sentence denotes Occasionally, larvae may be present in granulomas in the lamina propria and submucosa.
T5 840941-841060 Sentence denotes This suggests the possibility of autoinfection, or penetration and systemic migration by larvae originating in the gut.
T6 841061-841157 Sentence denotes This may occur in S. stercoralis infections in humans and primates but is not confirmed in dogs.
T7 841158-841241 Sentence denotes Strongyloides tumefaciens in cats has been associated rarely with chronic diarrhea.
T8 841242-841423 Sentence denotes It differs from the other species discussed above, however, being associated with the formation in the colon of submucosal nodules of proliferative glands infected by Strongyloides.
T9 841424-841608 Sentence denotes It is uncertain whether this is a specific lesion induced by infection, or merely herniation of infected colonic glands into space left by involution of a submucosal lymphoid follicle.
T10 841609-841715 Sentence denotes Members of the genus Trichostrongylus parasitize the anterior small intestine of ruminants the world over.
T11 841716-841863 Sentence denotes They cause significant subclinical inefficiency in production, or clinical disease characterized by diarrhea, ill thrift, and in some cases, death.
T12 841864-842059 Sentence denotes The most important species infecting sheep and goats are probably T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, and T. rugatus; others include T. longispicularis, T. falculatus, T. capricola, and T. probolurus.
T13 842060-842137 Sentence denotes Trichostrongylus colubriformis and T. longispicularis also parasitize cattle.
T14 842138-842321 Sentence denotes Though some T. axei may be found in the duodenum of cattle and sheep, this species is primarily parasitic in the abomasum and has been considered earlier with parasites of that organ.
T15 842322-842446 Sentence denotes Trichostrongylosis is most important in zones with a cool wet climate at some time of the year, but without extreme winters.
T16 842447-842605 Sentence denotes It is an extremely important problem in many sheep-grazing areas of New Zealand, Australia, South Africa, South America, and the United Kingdom in particular.
T17 842606-842764 Sentence denotes Though gastrointestinal helminthosis is usually a mixed infection, Trichostrongylus often dominates and appears to be a significant pathogen in its own right.
T18 842765-842790 Sentence denotes The life cycle is direct.
T19 842791-842947 Sentence denotes Ingested third-stage larvae exsheath in the acid abomasal environment and establish preferentially in the proximal 5 to 6 m of the small intestine in sheep.
T20 842948-843040 Sentence denotes A small proportion of the population settles in the abomasal antral mucosa near the pylorus.
T21 843041-843242 Sentence denotes The larvae in the intestine enter tunnels above the basal lamina, between enterocytes, mainly at the base of villi, and they persist throughout their life at least partially embedded in the epithelium.
T22 843243-843367 Sentence denotes Usually, infecting larvae all develop, over about 2 weeks, into adult worms, with a prepatent period of about 16 to 18 days.
T23 843368-843518 Sentence denotes Hypobiosis appears to be relatively uncommon among members of the genus Trichostrongylus, and the circumstances by which it is stimulated are unclear.
T24 843519-843599 Sentence denotes When it occurs, larvae are retarded in development at the parasitic third stage.
T25 843600-843763 Sentence denotes Experimental infections of all Trichostrongylus species studied indicate that the pathology and pathogenesis of disease caused by them is similar ( Fig. 1.45B,C) .
T26 843764-843947 Sentence denotes Villus atrophy occurs in areas of intestine populated heavily by the worms, and the severity of the lesion within individual animals is correlated with the local density of the worms.
T27 843948-844016 Sentence denotes The mechanism by which the atrophy occurs has not been investigated.
T28 844017-844133 Sentence denotes In experimental infections, however, hyperplasia of cryptal epithelium seems to precede the onset of villus atrophy.
T29 844134-844344 Sentence denotes It may be that the lesion is induced by cell-mediated immune mechanisms that stimulate proliferation by the epithelial proliferative compartment and interfere with differentiation of cells emerging from crypts.
T30 844345-844553 Sentence denotes The established lesion is characterized microscopically by villus atrophy, which may vary considerably in severity, in association with elongate, dilated, often straight crypts, containing many mitotic cells.
T31 844554-844618 Sentence denotes Goblet cells may be numerous in crypts in some infected animals.
T32 844619-844820 Sentence denotes In animals with subtotal villus atrophy, the surface epithelium may vary from tall columnar, relatively normal-appearing cells, to more domed or cuboidal epithelium lacking a well-defined brush border.
T33 844821-845000 Sentence denotes Ultrastructurally, such epithelium appears poorly differentiated, containing numerous polyribosomes in the cytoplasm, and with stumpy, sparse, and irregularly oriented microvilli.
T34 845001-845138 Sentence denotes The levels of brush-border enzymes, notably alkaline phosphatase, peptidases, and maltase, are diminished in affected areas of intestine.
T35 845139-845337 Sentence denotes In animals with subtotal villus atrophy, exfoliating, rounded enterocytes are seen, as are focal and probably transient " l e a k s " of neutrophils and tissue fluids through the epithelial surface.
T36 845338-845540 Sentence denotes In animals with more severe atrophy, the surface epithelium is flattened between the openings of crypts, and erosions of the mucosa may be evident, from which inflammatory cells and tissue fluid effuse.
T37 845541-845664 Sentence denotes The lamina propria in the affected area of intestine is populated by a moderately heavy mixed inflammatory cell population.
T38 845665-845757 Sentence denotes Lymphocytes and plasma cells are prominent between crypts, with an admixture of eosinophils.
T39 845758-845901 Sentence denotes Globule leukocytes may be present in the epithelium of crypts and occasionally villi, but this is often not marked in severely affected mucosa.
T40 845902-846105 Sentence denotes In the superficial lamina propria, neutrophils often accumulate beneath the epithelium, and in areas of erosion or previous erosion, there may be a thin, transversely oriented layer of connective tissue.
T41 846106-846208 Sentence denotes No specific attraction of inflammatory cells is evident to worms in tunnels in the surface epithelium.
T42 846209-846390 Sentence denotes Abnormal permeability of the endothelium of capillaries and venules in heav-ily infected mucosa has been demonstrated, and edema of the lamina propria may be evident in these areas.
T43 846391-846503 Sentence denotes The disease is marked clinically by depression, inappetence that may be mild or profound, diarrhea, and wasting.
T44 846504-846544 Sentence denotes The cause of the inappetence is unclear.
T45 846545-846766 Sentence denotes It is suggested that it may be related to abormalities in levels of some gastrointestinal hormones, and it can be associated with concurrent gastric hyposecretion of acid and apparent atrophy of fundic parietal cell mass.
T46 846767-846818 Sentence denotes The pathogenesis of the diarrhea is also uncertain.
T47 846819-846903 Sentence denotes It too is associated with the period when inappetence and gastric dysfunction occur.
T48 846904-847124 Sentence denotes Though local malabsorption of nutrients, and presumably electrolyte and water, occurs in the duodenum, it seems unlikely that the absorptive capacity of the remaining small intestine and large bowel would be overwhelmed.
T49 847125-847323 Sentence denotes Weight loss or reduced productive efficiency is not related to nutrient malabsorption, since net absorption of nutrients over the length of the small intestine does not seem to be severely affected.
T50 847324-847456 Sentence denotes Rather, the interaction of reduced feed consumption with increased loss of endogenous nitrogen into the gut seems to be responsible.
T51 847457-847681 Sentence denotes There is considerable effusion of plasma protein into the intestine of infected animals, and this, coupled with exfoliation of epithelium, which appears to be turning over at an increased rate, is the source of protein loss.
T52 847682-847762 Sentence denotes The pathogenesis of protein-losing gastroenteropathy has been discussed earlier.
T53 847763-847935 Sentence denotes In trichostrongylosis, compensation for increased catabolism of plasma protein and mucosal epithelial protein is at the expense of anabolic processes elsewhere in the body.
T54 847936-847995 Sentence denotes Wool and muscle growth are hindered in subclinical disease.
T55 847996-848246 Sentence denotes In severely affected animals, breaks in the wool, muscle wasting, reduced skeletal growth, and osteoporosis are related to reduced deposition, or catabolism, of somatic and cutaneous protein, associated probably with functional hyperadrenalcorticism.
T56 848247-848420 Sentence denotes In addition, reduced mineralization of bone may be attributable to reduced intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus (see osteoporosis, in Bones and Joints, Volume 1).
T57 848421-848508 Sentence denotes The pathogenesis of trichostrongylosis in calves and goats is similar to that in sheep.
T58 848509-848587 Sentence denotes Animals succumbing to trichostrongylosis are usually cachectic and dehydrated.
T59 848588-848670 Sentence denotes Dark green, scoured feces will be on the skin or wool of the escutcheon or breech.
T60 848671-848761 Sentence denotes There may be serous atrophy of internal fat depots, and marked atrophy of skeletal muscle.
T61 848762-848784 Sentence denotes The subcutis is tacky.
T62 848785-848935 Sentence denotes There may be edema of the mesentery and perhaps serous effusion into the body cavities, associated with hypoproteinemia, if dehydration is not severe.
T63 848936-848982 Sentence denotes Mesenteric lymph nodes are enlarged and juicy.
T64 848983-849065 Sentence denotes The content of the abomasum is abnormally fluid, and its pH may be greater than 4.
T65 849066-849200 Sentence denotes The intestines are flaccid, and the small bowel contains thin, fluid, green content, which in the duodenum may appear somewhat mucoid.
T66 849201-849268 Sentence denotes The large intestine may contain similar fluid or pasty green feces.
T67 849269-849358 Sentence denotes These are usually foul smelling, probably due to products of bacterial action on protein.
T68 849359-849535 Sentence denotes The mucosa of the duodenum in the freshly killed animal may be glistening and pink, but in spontaneous mortalities with superimposed postmortem change, it will be unremarkable.
T69 849536-849786 Sentence denotes Examination of the duodenal mucosa of freshly dead animals using a hand lens or dissecting microscope will reveal patchy or diffuse atrophy of villi, and fine white or translucent, threadlike worms, about 5-8 mm long, entwined on the mucosal surface.
T70 849787-849900 Sentence denotes The proximal third of the small intestine (about 5 -7 m) contains the bulk of the population of Trichostrongylus.
T71 849901-850010 Sentence denotes A worm count on the small bowel usually reveals 15,000-80,000 Trichostrongylus in severe clinical infections.
T72 850011-850074 Sentence denotes Subclinical or mild disease may be associated with fewer worms.
T73 850075-850243 Sentence denotes The diagnosis is based on recovery of substantial populations of Trichostrongylus in association with the clinicopathologic syndrome and villus atrophy described above.
T74 850244-850380 Sentence denotes Mixed infections with other genera are common, and the additive effects of populations of several species of worms should be considered.
T75 850381-850463 Sentence denotes Nematodirus species infect the anterior third of the small intestine of ruminants.
T76 850464-850656 Sentence denotes The most important species are N. helvetianus, which infects cattle; N. spathiger and TV. filicollis, which infect sheep, goats, and cattle; and N. battus, which is a parasite mainly of sheep.
T77 850657-850682 Sentence denotes The life cycle is direct.
T78 850683-850786 Sentence denotes However, the hatch of infective larvae of Nematodirus battus and N. filicollis from the egg is delayed.
T79 850787-850919 Sentence denotes Eggs of N. battus deposited on the ground in one year hatch the next spring, following a period of conditioning by cold over winter.
T80 850920-851059 Sentence denotes The epizootiologic pattern is that of infection of a susceptible lamb crop during one year by larvae produced by the previous year's lambs.
T81 851060-851183 Sentence denotes Under these conditions, with high availability of infective larvae, parasitic enteritis dominated by Nematodirus may occur.
T82 851184-851346 Sentence denotes The larvae of N. spathiger and N. helvetianus are not delayed in hatching, and their epizootiologic pattern resembles that of Trichostrongylus in grazing animals.
T83 851347-851456 Sentence denotes They often form part of a mixed population of worms in parasitic gastroenteritis in grazing lambs and calves.
T84 851457-851526 Sentence denotes The disease may occur in yarded calves as well as animals at pasture.
T85 851527-851617 Sentence denotes Third-stage larvae enter the deeper layers of the mucosa, perhaps penetrating into crypts.
T86 851618-851760 Sentence denotes Larvae emerge at the fourth or fifth stage to take up residence coiled among the villi, with their posterior ends protruding toward the lumen.
T87 851761-851807 Sentence denotes They normally do not penetrate the epithelium.
T88 851808-852002 Sentence denotes The presence of large numbers of Nematodirus is associated with the development of villus atrophy, which is usually moderate in comparison with that induced by Strongyloides or Trichostrongylus.
T89 852003-852186 Sentence denotes The villi are compressed by the pressure of entwined nematodes, and the impression of the longitudinal cuticular ridges is present on the surface of enterocytes adjacent to the worms.
T90 852187-852226 Sentence denotes Local erosions may occur at such sites.
T91 852227-852346 Sentence denotes Villi are stumpy, bifurcate, perhaps fused; or ridgelike surface alterations may replace the normal villous structures.
T92 852347-852386 Sentence denotes Crypts may appear elongate and dilated.
T93 852387-852496 Sentence denotes The surface epithelium may be domed, with loss of the prominent brush border, and irregular nuclear polarity.
T94 852497-852595 Sentence denotes Ultrastructurally, such cells appear poorly differentiated and have irregular, defined microvilli.
T95 852596-852760 Sentence denotes Biochemical studies reveal reduction in levels of mucosal alkaline phosphatase and disaccharidases, which correlate with the severity of diarrhea in affected sheep.
T96 852761-852861 Sentence denotes If villus atrophy is severe, the ability of the worms to maintain their position may be compromised.
T97 852862-852994 Sentence denotes They may enter crypts with their anterior end, move to more normal mucosa lower in the small bowel, or perhaps be lost from the gut.
T98 852995-853162 Sentence denotes The pathogenesis of the villus atrophy has not been determined, but it may be related to the development of immune responses to the presence of nematodes in the lumen.
T99 853163-853307 Sentence denotes A moder-ate mixed inflammatory response with substantial numbers of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and eosinophils is evident in the lamina propria.
T100 853308-853553 Sentence denotes The presence of such an infiltrate, and moderate shortening of villi associated with poorly differentiated surface enterocytes, is consistent with the postulated induction of villus atrophy by cell-mediated immune activity in the lamina propria.
T101 853554-853677 Sentence denotes Lambs and calves with nematodirosis develop severe dark green diarrhea, which stains the escutcheon or the breech of lambs.
T102 853678-853790 Sentence denotes Affected animals may become inappetent, scour and waste for several weeks before recovering, or may die acutely.
T103 853791-853866 Sentence denotes Disease is presumably mainly related to malabsorption and loss of appetite.
T104 853867-853930 Sentence denotes Protein loss into the gut apparently has not been investigated.
T105 853931-854129 Sentence denotes At necropsy, other than the changes associated with dehydration and perhaps cachexia, findings are limited to fluid mucoid content in the upper small intestine, and soft or fluid feces in the colon.
T106 854130-854235 Sentence denotes The mucosa of the duodenum is usually unremarkable or perhaps hyperemic with excess mucus on the surface.
T107 854236-854354 Sentence denotes Worm counts will reveal tangled, cottony masses of elongate, lightly coiled nematodes in heavy Nematodirus infections.
T108 854355-854455 Sentence denotes Clinical disease is associated with populations of about 10,000 to 50,000 or more Nematodirus worms.
T109 854456-854511 Sentence denotes Cooperia infect the upper small intestine of ruminants.
T110 854512-854648 Sentence denotes The important species include C. curticei, mainly in sheep and goats, and C. pectinata, C. punctata, and C. oncophora, mainly in cattle.
T111 854649-854861 Sentence denotes Though both sheep and cattle may suffer from mixed burdens of helminths containing or dominated by populations of Cooperia, this genus seems to be most significant in cattle, especially in cool temperate regions.
T112 854862-854955 Sentence denotes Cooperia oncophora appears to be less pathogenic for cattle than C. pectinata or C. punctata.
T113 854956-855132 Sentence denotes Cooperia has a typical trichostrongylid life cycle, but larvae do have the capacity to undergo hypobiosis to carry the population through periods of regular climatic adversity.
T114 855133-855181 Sentence denotes The normal prepatent period is about 16-20 days.
T115 855182-855343 Sentence denotes Like Nematodirus, Cooperia does not tunnel in the epithelium, but rather the worms brace or coil themselves among villi to maintain their place in the intestine.
T116 855344-855501 Sentence denotes In sections, the compression of epithelium adjacent to the worms, and the impressions left on enterocytes by the longitudinal cuticular ridges, are apparent.
T117 855502-855595 Sentence denotes In light infections, the worms are concentrated in the anterior third of the small intestine.
T118 855596-855779 Sentence denotes Heavier infections, perhaps because they are associated with villus atrophy and therefore loss of the substrate against which to brace, are more evenly distributed down the intestine.
T119 855780-855930 Sentence denotes Heavy burdens of Cooperia in calves, in excess of 70,000 to 80,000 nematodes, may be associated with reduced weight gain, or weight loss and diarrhea.
T120 855931-856022 Sentence denotes The associated atrophy of villi is concomitant with reductions in the brush-border enzymes.
T121 856023-856183 Sentence denotes The syndrome is typical of intestinal helminthosis, and the diagnosis is confirmed by finding large numbers of the fine, coiled Cooperia in the small intestine.
T122 856184-856256 Sentence denotes Members of the Ancylostomatidae infect dogs, cats, ruminants, and swine.
T123 856257-856339 Sentence denotes Hookworms of the genus Globocephalus appear to be of little significance in swine.
T124 856340-856410 Sentence denotes In dogs, Ancylostoma caninum, A. braziliense, and A. ceylanicum occur.
T125 856411-856590 Sentence denotes The former is most common in tropical, subtropical, and warm temperate zones of Africa, Austrialia, Asia, and North America, where adequate humidity for larval development occurs.
T126 856591-856747 Sentence denotes Ancylostoma braziliense occurs in dogs and cats in the tropics and subtropics, while A. ceylanicum is found in both species in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia.
T127 856748-856840 Sentence denotes Uncinaria stenocephala occurs in dogs in cool temperate regions of Europe and North America.
T128 856841-856888 Sentence denotes Ancylostoma tubaeformae occurs only in the cat.
T129 856889-857401 Sentence denotes Members of the genus Ancylostoma are capable of infecting the host by four routes: orally, with direct development to adult worms in the intestine; by skin penetration, resulting in movement through the bloodstream to the lungs, and thence via the trachea to the pharynx and gut; by the lactogenic transmission of third-stage larvae mobilized from dormancy in the skeletal muscle of parturient bitches; and in occasional instances, by prenatal transplacental transmission of mobilized larvae in pregnant bitches.
T130 857402-857489 Sentence denotes The latter route of transmission does not apparently occur in A. braziliense infection.
T131 857490-857611 Sentence denotes Some larvae of A. caninum may become arrested at the third stage in the intestine, to resume development at a later time.
T132 857612-857762 Sentence denotes Ancylostoma species all usually inhabit the small intestine, where they move about the surface, several times a day attaching to feed, then moving on.
T133 857763-857905 Sentence denotes They penetrate deeply into the mucosa, sometimes to, or through, the muscularis mucosa, taking a plug of tissue into the large buccal capsule.
T134 857906-858013 Sentence denotes Tissue is lacerated by the prominent teeth, and anticoagulant is released permitting persistent blood flow.
T135 858014-858116 Sentence denotes Bloodsucking activity begins when larvae enter the adult stage, in A. caninum -8 days after infection.
T136 858117-858302 Sentence denotes Blood loss is maximal while worms are attaining maturity, between 12 and 16 days after infection, and then again during the peak period of egg production, after -3 | weeks of infection.
T137 858303-858351 Sentence denotes The prepatent period for A. caninum is -15 days.
T138 858352-858447 Sentence denotes Ancylostomosis is the result of persistent blood loss, resulting in anemia and hypoproteinemia.
T139 858448-858571 Sentence denotes There is considerable variation in the bloodsucking activity, and therefore the pathogenicity, of the members of the genus.
T140 858572-858658 Sentence denotes Ancylostoma caninum consumes in the range of 0.01 to 0.2 ml of blood per worm per day.
T141 858659-858724 Sentence denotes The amount of blood lost per worm is least in heavier infections.
T142 858725-858874 Sentence denotes Pups several months old with populations of the order of 300 to 400 worms may lose 10 to 30% of their blood volume per day, depending on body weight.
T143 858875-858977 Sentence denotes Ancylostoma ceylanicum also causes anemia, but A. braziliense seems to cause insignificant blood loss.
T144 858978-859039 Sentence denotes Ancylostoma tubaeformae in cats is a significant bloodsucker.
T145 859040-859127 Sentence denotes Experimentally, -200 worms may cause anemia, weight loss, and mortality in 1.5-kg cats.
T146 859128-859197 Sentence denotes The anemia in ancylostomosis is at first normochromic and normocytic.
T147 859198-859436 Sentence denotes If adequate iron reserves and hematopoietic capacity are mustered, the animal may be able to equilibrate the rate of red cell production with the increased rate of loss, stabilizing the mass of the reduced circulating red cell population.
T148 859437-859654 Sentence denotes Small size, poor iron reserves, and the low level of iron in bitch's milk make suckling pups with ancylostomosis susceptible to rapid development of the microcytic hypochromic anemia characteristic of iron deficiency.
T149 859655-859765 Sentence denotes Acute fatal ancylostomosis occurs most commonly in pups only 2 -3 weeks of age, infected via the bitch's milk.
T150 859766-859961 Sentence denotes Heavy infections acquired by this route may result in death from anemia and hypoproteinemia within a few days of the initiation of bloodsucking activity, and before eggs are present in the feces.
T151 859962-860039 Sentence denotes Ane-mia may also lead to mortality of pups after a course of longer duration.
T152 860040-860211 Sentence denotes Percutaneous infection results in disease in older dogs held in runs or kennels under conditions of moisture and temperature conducive to larval development on the ground.
T153 860212-860325 Sentence denotes Dermatitis due to larval penetration may be observed between the toes or on ventral contact surfaces of the body.
T154 860326-860424 Sentence denotes The condition is usually typified by anemia, lack of exercise tolerance, weakness, and emaciation.
T155 860425-860485 Sentence denotes Feces may be diarrheic, dark red or black, and often mucoid.
T156 860486-860710 Sentence denotes Though diarrhea may occur, and there is some evidence for mild malabsorption and subtle atrophy of the intestinal mucosa, the major effect of ancylostomosis is due to increased loss of erythrocytes, iron, and plasma protein.
T157 860711-860781 Sentence denotes Animals dying of ancylostomosis are characteristically extremely pale.
T158 860782-860927 Sentence denotes There is often glistening edema of subcutaneous tissues and mesenteries, and serous effusion into body cavities, attributable to hypoproteinemia.
T159 860928-860975 Sentence denotes In chronic infections, cachexia may be evident.
T160 860976-861204 Sentence denotes If recent exposure to heavy percutaneous infection has occurred, there may be dermatitis and numerous focal hemorrhages scattered in the pulmonary parenchyma, reflecting disruption of vessels by larvae breaking out into alveoli.
T161 861205-861248 Sentence denotes The liver has the blotchy pallor of anemia.
T162 861249-861375 Sentence denotes The intestinal content throughout the entire length is mucoid and deep red, from the erythrocytes voided into it by the worms.
T163 861376-861560 Sentence denotes The latter are visible, about 1.0-1.5 cm long, translucent, gray or red (depending on when they last consumed blood), and dispersed over the mucosa, sometimes into the large intestine.
T164 861561-861696 Sentence denotes They are often attached to the mucosa, and pinpoint, red sites of recent feeding activity may be scattered over the intestinal surface.
T165 861697-861766 Sentence denotes Relatively few Ancylostoma caninum worms are required to cause death.
T166 861767-861920 Sentence denotes In a young pup, as few as 20 to 50 may be present in fatal infections, and they may be sufficiently sparsely scattered as to be overlooked if not sought.
T167 861921-862053 Sentence denotes In older animals with chronic or more acute fatal disease, 300 to 400, or less commonly, several thousands of worms, may be present.
T168 862054-862243 Sentence denotes Uncinaria stenocephala infects mainly by the oral route; percutaneous infection is not efficient, though dermatitis may result; and prenatal and lactogenic transmission appear not to occur.
T169 862244-862329 Sentence denotes This species sucks little blood and is much less pathogenic than Ancylostoma caninum.
T170 862330-862501 Sentence denotes Heavy infections with this species, however, arising usually in contaminated communal kennel environments, may cause clinical disease and, occasionally, mortality in pups.
T171 862502-862621 Sentence denotes Nonspecific lethargy, inappetence, and ill thrift are signs of infection, perhaps with diarrhea; anemia does not occur.
T172 862622-862736 Sentence denotes Disease is associated with burdens of a thousand or more worms, each about 5 -1 0 mm long, in the small intestine.
T173 862737-862882 Sentence denotes Worms may be particularly distributed in the distal small bowel in heavy infections and are often embedded in the mucosa in freshly dead animals.
T174 862883-862994 Sentence denotes The intestinal mucosa appears thickened, and focal hemorrhages at sites of attachment may be scattered over it.
T175 862995-863094 Sentence denotes The presence of large numbers of worms is associated with moderate atrophy and thickening of villi.
T176 863095-863131 Sentence denotes The surface epithelium is irregular.
T177 863132-863314 Sentence denotes Focal aggregates of mononuclear cells and some neutrophils are in the vicinity of the anterior ends of worms embedded deep in the mucosa, a plug of tissue within their buccal cavity.
T178 863315-863513 Sentence denotes It seems that disease due to Uncinaria stenocephala may be related to villus atrophy, perhaps with malabsorption and protein loss into the gut, since hypoproteinemia, but not anemia, may be evident.
T179 863514-863638 Sentence denotes A similar syndrome may be associated with heavy infections of Ancylostoma braziliense, in which hypoproteinemia also occurs.
T180 863639-863855 Sentence denotes The hookworms of ruminants include, in cattle, Bunostomum phlebotomum, and in India and Indonesia, Agriostomum vryburgi; in sheep, B. trigonocephalum, and in India and Southeast Asia and Africa, Gaigeria pachyscelis.
T181 863856-863914 Sentence denotes The life cycle of these nematodes is typical of hookworms.
T182 863915-864032 Sentence denotes Bunostomum third-stage larvae infect by the oral or percutaneous routes, while Gaigeria infects only across the skin.
T183 864033-864213 Sentence denotes Eggs and larval stages on the ground are extremely susceptible to desiccation, and hookworm disease in ruminants is most common in tropical or subtropical areas during wet seasons.
T184 864214-864350 Sentence denotes However, stabled animals in cooler temperate areas may suffer disease resulting from larvae invading the skin from contaminated bedding.
T185 864351-864541 Sentence denotes Following skin penetration, the usual pattern is seen, with migration of larvae to the lungs, where they molt to the fourth stage, subsequently passing up the trachea to the digestive tract.
T186 864542-864685 Sentence denotes Larvae taken in by ingestion spend some time in the deep mucosa of the intestine before emerging to mature in the lumen of the small intestine.
T187 864686-864747 Sentence denotes The prepatent period of Bunostomum is long, about 7 -8 weeks.
T188 864748-864841 Sentence denotes Gaigeria larvae migrate via the lungs, and worms begin to lay eggs -10 weeks after infection.
T189 864842-864959 Sentence denotes Both Bunostomum and Gaigeria cause hemorrhagic anemia and hypoproteinemia, especially in animals under a year of age.
T190 864960-865100 Sentence denotes These species often occur with mixed gastrointestinal helminth burdens, and their effects are at least additive to those of the other worms.
T191 865101-865131 Sentence denotes They may be primary pathogens.
T192 865132-865279 Sentence denotes Several hundred Bunostomum worms may cause signs in lambs, and a few hundred to a few thousand are found in clinical or fatal infections in calves.
T193 865280-865428 Sentence denotes As few as 20 to 30 Gaigeria worms will cause anemia and hypoproteinemia in lambs, though several times that number may be more usual in fatal cases.
T194 865429-865598 Sentence denotes The size of the animal, the status of its iron reserves, and the plane of nutrition, especially the level of protein, likely influence the pathogencity of these species.
T195 865599-865674 Sentence denotes At autopsy, the lesions expected in anemia and hypoproteinemia are evident.
T196 865675-865805 Sentence denotes Bunostomum are found often in the lower half of the small intestine, while Gaigeria tends to be concentrated high in the duodenum.
T197 865806-865927 Sentence denotes Blood spots and bite marks may be evident on the mucosa in the infected areas of intestine, but hemorrhage may be occult.
T198 865928-866138 Sentence denotes The relatively low numbers of worms associated with disease, and their peculiar distribution, dictate that the entire gut be examined and flushed and a careful search be made for these species in suspect cases.
T199 866139-866289 Sentence denotes Haemonchosis may occur concurrently or should be eliminated as a diagnosis, as should fascioliasis, and in cattle, Oesophagostomum radiatum infection.
T200 866290-866418 Sentence denotes Trichuris species, the whipworms, are so called because of their long, thin anterior end and shorter, stouter posterior portion.
T201 866419-866533 Sentence denotes They inhabit the cecum and, occasionally, the colon of all the domestic animals considered here, except the horse.
T202 866534-866781 Sentence denotes The host-parasite relationships include, in dogs, T. vulpis; in cats, T. campanula and T. serrata; in swine, T. suis; in sheep and goats, T. ovis, T. globulosa, and T. skrjabini; in cattle, T. discolor and, less commonly, T. ovis and T. globulosa.
T203 866782-866807 Sentence denotes The life cycle is direct.
T204 866808-866913 Sentence denotes Larvated ova are resistant to climatic insult and persist in contaminated environments for several years.
T205 866914-867161 Sentence denotes Ingestion of larvated eggs leads to release of third-stage larvae, which enter the mucosa of the anterior small intestine for up to 7 to 10 days before returning to the lumen and passing on to the cecum, where they establish their adult existence.
T206 867162-867269 Sentence denotes The prepatent period varies from about 6 to 7 weeks in the case of T. suis to 11 to 12 weeks for T. vulpis.
T207 867270-867379 Sentence denotes In rare instances, disease may occur during the prepatent period, in which case ova will not be in the feces.
T208 867380-867560 Sentence denotes In all species the anterior ends of the worms are embedded at least partially in tunnels within the surface epithelium ( Fig. 1.50E ), but not normally breaching the basal lamina.
T209 867561-867655 Sentence denotes Light infections apparently cause little morphologic alteration in the mucosa, and no disease.
T210 867656-867768 Sentence denotes While Trichuris worms are reputed to ingest blood, disease associated with them is not related to this activity.
T211 867769-867862 Sentence denotes Moderate infection of T. vulpis in dogs, at least, is associated with a mild mucosal colitis.
T212 867863-867950 Sentence denotes There is a moderate mixed inflammatory infiltrate in the lamina propria between glands.
T213 867951-868080 Sentence denotes Superficial vessels are congested, and scattered neutrophils may be present in the lamina propria beneath the surface epithelium.
T214 868081-868141 Sentence denotes There is at least focal loss of goblet cells on the surface.
T215 868142-868229 Sentence denotes These are replaced by low columnar or cuboidal cells, some of which may be exfoliating.
T216 868230-868373 Sentence denotes Focal erosion may also be evident, and effusion of a few neutrophils and tissue fluid is evident through ' 'leaks'' or erosions on the surface.
T217 868374-868522 Sentence denotes Goblet cells may be sparser than normal in glands in affected areas, which often appear longer than usual, and are lined by hyperplastic epithelium.
T218 868523-868645 Sentence denotes Heavy infection with Trichuris is associated with severe and often hemorrhagic typhilitis or typhlocolitis in all species.
T219 868646-868819 Sentence denotes In the dog, large populations of worms overflow their normal habitat and infect the mucosa of the ascending, and often more distal, colon, sometimes extending to the rectum.
T220 868820-868895 Sentence denotes The signs are chronic diarrhea or dysentery, perhaps with some weight loss.
T221 868896-869019 Sentence denotes The blood and foul odor of the feces is related to hemorrhage and effusion of tissue fluid from the eroded mucosal surface.
T222 869020-869064 Sentence denotes The mucosa is thickened, red, and edematous.
T223 869065-869142 Sentence denotes The colonic content is fluid or porridge-like, and brown, tinged pink or red.
T224 869143-869208 Sentence denotes Masses or tangled worms are visible on the mucosa ( Fig. 1.50D) .
T225 869209-869333 Sentence denotes Microscopically, the mucosa is widely eroded or mildly ulcerated, and effusion of inflammatory exudate and blood is evident.
T226 869334-869371 Sentence denotes Glandular epithelium is hyperplastic.
T227 869372-869538 Sentence denotes Occasionally, T. vulpis infection may be associated with local or regional transmural lesions, with granulomatous foci and fibroplasia in deeper layers of the mucosa.
T228 869539-869594 Sentence denotes Sometimes ova or worms are in these aberrant locations.
T229 869595-869695 Sentence denotes Other transmural lesions may be the result of bacteria entering through mucosa damaged by Trichuris.
T230 869696-869818 Sentence denotes Balantidium infection has been reported as a rare complication of Trichuris infection, in dogs with access to swine yards.
T231 869819-870010 Sentence denotes Trichuris suis infection in swine, if heavy enough, may cause mucohemorrhagic typhlocolitis associated with anorexia, diarrhea or dysentery, dehydration, ill thrift, and in some cases, death.
T232 870011-870113 Sentence denotes The disease is most common in animals exposed to dirt yards contaminated with infective Trichuris ova.
T233 870114-870189 Sentence denotes The lesion is one of mucosal colitis, resembling that described in the dog.
T234 870190-870350 Sentence denotes There is thickening of the mucosa, with ultimate mucus hypersecretion from hypertrophic glands, coupled with erosion of, and effusion from, the mucosal surface.
T235 870351-870478 Sentence denotes Lesions are more severe in swine with conventional gut flora than in those reared germ free or free of known enteric pathogens.
T236 870479-870608 Sentence denotes Some contribution of the normal anaerobe flora to the development of lesions more severe than mild catarrhal colitis is apparent.
T237 870609-870709 Sentence denotes The large bowel in swine with Trichuris is thickened and congested, possibly with focal hemorrhages.
T238 870710-870783 Sentence denotes The surface is glistening with mucus, perhaps with some fibrin exudation.
T239 870784-870842 Sentence denotes The appearance may resemble that found in swine dysentery.
T240 870843-870902 Sentence denotes Since the microscopic lesions are similar, this is logical.
T241 870903-871000 Sentence denotes However, closer examination at autopsy will reveal the presence of the nematodes over the mucosa.
T242 871001-871059 Sentence denotes Usually the thicker posterior ends of the worms are noted.
T243 871060-871194 Sentence denotes They may resemble at first glance Oesophagostomum, and only on more careful observation is the elongate, threadlike anterior end seen.
T244 871195-871341 Sentence denotes The signs of the disease appear to be referable to loss of colonic absorptive function, and probably partly to effusion of protein into the lumen.
T245 871342-871422 Sentence denotes Though erythrocyte loss does occur, it is a minor component of the pathogenesis.
T246 871423-871489 Sentence denotes Trichurosis in sheep and cattle resembles that described in swine.
T247 871490-871570 Sentence denotes The disease usually occurs in animals concentrated in areas contaminated by ova.
T248 871571-871628 Sentence denotes Hence it may occur in stabled or yarded calves or cattle.
T249 871629-871730 Sentence denotes Outbreaks in sheep may be associated with hand feeding or congregation of animals at watering points.
T250 871731-871825 Sentence denotes Affected animals develop chronic diarrhea with brown feces or dysentery and loss of condition.
T251 871826-871953 Sentence denotes At autopsy the lesions are those of cachexia and hypoproteinemia, associated with a mucohemorrhagic typhlitis or typhlocolitis.
T252 871954-872031 Sentence denotes A diagnosis of trichurosis in all species is usually readily made at autopsy.
T253 872032-872135 Sentence denotes The worms have a characteristic morphology and are usually easily seen on the inflamed mucosal surface.
T254 872136-872308 Sentence denotes In section, the thin anterior end of the nematodes, embedded in tunnels in the surface epithelium, contains the stichosome esophagus typical of members of the Trichuroidea.
T255 872309-872395 Sentence denotes The ova may be seen in the body of worms, in the gut lumen, or occasionally in tissue.
T256 872396-872474 Sentence denotes They are barrel-shaped, have a thick wall, and plugs at both poles of the egg.
T257 872475-872597 Sentence denotes Capillaria worms and ova may be similar in tissue section but are not expected in the cecum and colon of domestic animals.
T258 872598-872667 Sentence denotes Members of the genus Oesophagostomum infect sheep, cattle, and swine.
T259 872668-872892 Sentence denotes Their pathogenic effects are related to the formation of inflammatory nodules in the wall of the intestine incited by histotropic stages, and to ill thrift and diarrhea induced by adult populations in the lumen of the colon.
T260 872893-873102 Sentence denotes In sheep, two species, Oesophagostomum columbianum and O. venulosum, are probably most significant; the former is considerably more pathogenic and is particularly important in warm temperate to tropical areas.
T261 873103-873278 Sentence denotes Third-stage O. columbianum larvae penetrate deep into the lamina propria, or sometimes to the submucosa, mainly in the small intestine, where they normally spend a week or so.
T262 873279-873322 Sentence denotes They molt, emerge, and mature in the colon.
T263 873323-873437 Sentence denotes However, a proportion of fourth-stage larvae enter a second histotropic phase in nodules in the colonic submucosa.
T264 873438-873491 Sentence denotes Adult worms in the colon may be pathogenic for lambs.
T265 873492-873655 Sentence denotes Burdens of only a few hundred O. columbianum worms are associated with anorexia, mucoid feces or diarrhea, and ill thrift, associated perhaps with hypoproteinemia.
T266 873656-873729 Sentence denotes The effects of infection may be exacerbated by intercurrent malnutrition.
T267 873730-873965 Sentence denotes At autopsy of animals with clinical oesophagostomosis, the carcass is emaciated, the mesenteric lymph nodes are enlarged, and the colonic mucosa is thickened, congested, and covered by a layer of mucus in which the worms are scattered.
T268 873966-874120 Sentence denotes There is hyperplasia of goblet cells, and the lamina propria contains a heavy mixed inflammatory infiltrate with eosinophils and many immune-active cells.
T269 874121-874168 Sentence denotes Globule leukocytes are in epithelium of glands.
T270 874169-874258 Sentence denotes Nodules caused by histotropic fourth-stage larvae, mainly in the large intestine, are 0 .
T271 874259-874382 Sentence denotes 5 -3 cm in diameter and comprise a central caseous or mineralized core surrounded by a thin, fibrous, encapsulating stroma.
T272 874383-874508 Sentence denotes Microscopically, the nematode or its remnants are present among a mass of necrotic debris in which eosinophils are prominent.
T273 874509-874572 Sentence denotes Giant cells and macrophages may surround the necrotic material.
T274 874573-874657 Sentence denotes Similar nodules may be found in liver, lungs, mesentery, and mesenteric lymph nodes.
T275 874658-874883 Sentence denotes Those in the deeper layers of the gut project from the serosal surface, hence the name ''pimply gut.'' They may cause adhesion to adjacent loops of gut or to other organs, and rarely may incite intussusception or peritonitis.
T276 874884-874951 Sentence denotes In most cases, however, nodules are incidental findings at autopsy.
T277 874952-875094 Sentence denotes They are probably the response to histotropic fourth-stage larvae in hosts sensitized by third-stage larvae, or the result of prior infection.
T278 875095-875294 Sentence denotes The nodules caused by the histotropic third stage consist of small concentrations of suppurative exudate, which resolve as minor foci of granulomatous inflammation after the evacuation of the larvae.
T279 875295-875357 Sentence denotes Oesophagostomum venulosum is a much less significant parasite.
T280 875358-875475 Sentence denotes It seldom causes significant nodule formation; when it does, the nodules are small and mainly in the cecum and colon.
T281 875476-875546 Sentence denotes Adult worm burdens are usually not considered particularly pathogenic.
T282 875547-875662 Sentence denotes In cattle, two species, Oesophagostomum radiatum and O. venulosum occur, the former being the significant parasite.
T283 875663-875715 Sentence denotes The life cycle is similar to that of O. columbianum.
T284 875716-875857 Sentence denotes The disease caused by O. radiatum is characterized by loss of appetite, reduced productive efficiency, anemia, hypoproteinemia, and diarrhea.
T285 875858-876042 Sentence denotes Anemia results from hemorrhage at sites of larval emergence, and from mucosal erosions and discontinuities in the gland lining, associated with maturing and adult populations of worms.
T286 876043-876194 Sentence denotes Blood loss is exacerbated by impaired coagulation, probably the result of consumption of clotting factors, the iniating mechanism for which is unclear.
T287 876195-876384 Sentence denotes Considerable exudation of tissue fluids and plasma protein from colonic lesions, in addition to that due to hemorrhage, contributes to the hypoproteinemia and gastrointestinal protein loss.
T288 876385-876518 Sentence denotes Reduced growth, or loss in condition, is mainly the product of the interaction between protein effusion into the gut and inappetence.
T289 876519-876596 Sentence denotes Diarrhea presumably results in part from loss of colonic absorptive capacity.
T290 876597-876638 Sentence denotes Oesophagostomosis may be fatal in calves.
T291 876639-876707 Sentence denotes Animals may be pale from anemia, and edematous from hypoproteinemia.
T292 876708-876749 Sentence denotes Cases of some duration will be cachectic.
T293 876750-876783 Sentence denotes Colonic lymph nodes are enlarged.
T294 876784-876958 Sentence denotes The mucosa of the colon is grossly thickened and folded by edema and increased mixed inflammatory cell infiltrates, including many immune-active cells, in the lamina propria.
T295 876959-877018 Sentence denotes Colonic submucosal lymphoid follicles are large and active.
T296 877019-877155 Sentence denotes Effusion of tissue fluid and blood cells may be evident through small leaks between cells, or from erosions in glands or on the surface.
T297 877156-877257 Sentence denotes Pathogenic burdens in calves are in the range of about 1000 to 10,000 Oesophagastomum radiatum worms.
T298 877258-877453 Sentence denotes Although repeated exposure to infective larvae may result in the accumulation of large numbers of fourth-stage worms in nodules, formation of nodules has little pathogenic significance in cattle.
T299 877454-877605 Sentence denotes In swine, Oesophagostomum dentatum, O. quadrispinulatum, and several other species occur in the large intestine; the two mentioned are most widespread.
T300 877606-877645 Sentence denotes The life cycle is typical of the genus.
T301 877646-877803 Sentence denotes Third-stage larvae enter the wall of the cecum and colon, where they encyst and molt to the fourth stage, emerging about a week later to mature in the lumen.
T302 877804-877871 Sentence denotes The larvae initially lie about the level of the base of the mucosa.
T303 877872-878053 Sentence denotes They incite a reaction causing local loss of the muscularis mucosae, so that the nodule formed involves both mucosa and submucosa, and the larvae ultimately reside in the submucosa.
T304 878054-878179 Sentence denotes The nodules are grossly about 1-20 mm in diameter, umbilicate, and may contain yellow or black, cheesy exudate in the center.
T305 878180-878240 Sentence denotes An eosinophilic "cyst" wall surrounds the third-stage larva.
T306 878241-878282 Sentence denotes Nearby lymphatics may undergo thrombosis.
T307 878283-878483 Sentence denotes Once the larvae molt and begin to move to the lumen, an intense influx of eosinophils and neutrophils occurs into the nodules, and a focus of necrotic debris and fibrin lies over the evacuated nodule.
T308 878484-878590 Sentence denotes Mucosal and submucosal edema cause thickening of the wall of the large bowel and contraction of the cecum.
T309 878591-878684 Sentence denotes Gross and microscopic lesions resolve over the ensuing weeks as most larvae leave the mucosa.
T310 878685-878751 Sentence denotes Oesophagostomosis in swine is a mild, usually subclinical disease.
T311 878752-878959 Sentence denotes Occasional diarrhea, depression in weight gain, and inefficiency of feed conversion may occur, especially during the period of emergence of larvae and maturation of worms in the lumen of the large intestine.
T312 878960-879059 Sentence denotes Burdens of about 3000 to 20,000 adult worms are associated with subclinical disease experimentally.
T313 879060-879173 Sentence denotes The nematodes are about 1-2 cm long, white, and present in mucus on the surface of the gut or in luminal content.
T314 879174-879380 Sentence denotes Occasionally, infection with Oesophagostomum, particularly mucosal damage precipitated by larval encystment, may predispose to necrotic enteritis in association with anaerobic flora and perhaps Balantidium.
T315 879381-879496 Sentence denotes Massive repeated challenge will cause severe typhlocolitis, but this seems to be purely an experimental phenomenon.
T316 879497-879571 Sentence denotes Mortality should rarely, if ever, be ascribed to esophagostomosis in pigs.
T317 879572-879669 Sentence denotes Chabertia ovina, a robust worm about 1-2 cm long, inhabits the colon of sheep, goats, and cattle.
T318 879670-879741 Sentence denotes It is particularly a problem in cooler climatic zones, mainly in sheep.
T319 879742-879904 Sentence denotes The life cycle resembles that of Oesophagostomum, third-stage larvae encysting in the wall of the small intestine, then emerging to mature in the cecum and colon.
T320 879905-879983 Sentence denotes Disease in sheep is associated with the presence of mature worms in the colon.
T321 879984-880060 Sentence denotes Feces are soft, mucoid, and perhaps blood flecked, and ill thrift may occur.
T322 880061-880224 Sentence denotes The adults penetrate to the muscularis mucosae and take a plug of mucosa into the buccal capsule; minor hemorrhage may be related to physical trauma to the mucosa.
T323 880225-880410 Sentence denotes More significant is loss of plasma protein from the mucosa, associated with numerous focal sites of trauma, and widespread areas of mononuclear infiltration in the mucosa and submucosa.
T324 880411-880453 Sentence denotes There is also hyperplasia of goblet cells.
T325 880454-880599 Sentence denotes Grossly, the lesions are characterized by edema of all layers of the wall of infected parts of the colon, and enlargement of colonic lymph nodes.
T326 880600-880783 Sentence denotes Worms are generally concentrated in the proximal portion of the spiral colon, and the area they inhabit may have numerous hemorrhagic foci corresponding to sites of former attachment.
T327 880784-880909 Sentence denotes Pathogenic burdens may be as few as 150 worms, and the species must be sought in its usual site of predilection or be missed.
T328 880910-880930 Sentence denotes EQUINE STRONGYLOSIS.
T329 880931-881072 Sentence denotes Members of the Strongylidae are abundant and common nematode parasites of the cecum and colon in horses, usually present as mixed infections.
T330 881073-881251 Sentence denotes The subfamily Strongylinae are the large strongyles, including the important genus Strongylus and the less significant genera Triodontophorus, Oesophagodontus, and Craterostomum.
T331 881252-881376 Sentence denotes Members of this group are plug feeders or bloodsuckers, and Strongylus species undergo extensive extraintestinal migrations.
T332 881377-881558 Sentence denotes The subfamily Cyathostominae, or small strongyles, includes eight genera of nematodes, among several of which the species of the superseded genus Trichonema have now been dispersed.
T333 881559-881657 Sentence denotes Adults of this group feed mainly on intestinal contents and are of little pathogenic significance.
T334 881658-881742 Sentence denotes However, emergence of histotropic larval stages from the gut wall may cause disease.
T335 881743-881827 Sentence denotes Strongylus vulgaris is common and the most significant nematode parasitic in horses.
T336 881828-882006 Sentence denotes Larval forms cause endoarteritis in the mesenteric circulation, resulting in colic and thromboembolic infarction of the large bowel, while the adults cause anemia and ill thrift.
T337 882007-882143 Sentence denotes Infective third-stage larvae, ingested from pasture, penetrate the mucosa of the small and large intestine and molt to the fourth stage.
T338 882144-882288 Sentence denotes They enter the lumina of small arterioles, up which they migrate, on or under the intima, to reach the cranial mesenteric artery within 3 weeks.
T339 882289-882542 Sentence denotes Three or four months later, after molting in that location to the fifth stage, the immature adults return down the mesenteric arteries to the wall of the cecum or colon, where they encapsulate in the subserosa, forming nodules about 5 -8 mm in diameter.
T340 882543-882712 Sentence denotes Returning larvae in nodules are surrounded by necrotic debris, neutrophils, some eosinophils, and perhaps some macrophages, and the adjacent arteriole may be thrombosed.
T341 882713-882889 Sentence denotes They eventually break into the lumen of the large bowel, especially cecum and right ventral colon, where they mature in another month or two, about 6 -7 months after infection.
T342 882890-883033 Sentence denotes Some larvae may become trapped and encapsulated in arterioles in the mesentery on their way back to the gut and remain there to eventually die.
T343 883034-883341 Sentence denotes Endoarteritis associated with migration and establishment of larvae in the cranial mesenteric artery and its branches is discussed with the Cardiovascular System (Volume 3), as are the consequences of aberrant migration in the aorta, coronary artery, brachiocephalic trunk, and spermatic and renal arteries.
T344 883342-883591 Sentence denotes Lesions of the cranial mesenteric artery and of the cecal and colic arteries may lead to colic as a result of reduced perfusion or thromboembolism, or perhaps due to impingement on autonomic ganglia in the vicinity of the arterial root at the aorta.
T345 883592-883751 Sentence denotes The recognition and diagnosis of infarctive lesions of the equine bowel, and their sequelae, have been discussed with ischemia and infarction of the intestine.
T346 883752-883932 Sentence denotes Though many older horses are infected with adult worms, or have arterial lesions, the complications of colic and infarction caused by this parasite are most common in young horses.
T347 883933-884191 Sentence denotes An acute syndrome, characterized by pyrexia, anorexia, depression and weight loss, diarrhea or constipation, colic, and infarction of intestine, occurs in foals in-fected with large numbers of larvae, but not often in animals previously exposed to infection.
T348 884192-884293 Sentence denotes Strongylus edentatus is also common and has a life cycle characterized by extensive larval migration.
T349 884294-884419 Sentence denotes Third-stage larvae enter the intestinal wall and pass in the portal system to the liver, where they incite inflammatory foci.
T350 884420-884533 Sentence denotes Here they molt to the fourth stage, and -30 days after infection, begin migrating through the hepatic parenchyma.
T351 884534-884655 Sentence denotes The foci of inflammatory reaction in the liver are probably related to antigens released by migrating and trapped larvae.
T352 884656-884885 Sentence denotes They consist of a core of necrotic eosinophils, with a surrounding fibrous capsule, a mixture of neutrophils, eosinophils, and mononuclear cells, or recent necrotic foci or tracks infiltrated by neutrophils and a few eosinophils.
T353 884886-884982 Sentence denotes By 8 to 10 weeks after infection, larvae are migrating from the liver via the hepatic ligaments.
T354 884983-885044 Sentence denotes Hemorrhagic tracks may be produced in the hepatic parenchyma.
T355 885045-885228 Sentence denotes Parenchymal scars and tags of fibrous tissue on the hepatic capsule, especially the diaphragmatic surface, commonly found at autopsy, are the legacy of migrating Strongylus edentatus.
T356 885229-885398 Sentence denotes Those migrating in the hepatorenal ligament enter the retroperitoneal tissue of the flank, where they are frequently encountered, often associated with local hemorrhage.
T357 885399-885542 Sentence denotes Larvae in aberrant locations in the omentum, hepatic ligaments, and diaphragm may become encapsulated in eosinophilic granulomas and destroyed.
T358 885543-885611 Sentence denotes Omental adhesions may also be a sequel to aberrant larval migration.
T359 885612-885786 Sentence denotes In the flank, larvae persist for several months, molting to the fifth stage before returning from the right flank via the cecal ligament to the cecum and origin of the colon.
T360 885787-885968 Sentence denotes There they form nodules and hemorrhagic foci in the wall of the gut, eventually perforating to the lumen, where they mature and begin to lay eggs about 10-12 months after infection.
T361 885969-886073 Sentence denotes Lesions associated with the larval migration of S. edentatus are usually incidental findings at autopsy.
T362 886074-886175 Sentence denotes Strongylus equinus is relatively less prevalent and abundant than the other two members of the genus.
T363 886176-886399 Sentence denotes Exsheathed third-stage larvae penetrate to the deeper layers of the wall of the cecum and colon, molt to the fourth stage, and produce hemorrhagic subserosal nodules before moving to the liver through the peritoneal cavity.
T364 886400-886615 Sentence denotes They migrate in the hepatic parenchyma for 6 to 7 weeks, then leave the liver, probably via the hepatic ligaments, to the pancreas and peritoneal cavity, where they molt to the fifth stage -4 months after infection.
T365 886616-886778 Sentence denotes They regain the lumen of the cecum, and to a lesser extent, the colon, by an unknown route, probably by direct penetration from the peritoneal cavity or pancreas.
T366 886779-886850 Sentence denotes Eggs appear in the feces of the horse about 8-9 months after infection.
T367 886851-886982 Sentence denotes Larval migration by this species causes lesions in the bowel wall and hepatic parenchyma similar to those produced by S. edentatus.
T368 886983-887215 Sentence denotes Hemomelasma ilei is the term applied to slightly elevated subserosal hemorrhagic plaques, up to 1 to 2 by 3 to 4 cm in size, found usually along the antimesenteric border of the distal small intestine or, rarely, on the large bowel.
T369 887216-887363 Sentence denotes They are associated with trauma by migrating larvae of Strongylus edentatus in particular but may be caused by larvae of any species of Strongylus.
T370 887364-887521 Sentence denotes These lesions are composed of edema, hemorrhage, and a mixed population of leukocytes, with macrophages ingesting erythrocytes prominent in evolving lesions.
T371 887522-887616 Sentence denotes Occasionally a fragment of nematode or cuticle, or a migration track, may be found in section.
T372 887617-887857 Sentence denotes With time these lesions resolve to yellow, brown, or tan fibrotic plaques, as red cells engulfed by macrophages are destroyed and the products of hemoglobin breakdown reduced to iron and bile pigments and removed from the site, which scars.
T373 887858-887950 Sentence denotes The presence of hemomelasma ilei is sometimes associated with clinical, but nonfatal, colic.
T374 887951-888060 Sentence denotes The lesion is not uncommon as an incidental finding, however, and probably is a rare cause of clinical signs.
T375 888061-888305 Sentence denotes The other genera in the Strongylinae, Triodontophorus, Oesophagodontus, and Craterostomum, have life cycles that probably involve local migration of developing larvae into the deeper layers of the mucosa or the submucosa in the large intestine.
T376 888306-888397 Sentence denotes Here they form small nodules before emerging to mature in the lumen of the cecum and colon.
T377 888398-888526 Sentence denotes Larval members of these genera may contribute to the syndrome associated with emergence of larval cyathostomes, described below.
T378 888527-888603 Sentence denotes Adults of all species in the Strongylinae are plug feeders and bloodsuckers.
T379 888604-888763 Sentence denotes In sufficient numbers they may cause ill thrift, and perhaps anemia, as the result of active hematophagia and blood loss from recent sites of feeding activity.
T380 888764-888973 Sentence denotes Increased albumin catabolism causing accelerated turnover of the plasma pool, and reduced red cell survival, have been demonstrated in horses infested with relatively low numbers (<100) of Strongylus vulgaris.
T381 888974-889163 Sentence denotes Triodontophorus tenuicollis, the most important species of that genus, tends to attach to the mucosa in clusters, usually in the right dorsal colon, causing local congestion and ulceration.
T382 889164-889226 Sentence denotes Triodontophorus may be associated with significant blood loss.
T383 889227-889453 Sentence denotes The small strongyles, or cyathostomes, are essentially nonpathogenic as adults, despite the fact that tens or hundreds of thousands may be in the content of the large bowel and may browse on the mucosal surface to some extent.
T384 889454-889607 Sentence denotes The larval stages migrate into the deep mucosa or submucosa of the large bowel to molt and develop before emerging to the lumen to molt again and mature.
T385 889608-889780 Sentence denotes In the mucosa they are surrounded by a fibrous capsule, and there may be a moderate mixed inflammatory reaction containing eosinophils in the mucosa and adjacent submucosa.
T386 889781-889856 Sentence denotes A similar but more intense reaction is seen around larvae in the submucosa.
T387 889857-890016 Sentence denotes Emergence of larvae causes rupture of the muscularis mucosae and intense local eosinophilia and edema, followed by infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages.
T388 890017-890237 Sentence denotes The larvae of some species may undergo hypobiosis or retarded development, persisting in the mucosa, only to mature sporadically, or perhaps more synchronously, as the adult population in the lumen turns over or is lost.
T1 890238-890355 Sentence denotes Mucosal nodules are up to only a few millimeters in diameter, slightly raised, red or blackish, and maybe umbilicate.
T2 890356-890423 Sentence denotes Incision reveals a small, translucent, gray or red larval nematode.
T3 890424-890581 Sentence denotes In heavy infections, the mucosa of the cecum and colon may be diffusely pocked by such nodules, which may attain a density of up to 60 per square centimeter.
T4 890582-890798 Sentence denotes Disease attributable to larval cyathostomes usually occurs in heavily infected horses at the time of turnover of the adult population and is due to emergence of large numbers of hypobiotic larvae over a short period.
T5 890799-890887 Sentence denotes This occurs in the late winter, spring, and early summer in northern temperate climates.
T6 890888-890933 Sentence denotes It is a disease of horses over a year of age.
T7 890934-890986 Sentence denotes Little resistance is apparent to repeated infection.
T8 890987-891146 Sentence denotes Animals develop a syndrome characterized by diarrhea, ill thrift or cachexia, and hypoalbuminemia, per-haps with passage of immature cyathostomes in the feces.
T9 891147-891310 Sentence denotes In animals dying or killed at this time, numerous nodules, containing immature cyathostomes or recently ruptured, are present in the mucosa of the cecum and colon.
T10 891311-891376 Sentence denotes The mucosa and submucosa are edematous, and the mucosa congested.
T11 891377-891474 Sentence denotes If mucosal damage is severe, there may be a fibrinous exudate on the eroded or ulcerated surface.
T12 891475-891567 Sentence denotes Many recently emerged fourth-stage or early fifthstage larvae may be in the luminal content.
T13 891568-891672 Sentence denotes The cecal and colic lymph nodes may be enlarged and wet, and the mesentery of the large bowel edematous.
T14 891673-891843 Sentence denotes Diarrhea and wasting are presumably due to reduced absorptive function, and loss of protein is associated with the damage to the colonic mucosa caused by emerging larvae.
T15 891844-891965 Sentence denotes Members of the Ascaridae are common and important parasites of swine, horses, dogs, cats, and to a lesser extent, cattle.
T16 891966-892012 Sentence denotes They do not occur normally in sheep and goats.
T17 892013-892254 Sentence denotes Their importance is related to incidental and sometimes significant lesions caused by larvae during migration in the tissues of definitive and accidental hosts, and to the effects of adult worms in the small intestine of the definitive host.
T18 892255-892389 Sentence denotes Ascaris suum is a large parasite, females measuring up to 40 cm long, usually found in the upper half of the small intestine of swine.
T19 892390-892415 Sentence denotes The life cycle is direct.
T20 892416-892566 Sentence denotes Infective larvae, present in the resistant egg, are released in the intestine and penetrate the mucosa to be carried in the portal blood to the liver.
T21 892567-892650 Sentence denotes They then pass to the lungs in the blood and break out of capillaries into alveoli.
T22 892651-892727 Sentence denotes Third-stage larvae may be found in liver and lung 3 -5 days after infection.
T23 892728-892861 Sentence denotes Larvae move up the respiratory tree to the pharynx, where they are swallowed, arriving in the intestine about a week after infection.
T24 892862-892940 Sentence denotes Worms mature in the intestine and begin to lay eggs ~2 months after infection.
T25 892941-893023 Sentence denotes Small doses of eggs more commonly give rise to patent infections than large doses.
T26 893024-893160 Sentence denotes This probably results from excessive loss of migrating larvae due to resistance incited by the antigenic mass of the heavier infections.
T27 893161-893232 Sentence denotes Larval migration induces lesions in the liver and lungs ( Fig. 1.46 ).
T28 893233-893353 Sentence denotes Infections heavy enough to cause clinical signs are rare in swine reared under conditions of good hygiene and husbandry.
T29 893354-893510 Sentence denotes However, respiratory signs characterized by dyspnea (commonly termed * 'thumps'') may occur in piglets if large numbers of larvae migrate through the lungs.
T30 893511-893685 Sentence denotes Gross lesions in pigs, associated with pulmonary migration of ascarids, are limited largely to numerous focal hemorrhages scattered over and through the pulmonary parenchyma.
T31 893686-893826 Sentence denotes There may be some edema, congestion, and failure of the lung to collapse at autopsy, due to bronchiolar constriction and alveolar emphysema.
T32 893827-893883 Sentence denotes Microscopically, there is an eosinophilic bronchiolitis.
T33 893884-894055 Sentence denotes Bronchioles are surrounded by macrophages and eosinophils, and the bronchiolar mucosa is thrown into small folds, the epithelium frequently disorganized or perhaps eroded.
T34 894056-894167 Sentence denotes The bronchiolar wall is infiltrated by eosinophils, which are also present, with necrotic debris, in the lumen.
T35 894168-894345 Sentence denotes The architecture of small airways may be obscured or obliterated by the reaction, the outlines of some bronchioles recognizable only by the persistent smooth muscle of the wall.
T36 894346-894544 Sentence denotes Interstitial infiltrates of eosinophils and macrophages are most dense about bronchioles, but diffuse out into surrounding parenchyma, thickening alveolar septa and dimin-ishing the size of alveoli.
T37 894545-894709 Sentence denotes Small branches of the pulmonary artery are also cuffed by eosinophils, lymphocytes, and macrophages, and eosinophils may be seen transmigrating the wall of vessels.
T38 894710-894754 Sentence denotes Larvae are usually readily found in section.
T39 894755-894862 Sentence denotes They may be present in alveoli, alveolar ducts, bronchioles, or bronchi, perhaps surrounded by eosinophils.
T40 894863-894934 Sentence denotes In more chronic cases, larvae in tissue are in eosinophilic granulomas.
T41 894935-895058 Sentence denotes The worms may be dead in cases of some standing and are recognized only as an eosinophilic remnant or some bits of cuticle.
T42 895059-895159 Sentence denotes Like all larval ascarids of mammals, Ascaris suum in the lungs have lateral alae visible in section.
T43 895160-895326 Sentence denotes Lesions in the liver due to migrating Ascaris suum, though not causing clinical disease, do result in considerable economic loss from condemnation at meat inspection.
T44 895327-895522 Sentence denotes At first exposure to larvae, the lesions are related to mechanical damage caused by the worms, subsequent repair, and hypersensitivity reactions to excretory and secretory products of the larvae.
T45 895523-895606 Sentence denotes Initially, hemorrhagic tracks are present near portal areas and throughout lobules.
T46 895607-895731 Sentence denotes They are visible through the capsule as pinpoint red areas, perhaps slightly depressed and surrounded by a narrow pale zone.
T47 895732-895849 Sentence denotes Erythrocytes, and within a few days, neutrophils and eosinophils, fill the space left in the parenchyma by the larva.
T48 895850-895970 Sentence denotes These lesions collapse and heal by fibrosis, causing scarring, which involves most intensely the adjacent portal tracts.
T49 895971-896065 Sentence denotes Fibrosis extends diffusely through more distant tracts, however, emphasizing lobular outlines.
T50 896066-896194 Sentence denotes There is a heavy eosinophil infiltrate in fibrotic septa, which becomes most obvious beginning about 10-14 days after infection.
T51 896195-896439 Sentence denotes In sensitized pigs, fewer larval tracks and hemorrhages occur, but a heavy infiltrate of eosinophils is found in portal tracts within a few days of infection, followed several weeks later by the formation of lymphocyte aggregates and follicles.
T52 896440-896584 Sentence denotes Granulomatous foci containing giant cells, macrophages, and eosinophils may center on the remnants of larvae trapped and destroyed in the liver.
T53 896585-896822 Sentence denotes The inflammatory infiltrates in livers of animals exposed to larval ascarids may become severe and diffuse, and this is reflected in the gross appearance of the liver, which has extensive "milk spots" and prominent definition of lobules.
T54 896823-896978 Sentence denotes The liver is firm, and heavy scars may become confluent, obliterating some lobules and extending out to exaggerate interlobular septa throughout the liver.
T55 896979-897106 Sentence denotes Where pigs are raised intensively, it is now rare to encounter extreme fibrosis of the liver associated with ascarid migration.
T56 897107-897178 Sentence denotes The pathogenicity of adult ascarids in the intestine is poorly defined.
T57 897179-897279 Sentence denotes Heavy infections may obstruct the gut, being visible as ropelike masses through the intestinal wall.
T58 897280-897384 Sentence denotes Ascarids may occasionally pass to the stomach and be vomited or migrate up the pancreatic or bile ducts.
T59 897385-897463 Sentence denotes Sometimes biliary obstruction and icterus, or purulent cholangitis, may ensue.
T60 897464-897502 Sentence denotes Rarely, intestinal perforation occurs.
T61 897503-897600 Sentence denotes Relatively subtle morphologic changes are induced in the intestine by Ascaris infection in swine.
T62 897601-897761 Sentence denotes These include substantial hypertrophy of the muscularis externa and elongation of the crypts of Lieberkuhn, though height of villi is not significantly reduced.
T63 897762-897923 Sentence denotes Hypertrophy and exhaustion of the goblet-cell population and increased prorial infiltrates of eosinophils and mast cells are also observed in infected intestine.
T64 897924-898069 Sentence denotes The presence of about 80 to 100 worms in 3-month-old swine fed low-protein rations may depress feed intake and the efficiency of feed conversion.
T65 898070-898205 Sentence denotes Ascaris lumbricoides in humans interferes with carbohydrate, fat, and protein absorption, and A. suum probably has a similar influence.
T66 898206-898334 Sentence denotes The effects of infection seem to be most apparent in animals on diets marginal in energy and in quantity and quality of protein.
T67 898335-898386 Sentence denotes Ascaris suum also infects animals other than swine.
T68 898387-898470 Sentence denotes In sheep, and occasionally cattle, immature ascarids may be found in the intestine.
T69 898471-898644 Sentence denotes Eosinophilic granulomas and interstitial hepatitis and fibrosis with heavy eosinophil infiltrates may occur in the livers of sheep-grazing areas contaminated by ascarid ova.
T70 898645-898685 Sentence denotes Larval ascarids may be found in section.
T71 898686-898810 Sentence denotes In calves exposed to yards contaminated by pig feces containing Ascaris eggs, severe acute interstitial pneumonia may occur.
T72 898811-899013 Sentence denotes Respiratory signs typified by dyspnea, tachypnea, coughing, and increased expiratory effort are usually first seen about 7 -1 0 days after exposure when large numbers of larvae are present in the lungs.
T73 899014-899191 Sentence denotes Deaths may ensue over the following few days, and the lungs are moderately consolidated, light pink to deep red, with alveolar and interstitial emphysema and interlobular edema.
T74 899192-899328 Sentence denotes Microscopically, there is thickening of alveolar septa, and effusion of fibrin, proteinaceous edema fluid, and macrophages into alveoli.
T75 899329-899368 Sentence denotes Hemorrhage into alveoli may also occur.
T76 899369-899447 Sentence denotes Larvae are present in alveoli and bronchioles and provoke acute bronchiolitis.
T77 899448-899574 Sentence denotes Neutrophils are found around larvae in bronchioles; eosinophils may be present but are not prominent in animals dying acutely.
T78 899575-899786 Sentence denotes In addition to being usually readily observed in tissue sections, larvae may be recovered from the airways by washing with saline, or from minced lung in saline or digestion fluid by use of a Baermann apparatus.
T79 899787-899870 Sentence denotes Tens of thousands to millions of larvae may be present in the lungs of fatal cases.
T80 899871-899915 Sentence denotes Parascaris equorum is the ascarid of horses.
T81 899916-900023 Sentence denotes It is widespread and common in young horses; it may contribute to ill thrift and occasionally causes death.
T82 900024-900093 Sentence denotes Parascaris equorum is a large nematode, females being up to i m long.
T83 900094-900140 Sentence denotes The life cycle resembles that of Ascaris suum.
T84 900141-900303 Sentence denotes Similarly, hepatic and pulmonary lesions are associated with larval migration, and coughing may occur at the time larvae are in the lungs if infections are heavy.
T85 900304-900346 Sentence denotes The prepatent period is about 10-15 weeks.
T86 900347-900488 Sentence denotes The lesions in the lungs of foals with migrating Parascaris larvae, ~2 weeks after infection, are like those described in swine with Ascaris.
T87 900489-900670 Sentence denotes Animals with resolving pulmonary lesions develop subpleural nodular accumulations of lymphocytes up to 1.0 cm in diameter, and there may be lymphocytic cuffing of pulmonary vessels.
T88 900671-900871 Sentence denotes It is possible to establish heavy infections of Parascaris equorum in the intestines of foals a few months old, but not in yearlings, where larvae appear to be killed during hepatopulmonary migration.
T89 900872-901052 Sentence denotes In heavily infected foals, however, many worms are lost from the intestine prior to patency, suggesting the possibility of an effect of crowding on the population of growing worms.
T90 901053-901138 Sentence denotes A heavy burden of ascarids in the intestine may reduce weight gains in growing foals.
T91 901139-901229 Sentence denotes Inappetence occurs, but increased plasma protein catabolism or loss into the gut does not.
T92 901230-901309 Sentence denotes Reduced weight gain and hypoalbuminemia may be due to decreased protein intake.
T93 901310-901366 Sentence denotes Ascarid infection may reduce rate of intestinal transit.
T94 901367-901474 Sentence denotes Heavy burdens can be associated with obstruction, intussusception, or rarely, perforation of the intestine.
T95 901475-901632 Sentence denotes The ascarids of small animals are Toxascaris leonina, infect-ing both cats and dogs, and Toxocara canis and T. cati, infecting the dog and cat, respectively.
T96 901633-901691 Sentence denotes All occur in the small intestine, mainly in young animals.
T97 901692-901784 Sentence denotes Toxascaris leonina has a life cycle that may be direct but can involve an intermediate host.
T98 901785-901996 Sentence denotes In the definitive host, larvae ingested in infective ova enter the wall of the gut, where they remain for several weeks, molting to the fourth stage and emerging to the intestinal lumen to molt again and mature.
T99 901997-902039 Sentence denotes The prepatent period is about 10-11 weeks.
T100 902040-902253 Sentence denotes In the intermediate host, such as the mouse, third-stage larvae are found encapsulated in granulomas in many tissues but mainly the wall of the intestine, there they may be visible as pale foci 1-2 mm in diameter.
T101 902254-902325 Sentence denotes They are infective to the definitive host if the intermediate is eaten.
T102 902326-902366 Sentence denotes Toxocara canis has a complex life cycle.
T103 902367-902612 Sentence denotes Puppies may be infected by ingestion of larvated ova, in which case they follow the pathway of hepatopulmonary movement in the bloodstream, and tracheal migration to the pharynx and gut, though some larvae reach other tissues in the circulation.
T104 902613-902817 Sentence denotes In older dogs, most larvae ingested in eggs are disseminated in the circulation to various tissues, where they encyst still in the second stage rather than undergoing development and a tracheal migration.
T105 902818-902950 Sentence denotes In the pregnant bitch, these larvae are mobilized, crossing the placenta to infect the fetus in the 7 to 10 days before parturition.
T106 902951-903065 Sentence denotes In the fetus, they molt in the liver and pass to the lungs as third-stage larvae, where they are present at birth.
T107 903066-903178 Sentence denotes Transmammary transmission of mobilized second-stage larvae also occurs, infecting the neonate via the colostrum.
T108 903179-903254 Sentence denotes In addition, paratenic hosts may be infected by ingestion of larvated eggs.
T109 903255-903388 Sentence denotes In a wide variety of species, second-stage larvae are disseminated hematogenously to many organs, where they settle mainly in muscle.
T110 903389-903639 Sentence denotes In some abnormal hosts, including humans, a syndrome termed visceral larva migrans has been described, characterized by eosinophilia, general malaise, and perhaps signs related to granulomatous reactions to larvae in the eye, liver, lungs, and brain.
T111 903640-903722 Sentence denotes Larvae in paratenic hosts eaten by dogs develop in the gut of the definitive host.
T112 903723-903877 Sentence denotes Toxocara cati may infect cats directly from the larvated egg, via paratenic hosts, or in kittens, by the transmammary route from the postparturient queen.
T113 903878-903923 Sentence denotes Prenatal infection apparently does not occur.
T114 903924-904052 Sentence denotes Second-stage larvae hatching from eggs migrate via the liver, lungs, and trachea, while those taken in from milk or prey do not.
T115 904053-904270 Sentence denotes Following tracheal migration or ingestion in milk or prey, larvae molt to the third stage in the gastric wall, while fourth-stage larvae are found in the gastric contents and the wall and lumen of the small intestine.
T116 904271-904341 Sentence denotes Toxocara cati may also be a cause of visceral larva migrans in humans.
T117 904342-904500 Sentence denotes Heavy infections of ascarids in puppies and kittens, usually those reared in unhygienic communal environments, may result in ill thrift or occasionally death.
T118 904501-904663 Sentence denotes The most significant effects are those caused in the stomach and intestine by maturing Toxocara canis in young puppies infected prenatally or in the bitch's milk.
T119 904664-904750 Sentence denotes The animals may develop weakness, lethargy, and vomition, which is occasionally fatal.
T120 904751-904913 Sentence denotes At autopsy, the animal appears poorly grown for its age, potbellied, and cachectic, and masses of maturing worms are present in the intestine and perhaps stomach.
T121 904914-905010 Sentence denotes Sometimes up to 20% of the body weight of young puppies may be accounted for by the worm burden.
T122 905011-905127 Sentence denotes Toxocara cati may be associated with clinical disease but usually not death, in kittens up to several months of age.
T123 905128-905191 Sentence denotes Pathogenic effects are rarely attributed to Toxascaris leonina.
T124 905192-905263 Sentence denotes Mature Toxocara cati are up to -10 cm long, T. canis up to -18 cm long.
T125 905264-905333 Sentence denotes In freshly dead animals they are often coiled like a spiraled spring.
T126 905334-905425 Sentence denotes They may maintain their place in the intestine by bracing against the gut wall in this way.
T127 905426-905538 Sentence denotes The mechanism by which adults of these ascarids in the intestinal lumen impair growth has not been investigated.
T128 905539-905650 Sentence denotes Ascarids occasionally enter the bile or pancreatic ducts, and many perforate those structures or the intestine.
T129 905651-905743 Sentence denotes Focal hemorrhages may be found in the lungs of puppies with migrating Toxocana canis larvae.
T130 905744-905965 Sentence denotes Larval T. canis is occasionally found in or associated with granulomas in the tissues of pups and older dogs, though a clinical syndrome comparable to visceral larva migrans occurs only very rarely, if at all, in the dog.
T131 905966-906108 Sentence denotes Inflammatory foci are most commonly seen grossly in the kidney, as white, elevated spots 1-2 mm in diameter in the cortex beneath the capsule.
T132 906109-906302 Sentence denotes They may be encountered in section in any organ and are composed of a small focus of macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells, perhaps with a few eosinophils, and possibly containing a larva.
T133 906303-906364 Sentence denotes Larvae may be destroyed in such foci, which heal by scarring.
T134 906365-906569 Sentence denotes Considering the large numbers of larvae that must move through the tissues of dogs, and in many cases be sequestered there, relatively few are encountered incidentally, free or encapsulated in granulomas.
T135 906570-906677 Sentence denotes Occasionally, granulomas incited by T. canis larvae may be found in the eye on ophthalmoscopic examination.
T136 906678-906917 Sentence denotes There are rare reports of encapsulated T. canis larvae associated with eosinophilic gastroenteritis in German shepherd dogs, and a somewhat similar syndrome has been produced experimentally by superinfection with large numbers of T. canis.
T137 906918-907103 Sentence denotes Larval Toxocara cati developing in the mucosa of the stomach and intestine may provoke a mild granulomatous response comprising lymphocytes and a few macrophages about the coiled larva.
T138 907104-907178 Sentence denotes Larvae free of such a response are also found in the mucosa and submucosa.
T139 907179-907364 Sentence denotes Toxocara (Neoascaris) vitulorum infects the small intestine of young calves of domestic Bovidae, mainly in the tropics and subtropics, and it is significant especially in water buffalo.
T140 907365-907475 Sentence denotes The life cycle involves transmammary transmission of third-stage larvae mobilized from the tissues of the dam.
T141 907476-907543 Sentence denotes The larvae apparently do not migrate through the lungs of the calf.
T142 907544-907675 Sentence denotes Patency occurs within about a month of birth, but worms are expelled within a short time, and after a few months, none are present.
T143 907676-907775 Sentence denotes Signs of infection include foul diarrhea and ill thrift, and perhaps colic suggestive of impaction.
T144 907776-907909 Sentence denotes Heavily infected calves may die in an emaciated state, with burdens of up to 400 to 500 worms as much as 30 cm long in the intestine.
T145 907910-907988 Sentence denotes Occasionally, migration up the bile duct and perforation of the gut may occur.
T146 907989-908136 Sentence denotes Probstmayria vivipara, the small pinworm of horses, is viviparous, and as a result, massive proliferation of the population can occur endogenously.
T147 908137-908277 Sentence denotes The worms are small, -3.0 mm long, and may be present in the millions on the mucosa and in the content of the cecum and right ventral colon.
T148 908278-908360 Sentence denotes Despite the large number that may be present, they do not appear to be pathogenic.
T149 908361-908437 Sentence denotes Oxyuris equi, the large pinworm of horses, also is relatively nonpathogenic.
T150 908438-908589 Sentence denotes The fourth-stage larvae in the dorsal colon do have a large buccal capsule and feed on plugs of mucosa; in massive numbers they may be of significance.
T151 908590-908630 Sentence denotes The adults probably live in the content.
T152 908631-908746 Sentence denotes The male is -1.0 cm long, but the female may be 4 -1 5 cm, with a narrow tail comprising up to 75% the body length.
T153 908747-908850 Sentence denotes They lay eggs on the perianal area, and their main significance is the irritation this activity causes.
T154 908851-909000 Sentence denotes Adult tapeworms inhabit the gastrointestinal tract or the ducts of the liver and pancreas, where they are generally of minor pathologic significance.
T155 909001-909183 Sentence denotes They are flattened, segmented colonies of sequentially maturing hermaphroditic reproductive units, or proglottids, forming an elongate strobila a few millimeters to many meters long.
T156 909184-909349 Sentence denotes The Eucestoda are attached to the host by a specialized holdfast organ (scolex), which usually has four suckers, and perhaps a rostellum, sometimes armed with hooks.
T157 909350-909424 Sentence denotes The Cotyloda may have elongate muscular grooves (bothridia) on the scolex.
T158 909425-909554 Sentence denotes Cestodes lack an alimentary tract and absorb nutrients through the specialized absorptive surface or tegument of the proglottids.
T159 909555-909775 Sentence denotes Any effects they have on the host are related to competition for nutrients in the lumen of the intestine or result from tissue damage caused by scolices of species that embed themselves deeply in the mucosa or submucosa.
T160 909776-909868 Sentence denotes Carnivores may be infected by tapeworms that use as intermediate hosts certain prey species.
T161 909869-910007 Sentence denotes Metacestodes, or larvae, of members of the Taeniidae use as intermediate hosts some species of domestic animals and, accidentally, humans.
T162 910008-910147 Sentence denotes They may cause disease, result in economic loss due to condemnation of tissues or organs at meat inspection, or have zoonotic significance.
T163 910148-910352 Sentence denotes Adult cestodes in tissue section are flattened, with internal organs in a loose, parenchymatous matrix, often containing calcareous corpuscles in the outer region and lacking tubular digestive structures.
T164 910353-910454 Sentence denotes They are segmented, and the scolex may be encountered at the anterior end, attached to the intestine.
T165 910455-910602 Sentence denotes In ruminants, the more common and widely distributed intestinal tapeworms are Moniezia expansa, M. benedini, and Thysaniezia (Helictometra) giardi.
T166 910603-910779 Sentence denotes Stilesia globipuncta is found in the small intestine of sheep and goats in Europe, Asia, and Africa, while S. hepatica occurs in the bile ducts of ruminants in Africa and Asia.
T167 910780-910904 Sentence denotes Thysanosoma actinioides occurs in the small intestine and pancreatic and bile ducts of ruminants in North and South America.
T168 910905-911011 Sentence denotes Avitellina species occur in the small intestines of sheep and other ruminants in parts of Europe and Asia.
T169 911012-911096 Sentence denotes The intermediate hosts of these tapeworms are oribatid mites or psocids (book lice).
T170 911097-911253 Sentence denotes Heavy infestations of the small intestine by Moniezia, Thysaniezia, and Avitellina may be associated with diarrhea and ill thrift in young lambs and calves.
T171 911254-911351 Sentence denotes Concomitant gastrointestinal nematode parasitism may well be present and of greater significance.
T172 911352-911527 Sentence denotes The solex of Stilesia globipuncta may be embedded in mucosal nodules 6 -1 0 mm in diameter in the upper small intestine, with the threadlike strobila streaming into the lumen.
T173 911528-911662 Sentence denotes There is a chronic inflammatory reaction around the scolex, which is deep in the mucosa, plugs of tissue being grasped by the suckers.
T174 911663-911724 Sentence denotes Glands in the vicinity are hyperplastic, causing the nodules.
T175 911725-911845 Sentence denotes The presence of up to a hundred of these nodules has been associated with wasting, edema, and in some animals, diarrhea.
T176 911846-911926 Sentence denotes Enteric protein loss perhaps occurs from the sites of attachment in the nodules.
T177 911927-912027 Sentence denotes Stilesia hepatica and Thysanosoma actinioides may cause mild fibrosis and ectasia of the bile ducts.
T178 912028-912105 Sentence denotes Worms are often concentrated in the segmented, saclike dilations in the duct.
T179 912106-912272 Sentence denotes These worms cause economic loss through condemnation of infected livers at meat inspection, and in areas where infection is common, this cost may be very significant.
T180 912273-912504 Sentence denotes In horses, the cestodes found are Anoplocephala perfoliata, which colonizes the proximal cecum, especially at the ileocecal junction, and A. magna and Par anoplocephala mamillana in the small intestine and occasionally the stomach.
T181 912505-912608 Sentence denotes The latter worm is small, less than 5.0 cm in length, and is rarely associated with disease or lesions.
T182 912609-912739 Sentence denotes Anoplocephala magna tends to live in the lower small intestine, where it can attain a length of up to 80 cm and a width of 2.5 cm.
T183 912740-912785 Sentence denotes All use oribatid mites as intermediate hosts.
T184 912786-912901 Sentence denotes Heavy infections have been associated with erosive or ulcerative enteritis, and rarely with intestinal perforation.
T185 912902-913001 Sentence denotes Anoplocephala perfoliata is more commonly associated with lesions, and occasionally with mortality.
T186 913002-913177 Sentence denotes In areas of concentrated mucosal attachment by clusters of this stumpy species, especially at the ileocecal orifice, erosion and ulceration of the mucosa occur ( Fig. 1.45D ).
T187 913178-913348 Sentence denotes The depressed surface is often covered by a fibrinous exudate, perhaps with some hemorrhage, or there may be a local'verrucous granulating mass projecting into the lumen.
T188 913349-913415 Sentence denotes Chronic lesions of this sort may be associated with unthriftiness.
T189 913416-913601 Sentence denotes Partial obstruction of the ileocecal orifice may occur rarely, but no relationship is established between infection with A. perfoliata and the development of ileal muscular hypertrophy.
T190 913602-913751 Sentence denotes Ileocecal and cecal-cecal intussusception, and occasionally, perforation of the intestine, have also been associated with infection by this tapeworm.
T191 913752-913882 Sentence denotes Dogs may be parasitized by Diphyllobothrium latum, as may be humans, cats, occasionally swine, and many other fish-eating mammals.
T192 913883-914000 Sentence denotes The adults can be large, attaining lengths of up to 12 to 15 m in humans, though those in animals tend to be shorter.
T193 914001-914078 Sentence denotes The worm is -2.0 cm across, and marked centrally by the dark uterus and eggs.
T194 914079-914210 Sentence denotes Ova passed in feces are operculate, and the hatched coracidium is ingested by a copepod, where it develops into a procercoid stage.
T195 914211-914307 Sentence denotes This in turn develops into a wormlike plerocercoid in the body cavity of various predatory fish.
T196 914308-914390 Sentence denotes Plerocercoids develop into the adult worm in the intestine of piscivorous mammals.
T197 914391-914574 Sentence denotes Macrocytic hypochromic anemia associated with vitamin B 1 2 deficiency, probably induced by competitive absorption from the gut by the worm, has been reported in some infected people.
T198 914575-914661 Sentence denotes Infection by D. latum is rarely, if ever, associated with clinical disease in animals.
T199 914662-914772 Sentence denotes Spirometra species are, like Diphyllobothrium, members of the class Cotyloda, and their life cycle is similar.
T200 914773-915058 Sentence denotes The taxonomy of the genus is difficult, but among recognized species are S. mansonoides, infecting dogs, cats, and raccoons in North and South America, S. mansoni in dogs and cats in eastern Asia and South America, and S. erinacei, found in cats and dogs in Australia and the Far East.
T201 915059-915298 Sentence denotes Prospective hosts must have the opportunity for predation, since they are infected by the plerocercoid or "sparganum" found in the body cavity of the second inter-mediate host, usually an amphibian or reptile, or in another transport host.
T202 915299-915455 Sentence denotes Spargana can also occur in carnivores, swine, or even humans if the procercoid in the first intermediate host, Cyclops, is ingested, usually while drinking.
T203 915456-915554 Sentence denotes Spargana are white, ribbon-like, but otherwise structureless worms up to several centimeters long.
T204 915555-915699 Sentence denotes They may be found free or encysted in a thin, noninflammatory fibrous capsule in the peritoneal cavity and intermuscular or subcutaneous tissue.
T205 915700-915762 Sentence denotes A chronic inflammatory reaction may occur about dead spargana.
T206 915763-915797 Sentence denotes The adult worms are nonpathogenic.
T207 915798-915897 Sentence denotes Plerocercoids are of significance in humans, where they migrate mainly in the subcutaneous tissues.
T208 915898-916023 Sentence denotes Mesocestoides occasionally infects dogs, as well as other mammals and some birds, in North America, Europe, Asia, and Africa.
T209 916024-916141 Sentence denotes These members of the Eucestoda have a life cycle involving an insect or mite, and a vertebrate as intermediate hosts.
T210 916142-916311 Sentence denotes In the latter, infective tetrathyridia, about 1-2 cm long, flat, narrow, and bearing an invaginated scolex with four suckers, are found in body cavities, liver and lung.
T211 916312-916460 Sentence denotes Tetrathyridia have the capacity for asexual multiplication, and massive infections of intermediate hosts such as amphibians and reptiles may result.
T212 916461-916676 Sentence denotes In definitive hosts, Mesocestoides adults may also replicate asexually, and heavy intestinal infections may occur as a result of this or of the consumption of larger numbers of tetrathyridia in an intermediate host.
T213 916677-916745 Sentence denotes Animals infected with intestinal Mesocestoides may develop diarrhea.
T214 916746-916845 Sentence denotes Tetrathyridia in the abdominal cavity of dogs and cats may cause peritoneal effusion and adhesions.
T215 916846-916922 Sentence denotes Dipyllidium caninum occurs in the dog, cat, fox, and occasionally, children.
T216 916923-916940 Sentence denotes It is ubiquitous.
T217 916941-917093 Sentence denotes The narrow worms, up to i m long, have distinctive cucumber-seed-like segments and are often encountered incidentally in the small intestine at autopsy.
T218 917094-917133 Sentence denotes They are of no pathologic significance.
T219 917134-917213 Sentence denotes Cysticercoids develop in fleas and perhaps in the dog louse Trichodectes canis.
T220 917214-917344 Sentence denotes Infection in the normal definitive hosts, or in accidental ones such as humans, is by ingestion of fleas containing cysticercoids.
T221 917345-917555 Sentence denotes Tapeworms of the genus Taenia are the most important in domestic animals, not because of the effects of the adult worm in the carnivorous definitive host, but rather because of the metacestodes or larval forms.
T222 917556-917601 Sentence denotes Taeniid metacestodes assume four basic forms.
T223 917602-917732 Sentence denotes Single oncospheres hatch in the upper small intestine, penetrate the epithelium, and are carried in the portal blood to the liver.
T224 917733-917802 Sentence denotes Some migrate in the liver, eventually to enter the peritoneal cavity.
T225 917803-917992 Sentence denotes Others persist to develop in the liver, while still other metacestodes pass on to the heart, lungs, and systemic circulation, establishing in muscle or a variety of other sites and tissues.
T226 917993-918135 Sentence denotes The cysticercus is a fluid-filled, thin-walled, but muscular cyst, into which the scolex and neck of a single larval tapeworm are invaginated.
T227 918136-918366 Sentence denotes The strobilicercus is a modification on this theme; late in larval development the scolex evaginates and becomes connected to the terminal bladder by a segmented strobila, so that it resembles a tapeworm, several centimeters long.
T228 918367-918526 Sentence denotes The coenurus is a single or loculated fluid-filled cyst, on the inner wall of which up to several hundred nodular invaginated scolices are present in clusters.
T229 918527-918632 Sentence denotes Each scolex is capable of developing into a single adult cestode in the intestine of the definitive host.
T230 918633-918749 Sentence denotes The hydatid cyst is a uni-or multilocular structure, on the inner germinal membrane of which develop brood capsules.
T231 918750-918808 Sentence denotes Within the brood capsules, invaginated protoscolices form.
T232 918809-918932 Sentence denotes Brood capsules may float free in the cyst fluid, where they are termed "hydatid sand." Internal daughter cysts can develop.
T233 918933-919071 Sentence denotes Release of brood capsules or protoscolices into tissues, as a result of rupture of the hydatid cyst, may lead to development of new cysts.
T234 919072-919133 Sentence denotes The alveolar hydatid cyst proliferates by budding externally.
T235 919134-919304 Sentence denotes Taenia taeniaeformis infects the intestine of domestic cats and some wild felids, and the strobilicercus, Cysticercus fasciolaris, is found in the liver of small rodents.
T236 919305-919503 Sentence denotes The adults are up to 60 cm long, have no neck, and posterior segments are somewhat bell-shaped, so this species is readily differentiated from the other cestodes found in the feline small intestine.
T237 919504-919588 Sentence denotes Usually only a few worms are present in the cat, and they are of little consequence.
T238 919589-919700 Sentence denotes Taenia pisiformis is common in the small intestine in dogs and some wild canids that prey on rabbits and hares.
T239 919701-919885 Sentence denotes Cysticercus pisiformis migrates in the liver of the intermediate host, causing hemorrhagic tracks that are infiltrated by a mixed inflammatory reaction and ultimately heal by scarring.
T240 919886-920023 Sentence denotes The pea-size cysticerci encyst in a thin, noninflammatory fibrous capsule on the mesentery or omentum or on the ligaments of the bladder.
T241 920024-920084 Sentence denotes Occasionally cysticerci persist beneath the hepatic capsule.
T242 920085-920177 Sentence denotes Burdens of up to 20 to 30 worms, sometimes more, may be present in the intestine of the dog.
T243 920178-920398 Sentence denotes Taenia hydatigena infects the dog, and the metacestode, Cysticercus tenuicollis, the long-necked bladder worm, or false hydatid, is found in the peritoneal cavity of sheep, cattle, swine, and occasionally, other species.
T244 920399-920575 Sentence denotes Immature cysticerci in the liver migrate through the parenchyma for several weeks as they develop, before emerging to encyst on the peritoneum anywhere in the abdominal cavity.
T245 920576-920656 Sentence denotes The immature cysticerci are less than a centimeter long, ovoid, and translucent.
T246 920657-920866 Sentence denotes They cause tortuous hemorrhagic tracks similar to those produced by immature liver flukes, and if large numbers are present, they may cause a syndrome of depression and icterus identical to acute fascioliasis.
T247 920867-921020 Sentence denotes Heavily infected livers, with 4000 or 5000 actively migrating cysticerci, are mottled due to the subcapsular and parenchymal hemorrhagic foci and tracks.
T248 921021-921129 Sentence denotes Cysticerci up to 6 to 8 mm long may be present beneath or breaching the capsule by ~3 weeks after infection.
T249 921130-921216 Sentence denotes In severe cases, hemorrhage into the abdominal cavity may occur, but this is uncommon.
T250 921217-921438 Sentence denotes Hepatic necrosis due to migrating cysticerci may predispose to germination of clostridial spores and the development of black disease or bacillary hemoglobinuria, though these are more often complications of fascioliasis.
T251 921439-921661 Sentence denotes Cysterci trapped in the liver may persist in a fibrous capsule or be destroyed in a cystic eosinophilic granuloma, which may mineralize; this is common on the diaphragmatic surface, where the falciform ligment is attached.
T252 921662-921944 Sentence denotes Usually the intensity of infection is low, and a few, but occasionally scores of cysticerci, delicate, translucent, fluctuant, fluid-filled cysts up to 5.0 cm or more in diameter, are contained in individual thin, noninflammatory fibrous capsules scattered on the peritoneal serosa.
T253 921945-922019 Sentence denotes A single invaginated scolex on a long neck is present in each cysticercus.
T254 922020-922127 Sentence denotes When a cyst degenerates, it is destroyed by a granulomatous reaction, and the fibrotic mass may mineralize.
T255 922128-922455 Sentence denotes Taenia ovis infects the intestine of the dog, while the metacestode, Cysticercus ovis, is in the muscle of sheep, where is causes cysticercosis, or "sheep measles." Cysticercosis of muscle caused by C. ovis, C. bovis in cattle, and C. cellulosae in swine is considered with disease of muscle (in Muscles and Tendons, Volume 1).
T256 922456-922583 Sentence denotes The adult stages of the latter two cysticerci, T. saginata and T. solium, respectively, occur in the small intestine of humans.
T257 922584-922644 Sentence denotes Taenia serialis infects dogs and foxes throughout the world.
T258 922645-922744 Sentence denotes The larval coenurus is found in the subcutaneous and intermuscular connective tissue of lagomorphs.
T259 922745-922924 Sentence denotes Usually, large numbers of tapeworms are found in individual infected dogs, presumably due to the development of many individuals from the numerous scolices in one or more coenuri.
T260 922925-923120 Sentence denotes Taenia multiceps occurs in the intestine of dogs and wild canids, but the metacestode, Coenurus cerebralis, develops in the brain and spinal cord of sheep and other ungulates, and rarely, humans.
T261 923121-923211 Sentence denotes In the goat, coenuri may also occur in other organs, beneath the skin and intramuscularly.
T262 923212-923431 Sentence denotes The migration of small metacestodes in the central nervous system may cause tortuous red or yellowish gray tracks in the brain due to traumatic hemorrhage and malacia, and nervous signs or death may occur at this stage.
T263 923432-923627 Sentence denotes More commonly, signs of central nervous disease, termed "sturdy'' or " g i d , " do not develop until coenuri, up to 4 to 5 cm in diameter, have developed more fully, 4 -8 months after infection.
T264 923628-923827 Sentence denotes Cysts may be present at any level and depth in the brain and spinal cord and projecting into the cerebral ventricles, but they are most common near the surface of the parietal cortex in the cerebrum.
T265 923828-924000 Sentence denotes They cause increased intracranial pressure, hydrocephalus, necrosis of adjacent brain, and sometimes lysis, perhaps extending to perforation, of the overlying cranial bone.
T266 924001-924057 Sentence denotes Coenuri developing in the spinal cord may cause paresis.
T267 924058-924262 Sentence denotes Cysticerci and coenuri are recognized in tissue sections as generally cystic structures with an eosinophilic outer layer or tegument, which may appear fibrillar or almost ciliate on the outermost surface.
T268 924263-924467 Sentence denotes Beneath the tegumental cells a less cellular area, which may contain calcareous corpuscles, gives way to a light, weblike, lightly cellular matrix, and the central, open, fluid-filled portion of the cyst.
T269 924468-924496 Sentence denotes No internal organs are seen.
T270 924497-924684 Sentence denotes Muscular inverted scolices, with suckers and (in all but Cysticercus bovis) hooks on the rostellum, may be encountered in favorable sections, extending into the center of the metacestode.
T271 924685-924741 Sentence denotes Immature migrating metacestodes lack organized scolices.
T272 924742-924876 Sentence denotes The reader is referred to other sources for details on the taxonomy and specific identification of adult and larval taeniid tapeworms.
T273 924877-924988 Sentence denotes Echinococcus tapeworms occur in the small intestine of a number of species of carnivores, predominantly canids.
T274 924989-925117 Sentence denotes In enzootic areas the distinctive metacestodes, or hydatid cysts, are commonly found in normal or accidental intermediate hosts.
T275 925118-925313 Sentence denotes Humans may become infected with the metacestode, and echinococcosis or hydatidosis is a significant public health problem where carnivores carrying Echinococcus come in close contact with people.
T276 925314-925366 Sentence denotes The taxonomy of the genus is complex and in dispute.
T277 925367-925547 Sentence denotes There appear to be four species, of which at least some have strains or biotypes that may be recognized on the basis of biochemical characteristics, biologic behavior, and ecology.
T278 925548-925728 Sentence denotes These strains seem to be based on adaptations to prey-predator relationships among definitive and intermediate hosts, which are relatively isolated geographically and ecologically.
T279 925729-925838 Sentence denotes Since Echinococcus species may be self-fertilizing, they have a high potential for forming double recessives.
T280 925839-926063 Sentence denotes The large number of genetically identical worms that may result from asexual reproduction by the cystic metacestode developing from a single oncosphere gives the genus a high capacity for establishment of mutant populations.
T281 926064-926135 Sentence denotes These adaptive advantages may predispose to the development of strains.
T282 926136-926226 Sentence denotes The species recognized are E. granulosus, E. multilocularis, E. oligarthus, and E. vogeli.
T283 926227-926376 Sentence denotes The latter two involve sylvatic cycles in South America, with felids and canids as definitive hosts, respectively, and rodents as intermediate hosts.
T284 926377-926480 Sentence denotes The other two species may use domestic animals as definitive hosts and will be considered further here.
T285 926481-926563 Sentence denotes Echinococcus granulosus uses the dog and some other canids as the definitive host.
T286 926564-926685 Sentence denotes The most widespread strain Uses a sheepdog cycle and has been disseminated wherever there is pastoral husbandry of sheep.
T287 926686-926876 Sentence denotes It is significant as a potential zoonosis in many parts of Eurasia and the Mediterranean region, some parts of the United Kingdom, North and South America, continental Australia, and Africa.
T288 926877-926967 Sentence denotes Eradication has been accomplished, or virtually so, in Iceland, New Zealand, and Tasmania.
T289 926968-927085 Sentence denotes Other strains affecting domestic animals use horse-, cattle-, camel-, p i g -, buffalo-, goat-, and human-dog cycles.
T290 927086-927226 Sentence denotes Sylvatic cycles include, in North America, moose-wolf; in Argentina, h a r efox; in Sri Lanka, deer-jackal; and in Australia, macropoddingo.
T291 927227-927390 Sentence denotes Typically, cysts that develop in the intermediate host to which the strain is adapted are fertile, and a high proportion contains brood capsules and protoscolices.
T292 927391-927530 Sentence denotes Oncospheres infecting other hosts either may not establish or, more commonly, develop into sterile cysts that do not produce protoscolices.
T293 927531-927723 Sentence denotes Thus knowledge of the local cycles of E. granulosus permits interpretation and prediction of the patterns of fertility and sterility of cysts found in the various potential intermediate hosts.
T294 927724-927855 Sentence denotes In the small intestine of the definitive host, protoscolices evaginate and establish between villi and in the crypts of Lieberkuhn.
T295 927856-927956 Sentence denotes The scolex distends the crypt, and the epithelium is gripped by the suckers and occasionally eroded.
T296 927957-928024 Sentence denotes The worms that develop are short, usually less than 6 to 7 mm long.
T297 928025-928143 Sentence denotes They commonly have only three or four proglottids, the caudal gravid one making up almost half the length of the worm.
T298 928144-928303 Sentence denotes Burdens of Echinococcus granulosus are often heavy, no doubt due to the large numbers of protoscolices ingested at a meal containing one or more hydatid cysts.
T299 928304-928464 Sentence denotes The heavily infected intestine is carpeted by the tiny white, blunt projections, partially obscured between the villi; the lesion may resemble lymphangiectasia.
T300 928465-928550 Sentence denotes Enteric signs are not normally encountered in dogs with intestinal hydatid tapeworms.
T301 928551-928709 Sentence denotes Penetration of oncospheres released from eggs in the intestine of the intermediate host takes them into the subepithelial capillaries, or perhaps the lacteal.
T302 928710-928809 Sentence denotes The majority probably migrate via the liver, some carrying on to the lungs and general circulation.
T303 928810-928979 Sentence denotes Those gaining the lacteal may bypass the liver, however, entering the vena cava with the lymph, and are either filtered out in the pulmonary circulation or disseminated.
T304 928980-929109 Sentence denotes Hydatid cysts occur most commonly in the liver and lung, with some species varia-tion in the relative prevalence in these organs.
T305 929110-929227 Sentence denotes In sheep, they may be more common in lungs, while in cattle and horses, the liver is the usual site of establishment.
T306 929228-929315 Sentence denotes Less commonly, the brain, heart, and bone may be sites of development of hydatid cysts.
T307 929316-929378 Sentence denotes Hydatid cysts are usually spherical, turgid, and fluid filled.
T308 929379-929529 Sentence denotes They commonly measure 5 -1 0 cm in diameter in domestic animals; rarely, cysts in animals may be larger, but in humans, hydatid cysts can become huge.
T309 929530-929620 Sentence denotes On the other hand, some fertile cysts in horse livers may be as small as 2 to 3 mm across.
T310 929621-929730 Sentence denotes The lining of fertile cysts is studded with small, granular brood capsules, and hydatid sand is in the fluid.
T311 929731-929769 Sentence denotes The lining of sterile cysts is smooth.
T312 929770-929943 Sentence denotes Though the potential exists for development of internal daughter cysts, and rare exogenous budding by herniated cysts, most hydatid cysts in domestic animals are unilocular.
T313 929944-930134 Sentence denotes They may be irregular or distorted in shape, however, due to the variable resistance of parenchyma and portal tracts or bronchi and the differing profiles of bone or other resistant tissues.
T314 930135-930227 Sentence denotes A single cyst or up to several hundred may be present, displacing tissue in infected organs.
T315 930228-930315 Sentence denotes Disease is rarely attributed to hydatidosis in animals, even in those heavily infected.
T316 930316-930437 Sentence denotes Immature hydatid cysts are surrounded by an infiltrate of mixed inflammatory cells including giant cells and eosinophils.
T317 930438-930701 Sentence denotes As they develop, a layer of granulation tissue, which may contain round cells and eosinophils, invests the cysts, and this evolves so that the inner portion of the fibrous capsule is composed of mature collagenous connective tissue, which is relatively acellular.
T318 930702-930859 Sentence denotes Within this, and in close apposition, is the lamellar hyaline outer layer of the hydatid cyst wall, which with time may become hundreds of micrometers thick.
T319 930860-930968 Sentence denotes The cyst is lined by the thin, cellular germinal layer, from which the brood capsules form on fine pedicles.
T320 930969-931005 Sentence denotes Hydatid cysts frequently degenerate.
T321 931006-931085 Sentence denotes The inner structures collapse, and the mass becomes caseous and may mineralize.
T322 931086-931246 Sentence denotes Degenerate hydatid cysts may resemble tuberculous lesions or squamous-cell carcinoma but for the fact that they can often be shelled out of the fibrous capsule.
T323 931247-931470 Sentence denotes In section, among necrotic debris, macrophages and giant cells, remnants of the lamellar outer membrane, and perhaps the rostellar hooklets of degenerate protoscolices may be recognized, confirming the origin of the lesion.
T324 931471-931636 Sentence denotes Echinococcus multilocularis has a holarctic distribution, the adults occurring mainly in foxes, and the metacestodes in small rodents, especially voles and lemmings.
T325 931637-931709 Sentence denotes Dogs and cats may also become infected with the worms in enzootic areas.
T326 931710-931883 Sentence denotes Though the parasite is principally arctic, the cycle is found in the northern prairie area of North America as far south as Iowa, and in parts of central and western Europe.
T327 931884-931969 Sentence denotes The mature cestodes in the intestine are similar to, but smaller than, E. granulosus.
T328 931970-932151 Sentence denotes In the intermediate host, the metacestode infects mainly the liver, forming a cystic structure with internal brood capsules and protoscolices; but it is capable of external budding.
T329 932152-932238 Sentence denotes As a result, racemose proliferative masses of metacestodes infiltrate infected livers.
T330 932239-932338 Sentence denotes They may metastasize via the bloodstream to the lungs or bone, or implant in the peritoneal cavity.
T331 932339-932500 Sentence denotes The inflammatory reaction to alveolar hydatids is composed of macrophages, perhaps giant cells, lymphocytes, and plasma cells in an encapsulating fibrous stroma.
T332 932501-932626 Sentence denotes The metacestodes are rarely found in domestic animals but they infect humans exposed to the eggs shed by infected carnivores.
T333 932627-932713 Sentence denotes Trematode infections of the intestine of domestic animals are, on the whole, uncommon.
T334 932714-932854 Sentence denotes Dogs and cats in many parts of the world may be infected with Alaria, the second intermediate hosts for which are frogs or other amphibians.
T335 932855-932990 Sentence denotes Heterophyes heterophyes, Metagonimus yokagawi, and Echinochasmus perfoliate may infect dogs and cats fed fish containing metacercariae.
T336 932991-933078 Sentence denotes The former two occur in the Mediterranean area and the Far East; the latter in Eurasia.
T337 933079-933206 Sentence denotes Cryptocotyle, most commonly parasitic in piscivorous birds, may also be found in dogs, cats, and mink fed infected marine fish.
T338 933207-933274 Sentence denotes Enteritis is attributed to Alaria, Echinochasmus, and Cryptocotyle.
T339 933275-933446 Sentence denotes The effects are related to attachment of flukes to the mucosa by suckers, and perhaps to local irritation, erosion, and ulceration, which large numbers of them may induce.
T340 933447-933590 Sentence denotes The production of excessive intestinal mucus, and hemorrhagic enteritis, have been associated with intestinal fluke infection in small animals.
T341 933591-933688 Sentence denotes The flukes involved are small, less than 4 to 5 mm long, and must be sought carefully at autopsy.
T342 933689-933880 Sentence denotes Nanophyetus salmincola occurs in the small intestine of dogs and cats, and a wide variety of fish-eating wild mammals, birds, and people in the northwestern United States and eastern Siberia.
T343 933881-933972 Sentence denotes Its distribution is determined by that of the snails that are the first intermediate hosts.
T344 933973-934043 Sentence denotes The second intermediate hosts are various fish, especially Salmonidae.
T345 934044-934136 Sentence denotes The adult flukes inhibit the small intestine, where they penetrate and attach to the mucosa.
T346 934137-934193 Sentence denotes Large numbers may cause mucoid or hemorrhagic enteritis.
T347 934194-934314 Sentence denotes Nanophyetus salmincola, however, transmits the distinct rickettsia of Elokomin fluke fever and salmon-poisoning disease.
T348 934315-934548 Sentence denotes The former is caused by a distinct rickettsia and affects a wide range of carnivores, while salmon-poisoning disease may be caused by Neorickettsia helminthoeca alone or possibly in combination with the agent of Elokomin fluke fever.
T349 934549-934607 Sentence denotes Neorickettsia helminthoeca causes disease only in Canidae.
T350 934608-934657 Sentence denotes Both diseases are reported only in North America.
T351 934658-934821 Sentence denotes Salmon poisoning disease has an incubation period of about 5 to 7 days and is characterized clinically by pyrexia, anorexia, depression, weakness, and weight loss.
T352 934822-934890 Sentence denotes There may be serous nasal discharge and mucopurulent conjunctivitis.
T353 934891-934998 Sentence denotes Diarrhea with tenesmus develops; feces are scant, yellowish, and mucoid or watery, perhaps with some blood.
T354 934999-935070 Sentence denotes The condition usually is fatal, only 5-10% of infected dogs recovering.
T355 935071-935108 Sentence denotes These dogs are immune to reinfection.
T356 935109-935181 Sentence denotes At autopsy, lesions are most consistently found in the lymphoid tissues.
T357 935182-935266 Sentence denotes There is generalized enlargement of lymph nodes, especially in the abdominal cavity.
T358 935267-935376 Sentence denotes Involved nodes are edematous, and on cut surface they have a yellowish hue with prominent cortical follicles.
T359 935377-935424 Sentence denotes Enlarged tonsils are everted from their fossae.
T360 935425-935522 Sentence denotes The thymus is often increased in size in young dogs, and the spleen may be swollen and congested.
T361 935523-935611 Sentence denotes Prominent splenic lymphoid tissue has been reported in foxes but is not obvious in dogs.
T362 935612-935662 Sentence denotes Intestinal lymphoid tissue stands out prominently.
T363 935663-935813 Sentence denotes Peyer's patches and other intestinal lymphoid aggregates are elevated above the mucosal surface, and there may be petechial hemorrhages on the mucosa.
T364 935814-935883 Sentence denotes Lymphoid tissue near the ileocecalcolic valve may ulcerate and bleed.
T365 935884-935931 Sentence denotes Ileocolic intussusception occurs in many cases.
T366 935932-936030 Sentence denotes The liver of foxes becomes friable and may rupture, causing hemorrhage into the peritoneal cavity.
T367 936031-936157 Sentence denotes Focal hemorrhages may be seen in the mucosa of the bladder, and subpleural hemorrhages up to 2.0 cm in diameter usually occur.
T368 936158-936348 Sentence denotes The microscopic changes in lymph nodes include depletion of lymphocytes, focal necrosis with neutrophilic infiltrates, and an increase in the number of histiocytes in the cortex and medulla.
T369 936349-936433 Sentence denotes Similar changes may occur in the thymus, and splenic follicles may undergo necrosis.
T370 936434-936609 Sentence denotes Elementary bodies of Neorickettsia may be demonstrated by use of Giemsa or Macchiavello stains in the cytoplasm of macrophages in lymphoid tissue and in other visceral organs.
T371 936610-936739 Sentence denotes In the small intestine, the flukes may be present embedded deep in the mucosa, though usually little reaction to them is present.
T372 936740-936815 Sentence denotes Lesions of the central nervous system occur in the great majority of cases.
T373 936816-936906 Sentence denotes Leptomeninges may be somewhat opaque, but the lesions are best recognized microscopically.
T374 936907-937036 Sentence denotes They are composed of macrophage accumulations in the leptomeninges and Virchow-Robin spaces, and focal gliosis in the parenchyma.
T375 937037-937197 Sentence denotes Meningeal reaction is perhaps most consistent over the cerebellum and is composed of mild or moderate perivascular or more diffuse accumulations of histiocytes.
T376 937198-937278 Sentence denotes Similar cells may cuff small-and medium-sized vessels throughout the parenchyma.
T377 937279-937368 Sentence denotes Focal gliosis is relatively sparsely distributed but seems most common in the brain stem.
T378 937369-937565 Sentence denotes Elementary bodies are also demonstrable in macrophages in the central nervous system, and the diagnosis is usually made on the basis of this finding in macrophages in lymphoid tissue and/or brain.
T379 937566-937721 Sentence denotes The organisms can be isolated and grown on primary canine monocyte cultures and in several other cell culture systems, but this is not a routine procedure.
T380 937722-937801 Sentence denotes Paramphistome infections in ruminants may cause significant intestinal disease.
T381 937802-938036 Sentence denotes Adults of the genera Paramphistomum, Cotylophoron, Calicophoron, Ceylonocotyle, Gastrothylax, Fischoederius, and Carmyerius occur in the forestomachs of ruminants, including sheep or cattle, or both, in various areas around the world.
T382 938037-938098 Sentence denotes Infection is most common in warm temperate to tropical areas.
T383 938099-938288 Sentence denotes In the rumen, the reddish, pear-shaped adult flukes, with their characteristic anterior and posterior suckers, are considered innocuous, though some papillae may become atrophic and slough.
T384 938289-938433 Sentence denotes Metacercariae encysted on herbage give rise to immature flukes, which inhabit the duodenum, where massive infections may cause severe enteritis.
T385 938434-938654 Sentence denotes In cattle, water buffalo, and bison, the species incriminated in disease include P. cervi, P. microbothrium, P. explanatum, Calicophoron calicophorum, and various species of Cotylophoron, Gastrothylax, and Fischoederius.
T386 938655-938824 Sentence denotes In sheep and goats, P. microbothrium, P. ichikawai, P. cervi, P. explanatum, G. crumenifer, Cotylophoron cotylophorum, and F. cobboldi have been associated with disease.
T387 938825-938885 Sentence denotes The species involved vary with the host and geographic area.
T388 938886-939038 Sentence denotes After about 3 to 5 weeks in the small intestine, the worms normally migrate forward, through the abomasum, to establish and mature in the reticulorumen.
T389 939039-939204 Sentence denotes If massive infection occurs, however, growth in the small intestine is retarded, and flukes may persist for months in the duodenum, prolonging the course of disease.
T1 939205-939284 Sentence denotes Calves and lambs with intestinal paramphistomosis are depressed and inappetent.
T2 939285-939383 Sentence denotes Fetid diarrhea usually develops within several weeks of infection and may contain immature flukes.
T3 939384-939452 Sentence denotes Soiling of the perineum and escutcheon, and tenesmus, may be severe.
T4 939453-939573 Sentence denotes Hypoproteinemia is reflected in submandibular edema in some animals, and anemia has been reported to occur occasionally.
T5 939574-939680 Sentence denotes Sheep may die within 5 to 10 days, and cattle and water buffalo after a course of 2 to 3 weeks of disease.
T6 939681-939781 Sentence denotes Morbidity and mortality can be substantial, and survivors may suffer considerable loss in condition.
T7 939782-940008 Sentence denotes The carcass may be in good or cachectic condition, depending on the duration of the disease, and there may be edema of subcutaneous tissues, abomasal folds, and mesentery and fluid in the body cavities, due to hypoproteinemia.
T8 940009-940088 Sentence denotes The gallbladder is frequently distended with bile, associated with inappetence.
T9 940089-940143 Sentence denotes The mesenteric lymph nodes are enlarged and edematous.
T10 940144-940306 Sentence denotes The anterior small intestine appears congested externally, and immature paramphistomes, deeply penetrating the intestinal wall, may be visible through the serosa.
T11 940307-940390 Sentence denotes Occasionally they will perforate the gut and be found free in the abdominal cavity.
T12 940391-940487 Sentence denotes The mucosal surface of the duodenum is edematous, thickened, corrugated, and covered with mucus.
T13 940488-940614 Sentence denotes Many immature pink or brown paramphistomes, a few millimeters long, are scattered over the surface and embedded in the mucosa.
T14 940615-940731 Sentence denotes Some are free in clusters in the lumen, and the digesta, which is thin and mucoid, may appear somewhat blood tinged.
T15 940732-940799 Sentence denotes Most larval paramphistomes are in the first 3 m of small intestine.
T16 940800-940917 Sentence denotes In advanced infections, some may be present migrating forward on the abomasal mucosa, or already in the forestomachs.
T17 940918-941058 Sentence denotes In section, small larval paramphistomes are found deep in the lamina propria, occasionally in the submucosa, or perhaps in Brunner's glands.
T18 941059-941169 Sentence denotes Larger immature forms are attached to the surface of the mucosa by a plug of tissue taken into the acetabulum.
T19 941170-941294 Sentence denotes There is atrophy of villi, elongation of crypts, and possibly erosion or ulceration of the mucosa in heavily infected areas.
T20 941295-941560 Sentence denotes A mixed inflammatory infiltrate is in the lamina propria, but often, little specific reaction is present to flukes in tissue, the lesions are somewhat reminiscent of those in severe trichostrongylosis but for the difference in appearance of the offending helminths.
T21 941561-941679 Sentence denotes Protein loss into the gut, coupled with loss of appetite, seems to be the most important pathophysiologic consequence.
T22 941680-941724 Sentence denotes The pathogenesis of the diarrhea is unclear.
T23 941725-941861 Sentence denotes The other fluke occurring in the intestine of ruminants is Skjrabinotrema ovis, associated with catarrhal enteritis in sheep in Eurasia.
T24 941862-941989 Sentence denotes In swine, the paramphistomes Gastrodiscoides and Gastrodiscus may be found in the colon, where they are of little significance.
T25 941990-942072 Sentence denotes Fasciolopsis buski may also infect the small intestine of swine as well as humans.
T26 942073-942154 Sentence denotes It is of little importance in pigs other than as a reservoir for human infection.
T27 942155-942280 Sentence denotes In horses in Africa and India, the paramphistomes Gastrodiscus aegyptiacus and Pseudodiscus colinsi occur in the large bowel.
T28 942281-942399 Sentence denotes Larvae of the former species have been associated with severe colitis in horses, but they are generally nonpathogenic.
T29 942400-942676 Sentence denotes Intestinal schistosomiasis, due mainly to Schistosoma in ruminants, and Heterobilharzia in dogs, may cause proteinlosing enteropathy, associated perhaps with granulomatous enteritis in response to deposition of ova in mucosal venules (see the Cardiovascular System, Volume 3).
T30 942677-942830 Sentence denotes Flukes in tissue section are generally somewhat flattened or globose, with a loose mesenchymal parenchyma in which the internal structures are suspended.
T31 942831-942876 Sentence denotes The cuticle is eosinophilic and may be spiny.
T32 942877-942959 Sentence denotes Muscular oral and acetabular suckers, and pharynx, may be encountered in sections.
T33 942960-943129 Sentence denotes Ceca are usually present, and elements of the male and female reproductive systems in these typically hemaphroditic adult worms (excepting the schistosomes) may be seen.
T34 943130-943277 Sentence denotes The uterus may contain ova with a tanyellow or brown shell, perhaps with an operculum, and ova are often seen in the intestinal lumen or in tissue.
T35 943278-943326 Sentence denotes The developing miracidium may be present in ova.
T36 943327-943519 Sentence denotes Schistosomes are recognized by their intravascular location and sexual dimorphism, the leaflike male perhaps enveloping the slender cylindrical female within the gynocophoric canal in section.
T37 943520-943731 Sentence denotes The Acanthocephala are a phylum of parasitic animals, apparently related to the Nematoda, that have an elongate, saclike body, no internal alimentary canal, and use as the holdfast a spiny protrusible proboscis.
T38 943732-943909 Sentence denotes The life cycle typically involves obligate development in an intermediate host, usually an arthropod, and perhaps the utilization of a paratenic host to facilitate transmission.
T39 943910-944010 Sentence denotes The Acanthocephala of concern in domestic animals are in the genera Macracanthorynchus and Oncicola.
T40 944011-944109 Sentence denotes Macracanthorynchus hirudinaceus is the thorny-headed worm of swine, infecting the small intestine.
T41 944110-944223 Sentence denotes The life cycle involves dung beetles or other Scarabaeidae, and foraging or rooting swine are prone to infection.
T42 944224-944335 Sentence denotes Males are -10 cm long, and the females up to 30 to 40 cm long, slightly pink, curved, and tapering posteriorly.
T43 944336-944430 Sentence denotes The proboscis has about six rows of hooks and is used to penetrate deeply the intestinal wall.
T44 944431-944550 Sentence denotes It incites a local granulomatous nodule called a "strawberry mark," with a purulent focus about the embedded proboscis.
T45 944551-944778 Sentence denotes The proboscis may penetrate the muscularis, and the nodules, up to a centimeter or more in diameter, may be visible on the serosal surface of the gut as gray or yellow suppurative foci, surrounded by a halo of hyperemic tissue.
T46 944779-944828 Sentence denotes They occasionally perforate, causing peritonitis.
T47 944829-944997 Sentence denotes As the parasites move about in the gut, abandoned sites of attachment granulate, forming a firm, fibrous nodule, which may persist for some time in the wall of the gut.
T48 944998-945182 Sentence denotes Severely infected pigs may suffer ill thrift and perhaps anemia, probably related partly to the potential for plasma protein loss and hemorrhage from numerous focal ulcerative lesions.
T49 945183-945355 Sentence denotes Macracanthorynchus catalinum and M. ingens are smaller but similar thorny-headed worms that inhibit the intestine of a variety of wild carnivores, and occasionally the dog.
T50 945356-945454 Sentence denotes Oncicola canis occurs in the small intestine of wild carnivores, and occasionally the dog and cat.
T51 945455-945558 Sentence denotes Intermediate hosts are presumably arthropods, with insectivorous vertebrates acting as paratenic hosts.
T52 945559-945680 Sentence denotes Up to several hundred worms, 0.5-1.5 cm long and dark gray, may infest the small intestine; infections usually are light.
T53 945681-945777 Sentence denotes The proboscis is embedded to the subserosal level, and a focal nodular lesion develops about it.
T54 945778-945856 Sentence denotes Associated disease, or complications such as perforation, are apparently rare.
T55 945857-946063 Sentence denotes The coccidia are members of the protozoan phylum Apicomplexa, intracellular parasites characterized at some stage of the life cycle by a typical 4 'apical complex'' of organelles at one end of the organism.
T56 946064-946174 Sentence denotes Members of the suborder Eimeriina, which we shall consider together here, all have a similar basic life cycle.
T57 946175-946311 Sentence denotes It begins with infection of a cell, usually in the intestinal mucosa, by a sporozoite released from a sporocyst in the lumen of the gut.
T58 946312-946438 Sentence denotes One or more stages of asexual division, termed schizogony or merogony, follow, and the merozoites produced infect other cells.
T59 946439-946560 Sentence denotes Separate sexual stages or gamonts subsequently develop into nonmotile macrogametes and motile male forms or microgametes.
T60 946561-946639 Sentence denotes A nonmotile zygote produced by union of microand macrogametes forms an oocyst.
T61 946640-946820 Sentence denotes Sporogony, or production of sporocysts containing infectious sporozoites within the oocyst, may occur in the host, or more commonly after the resistant oocysts are passed in feces.
T62 946821-946927 Sentence denotes Members of the genus Eimeria are homoxenous, sexual and asexual development taking place in a single host.
T63 946928-947036 Sentence denotes Isospora may be homo-or heteroxenous (Cystoisospora), with asexual stages occurring in an intermediate host.
T64 947037-947145 Sentence denotes The members of the genera Toxoplasma, Sarcocystis, Hammondia, Besnoitia, and Frenkelia are all heteroxenous.
T65 947146-947214 Sentence denotes The heteroxenous genera exploit natural prey-predator relationships.
T66 947215-947285 Sentence denotes Sexual development takes place in the intestinal mucosa of a predator.
T67 947286-947402 Sentence denotes At least one generation of asexual replication, often several, occurs in the tissues of one or more species of prey.
T68 947403-947597 Sentence denotes In the domestic animals we are considering, asexual and sexual development of Eimeria is limited normally to the intestinal mucosa and may involve stages within the lamina propria or epithelium.
T69 947598-947756 Sentence denotes In the definitive host, asexual and sexual development of the Isospora species parasitic in domestic animals is also usually limited to the intestinal mucosa.
T70 947757-947927 Sentence denotes In the heteroxenous Isospora, Toxoplasma, Sarcocystis, Hammondia, Besnoitia, and Frenkelia, asexual stages in the intermediate hosts may be found in a variety of tissues.
T71 947928-948036 Sentence denotes Depending on the parasite and the stage of development, the range of tissues infected may be wide or narrow.
T72 948037-948216 Sentence denotes As examples, Toxoplasma may infect phagocytic and parenchymal cells in many organs in the intermediate host, while Sarcocystis typically infects endothelium and, finally myocytes.
T73 948217-948325 Sentence denotes The endogenous stages of coccidia are all intracellular, except, temporarily, the merozoite and microgamete.
T74 948326-948432 Sentence denotes Mature developmental stages are usually readily recognized; immature forms may not be easily identifiable.
T75 948433-948852 Sentence denotes Trophozoites, small, undifferentiated, rounded, basophilic forms with a single nucleus, within a parasitophorous vacuole in the host cell, are found at three stages of the life cycle: following invasion by the infective sporozoite, prior to merogony; following invasion by a merozoite, prior to a subsequent generation of merogony; following invasion by a merozoite, prior to differentiation into a recognizable gamont.
T76 948853-948904 Sentence denotes Developing meronts or schizonts are multinucle-ate.
T77 948905-949070 Sentence denotes Merogony may occur by a variety of mechanisms that may or may not involve apparent "budding" of merozoites from the periphery of the meront or from infoldings of it.
T78 949071-949259 Sentence denotes A single residual body, surrounded by slightly curved, fusiform, or banana-shaped, uninucleate merozoites, or many spherical clusters of merozoites with a central residuum, may be present.
T79 949260-949385 Sentence denotes The location of a schizont, and the number of merozoites it contains, vary with the species and the generation of schizogony.
T80 949386-949491 Sentence denotes A very few, or up to tens or hundreds of thousands of merozoites, may be released from a single schizont.
T81 949492-949525 Sentence denotes Microgamonts mature in two steps.
T82 949526-949599 Sentence denotes The first involves enlargement of the gamont and proliferation of nuclei.
T83 949600-949751 Sentence denotes During the second phase, the microgametes differentiate about the periphery of the gamont, which may become deeply folded or fissured by invaginations.
T84 949752-949832 Sentence denotes Immature microgametocytes during these stages may resemble developing schizonts.
T85 949833-949976 Sentence denotes However, fully differentiated microgametes differ from merozoites in being small, densely basophilic, comma-shaped, with two or three flagella.
T86 949977-950079 Sentence denotes They may be present in swirling masses, perhaps with some residual bodies, in mature microgametocytes.
T87 950080-950317 Sentence denotes Macrogametes, the female stage, have a large nucleus with a prominent nucleolus and with time usually enlarge to contain refractile eosinophilic "plastic granules" or wall-forming bodies, which give rise to the layers of the oocyst wall.
T88 950318-950472 Sentence denotes Mature macrogametes typically have prominent wall-forming bodies and contain clear or PAS-positive amylopectin granules and a large nucleus and nucleolus.
T89 950473-950585 Sentence denotes Fertilization by the microgamete leads to development of the zygote and subsequent formation of the oocyst wall.
T90 950586-950778 Sentence denotes The oocyst wall is composed of one or two clear or eosinophilic, refractile membranes in most species of coccidia, but the outer wall of some species can be very thick and densely amphophilic.
T91 950779-950885 Sentence denotes The contained sporont is spherical, with nucleus and nucleolus, and amylopectin granules in the cytoplasm.
T92 950886-951012 Sentence denotes Sporulation usually occurs outside the host, but in Sarcocystis and Frenkelia, it occurs in the tissue of the definitive host.
T93 951013-951104 Sentence denotes Sporozoites are enclosed within sporocysts, which in turn are contained by the oocyst wall.
T94 951105-951199 Sentence denotes Oocysts of most coccidia, or sporocysts of Sarcocystis and Frenkelia, are passed in the feces.
T95 951200-951263 Sentence denotes Coccidia are typically highly host, organ, and tissue specific.
T96 951264-951328 Sentence denotes Species of coccidia rarely occur in more than one genus of host.
T97 951329-951440 Sentence denotes Similar coccidia occurring in related genera of hosts, when tested, usually prove incapable of cross-infection.
T98 951441-951587 Sentence denotes The coccidia of sheep and goats exemplify this, and our concepts of the species infecting these hosts have been modified considerably as a result.
T99 951588-951657 Sentence denotes The epizootiologic connotations of high host specificity are obvious.
T100 951658-951892 Sentence denotes Within a host, infections are commonly organ or site and tissue specific, so that a given life-cycle stage of a species of coccidium typically infects a certain type of cell at a particular level of the intestine or other target site.
T101 951893-951967 Sentence denotes Asexual and sexual stages may have different site and tissue specificites.
T102 951968-952107 Sentence denotes The location of the endogenous stages, and their morphology, may give a strong indication of the species of coccidium infecting the animal.
T103 952108-952281 Sentence denotes The economic cost of coccidiosis in cattle, sheep, and pigs is considerable, in terms of mortality, morbidity, subclinical disease, and the cost of prevention and treatment.
T104 952282-952313 Sentence denotes It is even more so in chickens.
T105 952314-952418 Sentence denotes In dogs and cats, coccidiosis is a minor problem, and in horses, coccidia probably do not cause disease.
T106 952419-952580 Sentence denotes The development of coccidiosis is a function of the innate virulence of the organism, the size and viability of the inoculum, and the susceptibility of the host.
T107 952581-952665 Sentence denotes Some species of coccidia are much more commonly associated with disease than others.
T108 952666-952713 Sentence denotes Species virulence reflects a number of factors.
T109 952714-952892 Sentence denotes Among these are the location and type of cell infected by various stages of the organism, the function of infected cells, and the degree of host reaction stimulated by infection.
T110 952893-953139 Sentence denotes The biotic potential of the organism within the host (i.e., the degree of asexual replication) coupled with the size of inoculum determines to some extent the number of cells infected by subsequent asexual and sexual generations of the coccidium.
T111 953140-953251 Sentence denotes Provided the later generations are pathogenic, a high biotic potential increases the virulence of the organism.
T112 953252-953351 Sentence denotes The effects of infection on the host cell are several and vary somewhat with the infecting species.
T113 953352-953399 Sentence denotes Infected cells may be functionally compromised.
T114 953400-953603 Sentence denotes They may hypertrophy; nuclei may enlarge or a considerable amount of cytoplasm may be displaced; and the outer membrane of infected cells may be modified highly, perhaps to facilitate metabolic exchange.
T115 953604-953652 Sentence denotes The intercellular relationships may be affected.
T116 953653-953828 Sentence denotes The rate of movement of infected epithelial cells up villi appears to be altered in some cases, and epithelial cells infected by some species seem more resistant to autolysis.
T117 953829-953949 Sentence denotes At least in chickens, and perhaps in mammals, epithelial cells infected by coccidia may migrate into the lamina propria.
T118 953950-954125 Sentence denotes The release of merozoites and oocysts is cytolytic, and if this is synchronous and widespread, as may occur in heavy infections, considerable loss of function may be expected.
T119 954126-954243 Sentence denotes This may result in villus atrophy if many surface epithelial cells are lost, as in piglets infected by Isospora suis.
T120 954244-954468 Sentence denotes On the other hand, massive coccidial infection and cytolysis in the intestinal crypts and glands may have a radiomimetic effect; erosion and ulceration of the colon is a sequel to severe cryptal damage in bovine coccidiosis.
T121 954469-954536 Sentence denotes Immunoinflammatory reactions may be incited by coccidial infection.
T122 954537-954721 Sentence denotes In experimental systems, resistance to coccidial infection is thymus dependent and is largely mediated by functions of T cells other than as helper cells for immunoglobulin production.
T123 954722-954794 Sentence denotes It seems to be directed mainly against asexual stages in the life cycle.
T124 954795-954864 Sentence denotes Villus atrophy may also be related to cell-mediated immune reactions.
T125 954865-955064 Sentence denotes In chickens infected with Eimeria acervulina, atrophy of villi is preceded by a hyperproliferative state in the crypts of Lieberkuhn, characteristic of atrophy associated with cell-mediated immunity.
T126 955065-955198 Sentence denotes In E. neischultzi-infected rats, the development of villus atrophy is also associated with competent cell-mediated immune mechanisms.
T127 955199-955304 Sentence denotes Villus atrophy associated with chronic coccidiosis in sheep and goats perhaps has a similar pathogenesis.
T128 955305-955523 Sentence denotes In mammals, acute inflammatory reactions in intestinal coccidiosis are most commonly associated with heavy infection and destruction of cells by the sexual stages and oocysts, rather than in response to asexual stages.
T129 955524-955653 Sentence denotes This contrasts with Eimeria necatrix infection in chickens, where acute hemorrhage occurs around schizonts in the lamina propria.
T130 955654-955800 Sentence denotes In toxoplasmosis, necrosis and focal acute or chronic inflammatory reactions may be incited by actively replicating asexual stages in many organs.
T131 955801-955968 Sentence denotes A syndrome characterized by hemorrhage occurs in some species infected with asexual stages of Sarcocystis, about the time that merogony occurs in vascular endothelium.
T132 955969-956074 Sentence denotes This may be mediated in part by endothelial damage and by activation and consumption of clotting factors.
T133 956075-956159 Sentence denotes The effects of intestinal coccidiosis in mammals vary with the host-parasite system.
T134 956160-956353 Sentence denotes They mainly relate to malabsorption induced by villus atrophy, or to anemia, hypoproteinemia, and dehydration due to exudative enteritis and colitis caused by epithelial erosion and ulceration.
T135 956354-956446 Sentence denotes Many species of coccidia appear to have little pathogenic effect under normal circumstances.
T136 956447-956622 Sentence denotes This may reflect relative insulation from host defense mechanisms due to their largely intraepithelial location or it may be associated with a relatively low biotic potential.
T137 956623-956738 Sentence denotes However, even some species of coccidia developing in cells in the lamina propria, in large numbers, seem innocuous.
T138 956739-956805 Sentence denotes Coccidiosis is typically a disease of intensively managed animals.
T139 956806-956899 Sentence denotes It is especially important in susceptible young animals exposed to a high level of infection.
T140 956900-957017 Sentence denotes This is predisposed by high contamination rates associated with crowding, yarding, or high stocking rates on pasture.
T141 957018-957231 Sentence denotes A damp substrate promotes oocyst sporulation and survival, and practices such as feeding on the ground, or the natural propensity of young animals to nibble or perhaps indulge in coprophagy, may promote infection.
T142 957232-957496 Sentence denotes Although infections may not proceed to patency, chronic ingestion of oocysts may cause an intestinal immune response, villus atrophy, and perhaps ill thrift in some situations, Immune reactions may only halt development of, but not kill, endogenous asexual stages.
T143 957497-957678 Sentence denotes Epizootiologic evidence suggests that under some circumstances there may be relaxation of resistance and resumption of development of the organisms, ultimately expressed in disease.
T144 957679-957840 Sentence denotes This seems the likely explanation for outbreaks of bovine coccidiosis occurring during midwinter in freezing climates, or in postparturient stabled dairy cattle.
T145 957841-957976 Sentence denotes The members of the genera Eimeria and Isospora, and coccidiosis caused by them in the various species, will be considered further here.
T146 957977-958109 Sentence denotes Cryptosporidiosis and the heteroxenous cystforming organisms, including Toxoplasma and Sarcocystis, will be considered subsequently.
T147 958110-958336 Sentence denotes About 13 species of Eimeria parasitize cattle; of these, E. zuernii and E. bovis are potentially highly pathogenic, while several others, notably E. ellipsoidalis and E. auburnensis, may cause diarrhea, but probably not death.
T148 958337-958410 Sentence denotes Coccidial infection is common and usually comprises a mixture of species.
T149 958411-958571 Sentence denotes Disease occurs mainly in calves or weaned feeder cattle under about a year of age, if one or both of the potentially pathogenic species produce heavy infection.
T150 958572-958728 Sentence denotes It may occur in animals at range, concentrated at waterholes, but is most common in animals in feedlots or yards, where the level of sanitation is not high.
T151 958729-958903 Sentence denotes The stress of shipping, cold weather, or intercurrent disease may be associated with outbreaks, which can occur in midwinter, when oocyst transmission is expected to be poor.
T152 958904-958956 Sentence denotes Morbidity may be high, but mortality is usually low.
T153 958957-959089 Sentence denotes The disease is characterized by diarrhea, which may progress to dysentery with mucus, and tenesmus, perhaps causing rectal prolapse.
T154 959090-959151 Sentence denotes Animals dehydrate and become hyponatremic and perhaps anemic.
T155 959152-959282 Sentence denotes The duration of severe disease is about 3 -1 0 days, after which most cases recover, since infection is essentially self-limiting.
T156 959283-959431 Sentence denotes Some animals develop concurrent nervous signs, including tremors, nystagmus, opisthotonus, and convulsions, and many of these die within a few days.
T157 959432-959622 Sentence denotes The signs in bovine coccidiosis due to Eimeria zuernii and E. bovis occur when the epithelium in the glands of the cecum and colon is infected by second-generation schizonts and gametocytes.
T158 959623-959734 Sentence denotes In heavily infected animals, disease, and perhaps death, can occur before many oocysts are passed in the feces.
T159 959735-959829 Sentence denotes The life cycles of both agents are similar, two schizogonous generations preceding gametogony.
T160 959830-960027 Sentence denotes The first-generation schizont of E. bovis infects hypertrophic endothelial cells in lacteals on the upper part of villi in the lower small intestine, several meters proximal to the ileocecal valve.
T161 960028-960164 Sentence denotes These schizonts may be large, up to -300 |xm in diameter, and are visible to the naked eye as pinpoint white nodular foci in the mucosa.
T162 960165-960390 Sentence denotes They contain tens of thousands of merozoites but are invested by only a narrow rim of mononuclear inflammatory cells, unless they degenerate, when a marked local mixed reaction develops, including neutrophils and macrophages.
T163 960391-960510 Sentence denotes Merozoites released from these schizonts about 14-18 days after infection enter cells deep in cecal and colonic glands.
T164 960511-960596 Sentence denotes In heavy infections, crypts of Lieberkuhn in the terminal ileum may also be infected.
T165 960597-960720 Sentence denotes Here they produce small, second-generation schizonts, which in turn release merozoites, infecting other cells in the gland.
T166 960721-960840 Sentence denotes Gametogony may begin as early as 15 days after infection, and oocyst production peaks about 19-21 days after infection.
T167 960841-960939 Sentence denotes The first generation schizonts of Eimeria zuernii may be about the same size as those of E. bovis.
T168 960940-961162 Sentence denotes They are most common in the terminal meter of the ileum, however, and are located in the lamina propria below the crypt-villus junction, often deep near the muscularis mucosae rather than in the endothelium of the lacteal.
T169 961163-961231 Sentence denotes Hence, they are not so readily visible grossly as those of E. bovis.
T170 961232-961362 Sentence denotes The second-generation schizonts and gamonts of E. zuernii also occur in glands of the cecum and colon, but not the terminal ileum.
T171 961363-961509 Sentence denotes The merozoites tend to be somewhat longer (up to 15 jxm) and the schizonts more numerous and of greater diameter (-14 |xm) than those of E. bovis.
T172 961510-961595 Sentence denotes The timing of the development of E. zuernii infection is similar to that of E. bovis.
T173 961596-961707 Sentence denotes Animals dying of coccidiosis have fecal staining of the hindquarters, and may be somewhat cachectic and anemic.
T174 961708-961961 Sentence denotes The gross lesions in severe cases are those of fibrinohemorrhagic typhlocolitis, which may extend to the rectum; if Eimeria bovis is involved, the terminal ileum may be affected ( Fig. 1.47A ), and perhaps a few schizonts will be visible in ileal villi.
T175 961962-962115 Sentence denotes The contents of the large bowel are usually abnormally fluid and may vary from brown to black to overtly bloody, possibly with flecks of mucus or fibrin.
T176 962116-962286 Sentence denotes The mucosa is edematous, with exaggerated longitudinal and perhaps transverse folds, which may be congested in a ' 'tiger stripe'' pattern, or more diffusely petechiated.
T177 962287-962319 Sentence denotes Submucosal edema is also marked.
T178 962320-962441 Sentence denotes Fibrin strands or a patchy diphtheritic membrane may be present on the mucosa ( Fig. 1.47B) , and fibrin casts can form.
T179 962442-962517 Sentence denotes In milder cases, lesions are limited to congestion and edema of the mucosa.
T180 962518-962690 Sentence denotes In animals dying at the peak of infection, virually all cells lining cecal and colonic glands in many areas are infected by small schizonts, gamonts, or developing oocysts.
T181 962691-962782 Sentence denotes Cells infected by Eimeria bovis tend to dissociate and project into the lumen of the gland.
T182 962783-962906 Sentence denotes Where infected epithelium remains more or less intact, the surface does not erode, and effusion of exudate is not apparent.
T183 962907-963096 Sentence denotes As cells are disrupted and oocysts are released into the lumen of glands, however, the remaining glandular epithelium becomes extremely attenuated, or the gland collapses ( Fig. 1.47C,E) .
T184 963097-963285 Sentence denotes Concurrently, the surface epithelium becomes squamous, or the mucosa is eroded, and effusion of fibrin, neutrophils, and some hemorrhage occurs from dilated, congested superficial vessels.
T185 963286-963372 Sentence denotes Oocysts released into the lumen of the colon may be seen in the exudate (Fig. 1.47D ).
T186 963373-963532 Sentence denotes At the same time, the mucosa begins to collapse, and the lamina propria is infiltrated by neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, macrophages, and plasma cells.
T187 963533-963630 Sentence denotes Oocysts trapped in denuded glands in the collapsed mucosa may be surrounded by small giant cells.
T188 963631-963790 Sentence denotes If destruction is widespread, and the animal survives sufficiently long, the mucosa may ulcerate to the level of the muscularis mucosae and begin to granulate.
T189 963791-963958 Sentence denotes In areas where the lesion is patchy, glands that have been relatively spared may become lined with hyperplastic epithelium, making an attempt to regenerate the mucosa.
T190 963959-964072 Sentence denotes Flattened epithelial cells spread from these glands across the denuded surface, beneath the diphtheritic exudate.
T191 964073-964249 Sentence denotes A few crenated oocysts in small giant cells in the stromal remnants of the mucosa may be all the evidence of coccidiosis found in lesions in animals surviving for 7 to 10 days.
T192 964250-964393 Sentence denotes Malabsorption due to mucosal damage in the cecum and colon, and inflammatory effusion and hemorrhage, explain the enteric signs of coccidiosis.
T193 964394-964523 Sentence denotes The nervous signs in bovine coccidiosis are not associated with recognized lesions in the brain, and their cause remains unknown.
T194 964524-964751 Sentence denotes The gross lesions of coccidiosis in cattle must be differentiated from those in salmonellosis, bovine virus diarrhea, rinderpest, malignant catarrhal fever, and bovine adenovirus infection, all of which may cause typhlocolitis.
T195 964752-964855 Sentence denotes Coccidiosis can often be simply confirmed at autopsy by finding developing stages in mucosal scrapings.
T196 964856-965000 Sentence denotes Oocysts of Eimeria bovis are ovoid, smooth, and about 28 x 21 |xm; those of E. zuernii are subspherical to ovoid, smooth, and about 18 x 15 |xm.
T197 965001-965175 Sentence denotes While other coccidia are unlikely to be the primary cause of diarrhea or death in cattle, several have distinctive endogenous stages that may be recognized in tissue section.
T198 965176-965293 Sentence denotes Eimeria auburnensis has a giant first-generation schizont that may be confused with those of E. bovis and E. zuernii.
T199 965294-965518 Sentence denotes They are present, however, usually 6-12 m cranial to the ileocecal valve, and form in the epithelium deep in crypts of Lieberkuhn, though this may not be apparent due to plane of section or migration into the lamina propria.
T200 965519-965688 Sentence denotes Second-generation schizonts and gamonts of E. auburnensis develop in the lamina propria in the ileum, small schizonts in villi, and gamonts in the deeper lamina propria.
T201 965689-965748 Sentence denotes Microgametocytes may be several hundred micrometers across.
T202 965749-965779 Sentence denotes Oocysts are about 38 x 23 |xm.
T203 965780-965884 Sentence denotes The other bovine coccidium with gamonts apparently developing in the lamina propria is E. bukidnonensis.
T204 965885-966016 Sentence denotes Oocysts of this species are large, about 48 x 35 |xm and thick walled, with a micropyle, and have been found in the lamina propria.
T205 966017-966158 Sentence denotes Eimeria alabamensis develops in vacuoles within the nucleus of epithelial cells in small intestine and, in heavy infections, the large bowel.
T206 966159-966232 Sentence denotes Both schizonts and gamonts may be found together within the same nucleus.
T207 966233-966319 Sentence denotes Gamonts of E. kosti have been described in the epithelium deep in the abomasal glands.
T208 966320-966382 Sentence denotes None of these organisms is considered particularly pathogenic.
T209 966383-966465 Sentence denotes Eimeria bareillyi is associated with clinical coccidiosis in water buffalo calves.
T210 966466-966675 Sentence denotes The serosal vessels in the distal half of the small intestine are congested, and the lumen of the lower small bowel contains creamy or yellow fluid content in which some mucus, fibrin, or blood may be present.
T211 966676-966841 Sentence denotes Focal to coalescent pale raised plaques or polypoid masses may be present on the mucosa, or the surface may appear granular and necrotic, with petechial hemorrhages.
T212 966842-966986 Sentence denotes The gross changes are caused by hypertrophy of crypts and villi, upon which virtually every cell is infected with developing gamonts or oocysts.
T213 966987-966988 Sentence denotes .
T214 966989-967126 Sentence denotes Coccidial infection is virtually universal in sheep and goats, and coccidiosis can be a significant problem in the young of both species.
T215 967127-967276 Sentence denotes Consideration of the etiology of coccidiosis in these species is complicated by the morphologic similarity of the coccidia infecting sheep and goats.
T216 967277-967500 Sentence denotes Former assumptions on the potential for cross-infection of coccidia between sheep and goats, and of the species found in each host, have been revised considerably as new taxonomic and biologic information has come to light.
T217 967501-967581 Sentence denotes At present, about a dozen species of coccidia each are found in sheep and goats.
T218 967582-967792 Sentence denotes Of these, seven (Eimeria crandallis, E. faurei, E. granulosa, E. intricata, E. pallida, E. parva, and E. punctata) are recognized in both sheep and goats, and among these further taxonomic revision is expected.
T219 967793-968081 Sentence denotes Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae, E. arloingi, E. christenseni, E. caprovina, and E. caprina occur in goats; E. ahsata, E. ovinoidalis (formerly E. ninakohlyakimovae), E. ovina (formerly E. arloingi " A " ) , E. weybridgensis (formerly/?, arloingi " B " ) , a n d E . marsica are found in sheep.
T220 968082-968239 Sentence denotes In addition, giant schizonts of unknown coccidia, termed Globidium gilruthi, are seen incidentally as pinpoint white foci in the abomasum of sheep and goats.
T221 968240-968530 Sentence denotes The taxonomic confusion has been carried over into descriptions of the natural or experimental disease, since many infections were of mixed species, resulted from inocula of poorly defined species of coccidia, or occurred under circumstances where the oocysts associated were not described.
T222 968531-968642 Sentence denotes While the taxonomic picture has changed, the syndromes associated with coccidiosis in sheep and goats have not.
T223 968643-968702 Sentence denotes Coccidiosis in these species is a disease of young animals.
T224 968703-968868 Sentence denotes Under conditions of intensive pastoral husbandry or confinement, lambs and kids are exposed to oocysts of many species of coccidia within the first few days of life.
T225 968869-969000 Sentence denotes Oocyst production peaks fairly rapidly between 20 and 90 days of age, sometimes at levels of millions of oocysts per gram of feces.
T226 969001-969085 Sentence denotes It then gradually drops off, but usually persists for the rest of the animal's life.
T227 969086-969230 Sentence denotes A degree of protection against subsequent challenge with oocysts of a species of coccidium is conferred by previous infection with that species.
T228 969231-969410 Sentence denotes Coccidiosis seems to occur mainly in susceptible animals, those with relatively limited experience of infection, exposed to conditions where infection pressure is relatively high.
T229 969411-969502 Sentence denotes Hence the disease may occur in lambs and kids held in sheds or yards with the ewes or does.
T230 969503-969598 Sentence denotes Under these circumstances, animals as young a 3 weeks of age may develop signs and perhaps die.
T231 969599-969730 Sentence denotes Weaned lambs, presumably exposed to only light infections while at range, are also prone to coccidiosis when brought into feedlots.
T232 969731-969859 Sentence denotes In young, suckled animals and those in feedlots, exposed to large numbers of oocysts, signs may occur before oocysts are passed.
T233 969860-969996 Sentence denotes Suckling lambs, about 5 -8 weeks old, reared at pasture at relatively heavy stocking rates, may also develop signs and occasionally die.
T234 969997-970120 Sentence denotes Under these conditions, the disease needs to be differentiated from gastrointestinal helminthosis, which may be concurrent.
T235 970121-970326 Sentence denotes Outbreaks of coccidiosis in confined lambs and kids are usually acute and characterized by moderate morbidity and low mortality; there is green or yellow, watery diarrhea, occasionally with blood or mucus.
T236 970327-970408 Sentence denotes Yarded and grazing animals may also suffer weight loss or subclinical ill thrift.
T237 970409-970677 Sentence denotes Signs are usually associated with infection by species developing in the lower small intestine and perhaps large bowel, including Eimeria ovinoidalis, E. ahsata, and E. ovina in lambs, and their analogs in goats, E. ninakohlyakimovae, E. christenseni, and E. arloingi.
T238 970678-970774 Sentence denotes Infections are usually mixed, and gross and microscopic lesions may be expected to reflect this.
T239 970775-970885 Sentence denotes Eimeria ovinoidalis in sheep and E. ninakohlyakimovae in goats presumably have similar endogenous development.
T240 970886-971009 Sentence denotes In the sheep, giant schizonts up to 300 fim in diameter develop in cells deep in the lamina propria, in the terminal ileum.
T241 971010-971119 Sentence denotes They release merozoites that enter epithelium in the glands of the cecum and colon, and perhaps distal ileum.
T242 971120-971260 Sentence denotes There small, second-generation schizonts evolve, and other cells in glands in the same area subsequently become infected by the gametocytes.
T243 971261-971404 Sentence denotes These species are considered highly pathogenic, and E. ovinoidalis is a species often encountered in association with disease in feedlot lambs.
T244 971405-971632 Sentence denotes Lesions other than those related to diarrhea, dehydration, and hypoproteinemia are limited to the terminal ileum, and especially the cecum and proximal colon, and are associated with second-generation schizogony and gametogony.
T245 971633-971763 Sentence denotes Affected areas of gut are edematous and thickened, and there may be focal or more diffuse congestion and hemorrhage in the mucosa.
T246 971764-971817 Sentence denotes Heavily infected animals may have bloodstained feces.
T247 971818-971913 Sentence denotes Occasionally, pinpoint white foci, the giant schizonts, may be seen in the mucosa of the ileum.
T248 971914-972007 Sentence denotes In sections, schizonts and gamonts are in many or most cells lining glands in affected areas.
T249 972008-972258 Sentence denotes Neutrophils and macrophages may accumulate in response to merozoites released from ruptured giant schizonts, but the most significant microscopic lesions are those in the cecum and colon, which resemble those in cattle due to E. bovis and E. zuernii.
T250 972259-972382 Sentence denotes Eimeria christenseni and E. arloingi in goats and E. ahsata and E. ovina in sheep are also associated with serious disease.
T251 972383-972536 Sentence denotes They seem to have somewhat similar developmental cycles and lesions, though interpretation of the literature is clouded by confusion among these species.
T252 972537-972724 Sentence denotes Many cases of coccidiosis in lambs attributed to E. arloingi (E. ovina) may have in fact been due to E. ahsata, since the unsporulated oocysts, though of differing sizes, can be confused.
T253 972725-972903 Sentence denotes Eimeria christenseni has a developmental cycle that involves giant schizonts up to nearly 300 |mm across in the endothelium of the lacteal in villi in the middle small intestine.
T254 972904-972998 Sentence denotes The more mature of these may detach and appear to lie free in the lacteal, dilating the villi.
T255 972999-973211 Sentence denotes Second-generation schizogony, and gametogony, occur in epithelial cells lining the crypts and villi, mainly in the small intestine 4 -6 m below the abomasum, but in heavy infections, also in terminal small bowel.
T256 973212-973335 Sentence denotes Gamonts are usually below the host-cell nucleus, though this is variable, and multiple infections of host cells are common.
T257 973336-973429 Sentence denotes In heavy infections, every cell in a number of contiguous crypt-villus units may be infected.
T258 973430-973647 Sentence denotes Though there may be an acute local reaction around ruptured primary schizonts, clinical disease is associated with the subsequent stages of development, diarrhea occurring during the late prepatent and patent periods.
T259 973648-973698 Sentence denotes Affected intestine may be congested and edematous.
T260 973699-973892 Sentence denotes Numerous pale white or yellow foci from a few millimeters up to a centimeter in diameter, often visible from the serosa, are present as slightly raised plaques on the mucosa of the small bowel.
T261 973893-974002 Sentence denotes These foci are areas of intense infection of cryptal and villus epithelium by gamonts and developing oocysts.
T262 974003-974084 Sentence denotes There may be some hemorrhage into the intestine, but the feces are rarely bloody.
T263 974085-974259 Sentence denotes Eimeria arloingi undergoes a development similar to that of E. christenseni ( Fig. 1.48C,D) and causes similar gross and microscopic lesions in goats, with minor differences.
T264 974260-974613 Sentence denotes First-generation schizonts are most numerous in the lacteals of villi in the lower jejunum, gamonts are mainly above the host-cell nucleus, and the associated, grossly visible plaques in the mucosa ( Fig. 1 .48A,B) may tend to be more distal in the small intestine, and occasionally involve the large bowel; E. ahsata and E. ovina in sheep are similar.
T265 974614-974799 Sentence denotes Nodular polypoid structures, sometimes pedunculate and about 0.3-1.5 cm in diameter, are encountered in the small intestinal mucosa of sheep and goats, usually as an incidental finding.
T266 974800-974955 Sentence denotes These masses are composed of hypertrophic cryptvillus units, in which virtually every epithelial cell is infected by mainly gametocytic stages of coccidia.
T267 974956-975005 Sentence denotes Adjacent mucosa appears normal and is uninfected.
T268 975006-975153 Sentence denotes The term "pseudoadenomatous" has been used to describe these polypoid lesions and the plaques discussed above in coccidia-infected sheep and goats.
T269 975154-975362 Sentence denotes The infected epithelial cells also appear somewhat hypertrophic, with eosinophilic cytoplasm, and often these coccidia-infected cells do not slough rapidly postmortem, in contrast to their uninfected fellows.
T270 975363-975444 Sentence denotes This may aid a histologic diagnosis in otherwise autolytic gut in clinical cases.
T271 975445-975569 Sentence denotes Why nodular masses of infected cells apparently persist in chronically infected animals without clinical disease is unclear.
T272 975570-975736 Sentence denotes Large schizonts are often encountered incidentally in submucosal lymphatics or in the subcortical or medullary sinusoids of mesenteric lymph nodes in sheep and goats.
T273 975737-975817 Sentence denotes Sometimes they may be visible grossly in these locations as pinpoint white foci.
T274 975818-975965 Sentence denotes Occasionally, coccidial gametocytes or oocysts may also develop in the mesenteric lymph nodes, where they may invoke a mild granulomatous reaction.
T275 975966-976121 Sentence denotes These stages probably result from establishment of sporozoites or primary merozoites swept from the lacteal into the lymphatic drainage early in infection.
T276 976122-976219 Sentence denotes Development in such locales is to be regarded as not uncommon, but aberrant, and likely dead-end.
T277 976220-976341 Sentence denotes The species involved appear mainly to be those considered above, with a giant primary schizont developing in the lacteal.
T278 976342-976471 Sentence denotes Ill thrift and diarrhea in suckling or weanling lambs 5 -6 weeks old, heavily stocked on pasture, may also be due to coccidiosis.
T279 976472-976612 Sentence denotes In the United Kingdom, Eimeria crandallis, which develops largely in the ileum, and E. ovinoidalis are associated mainly with this syndrome.
T280 976613-976735 Sentence denotes Eimeria weybridgensis (E. arloingi " B " ) , which infects most of the length of the small intestine, may contribute also.
T281 976736-976839 Sentence denotes Under some circumstances, several of these species cause villus atrophy in infected areas of intestine.
T282 976840-976947 Sentence denotes Villi may be stumpy or absent, and crypts are straight, hypertrophic, and contain proliferative epithelium.
T283 976948-977056 Sentence denotes Asexual or, more commonly, sexual stages of coccidia are present in epithelium on the surface of the mucosa.
T284 977057-977167 Sentence denotes Such lesions, if widespread, may cause malabsorption or perhaps be associated with protein-losing enteropathy.
T285 977168-977338 Sentence denotes It is unclear whether atrophy of villi is the result of excess loss of epithelium directly due to the effects of coccidial infection or is mediated by an immune response.
T286 977339-977563 Sentence denotes In addition to villus atrophy, which may cause subclinical disease, perhaps diarrhea but rarely death, mortality may be associated with the presence of a grossly congested or edematous thickened intestine or segment thereof.
T287 977564-977682 Sentence denotes Oocyst numbers are usually high in feces, but this is neither constant in, nor necessarily indicative of, coccidiosis.
T288 977683-977972 Sentence denotes Mucosal scrapings or tissue sections of mucosa containing large numbers of asexual and gametogenous coccidial forms, in association with diarrhea, and perhaps some hemorrhage into the intestine, support the diagnosis in the absence of other syndromes such as gastrointestinal helminthosis.
T289 977973-978153 Sentence denotes Bacterial enteritis, particularly clostridial enterotoxemia and septicemic pasteurellosis, and in young lambs and kids, viral diarrhea or cryptosporidiosis, must be differentiated.
T290 978154-978405 Sentence denotes In light of the large number of relatively innocuous species of coccidia infecting sheep and goats, and the uncertainty of the lesions associated with some, sporulation and positive identification of oocysts in mucosal scrapings or feces is desirable.
T291 978406-978537 Sentence denotes The only coccidium of horses reported with any frequency is Eimeria leuckarti, which is found in horses and donkeys the world over.
T292 978538-978610 Sentence denotes In one survey of foals in the United States, it was found in nearly 60%.
T293 978611-978646 Sentence denotes It may also occur in older animals.
T294 978647-978837 Sentence denotes Its reputation for pathogenicity rests largely on the distinctive large gamonts found by pathologists in the lamina propria of the small intestine in animals dead of obscure enteric disease.
T295 978838-979033 Sentence denotes Implication of E. leuckarti in the disease process is rarely, if ever, convincing, however, and it is encountered incidentally in the intestine of horses dead of other clearly defined conditions.
T296 979034-979177 Sentence denotes Furthermore, heavy experimental inoculations, producing many gamonts in the gut and heavy oocyst passage, have failed to elicit clinical signs.
T297 979178-979368 Sentence denotes The stages present in the lamina propria of villi are giant microgametocytes and macrogametes, developing in markedly hypertrophic host cells, probably of mesenchymal origin ( Fig. 1.48E ).
T298 979369-979483 Sentence denotes The microgametocytes are up to -250 |xm in diameter, and when mature they contain swirling masses of microgametes.
T299 979484-979702 Sentence denotes Immature microgametocytes very much resemble some of the giant schizonts of other species of coccidia and have frequently been referred to as such; this stimulated the application of the term Globidium to the organism.
T300 979703-979880 Sentence denotes Schizonts containing merozoites have never been recognized in this organism, however, nor in several similar species of coccidia developing in the lamina propria in other hosts.
T301 979881-979997 Sentence denotes The macrogametes have distinctive large eosinophilic or PAS-positive granules, which may be individual or confluent.
T302 979998-980155 Sentence denotes The host cells are markedly hypertrophic with a fibrillar periphery, and the enlarged nucleus forms a crescent along one side of the parasitophorous vacuole.
T303 980156-980274 Sentence denotes There is no inflammatory response to the gamonts, and only a mild reaction to degenerate stages in the lamina propria.
T304 980276-980380 Sentence denotes At least 8 to 10 species of Eimeria are thought to occur in swine, as does a single species of Isospora.
T305 980381-980537 Sentence denotes The latter, /. suis, is the most important, causing porcine neonatal coccidiosis , a disease of piglets from about 5 or 6 days to about 2 to 3 weeks of age.
T306 980538-980715 Sentence denotes This disease is recognized in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and western Europe; it also occurs in Australia, and probably wherever swine are reared intensively.
T307 980716-980898 Sentence denotes The condition is most severe in herds where continuous farrowing and total confinement are practiced, and some laboratories report a prevalence of 10 to 50% among scouring baby pigs.
T308 980899-980991 Sentence denotes Porcine neonatal coccidiosis has a high morbidity, and usually a low but variable mortality.
T309 980992-981108 Sentence denotes It causes yellow, watery diarrhea, dehydration, loss of condition, and death, or at least temporary check in growth.
T310 981109-981140 Sentence denotes Some animals may runt severely.
T311 981141-981193 Sentence denotes Illness usually begins at about 7 to 10 days of age.
T312 981194-981247 Sentence denotes Piglets continue to nurse but may vomit clotted milk.
T313 981248-981434 Sentence denotes At autopsy, many piglets have the typical appearance of undifferentiated neonatal diarrhea, with no specific gross findings in the gastrointestinal tract other than fluid yellow content.
T314 981435-981647 Sentence denotes The intestine in animals with coccidiosis may look turgid rather than flaccid, however, and in a minority of animals, a fibrinous or fibrinonecrotic exudate is present in the lower portion of the small intestine.
T315 981648-981678 Sentence denotes Occasionally, casts will form.
T316 981679-981863 Sentence denotes Isospora suis replicates in the epithelium on the distal third of villi, mainly in the jejunum and ileum, though infected cells may be found in the duodenum and colon in a few animals.
T317 981864-981974 Sentence denotes Piglets usually become infected within the first day or two of life, perhaps by coprophagy of the sow's feces.
T318 981975-982051 Sentence denotes Merogony occurs in two phases in vacuoles in the cytoplasm of the host cell.
T319 982052-982153 Sentence denotes Infection of host cells is maximal 4 or 5 days after infection, and by 5 days, gametogony is evident.
T320 982154-982251 Sentence denotes The onset of lesions and clinical signs corresponds with this period of heavy infection of cells.
T321 982252-982302 Sentence denotes Villi may become markedly atrophic ( Fig. 1.49A ).
T322 982303-982423 Sentence denotes The surface epithelium that remains is cuboidal to squamous, and infected epithelial cells may be seen undergoing lysis.
T323 982424-982481 Sentence denotes Erosions may develop at the tips of villi ( Fig. 1.49B ).
T324 982482-982672 Sentence denotes In the remnant of the villus, neutrophil infiltration, a moderate increase in round ceils, and an eosinophilic proteinaceous material, perhaps collagen, may be present in the lamina propria.
T325 982673-982830 Sentence denotes Effusion of neutrophils and fibrin from the eroded tips of villi contributes to the fibrindnecrotic membrane seen in some animals, and ulceration cart occur.
T326 982831-982884 Sentence denotes Gram-positive cocci are often present in the exudate.
T327 982885-982976 Sentence denotes In Animals surviving for a few days, the cryptal epithelium may be niiarkedly hyperplastic.
T328 982977-983072 Sentence denotes The severity of the lesions is a function of the size; of the inoculum and the age of the pigs.
T329 983073-983227 Sentence denotes Heavier inocula, within limits, produce more cellular damage and villus atrophy; fibrinonecrotic enteritis indicates ingestion of a large dose of oocysts.
T330 983228-983420 Sentence denotes Severe lesions may not be associated with heavy shedding of oocysts, however, since relatively few gamonts are able to develop in the reduced population of epithelial cells remaining on villi.
T331 983421-983537 Sentence denotes The severity of lesions and signs is much greater in piglets a few days old in comparison with those 2 weeks of age.
T332 983538-983698 Sentence denotes This relates partly to the lower rate of replication of epithelium in the crypts of young piglets, and therefore, the development of more severe villus atrophy.
T333 983699-983781 Sentence denotes The smaller size of young piglets also makes them more susceptible to dehydration.
T334 983782-983874 Sentence denotes Animals previously ex-posed to Isospora suis have relatively strong resistance to challenge.
T335 983875-984067 Sentence denotes A diagnosis of coccidiosis must be considered in scouring piglets of the appropriate age group and is suggested strongly by the presence of fibrinonecrotic enteritis in the distal small bowel.
T336 984068-984174 Sentence denotes Atrophy of villi may be recognized at autopsy using a hand lens or stereomicroscope, or in tissue section.
T337 984175-984244 Sentence denotes Asexual or sexual stages may be found in smears of mucosal scrapings.
T338 984245-984439 Sentence denotes The distinctive binucleate type 1 meronts and pairs of large (12-18 jim in smears, 8-13 |xm in sections) type 1 merozoites may be found in jejunal mucosa in the early phase of diarrheal disease.
T339 984440-984569 Sentence denotes Multinucleate type 2 meronts and numerous small type 2 merozoites are the predominant stage during the clinical phase of disease.
T340 984570-984715 Sentence denotes In section, these form clusters of 2 to 16 organisms like bunches of bananas, perhaps with a small residual body, in the parasitophorous vacuole.
T341 984716-984837 Sentence denotes Macro-and microgamonts are present in moderate numbers by the fifth day of infection, and a few oocysts may also be seen.
T342 984838-984927 Sentence denotes Microgametocytes are about 9 -1 6 p,m in diameter and are multinucleate while developing.
T343 984928-985032 Sentence denotes Oocysts in tissue sections are oval, about 1 5 x 1 2 |xm, while those in smears are about 1 8 x 1 6 (xm.
T344 985033-985122 Sentence denotes Coccidial stages may be difficult to find in animals that have been ill for several days.
T345 985123-985308 Sentence denotes Oocysts may not be found in feces, either because the infection is not yet patent, the patent period has passed, or the lesions are very severe, reducing the number of oocysts produced.
T346 985309-985473 Sentence denotes Coccidiosis may occur concurrently with the other infectious and parasitic diseases causing diarrhea in neonatal pigs, and it also must be differentiated from them.
T347 985474-985601 Sentence denotes If coccidia are found in atrophic mucosa, even associated with other agents, they should be considered potentially significant.
T348 985602-985743 Sentence denotes Enterotoxic colibacillosis usually affects a younger age group, though some piglets with coccidiosis may also have adherent Escherichia coli.
T349 985744-985889 Sentence denotes Rotavirus and coronavirus also cause villus atrophy and are the main conditions to differentiate from coccidiosis in animals with atrophic villi.
T350 985890-985964 Sentence denotes When they occur together with coccidiosis, they may have additive effects.
T351 985965-986042 Sentence denotes Coccidiosis in older swine is due to several Eimeria species and is uncommon.
T352 986043-986132 Sentence denotes It typically occurs in animals with access to yards or pasture contaminated with oocysts.
T353 986133-986171 Sentence denotes Weaners and growing pigs are affected.
T354 986172-986266 Sentence denotes The species considered potentially pathogenic include E. debliecki, E. scabra, and E. spinosa.
T355 986267-986336 Sentence denotes Rare massive infections of some other species may also cause disease.
T356 986337-986426 Sentence denotes Coccidiosis in swine due to Eimeria is usually sporadic or affects a few pigs in a group.
T357 986427-986564 Sentence denotes Typically it causes diarrhea of a few days durations, loss of appetite, and perhaps transient ill thrift, or in severe cases, emaciation.
T358 986565-986590 Sentence denotes Occasionally animals die.
T359 986591-986736 Sentence denotes Lesions are usually limited to the lower small intestine, which may be congested or hemorrhagic, though overt blood is rarely found in the feces.
T360 986737-986854 Sentence denotes Large numbers of schizonts, gamonts, and developing oocysts are in epithelial cells on villi and sometimes in crypts.
T361 986855-987020 Sentence denotes Atrophy of villi or erosion and local hemorrhage may be evident, the lamina propria is edematous, and desquamated epithelium and oocysts are in the lumen of the gut.
T362 987021-987094 Sentence denotes Rarely, heavily infected animals may have lesions in the large intestine.
T363 987095-987202 Sentence denotes The species involved are diagnosed on the basis of the morphology of oocysts in feces or mucosal scrapings.
T364 987203-987376 Sentence denotes Coccidial gamonts and oocysts of a species resembling Eimeria debliecki have been found infecting epithelium on the papilliform mucosa of cystic bile ducts in porcine liver.
T365 987377-987426 Sentence denotes This is probably an aberrant site of development.
T366 987427-987563 Sentence denotes Although several species of Eimeria have been reported from dogs and cats, their status as genuine parasites of these hosts is in doubt.
T367 987564-987737 Sentence denotes The significant coccidia of dogs and cats are members of the genus Isospora, considered here, and Toxoplasma, Sarcocystis, Hammondia, and Besnoitia, dealt with subsequently.
T368 987738-987887 Sentence denotes Isospora is characterized by oocysts that are passed unsporulated in feces, and that when sporulated have two sporocysts, each with four sporozoites.
T369 987888-987948 Sentence denotes Some species are apparently homoxenous, others heteroxenous.
T370 987949-988200 Sentence denotes Following ingestion of sporulated oocysts, transport hosts, usually prey species such as mice and other small rodents, but sometimes other hosts, are infected by large sporozoite-like "hypnozoites" in phagocytic cells in lymph nodes and other tissues.
T371 988201-988341 Sentence denotes These, when ingested by the predator, resume development in the intestine and lead to asexual and sexual development in the definitive host.
T372 988342-988456 Sentence denotes Heteroxenous passage is not obligatory, and sporulated oocysts are also directly infective to the definitive host.
T1 988457-988535 Sentence denotes Coccidiosis in the dog and cat is largely a clinical entity, usually nonfatal.
T2 988536-988771 Sentence denotes The lesions of coccidiosis in small animals are poorly defined, and care must be taken not to ascribe disease to these organisms simply on the basis of the presence of endogenous stages in the mucosa of animals dead of enteric disease.
T3 988772-988841 Sentence denotes Rotavirus and coronavirus might be expected to produce similar signs.
T4 988842-988943 Sentence denotes Some genuine cases of fatal coccidiosis do occur, however, though few are recorded in the literature.
T5 988944-989095 Sentence denotes Affected animals are young and usually from environments such as pet shops, animal shelters, or kennels, where standards of sanitation may not be high.
T6 989096-989182 Sentence denotes There is a history of diarrhea of several days duration, and the animal is dehydrated.
T7 989183-989331 Sentence denotes Other than mild hyperemia of the mucosa and excessively fluid content of the small intestine and colon, gross lesions in the gut may not be evident.
T8 989332-989516 Sentence denotes Microscopically, there may be moderate atrophy of villi, with attenuation of surface enterocytes, and perhaps effusion of acute inflammatory exudate from the tips of some eroded villi.
T9 989517-989645 Sentence denotes Asexual and sexual stages of coccidia will be evident in moderate to large numbers in the epithelium or lamina propria of villi.
T10 989646-989795 Sentence denotes In some cases the large bowel may be infected, with exfoliation of surface epithelium and the accumulation of necrotic debris in some dilated glands.
T11 989796-989950 Sentence denotes In dogs, four species of Isospora have been recognized, and the endogenous stages of these must be differentiated from those of Hammondia and Sarcocystis.
T12 989951-990098 Sentence denotes Meronts of /. canis develop in the subepithelial lamina propria of the villi in the distal small intestine and, to a lesser extent, in large bowel.
T13 990099-990259 Sentence denotes Gamonts occur beneath and within the epithelium of the ileum and large intestine, and the oocyst is the largest among Isospora of dogs, being about 38 x 30 |xm.
T14 990260-990414 Sentence denotes Endogenous stages of /. burrowsi occur in epithelial cells and in the lamina propria of the tips of villi in the distal two-thirds of the small intestine.
T15 990415-990590 Sentence denotes Isospora neorivolta develops mainly in proprial cells beneath the epithelium in the tips of villi in the distal half of the small intestine, and rarely in the cecum and colon.
T16 990591-990634 Sentence denotes Occasional stages may be in the epithelium.
T17 990635-990833 Sentence denotes Isospora ohioensis develops exclusively in epithelial cells, mainly in the distal portions of villi along the length of the small bowel, especially in the ileum, and occasionally in the large bowel.
T18 990834-990906 Sentence denotes The oocysts of /. burrowsi, I. ohioensis, and /. neorivolta are similar.
T19 990907-991014 Sentence denotes Original literature should be consulted for details that permit differentiation of these species in tissue.
T20 991015-991076 Sentence denotes Isospora canis and /. ohioensis are known to be heteroxenous.
T21 991077-991126 Sentence denotes In cats, two heteroxenous Isospora species occur.
T22 991127-991264 Sentence denotes Meronts and gamonts of /. felis develop in epithelium of villi in the small intestine, and occasionally in epithelium in the large bowel.
T23 991265-991304 Sentence denotes The oocyst is large, about 43 X 33 \xm.
T24 991305-991417 Sentence denotes Isospora rivolta also develops in epithelium on villi and in crypts and glands in the small and large intestine.
T25 991418-991455 Sentence denotes Oocysts are ovoid, about 25 x 23 |xm.
T26 991456-991628 Sentence denotes These heteroxenous members of the Apicomplexa utilize carnivores as definitive hosts and have one or more generations of merogony in the tissues of various species of prey.
T27 991629-991751 Sentence denotes Frenkelia, as far as is known, utilizes only raptorial birds as definitive hosts, and small rodents as intermediate hosts.
T28 991752-991786 Sentence denotes It will not be considered further.
T29 991787-991853 Sentence denotes Toxoplasma gondii uses members of the Felidae as definitive hosts.
T30 991854-992049 Sentence denotes The organism is optionally heteroxenous; cats may be infected directly by ingestion of oocysts, or probably most commonly by ingestion of asexual stages developing in the tissues of prey species.
T31 992050-992183 Sentence denotes These intermediate hosts are infected by oocysts shed in the feces of cats, or perhaps by a variety of other routes considered below.
T32 992184-992328 Sentence denotes Five stages of asexual development have been recognized in the intestinal epithelium of cats infected with tissue cysts from intermediate hosts.
T33 992329-992406 Sentence denotes The gametocytes also develop in epithelium on villi, especially in the ileum.
T34 992407-992659 Sentence denotes In heavy infections, exfoliation of infected epithelium from villi is associated with the development of villus atrophy, and occasional spontaneous cases of diarrhea in kittens seem to be caused by Toxoplasma-'mduced atrophy of villi and malabsorption.
T35 992660-992774 Sentence denotes In intermediate hosts, and in cats, extraintestinal asexual development occurs in a variety of organs and tissues.
T36 992775-992962 Sentence denotes Rapidly dividing forms (tachyzoites) may proliferate in many sites for an indefinite number of generations and are the stage associated with acute toxoplasmosis in cats and other species.
T37 992963-993096 Sentence denotes Eventually, tachyzoites enter host cells, induce the formation of a cyst wall, and divide slowly by endodyogeny, forming bradyzoites.
T38 993097-993207 Sentence denotes Toxoplasma gondii is unique among the protozoa in its ability to parasitize a wide range of hosts and tissues.
T39 993208-993484 Sentence denotes It is one of the most ubiquitous of organisms; experimentally, essentially all homeothermic animals can be infected, and natural infections have been shown to occur in nonhuman primates, rodents, insectivores, herbivores, and carnivores, including domestic species and humans.
T40 993485-993654 Sentence denotes Serologic surveys indicate that infection is widespread in most species of domestic animals; except for abortions in sheep and goats, however, overt disease is sporadic.
T41 993655-993710 Sentence denotes Transmission may occur by a number of different routes.
T42 993711-993800 Sentence denotes The shedding of oocysts in the feces of cats and wild Felidae has been mentioned earlier.
T43 993801-993898 Sentence denotes Transplacental infection occurs commonly in sheep and goats and sporadically in swine and humans.
T44 993899-994023 Sentence denotes Carnivorous animals and humans may become infected by ingesting cysts containing bradyzoites in tissues of infected animals.
T45 994024-994030 Sentence denotes Pro-1.
T46 994031-994133 Sentence denotes longed excretion of Toxoplasma gondii in the semen of goats and rams has been observed experimentally.
T47 994134-994245 Sentence denotes The importance of venereal transmission, under field conditions, is unknown and warrants further investigation.
T48 994246-994324 Sentence denotes Tachyzoites have been demonstrated in milk from experimentally infected goats.
T49 994325-994426 Sentence denotes However, the chance of the organisms being in the milk of spontaneously infected goats is very small.
T50 994427-994530 Sentence denotes Apparently, large numbers of infecting oocysts are required for tachyzoites to be excreted in the milk.
T51 994531-994614 Sentence denotes Consumption of raw goat milk has been associated with human cases of toxoplasmosis.
T52 994615-994770 Sentence denotes Milk is, however, not considered to be an important source of toxoplasma for humans because tachyzoites are destroyed by gastric juices and pasteurization.
T53 994771-994910 Sentence denotes Toxoplasma has also been isolated from the milk of lactating sows, and in this species it may be a source of infection to neonatal piglets.
T54 994911-994993 Sentence denotes Systemic toxoplasmosis occurs most commonly in young animals, especially neonates.
T55 994994-995067 Sentence denotes In the latter age group the infection may be acquired pre-or postnatally.
T56 995068-995138 Sentence denotes After ingestion, Toxoplasma organisms penetrate the intestinal mucosa.
T57 995139-995226 Sentence denotes In cats, the enterointestinal cycle and systemic infection occur almost simultaneously.
T58 995227-995359 Sentence denotes In other animals the tachyzoites are the first stage of infection, after the bradyzoite is released from the cysts in the intestine.
T59 995360-995466 Sentence denotes Dissemination of Toxoplasma occurs in lymphocytes, macrophages, granulocytes, and as free forms in plasma.
T60 995467-995521 Sentence denotes From the intestine the organism may follow two routes.
T61 995522-995711 Sentence denotes It may spread via the lymphocytes to the regional nodes and from there via the thoracic duct to the lungs; or it may pass in the portal circulation to the liver and from there to the lungs.
T62 995712-995784 Sentence denotes Further dissemination from the lungs occurs to a wide variety of organs.
T63 995785-995870 Sentence denotes Entry to the host cell may be the result of both phagocytosis and active penetration.
T64 995871-996049 Sentence denotes The ability of Toxoplasma to survive in the intracellular environment is apparently due to failure of fusion of lysosomal membranes with membranes of the parasitophorous vacuole.
T65 996050-996147 Sentence denotes The reasons for this failure of phagocytic degradation of Toxoplasma are still poorly understood.
T66 996148-996207 Sentence denotes Cell-to-cell transmission may occur within infected organs.
T67 996208-996356 Sentence denotes Necrosis is a feature in organs heavily infected with tachyzoites, and this appears to be directly related to the rapid replication of the organism.
T68 996357-996418 Sentence denotes There is no evidence that Toxoplasma gondii produces a toxin.
T69 996419-996603 Sentence denotes The outcome of infection is determined by a number of factors, including the number and strain of Toxoplasma in the infecting dose, and the species, age, and immune status of the host.
T70 996604-996692 Sentence denotes Lesions in visceral organs are usually evident within 1 to 2 weeks after oral infection.
T71 996693-996781 Sentence denotes Variable numbers of tachyzoites are usually found in the vicinity of the necrotic areas.
T72 996782-996843 Sentence denotes Specific immunity develops within a few days after infection.
T73 996844-996917 Sentence denotes This reduces the severity of infection but usually does not terminate it.
T74 996918-997127 Sentence denotes Immune animals develop a chronic or dormant form of Toxoplasma infection characterized by the formation of cysts, containing bradyzoites, which are mainly located in the brain, skeletal muscle, and myocardium.
T75 997128-997243 Sentence denotes The formation of cysts is accompanied by the disappearance of tachyzoites from the circulation and visceral organs.
T76 997244-997364 Sentence denotes Cyst formation may take place as early as 1 to 2 weeks after infection, and they may persist for months, possibly years.
T77 997365-997464 Sentence denotes Intracellular encystment protects the bradyzoites from both cellular and humoral immune mechanisms.
T78 997465-997515 Sentence denotes Inflammation is usually not associated with cysts.
T79 997516-997738 Sentence denotes When the level of immunity drops below a critical level, for example, due to treatment with immunosuppressive drugs, intercurrent disease, or other factors that depress immunity, a chronic infection may become reactivated.
T80 997739-997832 Sentence denotes The cysts rupture and cause a severe inflammation that is mainly hypersensitive in character.
T81 997833-997892 Sentence denotes Apparently, released bradyzoites rarely infect other cells.
T82 997893-997981 Sentence denotes The clinical signs of toxoplasmosis vary considerably, depending on the organs affected.
T83 997982-998117 Sentence denotes The most consistent signs that have been reported are fever, lethargy, anorexia, ocular and nasal discharges, and respiratory distress.
T84 998118-998217 Sentence denotes Neurologic signs include incoordination, circling, tremors, opisthotonus, convulsions, and paresis.
T85 998218-998276 Sentence denotes Paresis is often associated with radiculitis and myositis.
T86 998277-998422 Sentence denotes In dogs, toxoplasmosis may coexist with canine distemper and signs are, in any case, not sufficiently distinctive to allow ready differentiation.
T87 998423-998508 Sentence denotes Immunosuppression by intercurrent distemper may activate latent Toxoplasma infection.
T88 998509-998586 Sentence denotes Systemic toxoplasmosis has been reported in most species of domestic animals.
T89 998587-998686 Sentence denotes Pulmonary lesions are probably most consistently found, followed by central nervous system lesions.
T90 998687-998791 Sentence denotes The lesions in the various organs are morphologically similar in most species, varying mainly in degree.
T91 998792-998968 Sentence denotes Macroscopic lesions in the lung vary from irregular, gray foci of necrosis on the pleural surface to a hemorrhagic pneumonia with confluent involvement of the ventral portions.
T92 998969-999100 Sentence denotes Careful examination of the liver usually reveals either areas of focal necrosis or irregular mottling and edema of the gallbladder.
T93 999101-999177 Sentence denotes The spleen is enlarged, as are lymph nodes, which are wet and freqently red.
T94 999178-999243 Sentence denotes Pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal effusions occur irregularly.
T95 999244-999308 Sentence denotes Pale areas may be evident in the myocardium and skeletal muscle.
T96 999309-999446 Sentence denotes Occasionally, the pancreas is the most severely affected organ, in which case an acute hemorrhagic reaction may involve the entire organ.
T97 999447-999546 Sentence denotes Yellow, small, superficial intestinal ulcers with a hyperemic border have been reported in piglets.
T98 999547-999642 Sentence denotes Large pale areas of necrosis may be present in the renal cortices, mainly in goats and kittens.
T99 999643-999759 Sentence denotes Chronic granulomatous toxoplasmosis may involve the intestine in older cats and produce annular areas of thickening.
T100 999760-999813 Sentence denotes The mucosa overlying the granulomas may be ulcerated.
T101 999814-1000050 Sentence denotes Microscopically, the early pulmonary lesions are characterized by diffuse interstitial pneumonia, and the alveolar septa are thickened due to a predominantly mononuclear inflammatory cell reaction with a few neutrophils and eosinophils.
T102 1000051-1000119 Sentence denotes Large numbers of macrophages and fibrinous exudate fill the alveoli.
T103 1000120-1000252 Sentence denotes Foci of necrosis involving the alveolar septa, bronchiolar epithelial cells, and blood vessels are scattered throughout the lobules.
T104 1000253-1000447 Sentence denotes These lesions are soon followed by regenerative changes characterized by hyperplasia and hypertrophy of alveolar lining cells, mainly type II pneumocytes: so-called epithelialization of alveoli.
T105 1000448-1000540 Sentence denotes In some areas this may be so marked as to give the affected areas an adenomatous appearance.
T106 1000541-1000702 Sentence denotes Tachyzoites are usually evident in variable numbers in alveolar macrophages and may also be found in bronchiolar epithelial cells and the walls of blood vessels.
T107 1000703-1000803 Sentence denotes In the liver, irregular foci of coagulation necrosis are scattered at random throughout the lobules.
T108 1000804-1000888 Sentence denotes There is usually little evidence of inflammation associated with the necrotic areas.
T109 1000889-1001010 Sentence denotes Variable numbers of tachyzoites may be present in hepatocytes and Kupffer cells, usually at the periphery of the lesions.
T110 1001011-1001109 Sentence denotes A moderate lymphocytic reaction may be found in periportal areas and around central veins in cats.
T111 1001110-1001193 Sentence denotes In this species, tachyzoites have also been observed in bile duct epithelial cells.
T112 1001194-1001320 Sentence denotes If the pancreas is involved, there is extensive peripancreatic fat necrosis, with areas of coagulation necrosis in parenchyma.
T113 1001321-1001394 Sentence denotes Numerous tachyzoites are usually evident in both ductal and acinar cells.
T114 1001395-1001481 Sentence denotes Lesions in lymph nodes are often associated with infection in the corresponding organ.
T115 1001482-1001570 Sentence denotes They are characterized by irregular areas of coagulation necrosis, mainly in the cortex.
T116 1001571-1001658 Sentence denotes A moderate inflammatory reaction may be evident at the periphery of the necrotic areas.
T117 1001659-1001727 Sentence denotes There may bq necrosis and depletion of lymphocytes in the follicles.
T118 1001728-1001916 Sentence denotes In more chronic cases, the changes are those of nonspecific hyperplasia of lymphoid cells in cortical and paracortical areas, with a large macrophage population in the medullary sinusoids.
T119 1001917-1001974 Sentence denotes Tachyzoites may be seen in phagocytic cells in sinusoids.
T120 1001975-1002015 Sentence denotes Similar lesions may occur in the spleen.
T121 1002016-1002080 Sentence denotes Necrotic areas are mainly located in the red pulp in this organ.
T122 1002081-1002195 Sentence denotes In the heart and skeletal muscle, foci of necrosis and mononuclear-cell inflammation may be part of toxoplasmosis.
T123 1002196-1002420 Sentence denotes There is often some difficulty in distinguishing between tachyzoites and mineralization of mitochondria in myocytes, but at some distance from areas of acute reaction, inert cysts can usually be identified in healthy fibers.
T124 1002421-1002470 Sentence denotes The development of brain lesions is inconsistent.
T125 1002471-1002551 Sentence denotes In the most fulminating cases, cerebral lesions may be relatively inconspicuous.
T126 1002552-1002657 Sentence denotes They consist of a nonsuppurative meningoencephalitis with multifocal areas of necrosis and often malacia.
T127 1002658-1002739 Sentence denotes There is swelling of endothelial cells, necrosis of vessel walls, and vasculitis.
T128 1002740-1002816 Sentence denotes There may be marked perivascular edema and hyperplasia of perithelial cells.
T129 1002817-1002960 Sentence denotes Tachyzoites and occasionally cysts may be found in vessel walls and in necrotic areas in both gray and white matter at all levels of the brain.
T130 1002961-1003174 Sentence denotes If survival is prolonged, residual cerebral lesions consist of microglial nodules along with more extensive hyperplasia of perithelial cells and perivascular fibrosis, which tends to make the vessels very obvious.
T131 1003175-1003368 Sentence denotes At this stage, tachyzoites are rare, and cysts 30 |xm in diameter with a wall of amorphous acidophilic material ~ 1 (xm thick, located in areas away from the lesions, may be the only form seen.
T132 1003369-1003421 Sentence denotes Spinal cordlesions resemble those seen in the brain.
T133 1003422-1003599 Sentence denotes The placental and fetal lesions associated with Toxoplasma infection are described with the Female Genital System (Volume 3), and ocular lesions with the Eye and Ear (Volume 1).
T134 1003600-1003750 Sentence denotes The finding of tachyzoites and/or cysts in association with areas of coagulation necrosis in one or more organs is highly suggestive of toxoplasmosis.
T135 1003751-1003888 Sentence denotes With the exception of the dormant cysts, which may be found in brain, the accidental discovery of Toxoplasma in routine sections is rare.
T136 1003889-1004057 Sentence denotes The inference from this is that in spite of the ubiquity of the infection, when Toxoplasma is found in sections in association with lesions, it is probably significant.
T137 1004058-1004263 Sentence denotes The encephalitic form of toxoplasmosis in pigs must be differentiated from pansystemic viral infections with brain lesions, such as pseudorabies, hog cholera, African swine fever, and viral encephalitides.
T138 1004264-1004303 Sentence denotes These diseases are discussed elsewhere.
T139 1004304-1004491 Sentence denotes In sheep and horses, lesions of the central nervous system due to Toxoplasma-\\kt organisms must be differentiated from those due to Sarcocystis, which tend to be associated with vessels.
T140 1004492-1004625 Sentence denotes The lung lesions in cats with toxoplasmosis resemble those of feline calicivirus infection (see the Respiratory System, this volume).
T141 1004626-1004809 Sentence denotes Serologic tests such as the Sabin-Feldman dye test and the indirect hemagglutination test are of limited value in the diagnosis of disease associated with Toxoplasma gondii infection.
T142 1004810-1004894 Sentence denotes The fluorescent-antibody technique is available for application to infected tissues.
T143 1004895-1005050 Sentence denotes Intraperitoneal inoculation of infected tissue into mice may be needed to differentiate toxoplasmosis from other protozoan infections, such as Sarcocystis.
T144 1005051-1005179 Sentence denotes Hammondia species are obligatorily heteroxenous organisms, with the cat (H. hammondi) and dog (H. heydorni) as definitive hosts.
T145 1005180-1005260 Sentence denotes They are also known as Toxoplasma hammondi and Isospora bahiensis, respectively.
T146 1005261-1005394 Sentence denotes Toxoplasma-like oocysts are shed in the feces of the definitive host and are infectious to intermediate hosts, normally prey species.
T147 1005395-1005450 Sentence denotes There, bradyzoites develop in cysts in striated muscle.
T148 1005451-1005559 Sentence denotes Disease is not associated with infection of intermediate hosts; diarrhea may occur in heavily infected dogs.
T149 1005560-1005601 Sentence denotes Sarcocystis is obligatorily heteroxenous.
T150 1005602-1005801 Sentence denotes Sexual stages occur in the subepithelial lamina propria at the tips of villi in the small intestine of carnivores, and oocysts sporulate in tissue, producing two sporocysts within a thin oocyst wall.
T151 1005802-1006072 Sentence denotes Sporocysts containing four sporozoites shed in feces are infective to intermediate hosts, in which several generations of schizogony occur in vascular endothelium, and a final cyst containing merozoites (bradyzoites) is formed in myocytes and, occasionally, other cells.
T152 1006073-1006166 Sentence denotes Ingestion of tissue cysts containing bradyzoites initiates gametogony in the definitive host.
T153 1006167-1006294 Sentence denotes There is apparently no resistance to the development of gamonts, and no disease is associated with them in the definitive host.
T154 1006295-1006369 Sentence denotes Many species of Sarcocystis are recognized, based on prey-predator cycles.
T155 1006370-1006448 Sentence denotes Gametogony of a given species usually occurs in only one species of carnivore.
T156 1006449-1006578 Sentence denotes The number of vertebrates capable of acting as intermediate hosts may be narrow or wide, depending on the species of Sarcocystis.
T157 1006579-1006671 Sentence denotes Sarcocystis cysts in ovine muscle may be grossly visible, causing losses at meat inspection.
T158 1006672-1006769 Sentence denotes It is unclear whether Sarcocystis is involved in the etiology of eosinophilic myositis in cattle.
T159 1006770-1006932 Sentence denotes Sarcocystis infection in cattle, sheep, goats, and swine may cause chronic ill thrift or an acute fatal disease characterized by anemia and widespread hemorrhage.
T160 1006933-1007008 Sentence denotes Both syndromes are initiated during the endothelial phase of the infection.
T161 1007009-1007072 Sentence denotes Abortion occurs during this phase of infection in some species.
T162 1007073-1007213 Sentence denotes Abortion associated with the acute disease in pregnant animals is the result of the systemic illness, and the fetus usually is not infected.
T163 1007214-1007444 Sentence denotes In cattle, however, some abortions, seen in otherwise clinically normal animals, are associated with schizonts of Sarcocystis in the vascular endothelium of the fetus, especially in the brain, and with nonsuppurative encephalitis.
T164 1007445-1007593 Sentence denotes Encephalitis is occasionally associated with Sarcocystis infection in sheep, and in horses, Sarcocystis is the cause of protozoal myeloencephalitis.
T165 1007594-1007638 Sentence denotes Besnoitia is also obligatorily heteroxenous.
T166 1007639-1007775 Sentence denotes Some stages of merogony, and gametogony, occur in the intestine of the definitive host, cats, where they are not known to be pathogenic.
T167 1007776-1007806 Sentence denotes Oocysts are shed unsporulated.
T168 1007807-1007915 Sentence denotes When sporulated, they are Isospora-like, and so-called large forms of/, bigemina are probably Besnoitia spp.
T169 1007916-1008132 Sentence denotes Meronts in the intermediate host develop in mesenchymal cells, probably fibroblasts, which become massively hypertrophic, forming cysts containing many clusters of merozoites (bradyzoites) in the host-cell cytoplasm.
T170 1008133-1008269 Sentence denotes Among domestic animals, cysts of B. besnoiti may assume some significance in the skin of cattle (see the Skin and Appendages, Volume 1).
T171 1008270-1008447 Sentence denotes is a small apicomplexan protozoan parasite found on the surface of epithelium in the gastrointestinal (Fig. 1.49E ) and respiratory tracts of mammals, birds, reptiles, and fish.
T172 1008448-1008502 Sentence denotes Respiratory infection seems most significant in birds.
T173 1008503-1008533 Sentence denotes Disease in mammals is enteric.
T174 1008534-1008686 Sentence denotes Cryptosporidium has a typical coccidian life cycle, with merogony, gametogony, and sporogony occurring in the brush border of infected epithelial cells.
T175 1008687-1008870 Sentence denotes The organisms are within a vacuole formed by apposition of two unit membranes of the host cell, probably caused by inversion of a microvillus by the infecting sporozoite or merozoite.
T176 1008871-1009038 Sentence denotes A specialized "feeder" organelle is often present at the attachment zone in the base of the vacuole, between the infecting organism and the cytoplasm of the host cell.
T177 1009039-1009112 Sentence denotes Developmental stages are small, in most cases about 2 -6 |xm in diameter.
T178 1009113-1009198 Sentence denotes Undifferentiated meronts and gamonts are recognized as small basophilic trophozoites.
T179 1009199-1009252 Sentence denotes Mature schizonts contain small, falciform merozoites.
T180 1009253-1009316 Sentence denotes Macrogamonts are ~5 |xm in diameter and contain small granules.
T181 1009317-1009386 Sentence denotes Oocysts in tissue sections often are collapsed into a crescent shape.
T182 1009387-1009537 Sentence denotes The various stages may be recognized in wax-or plastic-embedded sections under the light microscope but are best studied with the electron microscope.
T183 1009538-1009719 Sentence denotes Oocysts may be demonstrated by fecal flotation or in fecal smears stained with Giemsa, by a modified Ziehl-Neelsen technique, or with auramine O and examined with fluorescent light.
T184 1009720-1009870 Sentence denotes The number of generations of schizogony and the significance of possible autoinfection by oocysts sporulated in the intestine of the host are unclear.
T185 1009871-1010054 Sentence denotes The massive number of organisms that may be present in clinically affected animals suggests that extensive proliferation may take place within the host following ingestion of oocysts.
T186 1010055-1010131 Sentence denotes Although most coccidia are considered host specific, Cryptosporidium is not.
T187 1010132-1010329 Sentence denotes Experimental cross-infection using Cryptosporidia recovered from humans and a variety of mammals has been accomplished, with other species of mammals, and sometimes birds, susceptible to infection.
T188 1010330-1010445 Sentence denotes Some strain variations may exist, however, reflected in the relative host susceptibility and site of proliferation.
T189 1010446-1010547 Sentence denotes Cryptosporidiosis is a zoonosis, some human cases being associated with exposure to infected animals.
T190 1010548-1010677 Sentence denotes The pathogenicity of Cryptosporidia was not recognized for a long time, and the mechanism by which disease is induced is unclear.
T191 1010678-1010737 Sentence denotes In some hosts, infection appears always to be asymptomatic.
T192 1010738-1010833 Sentence denotes However, neonatal ruminants seem particularly susceptible to disease induced by Cryptosporidia.
T193 1010834-1010967 Sentence denotes Diarrhea, anorexia, and depression in calves occur usually between about 1 and 3 or 4 weeks of age, and in lambs about 5-14 days old.
T194 1010968-1011083 Sentence denotes Cryptosporidiosis is incriminated sporadically as a cause of diarrhea in other species, including piglets and cats.
T195 1011084-1011257 Sentence denotes In humans, immunosuppression may be contributory to the development of cryptosporidiosis, and heavy infections have occurred in Arabian foals with combined immunodeficiency.
T196 1011258-1011350 Sentence denotes However, severe immunodeficiency does not appear to be a necessary concomitant of infection.
T197 1011351-1011568 Sentence denotes Cryptosporidia frequently occur concurrently with enterotoxic E. coli, rotavirus, or coronavirus infection in neo-natal ruminants, but it is clear from experimental work that Cryptosporidium can be a primary pathogen.
T198 1011569-1011765 Sentence denotes In all species, intestinal cryptosporidiosis is associated with villus atrophy of varying severity, with blunting and some fusion of villi and hypertrophy of crypts of Lieberkuhn ( Fig. 1.50A,C) .
T199 1011766-1011908 Sentence denotes Surface epithelium is usually cuboidal, rounded, or low columnar, and sometimes exfoliating or forming irregular projections at tips of villi.
T200 1011909-1012097 Sentence denotes Large numbers of Cryptosporidia are usually visible in the microvillus border of cells on the villi (Fig. 1.50B) and not in crypts of Lieberkuhn, although occasionally the reverse is true.
T201 1012098-1012204 Sentence denotes Organisms are most heavily distributed in the distal half of the small intestine, especially in the ileum.
T202 1012205-1012319 Sentence denotes They may occur in the cecum and colon, however, where they infect cells on the surface and occasionally in glands.
T203 1012320-1012451 Sentence denotes In heavily infected large bowel, some attenuation of surface epithelium and dilation of crypts with necrotic debris may be evident.
T204 1012452-1012567 Sentence denotes Mild proprial infiltrates of neutrophils and mixed mononuclear cells are present in both small and large intestine.
T205 1012568-1012798 Sentence denotes Diarrhea in cryptosporidiosis may be related to malabsorption associated with villus atrophy, and perhaps to the occupation of a large proportion of the surface area of absorptive cells in the distal small bowel by Cryptosporidia.
T206 1012799-1012946 Sentence denotes Mucosal lactase activity in infected calves is significantly reduced, even at uninfected or lightly infected sites in the anterior small intestine.
T207 1012947-1013130 Sentence denotes This suggests that the effects on mucosal digestion and absorption are not solely related to physical alteration of villi or microvilli and associated loss of functional surface area.
T208 1013131-1013319 Sentence denotes Cryptosporidiosis is most significant in calves, as a cause of undifferentiated neonatal diarrhea, in which it must be differentiated particularly from coronavirus and rotavirus infection.
T209 1013320-1013388 Sentence denotes Frequently it is concurrent with other agents causing this syndrome.
T210 1013389-1013508 Sentence denotes A similar situation occurs in lambs, though disease does not appear to be as common or well recognized in that species.
T211 1013509-1013636 Sentence denotes It is a sporadic or minor cause of fatal diarrhea in other species, usually but not always occurring in the neonatal age group.
T212 1013637-1013765 Sentence denotes Though cryptosporidiosis can be induced experimentally in piglets, it is a relatively rare cause of spontaneous disease in them.
T213 1013766-1013902 Sentence denotes The pathologic diagnosis is based on the presence of large numbers of Cryptosporidia in sections of freshly fixed lower small intestine.
T214 1013903-1014058 Sentence denotes Examination of smears of ileal mucosa stained with Giemsa may allow a more rapid answer or permit a diagnosis on tissue from an animal dead for some hours.
T215 1014059-1014150 Sentence denotes In neonatal animals, other infectious causes of diarrhea should be sought at the same time.
T216 1014151-1014163 Sentence denotes AMOEBIASIS .
T217 1014164-1014352 Sentence denotes Entamoeba histolytica is the cause of amoebiasis in humans, nonhuman primates, and occasionally in other species, including dogs and cattle; cats are susceptible to experimental infection.
T218 1014353-1014439 Sentence denotes Among domestic animals, spontaneous amoebiasis occurs with any frequency only in dogs.
T219 1014440-1014488 Sentence denotes Even then, it is uncommon or rare in most areas.
T220 1014489-1014639 Sentence denotes Infection in dogs appears to have a low prevalence, and most cases are sporadic, probably acquired by exposure to cysts in feces from infected people.
T221 1014640-1014805 Sentence denotes Dogs tend not to pass encysted amoebae; hence it has been suggested that they present little public health hazard and are unlikely to support spread from dog to dog.
T222 1014806-1014963 Sentence denotes Under some circumstances, however, cysts may be shed, and fecal material contain- ing motile trophozoites has been used to transmit infection orally to dogs.
T223 1014964-1015076 Sentence denotes Amoebae usually are nonpathogenic inhabitants of the lumen of the large bowel, but sometimes they cause colitis.
T224 1015077-1015208 Sentence denotes The diet and immune status of the host and virulence attributes of various strains of the organism seem to influence pathogenicity.
T225 1015209-1015317 Sentence denotes Large forms of Entamoeba histolytica are potentially invasive, and pathogenic strains are erythrophagocytic.
T226 1015318-1015426 Sentence denotes Amoebiasis in dogs is associated with diarrheic or mucoid feces, perhaps with some blood, or with dysentery.
T227 1015427-1015608 Sentence denotes Erosive mucosal colitis or ulcerative colitis occurs in dogs with amoebiasis, and disease seems more common or severe in animals with concomitant Trichuris or Ancylostoma infection.
T228 1015609-1015722 Sentence denotes Early lesions in human amoebiasis seem to be a diffuse acute mucosal colitis, with focal erosions or ulcerations.
T229 1015723-1015881 Sentence denotes Amoebae, though scarce, may be found in mucus on the colonic surface but are most numerous in the fibrinocellular exudate over erosions or superficial ulcers.
T230 1015882-1016031 Sentence denotes Ulcers advance as an area of necrosis and predominantly neutrophilic infiltrate, causing loss of glands, and extend for the full depth of the mucosa.
T231 1016032-1016181 Sentence denotes Established ulcerative amoebic colitis classically has a flask-shaped ulcer, the narrow neck through the mucosa, and the broad base in the submucosa.
T232 1016182-1016291 Sentence denotes There amoebae, and necrosis, expand laterally, apparently less constrained by the architecture of the tissue.
T233 1016292-1016373 Sentence denotes The ragged mucosal margin of the ulcer overhangs the excavation in the submucosa.
T234 1016374-1016407 Sentence denotes The muscularis is rarely invaded.
T235 1016408-1016485 Sentence denotes Amoebae may attain the deeper tissue via mucosal blood vessels or lymphatics.
T236 1016486-1016568 Sentence denotes A mixed inflammatory reaction is present about the periphery of areas of necrosis.
T237 1016569-1016717 Sentence denotes Amoebae may be present, commonly in small clusters, in necrotic debris or in adjacent viable tissue, often not involved in an inflammatory reaction.
T238 1016718-1016873 Sentence denotes Amoebae in tissue, often surrounded by a clear halo, may be spherical or irregular, with extended pseudopodia, and are about 6 to 40 or 50 |xm in diameter.
T239 1016874-1016948 Sentence denotes The nucleus has a central dense karyosome and peripheral chromatin clumps.
T240 1016949-1017099 Sentence denotes The cytoplasm may appear foamy, can contain remnants of erythrocytes in phagolysosomes, and contains glycogen, which makes the cytoplasm PAS-positive.
T241 1017100-1017210 Sentence denotes The lesions of established amoebiasis in the colon of dogs resemble those in humans, as may the early lesions.
T242 1017211-1017385 Sentence denotes Although dissemination of amoebae, with localization in other organs, especially liver, lung, and brain, is a relatively common complication in humans, it seems rare in dogs.
T243 1017386-1017444 Sentence denotes One such case occurred in an animal with canine distemper.
T244 1017445-1017549 Sentence denotes Giardia species are flagellate protozoa that inhibit the small intestine of a wide range of vertebrates.
T245 1017550-1017588 Sentence denotes The taxonomy of the genus is confused.
T246 1017589-1017670 Sentence denotes In the past, species status has been conferred on Giardia found in various hosts.
T247 1017671-1017784 Sentence denotes Now it appears that a relatively small number of species exists, however, each with a relatively wide host range.
T248 1017785-1017878 Sentence denotes Giardia infection is common in humans and is associated with disease in a proportion of them.
T249 1017879-1018035 Sentence denotes Giardia from people are infective for a wide range of mammals, and there is circumstantial evidence that giardiasis in humans may be zoonotic in some cases.
T250 1018036-1018190 Sentence denotes Giardia occurs in dogs, cats, cattle, sheep, and horses and has been associated with disease, with varying degrees of credibility, in each of these hosts.
T251 1018191-1018336 Sentence denotes Giardia trophozoites are pyriform in outline, about 10 to 20 |xm long by 5 to 15 |xm wide and 2 to 4 |xm thick, and convex on the dorsal surface.
T252 1018337-1018444 Sentence denotes The concave ventral surface is modified by the presence of an adhesive disk, which functions in attachment.
T253 1018445-1018507 Sentence denotes Nutrient absorption seems to occur through the dorsal surface.
T254 1018508-1018598 Sentence denotes A pair of nuclei, two axonemes, two medial bodies, and four pairs of flagella are present.
T255 1018599-1018795 Sentence denotes The organisms apply their ventral aspect to the microvillous surface of enterocytes ( Fig. 1.49D) , usually between villi, in folds on the villous surface, or occasionally in crypts of Lieberkuhn.
T256 1018796-1018895 Sentence denotes Giardia has been demonstrated in the mucosa, but this is an unusual and probably aberrant location.
T257 1018896-1018997 Sentence denotes Relatively resistant oval cysts are passed in the feces, and transmission is by the fecal-oral route.
T258 1018998-1019133 Sentence denotes The significance of Giardia as a pathogen in humans and other species has been controversial, since asymptomatic infection is the rule.
T259 1019134-1019219 Sentence denotes There now seems little doubt that under some circumstances Giardia may cause disease.
T260 1019220-1019336 Sentence denotes How the host-parasite relationship is modified to cause disease, and the pathogenesis of disease, are still unclear.
T261 1019337-1019512 Sentence denotes In young dogs and cats, in which the disease is most important, though still uncommon, the main sign is intermittent or chronic diarrhea, which may persist for several months.
T262 1019513-1019557 Sentence denotes The stool is soft, pale, mucoid, and greasy.
T263 1019558-1019675 Sentence denotes Though appetite is not usually impaired, there may be a reduced growth rate or weight loss, suggesting malabsorption.
T264 1019676-1019745 Sentence denotes A poor hair coat is attributed to deficiency of fat-soluble vitamins.
T265 1019746-1019822 Sentence denotes Gastrointestinal dysfunction has not been extensively documented in animals.
T266 1019823-1019945 Sentence denotes Some people with Giardia infection have malabsorption of d-xylose and vitamin B 1 2 , and steatorrhea and hypocarotinemia.
T267 1019946-1020071 Sentence denotes Excess fecal fat has been found in infected cats, but d-xylose malabsorption was not demonstrated in one dog with giardiasis.
T268 1020072-1020136 Sentence denotes Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain these findings.
T269 1020137-1020287 Sentence denotes Although villous atrophy may occur in human patients with giardiasis, this usually occurs mainly in a subgroup of patients with hypogammaglobulinemia.
T270 1020288-1020419 Sentence denotes Marked histologic abnormality is not found in many cases of giardiasis in humans, and this seems also to be true for dogs and cats.
T271 1020420-1020612 Sentence denotes In experimental murine giardiasis, infection is associated with hypertrophy of crypts and increased production of cells, combined with an increased rate of movement of enterocytes along villi.
T272 1020613-1020770 Sentence denotes Intraepithelial lymphocytes are common in infected intestine, and altered epithelial kinetics may be related to cell-mediated immune reactions in the mucosa.
T273 1020771-1020977 Sentence denotes Atrophy of villi has been associated with restoration of cell-mediated immune competence in Giardia-infected athymic mice, suggesting that immune phenomena may be involved in the pathogenesis of giardiasis.
T274 1020978-1021062 Sentence denotes Selective deficiencies in some brush-border enzymes occur in people with giardiasis.
T275 1021063-1021226 Sentence denotes Possibly these are related to altered villus transit times or to the direct effects of Giardia on microvilli, which may be deformed adjacent to adherent organisms.
T276 1021227-1021313 Sentence denotes Giardia may also inhibit the activity of pancreatic lipase, causing fat malabsorption.
T277 1021314-1021480 Sentence denotes Bacterial overgrowth of the small intestine may occur with Giardia infection, however, and associated bile salt deconjugation could explain steatorrhea in giardiasis.
T278 1021481-1021538 Sentence denotes Possibly, Giardia is capable of deconjugating bile salts.
T279 1021539-1021814 Sentence denotes Giardiasis is usually diagnosed clinically on the basis of typical cysts in fecal flotations, or trophozoites in intestinal aspirates or fecal smears, coupled with remission of clinical signs following therapy and an inability to identify other potential causes of the signs.
T280 1021815-1021904 Sentence denotes A diagnosis is sometimes based on findings in biopsies of small intestine, or at autopsy.
T281 1021905-1021978 Sentence denotes In dogs and cats, morphologic changes in the mucosa are not well defined.
T282 1021979-1022204 Sentence denotes The mucosa may appear normal, but there may be equivocal blunting of villi, perhaps associated with a moderate infiltrate of mononuclear cells into the core of the villus, or a heavy population of intraepithelial lymphocytes.
T283 1022205-1022270 Sentence denotes Giardia should be sought in animals with malabsorption syndromes.
T284 1022271-1022411 Sentence denotes They lie between villi and are usually evident as crescent shapes, applied by their concave surface to the brush border of epithelial cells.
T285 1022412-1022651 Sentence denotes In favorable sections through the level of the nuclei, they may appear to have a pair of' 'eyes.'' Trophozoites oriented along the plane of section may look as they do in smears, the paired nuclei giving the organism a facelike appearance.
T286 1022652-1022790 Sentence denotes An abnormal number of bacteria, suggestive of overgrowth, may be present in the mucus and content in the vicinity, in symptomatic animals.
T287 1022791-1022924 Sentence denotes A diagnosis of giardiasis should always be reserved for those cases in which no other explanation for the syndrome can be identified.
T288 1022925-1023031 Sentence denotes Giardiasis has been associated with mucosal colitis in dogs, but the association is probably coincidental.
T289 1023032-1023150 Sentence denotes Among animals other than dogs and cats, Giardia seems most convincingly to be associated with enteric signs in cattle.
T290 1023151-1023239 Sentence denotes However, the significance of infection in that and other species is very poorly defined.
T291 1023240-1023446 Sentence denotes Trichomonas, or similar flagellates, are sometimes encountered in the feces of horses, dogs, cats, and cattle with diarrhea, but there is no established causal association between the organisms and disease.
T292 1023447-1023553 Sentence denotes The association of trichomonads with diarrhea in horses is discussed briefly with typhlocolitis in horses.
T293 1023554-1023720 Sentence denotes Balantidium is a large, oval protozoan about 50-60 |xm or more long, with a macronucleus and micronucleus and covered by many cilia arrayed in rows along its surface.
T294 1023721-1023804 Sentence denotes Balantidium coli occurs in the large bowel of swine, humans, and nonhuman primates.
T295 1023805-1023890 Sentence denotes It is very common in pigs, and many infected people live in close contact with swine.
T296 1023891-1023996 Sentence denotes It has also been reported from several dogs with access to swine yards, as a complication of trichurosis.
T297 1023997-1024158 Sentence denotes Balantidium is normally present as a commensal in the lumen of the cecum and colon but is capable of opportunistic invasion of tissues injured by other diseases.
T298 1024159-1024228 Sentence denotes Its capacity to invade may be related to production of hyaluronidase.
T299 1024229-1024536 Sentence denotes In swine, where the organisms are most commonly encountered by veterinary pathologists ( Fig. 1.49C) , Balantidium may be found at the leading edge of the necrotizing or ulcerative lesions of the large intestine that develop secondarily to intestinal adenomatosis, swine dysentery, or perhaps salmonellosis.
T300 1024537-1024723 Sentence denotes Likely, Balantidium interacts with the anaerobic colonic flora in perpetuating and advancing the necrotizing lesions that are themselves complications of the primary bacterial infection.
T301 1024724-1024922 Sentence denotes Balantidium is recognized in tissue by large size, ovoid shape, the dense, curved or kidney-shaped macronucleus, and the presence of cilia (which may be accentuated by silver stains) on the surface.