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CORD-19:066d9708265a90886808c378340547b6460afde9 JSONTXT 9 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 0-90 Sentence denotes CD56 + B-cell Neurolymphomatosis in a Cat ScienceDirect B-cell Neurolymphomatosis in a Cat
T2 92-100 Sentence denotes Abstract
T3 101-232 Sentence denotes A 16-year-old male Russian blue cat was presented with acute onset of paraparesis of the forelimbs that progressed to tetraparesis.
T4 233-347 Sentence denotes Neurological examination revealed non-ambulatory tetraparesis with decreased postural reactions in all four limbs.
T5 348-521 Sentence denotes Magnetic resonance imaging revealed multifocal nerve root swelling on the right at C6/C7 and C7/T1, while ultrasonography demonstrated swelling of the right brachial plexus.
T6 522-675 Sentence denotes To understand the cause of the nerve swelling, the right musculocutaneous nerve arising from the brachial plexus and the pectoralis muscle were biopsied.
T7 676-821 Sentence denotes Histologically, there was evidence of neurolymphomatosis (neurotropic lymphoma) with Wallerian degeneration and denervation atrophy of myofibres.
T8 822-883 Sentence denotes The neoplastic lymphoid cells expressed CD79a, CD20 and CD56.
T9 884-959 Sentence denotes Based on these findings, a diagnosis of B-cell neurolymphomatosis was made.
T10 960-1137 Sentence denotes Expression of CD56, synonymous with neural cell adhesion molecule, is rare in B-cell lymphomas and has not been reported in feline B-cell lymphomas or feline neurolymphomatosis.
T11 1138-1254 Sentence denotes CD56 expression was suspected to have played an important role in neurotropism of the neoplastic cells in this case.
T12 1256-1386 Sentence denotes Most lymphomas in the nervous system of domestic animals arise as part of generalized metastatic lymphoma (Higgins et al., 2016) .
T13 1387-1598 Sentence denotes In cats, lymphoma is the most common neoplasm affecting the spinal cord and second most common neoplasm in the brain (Mandara et al., 2016) , but the overall prevalence of primary nervous system lymphoma is low.
T14 1599-1925 Sentence denotes Lymphoma of the nervous system can manifest as intraparenchymal brain lymphoma; lymphomatosis cerebri; intravascular lymphoma; lymphomatous choroiditis and meningitis; extradural, intraduraleextramedullary or intramedullary lymphoma in the spinal cord; or neurolymphomatosis in the peripheral nerves (Guil-Luna et al., 2013) .
T15 1926-2118 Sentence denotes Amongst these, neurolymphomatosis is defined as an infiltration of peripheral nerves or nerve roots by a neurotropic B-or T-cell lymphoma or with concur-rent leukaemia (Higgins et al., 2016) .
T16 2119-2343 Sentence denotes Neural cell adhesion molecule (also called CD56) is a key molecule responsible for mediating cell-to-cell adhesion and is typically expressed by neurons, glia, natural killer (NK) cells or T cells (Weisberger et al., 2006) .
T17 2344-2508 Sentence denotes In man, CD56 positivity is a rare event in B-cell lymphoma and is usually recognized in neoplastic B cells derived from extranodal sites (Weisberger et al., 2006) .
T18 2509-2714 Sentence denotes Aberrant expression of CD56 by the neoplastic lymphoid cells is considered as a possible factor in infiltration of neoplastic cells into peripheral nerves (Misdraji et al., 2000; Weisberger et al., 2006) .
T19 2715-2859 Sentence denotes Here, we report the clinical, imaging and pathological findings of a primary, neurotropic, CD56 + B-cell lymphoma (neurolymphomatosis) in a cat.
T20 2860-3074 Sentence denotes A 16-year-old male Russian blue cat was presented to a local animal hospital for nystagmus of the left eye and acute onset of paresis of the left forelimb that progressed to paraparesis of both forelimbs in 2 days.
T21 3075-3196 Sentence denotes Radiographic and orthopaedic examination revealed no abnormality and the cat was treated with dexamethasone and mannitol.
T22 3197-3288 Sentence denotes Five days later, the cat's neurological status deteriorated and progressed to tetraparesis.
T23 3289-3364 Sentence denotes The cat was referred to the National Taiwan University Veterinary Hospital.
T24 3365-3533 Sentence denotes Neurological examination revealed non-ambulatory tetraparesis with decreased postural reactions in all four limbs and decreased withdrawal reflex in the right hindlimb.
T25 3534-3818 Sentence denotes Several subtle cranial nerve deficits were also detected, including pendular nystagmus, slightly delayed vestibular eye movement when the cat was turned towards the right, slightly decreased facial sensation on the left side and bilateral mydriasis with absent pupillary light reflex.
T26 3819-3919 Sentence denotes According to the clinical examination, neurolocalization to the C6-T2 spinal cord segments was made.
T27 3920-4383 Sentence denotes On the same day, complete blood cell count and serum biochemical analyses showed neutrophilia (31.42 Â 10 9 /l; reference interval 1.48e10.29 Â 10 9 /l), mild monocytosis (1.55 Â 10 9 /l; reference interval 0.05e0.67 Â 10 9 /l), mildly elevated liver enzymes (alanine aminotransferase 262 U/l; reference interval 12e130 U/l; aspartate amino transferase 112 U/l; reference interval 0e48 U/l) and hyperglycaemia (16.11 mmol/l; reference interval 4.11e8.83 mmol/ l).
T28 4384-4475 Sentence denotes These results could possibly have been related to recent administration of glucocorticoids.
T29 4476-4704 Sentence denotes Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed multifocal nerve root swelling and hyperintensity at C6/C7 and C7/ T1 under short-and medium-T1 sequence ( Fig. 1) , while ultrasonography revealed swelling of the right brachial plexus.
T30 4705-4935 Sentence denotes Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis revealed medium to large sized lymphocytes with high cellularity (24 Â 10 6 /l; reference interval 0e5 Â 10 6 /l) and increased protein concentration (0.07 g/l; reference interval 0.01e0.04 g/l).
T31 4936-5120 Sentence denotes CSF bacterial culture and polymerase chain reaction of CSF to detect Toxoplasma gondii, feline leukaemia virus, feline immunodeficiency virus and feline corona virus were all negative.
T32 5121-5299 Sentence denotes After 8 days of glucocorticoid therapy, surgical biopsy of the right musculocutaneous nerve and pectoralis muscle was performed and samples submitted for histological evaluation.
T33 5300-5412 Sentence denotes However, the cat died of cardiorespiratory failure postoperatively, probably due to unclassified cardiomyopathy.
T34 5413-5474 Sentence denotes Permission was not granted to perform a necropsy examination.
T35 5475-5593 Sentence denotes The specimens collected were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin, processed routinely and embedded in paraffin wax.
T36 5594-5649 Sentence denotes Sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin (HE).
T37 5650-6127 Sentence denotes Serial sections were subjected to immunohistochemistry (IHC) with a mouse antihuman monoclonal CD3 (clone F7.2.38, 1 in 200 dilution; Dako, Glostrup, Denmark), CD56 (clone RCD56, 1 in 200 dilution; Zytomed, Berlin, Germany), CD20 (polyclone catalogue number RB-9013-P0, 1 in 100 dilution; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Carlsbad, California, USA) and CD79a (clone JCB117, 1 in 200 dilution; Dako) detected using a REALÔ Envision kit (Dako) with 3, 3 0 diaminobenzidine as chromogen.
T38 6128-6286 Sentence denotes Internal and external controls were obtained from feline tissues and negative controls were created by replacing the primary antibodies with non-immune serum.
T39 6287-6500 Sentence denotes Microscopically, within the epineurium, the nerve fascicles were interrupted multifocally by coalescing infiltrates of neoplastic cells, resulting in swelling, dissolution and fragmentation of the axons (Fig. 2 ).
T40 6501-6576 Sentence denotes Blood vessels were surrounded by neoplastic cells in densely packed sheets.
T41 6577-6730 Sentence denotes Neoplastic cells were round and contained single intermediate sized nuclei (approximately 1.5e2 times as large as red blood cells) with sparse cytoplasm.
T42 6731-6836 Sentence denotes The nuclei were smudged and showed clumping of chromatin with one or several distinct nucleoli (Fig. 3) .
T43 6837-6886 Sentence denotes Mitosis averaged 1e2 per high-power (Â400) field.
T44 6887-7048 Sentence denotes The muscle showed that myocytes were individualized, reduced in size and surrounded by hypertrophic reserve cells, consistent with those of denervated myofibres.
T45 7049-7152 Sentence denotes Based on the histological appearance a diagnosis of a neurotropic lymphoma/neurolymphomatosis was made.
T46 7153-7287 Sentence denotes The neoplastic cells showed immunoreactivity for CD20 and CD79a, but tested negative for CD3 (Fig. 4) , indicative of a B-cell origin.
T47 7288-7381 Sentence denotes Based on the location, histopathology and IHC, large B-cell neurolymphomatosis was diagnosed.
T48 7382-7728 Sentence denotes Although central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma and stage IV lymphoma/lymphoid leukaemia could readily metastasize to the peripheral nerves, there was no evidence of CNS lymphoma in this case from the imaging findings; furthermore, polyneuropathy was the only observed clinical sign, highly indicative of primary lymphoma of the peripheral nerves.
T49 7729-7878 Sentence denotes Neurolymphomatosis is often associated with neurological deficits related to the affected spinal cord roots, nerve or trunk (Linzmann et al., 2009 ).
T50 7879-8321 Sentence denotes Since neoplastic lymphocytes heavily infiltrate peripheral nerves, causing Wallerian degeneration of the nerves while preserving axons, patients with neurolymphomatosis usually present with progressive peripheral neuropathy including mononeuropathy, asymmetrical regional neuropathies in the forelimb or hindlimb, plexopathy, polyradiculopathies or cauda equina syndrome (Kelly and Karcher, 2005; Mandara et al., 2016; Sakurai et al., 2016) .
T51 8322-8505 Sentence denotes In cats, immune-mediated and infectious polyradiculoneuritis should be considered in the differential diagnoses (Flecknell and Lucke, 1978; Henke et al., 2009; Mandara et al., 2016) .
T52 8506-8693 Sentence denotes Immune-mediated disorders include feline acute idiopathic polyneuropathy, which is clinically identical to Guillain-Barr e syndrome in man and usually causes an acute onset of neuropathy.
T53 8694-8969 Sentence denotes The other immune-mediated disorder is its chronic counterpart, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP), or feline chronic relapsing polyneuropathy, which progresses slowly and tends to be associated with spontaneous recovery and relapse (Mari et al., 2016) .
T54 8970-9168 Sentence denotes Infectious agents that cause peripheral neuropathy in cats include rabies or pseudorabies viruses (Hagemoser et al., 1980) , feline leukaemia virus (Lappin, 2003) and T. gondii (Mari et al., 2016) .
T55 9169-9262 Sentence denotes Molecular and serological tests and immunolabelling can help identify infectious aetiologies.
T56 9263-9585 Sentence denotes In this case, neoplastic B cells in peripheral nerves expressed CD56 (Fig. 4) , which could play a critical role in the pathogenesis of neurolymphomatosis, because neurotropism (nerve invasion) of neoplastic cells has been presumed to result from the adhesion of CD56 molecules to the nerve processes (Kern et al., 1992) .
T57 9586-9699 Sentence denotes Unfortunately, the expression of CD56 with respect to neoplastic B-cell ontogeny has not been fully investigated.
T58 9700-10033 Sentence denotes In previous studies, human B-cell lymphomas with CD56 positivity were reportedly associated with a propensity for extranodal involvement and assumed to preferentially arise from the germinal centre stage, where B cells undergo neoplastic transformation with aberrant expression of CD56 (Weisberger et al., 2006; Isobe et al., 2007) .
T59 10034-10229 Sentence denotes To date, CD56 has not been detected in human primary B-cell neurolymphomatosis and further insight into the pathogenesis of primary B-cell neurolymphomatosis is required (Baehring et al., 2003) .
T60 10230-10471 Sentence denotes With respect to the biological importance of CD56, the previous studies of T-or NK-cell lymphomas and acute myeloid leukaemia with expression of CD56 indicate a highly aggressive clinical course and poor prognosis (Weisberger et al., 2006) .
T61 10472-10658 Sentence denotes In veterinary medicine, the diagnostic and prognostic significances of CD56 expression in B-cell neurolymphomatosis or in other neoplasms needs documentation in more cases in the future.
T62 10659-10823 Sentence denotes In animals, neurolymphomatosis is common in chickens suffering from Marek's disease, which is caused by Gallid herpesvirus 2 (serotype 1) infection (Calnek, 2001) .
T63 10824-11001 Sentence denotes Infected chickens manifest unilateral enlargement of the sciatic plexus with histopathological findings of marked cellular infiltration of lymphoblastic T cells (Calnek, 2001) .
T64 11002-11013 Sentence denotes For further
T65 11015-11137 Sentence denotes investigation of the pathogenesis in neurolymphomatosis, the chicken is believed to be an ideal experimental animal model.
T66 11138-11283 Sentence denotes Diagnosis of neurolymphomatosis relies mainly on the clinical presentation and on the computed tomography scan combined with myelography and MRI.
T67 11284-11413 Sentence denotes This allows excellent soft tissue delineation and is a gold standard in the diagnosis of nervous tumours (Dernell et al., 2000) .
T68 11414-11569 Sentence denotes Nevertheless, neurolymphomatosis cannot be differentiated from other neoplastic or inflammatory diseases of the peripheral nerves (Linzmann et al., 2009) .
T69 11570-11739 Sentence denotes Additionally, concurrent CSF examination might be useful in demonstrating a lymphocytic pleocytosis, which could provide the prospective evidence for neurolymphomatosis.
T70 11740-11893 Sentence denotes For definite diagnosis, nerve biopsies directed by imaging techniques with IHC studies should be performed in suspected cases (Kelly and Karcher, 2005) .
T71 11894-12110 Sentence denotes Currently, only seven cases of feline neurolymphomatosis have been reported (Zaki and Hurvitz, 1976; Mellanby et al., 2003; Higgins et al., 2008; Linzmann et al., 2009; Mandrioli et al., 2012; Sakurai et al., 2016) .
T72 12111-12244 Sentence denotes The comparison between previously reported cases of feline neurolymphomatosis and the present case is shown in Supplementary Table 1.
T73 12245-12352 Sentence denotes The disease developed in cats with a mean age of 8.8 years (range 4e16 years), but had no sex predilection.
T74 12353-12580 Sentence denotes The most commonly affected nerves were the C5 to T2 spinal nerve roots (7/8) and their descending brachial plex-uses (6/8), which often led to the clinical sign of weight-bearing or non-weight-bearing lameness of the forelimbs.
T75 12581-12725 Sentence denotes Only one case showed enlargement of the brachial plexus and sciatic nerve without involvement of the spinal nerve roots (Higgins et al., 2008) .
T76 12726-12837 Sentence denotes Multiple cranial nerves (III, V and VIII) were involved in two cases and led to the absence of ocular reflexes.
T77 12838-12993 Sentence denotes Half of these cases (4/8) were of the B-cell lineage, one was of T-cell lineage, one was non-B and non-T cell in origin, while the others remained unknown.
T78 12994-13114 Sentence denotes Most of the cats were humanely destroyed following the deterioration of neurological signs and poor response to therapy.
T79 13115-13254 Sentence denotes One cat received dexamethasone, mannitol, furosemide and diazepam for treating seizures and survived for 10 months (Sakurai et al., 2016) .
T80 13255-13391 Sentence denotes In man, primary lymphoma of the peripheral nervous system appears to be aggressive, but may respond to therapy (Misdraji et al., 2000) .
T81 13392-13554 Sentence denotes The overall survival time is similar to that of large B-cell lymphoma of nodal sites and may be better than that of primary CNS lymphoma (Misdraji et al., 2000) .