CORD-19-Sentences  

CORD-19:f280533ae44db01953e035d6703b24083343b5d5 JSONTXT 9 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
TextSentencer_T1 0-215 Sentence denotes Journal Pre-proof Understanding the emerging coronavirus: what it means for health security and infection prevention Understanding the emerging coronavirus: what it means for health security and infection prevention
TextSentencer_T1 0-215 Sentence denotes Journal Pre-proof Understanding the emerging coronavirus: what it means for health security and infection prevention Understanding the emerging coronavirus: what it means for health security and infection prevention
TextSentencer_T2 217-225 Sentence denotes Abstract
TextSentencer_T2 217-225 Sentence denotes Abstract
TextSentencer_T3 228-351 Sentence denotes Didier Pittet works with WHO in the context of the WHO initiative 'Private Organizations for Patient Safety -Hand Hygiene'.
TextSentencer_T3 228-351 Sentence denotes Didier Pittet works with WHO in the context of the WHO initiative 'Private Organizations for Patient Safety -Hand Hygiene'.
TextSentencer_T4 352-578 Sentence denotes The aim of this WHO initiative is to harness industry strengths to align and improve implementation of WHO recommendations for hand hygiene in health care indifferent parts of the world, including in least developed countries.
TextSentencer_T4 352-578 Sentence denotes The aim of this WHO initiative is to harness industry strengths to align and improve implementation of WHO recommendations for hand hygiene in health care indifferent parts of the world, including in least developed countries.
TextSentencer_T5 579-807 Sentence denotes In this instance, companies/industry with a focus on hand hygiene and infection control related advancement have the specific aim of improving access to affordable hand hygiene products as well as through education and research.
TextSentencer_T5 579-807 Sentence denotes In this instance, companies/industry with a focus on hand hygiene and infection control related advancement have the specific aim of improving access to affordable hand hygiene products as well as through education and research.
TextSentencer_T6 808-941 Sentence denotes All listed authors declare no financial support, grants, financial interests or consultancy that could lead to conflicts of interest.
TextSentencer_T6 808-941 Sentence denotes All listed authors declare no financial support, grants, financial interests or consultancy that could lead to conflicts of interest.
TextSentencer_T7 942-1124 Sentence denotes The current outbreak of the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in China and the beginning of its subsequent global spread is already impacting global health systems and the global economy.
TextSentencer_T7 942-1124 Sentence denotes The current outbreak of the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in China and the beginning of its subsequent global spread is already impacting global health systems and the global economy.
TextSentencer_T8 1125-1263 Sentence denotes 1 How countries and international organizations respond to the challenges it presents may have profound lasting impacts for global health.
TextSentencer_T8 1125-1263 Sentence denotes 1 How countries and international organizations respond to the challenges it presents may have profound lasting impacts for global health.
TextSentencer_T9 1264-1409 Sentence denotes The decisions taken, both on national and international levels, will help inform how we react to future pandemics and health security challenges.
TextSentencer_T9 1264-1409 Sentence denotes The decisions taken, both on national and international levels, will help inform how we react to future pandemics and health security challenges.
TextSentencer_T10 1410-1727 Sentence denotes Global disease outbreaks and pandemics have been increasing exponentially over the last 40 years, and experts have long been warning of the potentially devastating effects of a severe pandemic, though it is important to note that the improvement in diagnostic capabilities undoubtedly plays a role (Figures 1 and 2 ).
TextSentencer_T10 1410-1727 Sentence denotes Global disease outbreaks and pandemics have been increasing exponentially over the last 40 years, and experts have long been warning of the potentially devastating effects of a severe pandemic, though it is important to note that the improvement in diagnostic capabilities undoubtedly plays a role (Figures 1 and 2 ).
TextSentencer_T11 1728-2012 Sentence denotes 2, 3 By analyzing the causes of this and similar pandemics, as well as the physiopathological, human, and political influences on its spread, we hope to shed some light on the current health risks, decision-making dynamics, and future implications of the current coronavirus pandemic.
TextSentencer_T11 1728-2012 Sentence denotes 2, 3 By analyzing the causes of this and similar pandemics, as well as the physiopathological, human, and political influences on its spread, we hope to shed some light on the current health risks, decision-making dynamics, and future implications of the current coronavirus pandemic.
TextSentencer_T12 2013-2151 Sentence denotes 4 It originates from bats, with dromedary camel as the intermediate host, causes pneumonia in humans and has a mortality rate of over 30%.
TextSentencer_T12 2013-2151 Sentence denotes 4 It originates from bats, with dromedary camel as the intermediate host, causes pneumonia in humans and has a mortality rate of over 30%.
TextSentencer_T13 2152-2194 Sentence denotes Nosocomial spread has also been described.
TextSentencer_T13 2152-2194 Sentence denotes Nosocomial spread has also been described.
TextSentencer_T14 2195-2291 Sentence denotes No specific antiviral treatment is available and treatment is mainly supportive and symptomatic.
TextSentencer_T14 2195-2291 Sentence denotes No specific antiviral treatment is available and treatment is mainly supportive and symptomatic.
TextSentencer_T15 2292-2397 Sentence denotes 5 A novel 2019 coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) belongs to the Betacoronavirus genus of the Coronaviridae family.
TextSentencer_T15 2292-2397 Sentence denotes 5 A novel 2019 coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) belongs to the Betacoronavirus genus of the Coronaviridae family.
TextSentencer_T16 2398-2540 Sentence denotes It shares more than 79% homology with SARS-CoV, 6 and causes mild to severe disease, with fatal bilateral viral pneumonia described in humans.
TextSentencer_T16 2398-2540 Sentence denotes It shares more than 79% homology with SARS-CoV, 6 and causes mild to severe disease, with fatal bilateral viral pneumonia described in humans.
TextSentencer_T17 2541-2655 Sentence denotes 7 ,8 It is referred to as a novel coronavirus because it has not previously been observed in the human population.
TextSentencer_T17 2541-2655 Sentence denotes 7 ,8 It is referred to as a novel coronavirus because it has not previously been observed in the human population.
TextSentencer_T18 2656-2744 Sentence denotes Its likely reservoir is bats, with pangolins identified as the likely intermediate host.
TextSentencer_T18 2656-2744 Sentence denotes Its likely reservoir is bats, with pangolins identified as the likely intermediate host.
TextSentencer_T19 2745-2844 Sentence denotes 9 It is worth mentioning that pangolins are endangered and the most trafficked animal in the world.
TextSentencer_T19 2745-2844 Sentence denotes 9 It is worth mentioning that pangolins are endangered and the most trafficked animal in the world.
TextSentencer_T20 2845-3050 Sentence denotes 10 Because the pangolin trade is illegal, this would explain why they were not listed in the official registers of the Wuhan market, making it difficult for researchers to identify the source of the virus.
TextSentencer_T20 2845-3050 Sentence denotes 10 Because the pangolin trade is illegal, this would explain why they were not listed in the official registers of the Wuhan market, making it difficult for researchers to identify the source of the virus.
TextSentencer_T21 3051-3226 Sentence denotes Some researchers are suggesting that the virus may have been circulating previously, and the market may have been an amplification setting and not the source of the spillover.
TextSentencer_T21 3051-3226 Sentence denotes Some researchers are suggesting that the virus may have been circulating previously, and the market may have been an amplification setting and not the source of the spillover.
TextSentencer_T22 3227-3229 Sentence denotes 11
TextSentencer_T22 3227-3229 Sentence denotes 11
TextSentencer_T23 3230-3430 Sentence denotes There are numerous reasons for the exponential growth of global pandemics, but the most frequently cited include the expansion of the human population, destabilization of ecosystems and globalization.
TextSentencer_T23 3230-3430 Sentence denotes There are numerous reasons for the exponential growth of global pandemics, but the most frequently cited include the expansion of the human population, destabilization of ecosystems and globalization.
TextSentencer_T24 3431-3628 Sentence denotes Humans are coming into contact with environments that were previously untouched, meaning that they will also come into contact with the viruses and bacteria that are inherent to those environments.
TextSentencer_T24 3431-3628 Sentence denotes Humans are coming into contact with environments that were previously untouched, meaning that they will also come into contact with the viruses and bacteria that are inherent to those environments.
TextSentencer_T25 3629-3691 Sentence denotes Many of these will have no impact on human health but some do.
TextSentencer_T25 3629-3691 Sentence denotes Many of these will have no impact on human health but some do.
TextSentencer_T26 3692-3832 Sentence denotes 2, 12 Human actions that impact animals, such as changes in land use and climate change have a profound effect on how these diseases spread.
TextSentencer_T26 3692-3832 Sentence denotes 2, 12 Human actions that impact animals, such as changes in land use and climate change have a profound effect on how these diseases spread.
TextSentencer_T27 3833-4122 Sentence denotes As our climate changes, certain populations of animals (especially mosquitos or other animals that function as disease vectors) increase and spread into geographic zones that were previously uninhabitable to them, they are more likely to spread the diseases that they carry to new regions.
TextSentencer_T27 3833-4122 Sentence denotes As our climate changes, certain populations of animals (especially mosquitos or other animals that function as disease vectors) increase and spread into geographic zones that were previously uninhabitable to them, they are more likely to spread the diseases that they carry to new regions.
TextSentencer_T28 4123-4305 Sentence denotes Changes in land use and changes in human/animal contact, also affect the emergence/reemergence and spread of disease, as does the unmanageable explosion of the global wildlife trade.
TextSentencer_T28 4123-4305 Sentence denotes Changes in land use and changes in human/animal contact, also affect the emergence/reemergence and spread of disease, as does the unmanageable explosion of the global wildlife trade.
TextSentencer_T29 4306-4457 Sentence denotes Legal and illegal wildlife trade is estimated to affect 1 in 4 mammal and bird species globally, and to generate between $7.8 and $10 billion annually.
TextSentencer_T29 4306-4457 Sentence denotes Legal and illegal wildlife trade is estimated to affect 1 in 4 mammal and bird species globally, and to generate between $7.8 and $10 billion annually.
TextSentencer_T30 4458-4565 Sentence denotes 13, 14 In response to COVID-19, China has placed a temporary ban on wildlife trade on the 26 th of January.
TextSentencer_T30 4458-4565 Sentence denotes 13, 14 In response to COVID-19, China has placed a temporary ban on wildlife trade on the 26 th of January.
TextSentencer_T31 4566-4683 Sentence denotes 15 Although this will likely only affect the legal wildlife trade (temporarily), it is a step in the right direction.
TextSentencer_T31 4566-4683 Sentence denotes 15 Although this will likely only affect the legal wildlife trade (temporarily), it is a step in the right direction.
TextSentencer_T32 4684-4913 Sentence denotes How we raise our food is just as important, and zoonotic diseases such as avian influenza (including the 2006 H5N1 epidemic) and the swine influenza (including the 2009 H1N1 pandemic) are often associated with industrial farming.
TextSentencer_T32 4684-4913 Sentence denotes How we raise our food is just as important, and zoonotic diseases such as avian influenza (including the 2006 H5N1 epidemic) and the swine influenza (including the 2009 H1N1 pandemic) are often associated with industrial farming.
TextSentencer_T33 4914-5047 Sentence denotes The "monoculture effect" is well known in agriculture, but there is mounting evidence that it is important in animal farming as well.
TextSentencer_T33 4914-5047 Sentence denotes The "monoculture effect" is well known in agriculture, but there is mounting evidence that it is important in animal farming as well.
TextSentencer_T34 5048-5198 Sentence denotes 16, 17 Although the aforementioned studies look at wild animal populations, there is a high indication that it holds true for animals raised for food.
TextSentencer_T34 5048-5198 Sentence denotes 16, 17 Although the aforementioned studies look at wild animal populations, there is a high indication that it holds true for animals raised for food.
TextSentencer_T35 5199-5303 Sentence denotes Often large populations of specific species of animal raised for food are kept in suboptimal conditions.
TextSentencer_T35 5199-5303 Sentence denotes Often large populations of specific species of animal raised for food are kept in suboptimal conditions.
TextSentencer_T36 5304-5536 Sentence denotes Without even mentioning the inherent issues of waste management and animal welfare, industrial farming also creates health risks for humans in multiple ways if these populations are not isolated from wild animals of similar species.
TextSentencer_T36 5304-5536 Sentence denotes Without even mentioning the inherent issues of waste management and animal welfare, industrial farming also creates health risks for humans in multiple ways if these populations are not isolated from wild animals of similar species.
TextSentencer_T37 5537-5712 Sentence denotes In the case of avian influenza, the virus, which circulates naturally in wild bird populations, came into contact with large homogeneous populations of birds in poultry farms.
TextSentencer_T37 5537-5712 Sentence denotes In the case of avian influenza, the virus, which circulates naturally in wild bird populations, came into contact with large homogeneous populations of birds in poultry farms.
TextSentencer_T38 5713-5847 Sentence denotes 18 Because of the disease potential associated with intensive animal farming, animals are often treated with vaccines and antibiotics.
TextSentencer_T38 5713-5847 Sentence denotes 18 Because of the disease potential associated with intensive animal farming, animals are often treated with vaccines and antibiotics.
TextSentencer_T39 5848-5951 Sentence denotes Both the avian and swine influenza continue to be managed through the regular vaccination of livestock.
TextSentencer_T39 5848-5951 Sentence denotes Both the avian and swine influenza continue to be managed through the regular vaccination of livestock.
TextSentencer_T40 5952-6215 Sentence denotes 19 Though the main reason for antibiotic use in farming is to preserve human and animal health and prevent zoonoses, widespread use of antibiotics in terrestrial animal production (including first line antibiotics such as colistin) promotes antibiotic resistance.
TextSentencer_T40 5952-6215 Sentence denotes 19 Though the main reason for antibiotic use in farming is to preserve human and animal health and prevent zoonoses, widespread use of antibiotics in terrestrial animal production (including first line antibiotics such as colistin) promotes antibiotic resistance.
TextSentencer_T41 6216-6404 Sentence denotes 20, 21 In farming, antibiotics are used as prophylactics to make up for crowded unhealthy conditions, and growth promoters as well as therapeutic treatments for specific disease outbreaks.
TextSentencer_T41 6216-6404 Sentence denotes 20, 21 In farming, antibiotics are used as prophylactics to make up for crowded unhealthy conditions, and growth promoters as well as therapeutic treatments for specific disease outbreaks.
TextSentencer_T42 6405-6587 Sentence denotes So although they are relevant tools for decreasing zoonoses, antibiotic use in animals can also become the catalyst for the development of zoonoses that are resistant to antibiotics.
TextSentencer_T42 6405-6587 Sentence denotes So although they are relevant tools for decreasing zoonoses, antibiotic use in animals can also become the catalyst for the development of zoonoses that are resistant to antibiotics.
TextSentencer_T43 6588-6590 Sentence denotes 22
TextSentencer_T43 6588-6590 Sentence denotes 22
TextSentencer_T44 6591-6686 Sentence denotes These issues are compounded by globalization in two main ways: interconnectedness and mobility.
TextSentencer_T44 6591-6686 Sentence denotes These issues are compounded by globalization in two main ways: interconnectedness and mobility.
TextSentencer_T45 6687-6846 Sentence denotes Our interconnectedness means that there are huge global markets for specific products from specific environments, which can speed up environmental degradation.
TextSentencer_T45 6687-6846 Sentence denotes Our interconnectedness means that there are huge global markets for specific products from specific environments, which can speed up environmental degradation.
TextSentencer_T46 6847-6981 Sentence denotes Deforestation has already been linked to the emergence (and reemergence) of Nipah virus, Lassa fever, Lyme disease, and possibly Zika.
TextSentencer_T46 6847-6981 Sentence denotes Deforestation has already been linked to the emergence (and reemergence) of Nipah virus, Lassa fever, Lyme disease, and possibly Zika.
TextSentencer_T47 6982-7149 Sentence denotes 3, 23 A current example of this would be how the international drive for palm oil (a cheap and stable oil) in Malaysia has led to the upsurge of malaria in the region.
TextSentencer_T47 6982-7149 Sentence denotes 3, 23 A current example of this would be how the international drive for palm oil (a cheap and stable oil) in Malaysia has led to the upsurge of malaria in the region.
TextSentencer_T48 7150-7469 Sentence denotes Currently the world's highest rate of deforestation is of Malaysian forests for the creation of palm oil plantations. [24] [25] [26] The zoonotic malaria species Plasmodium knowlesi has recently become the principal cause of human malaria in Borneo, and this has been directly linked to the deforestation on the island.
TextSentencer_T48 7150-7469 Sentence denotes Currently the world's highest rate of deforestation is of Malaysian forests for the creation of palm oil plantations. [24] [25] [26] The zoonotic malaria species Plasmodium knowlesi has recently become the principal cause of human malaria in Borneo, and this has been directly linked to the deforestation on the island.
TextSentencer_T49 7470-7751 Sentence denotes 27, 28 Considering the dynamics at the human-animal-ecosystem interface, it is not surprising that the worst epidemics and pandemics (including HIV, SARS-CoV, avian influenza, swine influenza, Ebola virus, and Zika virus) of the past 40 years were all of zoonotic or vector origin.
TextSentencer_T49 7470-7751 Sentence denotes 27, 28 Considering the dynamics at the human-animal-ecosystem interface, it is not surprising that the worst epidemics and pandemics (including HIV, SARS-CoV, avian influenza, swine influenza, Ebola virus, and Zika virus) of the past 40 years were all of zoonotic or vector origin.
TextSentencer_T50 7752-7907 Sentence denotes Human populations are also more mobile than they have ever been, and air travel enables a pathogen to be transported across the globe in a matter of hours.
TextSentencer_T50 7752-7907 Sentence denotes Human populations are also more mobile than they have ever been, and air travel enables a pathogen to be transported across the globe in a matter of hours.
TextSentencer_T51 7908-8116 Sentence denotes Currently, over four billion trips are taken by air every year, and this frequency of travel in an infected and moving global population gives a disease unprecedented opportunity to spread and spread quickly.
TextSentencer_T51 7908-8116 Sentence denotes Currently, over four billion trips are taken by air every year, and this frequency of travel in an infected and moving global population gives a disease unprecedented opportunity to spread and spread quickly.
TextSentencer_T52 8117-8180 Sentence denotes 29 In that sense, the timing of the COVID-19 was very bad luck.
TextSentencer_T52 8117-8180 Sentence denotes 29 In that sense, the timing of the COVID-19 was very bad luck.
TextSentencer_T53 8181-8320 Sentence denotes Chinese New Year is the biggest mass migration in the world and 385 million people making around 3 billion trips during the holiday period.
TextSentencer_T53 8181-8320 Sentence denotes Chinese New Year is the biggest mass migration in the world and 385 million people making around 3 billion trips during the holiday period.
TextSentencer_T54 8321-8489 Sentence denotes 30, 31 The fact that the outbreak happened during this time makes it that much harder to trace and control, and certainly influences the speed at which it is spreading.
TextSentencer_T54 8321-8489 Sentence denotes 30, 31 The fact that the outbreak happened during this time makes it that much harder to trace and control, and certainly influences the speed at which it is spreading.
TextSentencer_T55 8490-8661 Sentence denotes In a globalized world, countries' security is interdependent, and in the case of a severe global pandemic, the world is (arguably) only as prepared as its weakest country.
TextSentencer_T55 8490-8661 Sentence denotes In a globalized world, countries' security is interdependent, and in the case of a severe global pandemic, the world is (arguably) only as prepared as its weakest country.
TextSentencer_T56 8662-8664 Sentence denotes 32
TextSentencer_T56 8662-8664 Sentence denotes 32
TextSentencer_T57 8665-8817 Sentence denotes The issue that needs to be assessed is the level of risk that more frequent outbreaks of emerging and reemerging diseases pose for the human population.
TextSentencer_T57 8665-8817 Sentence denotes The issue that needs to be assessed is the level of risk that more frequent outbreaks of emerging and reemerging diseases pose for the human population.
TextSentencer_T58 8818-8950 Sentence denotes Impact can be assessed in different ways, including global morbidity, mortality, and economic burden, and geopolitical implications.
TextSentencer_T58 8818-8950 Sentence denotes Impact can be assessed in different ways, including global morbidity, mortality, and economic burden, and geopolitical implications.
TextSentencer_T59 8951-9077 Sentence denotes The stakes are high: WHO estimates that a moderate to severe pandemic would cost about $500 billion, or 0.6% of global income.
TextSentencer_T59 8951-9077 Sentence denotes The stakes are high: WHO estimates that a moderate to severe pandemic would cost about $500 billion, or 0.6% of global income.
TextSentencer_T60 9078-9364 Sentence denotes 33 As has been shown repeatedly, an epidemic doesn't need to reach severe levels or have many (or technically speaking even any) casualties in order to destabilize national health systems or put a strain on the networks responsible for international and global response and the economy.
TextSentencer_T60 9078-9364 Sentence denotes 33 As has been shown repeatedly, an epidemic doesn't need to reach severe levels or have many (or technically speaking even any) casualties in order to destabilize national health systems or put a strain on the networks responsible for international and global response and the economy.
TextSentencer_T61 9365-9501 Sentence denotes In order to quantify risk and forecast possible scenarios of transmission, it is necessary to look at the traits of a specific pathogen.
TextSentencer_T61 9365-9501 Sentence denotes In order to quantify risk and forecast possible scenarios of transmission, it is necessary to look at the traits of a specific pathogen.
TextSentencer_T62 9502-9619 Sentence denotes There are numerous characteristics that can predict how well a pathogen could spread through and damage a population.
TextSentencer_T62 9502-9619 Sentence denotes There are numerous characteristics that can predict how well a pathogen could spread through and damage a population.
TextSentencer_T63 9620-9832 Sentence denotes These traits include virulence, clinical severity, ease of human-to-human transmission, if the pathogen is transmissible during the disease incubation period (and if yes, then how long that incubation period is).
TextSentencer_T63 9620-9832 Sentence denotes These traits include virulence, clinical severity, ease of human-to-human transmission, if the pathogen is transmissible during the disease incubation period (and if yes, then how long that incubation period is).
TextSentencer_T64 9833-9922 Sentence denotes There are health system and human factors as well that will impact the spread of a virus.
TextSentencer_T64 9833-9922 Sentence denotes There are health system and human factors as well that will impact the spread of a virus.
TextSentencer_T65 9923-10094 Sentence denotes Health system capacity factors include the availability of treatment or vaccine, and the level of resources (both human, material, and financial) available for allocation.
TextSentencer_T65 9923-10094 Sentence denotes Health system capacity factors include the availability of treatment or vaccine, and the level of resources (both human, material, and financial) available for allocation.
TextSentencer_T66 10095-10327 Sentence denotes Human factors include whether the population is immunologically naïve or not, how well the human immune system can respond to the virus, age structure of a population, population density, as well as mobility, and cultural behaviors.
TextSentencer_T66 10095-10327 Sentence denotes Human factors include whether the population is immunologically naïve or not, how well the human immune system can respond to the virus, age structure of a population, population density, as well as mobility, and cultural behaviors.
TextSentencer_T67 10328-10524 Sentence denotes Individuals' behavior that is informed by cultural beliefs and mores, and these can impact movement within a community, contact with others, and likelihood to comply with official recommendations.
TextSentencer_T67 10328-10524 Sentence denotes Individuals' behavior that is informed by cultural beliefs and mores, and these can impact movement within a community, contact with others, and likelihood to comply with official recommendations.
TextSentencer_T68 10525-10625 Sentence denotes Level of education and previous knowledge of general infection prevention measures also play a role.
TextSentencer_T68 10525-10625 Sentence denotes Level of education and previous knowledge of general infection prevention measures also play a role.
TextSentencer_T69 10626-10992 Sentence denotes 34 Systemic factors that will determine the severity of an outbreak or pandemic include the resilience of health systems, co-existing external factors that would hinder an appropriate response, and the ability of a governing body to respond to the outbreak, implement infection control measures in the population, and continue to function despite a health emergency.
TextSentencer_T69 10626-10992 Sentence denotes 34 Systemic factors that will determine the severity of an outbreak or pandemic include the resilience of health systems, co-existing external factors that would hinder an appropriate response, and the ability of a governing body to respond to the outbreak, implement infection control measures in the population, and continue to function despite a health emergency.
TextSentencer_T70 10993-11247 Sentence denotes Health systems are varied, a small outbreak of the flu in a high resource country with a robust health system will likely only have a small impact on the continual habitual or average delivery of health services that have nothing to do with the outbreak.
TextSentencer_T70 10993-11247 Sentence denotes Health systems are varied, a small outbreak of the flu in a high resource country with a robust health system will likely only have a small impact on the continual habitual or average delivery of health services that have nothing to do with the outbreak.
TextSentencer_T71 11248-11421 Sentence denotes A health system that is fragile, or already overloaded by either routine care or another emergency needs only a little disruption to damage it or even causes it to collapse.
TextSentencer_T71 11248-11421 Sentence denotes A health system that is fragile, or already overloaded by either routine care or another emergency needs only a little disruption to damage it or even causes it to collapse.
TextSentencer_T72 11422-11582 Sentence denotes Traditionally, supranational organizations, international institutions and non-governmental organizations will fill that response vacuum as well as is possible.
TextSentencer_T72 11422-11582 Sentence denotes Traditionally, supranational organizations, international institutions and non-governmental organizations will fill that response vacuum as well as is possible.
TextSentencer_T73 11583-11714 Sentence denotes An example of this and how difficult it is to implement effectively would be the international response to the 2014 Ebola epidemic.
TextSentencer_T73 11583-11714 Sentence denotes An example of this and how difficult it is to implement effectively would be the international response to the 2014 Ebola epidemic.
TextSentencer_T74 11715-11944 Sentence denotes 35, 36 An outbreak in one country can deeply affect not only that country's economy, the world economy, but also its political relationships with other countries such as trade agreements, opening or closing national borders, etc.
TextSentencer_T74 11715-11944 Sentence denotes 35, 36 An outbreak in one country can deeply affect not only that country's economy, the world economy, but also its political relationships with other countries such as trade agreements, opening or closing national borders, etc.
TextSentencer_T75 11945-12039 Sentence denotes Economists are expecting China's economic growth to slow down to 4.5% because of the outbreak.
TextSentencer_T75 11945-12039 Sentence denotes Economists are expecting China's economic growth to slow down to 4.5% because of the outbreak.
TextSentencer_T76 12040-12042 Sentence denotes 37
TextSentencer_T76 12040-12042 Sentence denotes 37
TextSentencer_T77 12043-12142 Sentence denotes The SARS-CoV-2 fulfills a lot of the qualities that a pathogen needs to cause a worldwide pandemic.
TextSentencer_T77 12043-12142 Sentence denotes The SARS-CoV-2 fulfills a lot of the qualities that a pathogen needs to cause a worldwide pandemic.
TextSentencer_T78 12143-12173 Sentence denotes It seems to be quite virulent.
TextSentencer_T78 12143-12173 Sentence denotes It seems to be quite virulent.
TextSentencer_T79 12174-12259 Sentence denotes As SARS-CoV-2 has not been seen before in humans, the population is completely naïve.
TextSentencer_T79 12174-12259 Sentence denotes As SARS-CoV-2 has not been seen before in humans, the population is completely naïve.
TextSentencer_T80 12260-12323 Sentence denotes The virus has also shown to have high inter-human transmission.
TextSentencer_T80 12260-12323 Sentence denotes The virus has also shown to have high inter-human transmission.
TextSentencer_T81 12324-12530 Sentence denotes There is not yet enough data available for exact figures concerning the spread, but there have been initial estimates that each infected person would infect, on average, 2.6 other people (uncertainty range:
TextSentencer_T81 12324-12530 Sentence denotes There is not yet enough data available for exact figures concerning the spread, but there have been initial estimates that each infected person would infect, on average, 2.6 other people (uncertainty range:
TextSentencer_T82 12531-12540 Sentence denotes 1.5-3.5).
TextSentencer_T82 12531-12540 Sentence denotes 1.5-3.5).
TextSentencer_T83 12541-12635 Sentence denotes 38 The WHO estimates are a bit less daunting, reporting a preliminary R 0 estimate of 1.4-2.5.
TextSentencer_T83 12541-12635 Sentence denotes 38 The WHO estimates are a bit less daunting, reporting a preliminary R 0 estimate of 1.4-2.5.
TextSentencer_T84 12636-12822 Sentence denotes 39 Importantly, the Imperial College London calculations estimate that infection control measures need to block well over 60% of transmission to be effective in controlling the outbreak.
TextSentencer_T84 12636-12822 Sentence denotes 39 Importantly, the Imperial College London calculations estimate that infection control measures need to block well over 60% of transmission to be effective in controlling the outbreak.
TextSentencer_T85 12823-12915 Sentence denotes 38 That number is most likely inaccurate, but this will be easier to assess as time goes on.
TextSentencer_T85 12823-12915 Sentence denotes 38 That number is most likely inaccurate, but this will be easier to assess as time goes on.
TextSentencer_T86 12916-13202 Sentence denotes In the case that the virus can be transmitted by an asymptomatic individual, 40 then having a 60% effective infection and control (IPC) strategy will be even more difficult to implement, especially because most of the people infected are in the community and not in healthcare settings.
TextSentencer_T86 12916-13202 Sentence denotes In the case that the virus can be transmitted by an asymptomatic individual, 40 then having a 60% effective infection and control (IPC) strategy will be even more difficult to implement, especially because most of the people infected are in the community and not in healthcare settings.
TextSentencer_T87 13203-13308 Sentence denotes However, the initial report of asymptomatic transmission in Germany was inaccurate, which is encouraging.
TextSentencer_T87 13203-13308 Sentence denotes However, the initial report of asymptomatic transmission in Germany was inaccurate, which is encouraging.
TextSentencer_T88 13309-13433 Sentence denotes 41 A further challenge is posed by the decision of foreign governments to evacuate and repatriate their citizens from China.
TextSentencer_T88 13309-13433 Sentence denotes 41 A further challenge is posed by the decision of foreign governments to evacuate and repatriate their citizens from China.
TextSentencer_T89 13434-13615 Sentence denotes The inevitable quarantines and infection control measures that need to be taken as people arrive back to their home countries will be crucial for preventing the spread of the virus.
TextSentencer_T89 13434-13615 Sentence denotes The inevitable quarantines and infection control measures that need to be taken as people arrive back to their home countries will be crucial for preventing the spread of the virus.
TextSentencer_T90 13616-14231 Sentence denotes 42 The Diamond Princess cruise ship outbreak of the SARS-CoV-2 in Japan, with more than 691 infected people and four deaths (as of Feb 25 th ), is an example of the inadequate IPC in the community that led to a disaster. [43] [44] [45] The SARS-CoV-2 genome has already been sequenced and countries are working hard to find develop a vaccine. [46] [47] [48] It is difficult to tell what the actual mortality of the virus is, as the current death toll includes all-cause mortality of infected people and is likely overestimated by the testing of mostly sicker patients, though this information will emerge over time.
TextSentencer_T90 13616-14231 Sentence denotes 42 The Diamond Princess cruise ship outbreak of the SARS-CoV-2 in Japan, with more than 691 infected people and four deaths (as of Feb 25 th ), is an example of the inadequate IPC in the community that led to a disaster. [43] [44] [45] The SARS-CoV-2 genome has already been sequenced and countries are working hard to find develop a vaccine. [46] [47] [48] It is difficult to tell what the actual mortality of the virus is, as the current death toll includes all-cause mortality of infected people and is likely overestimated by the testing of mostly sicker patients, though this information will emerge over time.
TextSentencer_T91 14232-14302 Sentence denotes SARS-CoV-2 seems to mostly be spread by droplets, and not through air.
TextSentencer_T91 14232-14302 Sentence denotes SARS-CoV-2 seems to mostly be spread by droplets, and not through air.
TextSentencer_T92 14303-14408 Sentence denotes Nosocomial transmission have been described, 49 and superspreading events in hospital settings may occur.
TextSentencer_T92 14303-14408 Sentence denotes Nosocomial transmission have been described, 49 and superspreading events in hospital settings may occur.
TextSentencer_T93 14409-14588 Sentence denotes SARS-CoV-2 is possibly spreading indirectly through contaminated surfaces and hand contamination as well, but the lack of aerosol transmission will make the spread less efficient.
TextSentencer_T93 14409-14588 Sentence denotes SARS-CoV-2 is possibly spreading indirectly through contaminated surfaces and hand contamination as well, but the lack of aerosol transmission will make the spread less efficient.
TextSentencer_T94 14589-14779 Sentence denotes According to the WHO, 25% of current cases are considered severe, 39 but this proportion would presumably decrease while more patients and contacts would have been searched for and screened.
TextSentencer_T94 14589-14779 Sentence denotes According to the WHO, 25% of current cases are considered severe, 39 but this proportion would presumably decrease while more patients and contacts would have been searched for and screened.
TextSentencer_T95 14780-14889 Sentence denotes Contact tracing of the SARS-CoV-2 suggests that there is a low R 0 and limited person to person transmission.
TextSentencer_T95 14780-14889 Sentence denotes Contact tracing of the SARS-CoV-2 suggests that there is a low R 0 and limited person to person transmission.
TextSentencer_T96 14890-15068 Sentence denotes 50 The exponential spread of the number of cases, however may suggest that super spreaders of the virus may be playing a major role, either from individuals or a zoonotic source.
TextSentencer_T96 14890-15068 Sentence denotes 50 The exponential spread of the number of cases, however may suggest that super spreaders of the virus may be playing a major role, either from individuals or a zoonotic source.
TextSentencer_T97 15069-15182 Sentence denotes 50 Super spreading individuals were found to have a major impact in the previous MERS, SARS, and Ebola pandemics.
TextSentencer_T97 15069-15182 Sentence denotes 50 Super spreading individuals were found to have a major impact in the previous MERS, SARS, and Ebola pandemics.
TextSentencer_T98 15183-15370 Sentence denotes 34 The current death toll is rising much more slowly than the current number of cases. (80, 234 confirmed cases and 2,701 deaths (as of Feb 25 th ) for an overall fatality rate of 3.36%).
TextSentencer_T98 15183-15370 Sentence denotes 34 The current death toll is rising much more slowly than the current number of cases. (80, 234 confirmed cases and 2,701 deaths (as of Feb 25 th ) for an overall fatality rate of 3.36%).
TextSentencer_T99 15371-15582 Sentence denotes 51 It is highly likely that the death rate-due to underreporting, a shortage of test kits, reporting of all-cause mortality, and a prevalence of patients with mild symptoms-is much lower than initially expected.
TextSentencer_T99 15371-15582 Sentence denotes 51 It is highly likely that the death rate-due to underreporting, a shortage of test kits, reporting of all-cause mortality, and a prevalence of patients with mild symptoms-is much lower than initially expected.
TextSentencer_T100 15583-15706 Sentence denotes 52,53 There are some estimates that currently only approximately 5% of the current cases of the virus have been identified.
TextSentencer_T100 15583-15706 Sentence denotes 52,53 There are some estimates that currently only approximately 5% of the current cases of the virus have been identified.
TextSentencer_T101 15707-15774 Sentence denotes 53 If this is true, then COVID-19 is far less lethal than it seems.
TextSentencer_T101 15707-15774 Sentence denotes 53 If this is true, then COVID-19 is far less lethal than it seems.
TextSentencer_T102 15775-15878 Sentence denotes It might be easy for IPC experts to get caught up in the frenzy of getting prepared for a new pandemic.
TextSentencer_T102 15775-15878 Sentence denotes It might be easy for IPC experts to get caught up in the frenzy of getting prepared for a new pandemic.
TextSentencer_T103 15879-15979 Sentence denotes Granted, we don't know what, if any, the long-term effects of this virus might be on the human body.
TextSentencer_T103 15879-15979 Sentence denotes Granted, we don't know what, if any, the long-term effects of this virus might be on the human body.
TextSentencer_T104 15980-16105 Sentence denotes But what is most important is to keep a healthy perspective, and avoid getting distracted by all of the hype and forecasting.
TextSentencer_T104 15980-16105 Sentence denotes But what is most important is to keep a healthy perspective, and avoid getting distracted by all of the hype and forecasting.
TextSentencer_T105 16106-16321 Sentence denotes Although there is not yet enough information available, the SARS-CoV-2 may be less deadly than the influenza virus that hospitals deal with on a yearly basis, and transmission seems to mostly occur through droplets.
TextSentencer_T105 16106-16321 Sentence denotes Although there is not yet enough information available, the SARS-CoV-2 may be less deadly than the influenza virus that hospitals deal with on a yearly basis, and transmission seems to mostly occur through droplets.
TextSentencer_T106 16322-16436 Sentence denotes Even a high estimate of the R 0 rate is many times lower than for airborne diseases such as measles, for instance.
TextSentencer_T106 16322-16436 Sentence denotes Even a high estimate of the R 0 rate is many times lower than for airborne diseases such as measles, for instance.
TextSentencer_T107 16437-16597 Sentence denotes 54 It's important to remember that the R 0 rate refers to the average transmissibility of the disease, and does not give information on how fast it will spread.
TextSentencer_T107 16437-16597 Sentence denotes 54 It's important to remember that the R 0 rate refers to the average transmissibility of the disease, and does not give information on how fast it will spread.
TextSentencer_T108 16598-16704 Sentence denotes Seasonal influenza has an R 0 of around 1.3, but circulates through the whole human population every year.
TextSentencer_T108 16598-16704 Sentence denotes Seasonal influenza has an R 0 of around 1.3, but circulates through the whole human population every year.
TextSentencer_T109 16705-16825 Sentence denotes 55 HIV, on the other hand, spread far more slowly through a population, yet has a highly variable reproductive rate 56 .
TextSentencer_T109 16705-16825 Sentence denotes 55 HIV, on the other hand, spread far more slowly through a population, yet has a highly variable reproductive rate 56 .
TextSentencer_T110 16826-16954 Sentence denotes Still, SARS-CoV-2 causes pneumonia in healthy people, 57 even if most of the deaths are described in elderly, comorbid patients.
TextSentencer_T110 16826-16954 Sentence denotes Still, SARS-CoV-2 causes pneumonia in healthy people, 57 even if most of the deaths are described in elderly, comorbid patients.
TextSentencer_T111 16955-17046 Sentence denotes More epidemiological data are needed in order to precise the whole spectrum of the disease.
TextSentencer_T111 16955-17046 Sentence denotes More epidemiological data are needed in order to precise the whole spectrum of the disease.
TextSentencer_T112 17047-17151 Sentence denotes In order to better understand this dynamic, it might make sense to look at SARS-CoV, also a coronavirus.
TextSentencer_T112 17047-17151 Sentence denotes In order to better understand this dynamic, it might make sense to look at SARS-CoV, also a coronavirus.
TextSentencer_T113 17152-17264 Sentence denotes It has a similar reproductive rate to estimates of the R 0 of SARS-CoV-2, but only infected around 8,000 people.
TextSentencer_T113 17152-17264 Sentence denotes It has a similar reproductive rate to estimates of the R 0 of SARS-CoV-2, but only infected around 8,000 people.
TextSentencer_T114 17265-17640 Sentence denotes In the early phase of the 2003 SARS-CoV outbreak, the lack or inappropriateness of IPC measures used proved to be associated with an increased risk for cross-transmission and within-hospitals spread of the disease among both visitors and healthcare staff. [58] [59] [60] In contrast, when appropriately applied, IPC measures were extremely effective during the SARS epidemic.
TextSentencer_T114 17265-17640 Sentence denotes In the early phase of the 2003 SARS-CoV outbreak, the lack or inappropriateness of IPC measures used proved to be associated with an increased risk for cross-transmission and within-hospitals spread of the disease among both visitors and healthcare staff. [58] [59] [60] In contrast, when appropriately applied, IPC measures were extremely effective during the SARS epidemic.
TextSentencer_T115 17641-17787 Sentence denotes 61 Similarly, IPC measures will certainly prove to be extremely effective in respect to SARS-CoV-2, but we need more detailed transmission models.
TextSentencer_T115 17641-17787 Sentence denotes 61 Similarly, IPC measures will certainly prove to be extremely effective in respect to SARS-CoV-2, but we need more detailed transmission models.
TextSentencer_T116 17788-17998 Sentence denotes 62 In a 2003 analysis of SARS in Hong Kong that excluded super-spreading events, the reproductive rate dropped from 2.9 during the initial phase of the epidemic, to 0.4 after the implementation of IPC measures.
TextSentencer_T116 17788-17998 Sentence denotes 62 In a 2003 analysis of SARS in Hong Kong that excluded super-spreading events, the reproductive rate dropped from 2.9 during the initial phase of the epidemic, to 0.4 after the implementation of IPC measures.
TextSentencer_T117 17999-18090 Sentence denotes 63 Usually, once the reproductive rate falls below 1, the outbreak will die out on its own.
TextSentencer_T117 17999-18090 Sentence denotes 63 Usually, once the reproductive rate falls below 1, the outbreak will die out on its own.
TextSentencer_T118 18091-18191 Sentence denotes Therefore, having a strong and adapted IPC response to this outbreak will be crucial to stopping it.
TextSentencer_T118 18091-18191 Sentence denotes Therefore, having a strong and adapted IPC response to this outbreak will be crucial to stopping it.
TextSentencer_T119 18192-18303 Sentence denotes An additional factor is that people infected by SARS-CoV felt unwell and were likely to seek care in hospitals.
TextSentencer_T119 18192-18303 Sentence denotes An additional factor is that people infected by SARS-CoV felt unwell and were likely to seek care in hospitals.
TextSentencer_T120 18304-18483 Sentence denotes SARS-CoV-2 seems to cause a wider range of symptoms, and if people only show mild infections, the infection may stay unnoticed (with people thinking that they have a common cold).
TextSentencer_T120 18304-18483 Sentence denotes SARS-CoV-2 seems to cause a wider range of symptoms, and if people only show mild infections, the infection may stay unnoticed (with people thinking that they have a common cold).
TextSentencer_T121 18484-18609 Sentence denotes This can cause the disease to be underdiagnosed, which means that people will be more likely to continue to spread the virus.
TextSentencer_T121 18484-18609 Sentence denotes This can cause the disease to be underdiagnosed, which means that people will be more likely to continue to spread the virus.
TextSentencer_T122 18610-18866 Sentence denotes It is essential that we prepare ourselves for what seems like will be the inevitability of having the virus at our doorstep, but we must think ahead to enact common sense policies that will not cripple the normal functioning of our healthcare institutions.
TextSentencer_T122 18610-18866 Sentence denotes It is essential that we prepare ourselves for what seems like will be the inevitability of having the virus at our doorstep, but we must think ahead to enact common sense policies that will not cripple the normal functioning of our healthcare institutions.
TextSentencer_T123 18867-19245 Sentence denotes That may mean sending people home while waiting for a test result to come back or even providing home care to mild cases, 64 Developing countries face with more critical challenges during outbreaks compared with higher income countries, preventing effective management worldwide (Major Issues and Challenges of Influenza Pandemic Preparedness in Developing Countries: oshitani).
TextSentencer_T123 18867-19245 Sentence denotes That may mean sending people home while waiting for a test result to come back or even providing home care to mild cases, 64 Developing countries face with more critical challenges during outbreaks compared with higher income countries, preventing effective management worldwide (Major Issues and Challenges of Influenza Pandemic Preparedness in Developing Countries: oshitani).
TextSentencer_T124 19246-19389 Sentence denotes The lack of IPC in developing countries with limited resources is a major dilemma that leads to high rates of healthcare-associated infections.
TextSentencer_T124 19246-19389 Sentence denotes The lack of IPC in developing countries with limited resources is a major dilemma that leads to high rates of healthcare-associated infections.
TextSentencer_T125 19390-19532 Sentence denotes 65 Hand hygiene is arguably, the most important infection control procedure, and is often neglected by health-care workers in these countries.
TextSentencer_T125 19390-19532 Sentence denotes 65 Hand hygiene is arguably, the most important infection control procedure, and is often neglected by health-care workers in these countries.
TextSentencer_T126 19533-19723 Sentence denotes 66 While developing countries still lack the equipment, expertise, and health infrastructure to detect and manage patients, 65 SARS-CoV-2 is spreading rapidly in these unprepared countries .
TextSentencer_T126 19533-19723 Sentence denotes 66 While developing countries still lack the equipment, expertise, and health infrastructure to detect and manage patients, 65 SARS-CoV-2 is spreading rapidly in these unprepared countries .
TextSentencer_T127 19724-19918 Sentence denotes 67 It has been recommended to promptly prioritize resources, precise surveillance, and capacity development in countries with low preparedness for diagnosing the virus and limiting transmission.
TextSentencer_T127 19724-19918 Sentence denotes 67 It has been recommended to promptly prioritize resources, precise surveillance, and capacity development in countries with low preparedness for diagnosing the virus and limiting transmission.
TextSentencer_T128 19919-19921 Sentence denotes 68
TextSentencer_T128 19919-19921 Sentence denotes 68
TextSentencer_T129 19922-20162 Sentence denotes What is most essential is that regular care activities do not suffer because of a pandemic condition, and that control of the far more common (and far more deadly) pathogens hospitals deal with on a daily basis remains of utmost importance.
TextSentencer_T129 19922-20162 Sentence denotes What is most essential is that regular care activities do not suffer because of a pandemic condition, and that control of the far more common (and far more deadly) pathogens hospitals deal with on a daily basis remains of utmost importance.
TextSentencer_T130 20163-20226 Sentence denotes The scale of China's response to the pandemic is unprecedented.
TextSentencer_T130 20163-20226 Sentence denotes The scale of China's response to the pandemic is unprecedented.
TextSentencer_T131 20227-20376 Sentence denotes Extreme cordon sanitairetype quarantine measures have questionable efficacy and can jeopardize trust between healthcare providers and the population.
TextSentencer_T131 20227-20376 Sentence denotes Extreme cordon sanitairetype quarantine measures have questionable efficacy and can jeopardize trust between healthcare providers and the population.
TextSentencer_T132 20377-20615 Sentence denotes This was seen in the 2014 Ebola epidemic, when Sierra Leone's government imposed a three day quarantine and sent police and military house to house both to educate the population and to find people harboring Ebola patients in their homes.
TextSentencer_T132 20377-20615 Sentence denotes This was seen in the 2014 Ebola epidemic, when Sierra Leone's government imposed a three day quarantine and sent police and military house to house both to educate the population and to find people harboring Ebola patients in their homes.
TextSentencer_T133 20616-20775 Sentence denotes 69, 70 That said it, the COVID-19 outbreak is a delicate situation, and a difficult decision for China's government to take-any decision will have major risks.
TextSentencer_T133 20616-20775 Sentence denotes 69, 70 That said it, the COVID-19 outbreak is a delicate situation, and a difficult decision for China's government to take-any decision will have major risks.
TextSentencer_T134 20776-20900 Sentence denotes Still, quarantining a major region will most certainly result in practices that could be considered human rights violations.
TextSentencer_T134 20776-20900 Sentence denotes Still, quarantining a major region will most certainly result in practices that could be considered human rights violations.
TextSentencer_T135 20901-21060 Sentence denotes 71 It is worth noting, that such a large scale dedicated disaster response by the government would be much more difficult to implement in a democratic country.
TextSentencer_T135 20901-21060 Sentence denotes 71 It is worth noting, that such a large scale dedicated disaster response by the government would be much more difficult to implement in a democratic country.
TextSentencer_T136 21061-21139 Sentence denotes China worked day and night to construct two hospitals within a matter of days.
TextSentencer_T136 21061-21139 Sentence denotes China worked day and night to construct two hospitals within a matter of days.
TextSentencer_T137 21140-21244 Sentence denotes They were made of prefabricated buildings, and serve to help handle the overwhelming number of patients.
TextSentencer_T137 21140-21244 Sentence denotes They were made of prefabricated buildings, and serve to help handle the overwhelming number of patients.
TextSentencer_T138 21245-21397 Sentence denotes 72 On the 28th of January, after just 48 hours of construction, they opened another 1,000 bed hospital that had been retrofitted into an empty building.
TextSentencer_T138 21245-21397 Sentence denotes 72 On the 28th of January, after just 48 hours of construction, they opened another 1,000 bed hospital that had been retrofitted into an empty building.
TextSentencer_T139 21398-21637 Sentence denotes 73 China has an impressive track record for being able to implement huge engineering projects at a record pace: during the 2003 SARS epidemic, they were able to construct a 1,000 bed hospital in under a week, using prefabricated buildings.
TextSentencer_T139 21398-21637 Sentence denotes 73 China has an impressive track record for being able to implement huge engineering projects at a record pace: during the 2003 SARS epidemic, they were able to construct a 1,000 bed hospital in under a week, using prefabricated buildings.
TextSentencer_T140 21638-21751 Sentence denotes At the height of the epidemic, the Xiaotangshan Hospital treated one seventh of the SARS patients in the country.
TextSentencer_T140 21638-21751 Sentence denotes At the height of the epidemic, the Xiaotangshan Hospital treated one seventh of the SARS patients in the country.
TextSentencer_T141 21752-21890 Sentence denotes 74 Countries are often motivated to be cautious in declaring an emergency rather than alarmist, as this has severe economic repercussions.
TextSentencer_T141 21752-21890 Sentence denotes 74 Countries are often motivated to be cautious in declaring an emergency rather than alarmist, as this has severe economic repercussions.
TextSentencer_T142 21891-22271 Sentence denotes The speculations that China knew about the outbreak before they declared it seems to be well-founded: on January 27th, the mayor of Wuhan, Zhou Xianwang, admitted that "we haven't disclosed information in a timely manner and also did not use effective information to improve our work." 75 Locally, officials might have little motivation to declare an emergency to their superiors.
TextSentencer_T142 21891-22271 Sentence denotes The speculations that China knew about the outbreak before they declared it seems to be well-founded: on January 27th, the mayor of Wuhan, Zhou Xianwang, admitted that "we haven't disclosed information in a timely manner and also did not use effective information to improve our work." 75 Locally, officials might have little motivation to declare an emergency to their superiors.
TextSentencer_T143 22272-22465 Sentence denotes 53 Quarantines were announced hours before they were put in place which could have encouraged people to flee-around 5 million residents reportedly left Wuhan before the quarantine was in place.
TextSentencer_T143 22272-22465 Sentence denotes 53 Quarantines were announced hours before they were put in place which could have encouraged people to flee-around 5 million residents reportedly left Wuhan before the quarantine was in place.
TextSentencer_T144 22466-22701 Sentence denotes 75 Deciding when to declare a national or international emergency is always difficult risk- 78 The direct economic burden of the 2014 Ebola outbreak is estimated between $2.8 billion 79 and $32.6 billion of lost gross domestic product.
TextSentencer_T144 22466-22701 Sentence denotes 75 Deciding when to declare a national or international emergency is always difficult risk- 78 The direct economic burden of the 2014 Ebola outbreak is estimated between $2.8 billion 79 and $32.6 billion of lost gross domestic product.
TextSentencer_T145 22702-22879 Sentence denotes With the comprehensive economic and social costs factored in, the cost to the global economy was estimated at over $51 billion, with $18 billion in deaths from non-Ebola causes.
TextSentencer_T145 22702-22879 Sentence denotes With the comprehensive economic and social costs factored in, the cost to the global economy was estimated at over $51 billion, with $18 billion in deaths from non-Ebola causes.
TextSentencer_T146 22880-22994 Sentence denotes 80 The impact of the outbreak of the SARS-CoV-2 has spread from Asia to other parts of the world including Europe.
TextSentencer_T146 22880-22994 Sentence denotes 80 The impact of the outbreak of the SARS-CoV-2 has spread from Asia to other parts of the world including Europe.
TextSentencer_T147 22995-23164 Sentence denotes With the emergence of many SARS-CoV-2 cases in Italy and South Korea as two of the world's major economies, concerns have been raised regarding a global economic damage.
TextSentencer_T147 22995-23164 Sentence denotes With the emergence of many SARS-CoV-2 cases in Italy and South Korea as two of the world's major economies, concerns have been raised regarding a global economic damage.
TextSentencer_T148 23165-23298 Sentence denotes 81 After some debate, the WHO declared SARS-CoV-2 a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) on the 30 th of January.
TextSentencer_T148 23165-23298 Sentence denotes 81 After some debate, the WHO declared SARS-CoV-2 a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) on the 30 th of January.
TextSentencer_T149 23299-23568 Sentence denotes The process leading up to this decision is complex and impacts many people; on the one hand such a declaration is an international call for alarm, but on the other, it does not guarantee that the outbreak will be ended or the exact nature of the international response.
TextSentencer_T149 23299-23568 Sentence denotes The process leading up to this decision is complex and impacts many people; on the one hand such a declaration is an international call for alarm, but on the other, it does not guarantee that the outbreak will be ended or the exact nature of the international response.
TextSentencer_T150 23569-23687 Sentence denotes 82 The WHO initially declined to label the coronavirus outbreak as a PHEIC, as doing so would be extremely disruptive.
TextSentencer_T150 23569-23687 Sentence denotes 82 The WHO initially declined to label the coronavirus outbreak as a PHEIC, as doing so would be extremely disruptive.
TextSentencer_T151 23688-23924 Sentence denotes The member views concerning this decision were quite divided during the first meeting, but the WHO agreed to reassess this decision in a few days' time, 39 and changed its global risk assessment for SARS-CoV-2 from "moderate" to "high".
TextSentencer_T151 23688-23924 Sentence denotes The member views concerning this decision were quite divided during the first meeting, but the WHO agreed to reassess this decision in a few days' time, 39 and changed its global risk assessment for SARS-CoV-2 from "moderate" to "high".
TextSentencer_T152 23925-24038 Sentence denotes 83 It maintains that there is no evidence that donors withheld disaster relief funds if a PHEIC was not declared.
TextSentencer_T152 23925-24038 Sentence denotes 83 It maintains that there is no evidence that donors withheld disaster relief funds if a PHEIC was not declared.
TextSentencer_T153 24039-24207 Sentence denotes 84 It is worth noting that the WHO repeatedly declined labeling the 2018 Ebola outbreak as such as well, showing that there is a tendency to err to the side of caution.
TextSentencer_T153 24039-24207 Sentence denotes 84 It is worth noting that the WHO repeatedly declined labeling the 2018 Ebola outbreak as such as well, showing that there is a tendency to err to the side of caution.
TextSentencer_T154 24208-24370 Sentence denotes 85 When it did in 2019, there was prevailing opinion that the PHEIC designation would be game changing in terms of resources allocated and international response.
TextSentencer_T154 24208-24370 Sentence denotes 85 When it did in 2019, there was prevailing opinion that the PHEIC designation would be game changing in terms of resources allocated and international response.
TextSentencer_T155 24371-24474 Sentence denotes 86 We predict that the PHEIC designation for coronavirus will help mobilize response on a global scale.
TextSentencer_T155 24371-24474 Sentence denotes 86 We predict that the PHEIC designation for coronavirus will help mobilize response on a global scale.
TextSentencer_T156 24475-24695 Sentence denotes Although China has been praised for its rapid sequencing of the virus genome, and the impressive construction of health facilities and mobilization of the response, it has been struggling with managing the human element.
TextSentencer_T156 24475-24695 Sentence denotes Although China has been praised for its rapid sequencing of the virus genome, and the impressive construction of health facilities and mobilization of the response, it has been struggling with managing the human element.
TextSentencer_T157 24696-24829 Sentence denotes 53 Effects of outbreak situations such as SARS-CoV-2 are always difficult to predict because there are so many variables to consider.
TextSentencer_T157 24696-24829 Sentence denotes 53 Effects of outbreak situations such as SARS-CoV-2 are always difficult to predict because there are so many variables to consider.
TextSentencer_T158 24830-24979 Sentence denotes First, we do not know much about this virus, and secondly, so much of its spread will be dictated by human behavior, decisions, and ultimately, luck.
TextSentencer_T158 24830-24979 Sentence denotes First, we do not know much about this virus, and secondly, so much of its spread will be dictated by human behavior, decisions, and ultimately, luck.
TextSentencer_T159 24980-25271 Sentence denotes There is much that can be done in terms of reducing the chances that novel viruses jump from animals to humans, but these measures often include the kind of environmental regulation that is difficult to implement in an international system inherently focused on growth and short-term profit.
TextSentencer_T159 24980-25271 Sentence denotes There is much that can be done in terms of reducing the chances that novel viruses jump from animals to humans, but these measures often include the kind of environmental regulation that is difficult to implement in an international system inherently focused on growth and short-term profit.
TextSentencer_T160 25272-25423 Sentence denotes There are also cultural and practical issues associated with changing how we farm and stopping the wildlife trade, which are equally hard to implement.
TextSentencer_T160 25272-25423 Sentence denotes There are also cultural and practical issues associated with changing how we farm and stopping the wildlife trade, which are equally hard to implement.
TextSentencer_T161 25424-25489 Sentence denotes The magnitude of effort needed to address this issue is daunting.
TextSentencer_T161 25424-25489 Sentence denotes The magnitude of effort needed to address this issue is daunting.
TextSentencer_T162 25490-25666 Sentence denotes Warning systems, response networks and real time tracking are important tools for containing outbreaks, but they do not actually prevent them from occurring in the first place.
TextSentencer_T162 25490-25666 Sentence denotes Warning systems, response networks and real time tracking are important tools for containing outbreaks, but they do not actually prevent them from occurring in the first place.
TextSentencer_T163 25667-25741 Sentence denotes Projects that catalogue and study novel viruses do not equal preparedness.
TextSentencer_T163 25667-25741 Sentence denotes Projects that catalogue and study novel viruses do not equal preparedness.
TextSentencer_T164 25742-25843 Sentence denotes The same scientific work that is used to study a disease can in and of itself create biological risk.
TextSentencer_T164 25742-25843 Sentence denotes The same scientific work that is used to study a disease can in and of itself create biological risk.
TextSentencer_T165 25844-25990 Sentence denotes 87, 88 Both national governments and supranational organizations state that this issue is of utmost importance, and have pledged their commitment.
TextSentencer_T165 25844-25990 Sentence denotes 87, 88 Both national governments and supranational organizations state that this issue is of utmost importance, and have pledged their commitment.
TextSentencer_T166 25991-26160 Sentence denotes 89-91 Nonetheless, expert consensus is that there is a high chance of the world dealing with a devastating pandemic in the near future, and that we are quite unprepared.
TextSentencer_T166 25991-26160 Sentence denotes 89-91 Nonetheless, expert consensus is that there is a high chance of the world dealing with a devastating pandemic in the near future, and that we are quite unprepared.
TextSentencer_T167 26161-26259 Sentence denotes 87, [92] [93] [94] So far, there have been relatively few cases abroad, but a great many in China.
TextSentencer_T167 26161-26259 Sentence denotes 87, [92] [93] [94] So far, there have been relatively few cases abroad, but a great many in China.
TextSentencer_T168 26260-26335 Sentence denotes Still, the number of cases in countries other than China continues to grow.
TextSentencer_T168 26260-26335 Sentence denotes Still, the number of cases in countries other than China continues to grow.
TextSentencer_T169 26336-26572 Sentence denotes Outside of China, there is a growing number of cases and casualties, with 12 deaths in Iran, 10 in South Korea, 7 in Italy, 4 on the Diamond Priness cruise ship, 2 in Hong Kong, and 1 each in France, Japan, Taiwan, and the Phillippines.
TextSentencer_T169 26336-26572 Sentence denotes Outside of China, there is a growing number of cases and casualties, with 12 deaths in Iran, 10 in South Korea, 7 in Italy, 4 on the Diamond Priness cruise ship, 2 in Hong Kong, and 1 each in France, Japan, Taiwan, and the Phillippines.
TextSentencer_T170 26573-26807 Sentence denotes 45 Coupled with the exponential growth of the pandemic, the very short pre or pauci-symptomatic and infectious incubation period of the virus, as well as the possible prolonged high-level carriage, makes it quite difficult to contain.
TextSentencer_T170 26573-26807 Sentence denotes 45 Coupled with the exponential growth of the pandemic, the very short pre or pauci-symptomatic and infectious incubation period of the virus, as well as the possible prolonged high-level carriage, makes it quite difficult to contain.
TextSentencer_T171 26808-26934 Sentence denotes 40 One probable scenario is that SARS-CoV-2 will just become another human virus that the world deals with on a regular basis.
TextSentencer_T171 26808-26934 Sentence denotes 40 One probable scenario is that SARS-CoV-2 will just become another human virus that the world deals with on a regular basis.
TextSentencer_T172 26935-27271 Sentence denotes WHO director-general Dr. Tedros warned of a potential global pandemic: "The window of opportunity is still there, but our window of opportunity is narrowing," he said on Friday. "We need to act quickly before it closes completely." 95 It seems to not be as dangerous as initially thought, so perhaps, once again, humanity will be lucky.
TextSentencer_T172 26935-27271 Sentence denotes WHO director-general Dr. Tedros warned of a potential global pandemic: "The window of opportunity is still there, but our window of opportunity is narrowing," he said on Friday. "We need to act quickly before it closes completely." 95 It seems to not be as dangerous as initially thought, so perhaps, once again, humanity will be lucky.
TextSentencer_T173 27272-27338 Sentence denotes Hopefully we can learn from our mistakes before our luck runs out.
TextSentencer_T173 27272-27338 Sentence denotes Hopefully we can learn from our mistakes before our luck runs out.