CORD-19-Sentences  

CORD-19:e78cecafd32aeadea4fe12d0a7d3f7883d222b58 JSONTXT 8 Projects

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TextSentencer_T1 0-168 Sentence denotes Comparison of the immune response to vaccination with pigeon circovirus recombinant capsid protein (PiCV rCP) in pigeons uninfected and subclinically infected with PiCV
TextSentencer_T1 0-168 Sentence denotes Comparison of the immune response to vaccination with pigeon circovirus recombinant capsid protein (PiCV rCP) in pigeons uninfected and subclinically infected with PiCV
TextSentencer_T2 170-178 Sentence denotes Abstract
TextSentencer_T2 170-178 Sentence denotes Abstract
TextSentencer_T3 179-304 Sentence denotes Infections with immunosuppressive pigeon circovirus (PiCV) pose the most severe health problem to the global pigeon breeding.
TextSentencer_T3 179-304 Sentence denotes Infections with immunosuppressive pigeon circovirus (PiCV) pose the most severe health problem to the global pigeon breeding.
TextSentencer_T4 305-421 Sentence denotes The vaccination with immunogenic PiCV recombinant capsid protein (PiCV rCP) is a potential tool for disease control.
TextSentencer_T4 305-421 Sentence denotes The vaccination with immunogenic PiCV recombinant capsid protein (PiCV rCP) is a potential tool for disease control.
TextSentencer_T5 422-552 Sentence denotes Because of the high prevalence of PiCV asymptomatic infections, the subclinically infected pigeons will be vaccinated in practice.
TextSentencer_T5 422-552 Sentence denotes Because of the high prevalence of PiCV asymptomatic infections, the subclinically infected pigeons will be vaccinated in practice.
TextSentencer_T6 553-728 Sentence denotes The aim of this study was to answer a question if vaccination of asymptomatic, infected with PiCV pigeons induces a similar immune response to PiCV rCP as in uninfected birds.
TextSentencer_T6 553-728 Sentence denotes The aim of this study was to answer a question if vaccination of asymptomatic, infected with PiCV pigeons induces a similar immune response to PiCV rCP as in uninfected birds.
TextSentencer_T7 729-876 Sentence denotes One hundred and twenty 6-week-old carrier pigeons were divided into 4 groups (2 groups of naturally infected and uninfected with PiCV individuals).
TextSentencer_T7 729-876 Sentence denotes One hundred and twenty 6-week-old carrier pigeons were divided into 4 groups (2 groups of naturally infected and uninfected with PiCV individuals).
TextSentencer_T8 877-1038 Sentence denotes Birds from groups V and V1 were vaccinated twice with PiCV rCP mixed with an adjuvant, whereas pigeons from groups C and C1 were immunized with an adjuvant only.
TextSentencer_T8 877-1038 Sentence denotes Birds from groups V and V1 were vaccinated twice with PiCV rCP mixed with an adjuvant, whereas pigeons from groups C and C1 were immunized with an adjuvant only.
TextSentencer_T9 1039-1254 Sentence denotes The expression of genes encoding IFN-γ, CD4, and CD8 T lymphocyte receptors; the number of anti-PiCV rCP IgY-secreting B cells (SBC) and anti-PiCV rCP IgY were evaluated 2, 21, 39 and 46 days post vaccination (dpv).
TextSentencer_T9 1039-1254 Sentence denotes The expression of genes encoding IFN-γ, CD4, and CD8 T lymphocyte receptors; the number of anti-PiCV rCP IgY-secreting B cells (SBC) and anti-PiCV rCP IgY were evaluated 2, 21, 39 and 46 days post vaccination (dpv).
TextSentencer_T10 1255-1423 Sentence denotes Study results showed that the expression of CD8 and IFN-γ genes was higher in both groups of infected pigeons than in the uninfected birds, irrespective of vaccination.
TextSentencer_T10 1255-1423 Sentence denotes Study results showed that the expression of CD8 and IFN-γ genes was higher in both groups of infected pigeons than in the uninfected birds, irrespective of vaccination.
TextSentencer_T11 1424-1532 Sentence denotes In the uninfected birds, the expression of these genes was insignificantly higher in the vaccinated pigeons.
TextSentencer_T11 1424-1532 Sentence denotes In the uninfected birds, the expression of these genes was insignificantly higher in the vaccinated pigeons.
TextSentencer_T12 1533-1668 Sentence denotes The anti-PiCV rCP IgY-SBC were detected on 2 and 23 dpv and seroconversion was noted on 23 and 39 dpv in V and V1 groups, respectively.
TextSentencer_T12 1533-1668 Sentence denotes The anti-PiCV rCP IgY-SBC were detected on 2 and 23 dpv and seroconversion was noted on 23 and 39 dpv in V and V1 groups, respectively.
TextSentencer_T13 1669-1914 Sentence denotes In the light of the results obtained, it could be concluded that pigeon circovirus recombinant capsid protein elicits the immune response in both naturally infected and uninfected pigeons, but its rate varies depending on PiCV infectious status.
TextSentencer_T13 1669-1914 Sentence denotes In the light of the results obtained, it could be concluded that pigeon circovirus recombinant capsid protein elicits the immune response in both naturally infected and uninfected pigeons, but its rate varies depending on PiCV infectious status.
TextSentencer_T14 1915-2066 Sentence denotes The infection with PiCV masks the potential cellular immune response to the vaccination with PiCV rCP and leads to the suppression of humoral immunity.
TextSentencer_T14 1915-2066 Sentence denotes The infection with PiCV masks the potential cellular immune response to the vaccination with PiCV rCP and leads to the suppression of humoral immunity.
TextSentencer_T15 2068-2176 Sentence denotes Introduction Pigeon circovirus (PiCV) is classified in the genus Circovirus of the Circoviridae family [1] .
TextSentencer_T15 2068-2176 Sentence denotes Introduction Pigeon circovirus (PiCV) is classified in the genus Circovirus of the Circoviridae family [1] .
TextSentencer_T16 2177-2302 Sentence denotes It is a small non-enveloped single-stranded circular DNA virus with approximately 2030 base pairs (bp) ambisense genome [2] .
TextSentencer_T16 2177-2302 Sentence denotes It is a small non-enveloped single-stranded circular DNA virus with approximately 2030 base pairs (bp) ambisense genome [2] .
TextSentencer_T17 2303-2377 Sentence denotes The genome of PiCV contains at least two major open reading frames (ORFs).
TextSentencer_T17 2303-2377 Sentence denotes The genome of PiCV contains at least two major open reading frames (ORFs).
TextSentencer_T18 2378-2523 Sentence denotes Located on the virion sense strand ORF, V1, encodes the replicase protein (Rep protein) which is involved in rolling circle PiCV DNA replication.
TextSentencer_T18 2378-2523 Sentence denotes Located on the virion sense strand ORF, V1, encodes the replicase protein (Rep protein) which is involved in rolling circle PiCV DNA replication.
TextSentencer_T19 2524-2634 Sentence denotes Located on the complementary sense strand ORF, C1, encodes the viral capsid protein (Cap protein, CP) [1, 2] .
TextSentencer_T19 2524-2634 Sentence denotes Located on the complementary sense strand ORF, C1, encodes the viral capsid protein (Cap protein, CP) [1, 2] .
TextSentencer_T20 2635-2835 Sentence denotes The CP of circoviruses has been documented to exhibit antigenic properties, as confirmed in the case of porcine circovirus genotype 2 (PCV2), psittacine circovirus, and pigeon circovirus [3] [4] [5] .
TextSentencer_T20 2635-2835 Sentence denotes The CP of circoviruses has been documented to exhibit antigenic properties, as confirmed in the case of porcine circovirus genotype 2 (PCV2), psittacine circovirus, and pigeon circovirus [3] [4] [5] .
TextSentencer_T21 2836-2897 Sentence denotes Like other circoviruses, PiCV is an immunosuppressive factor.
TextSentencer_T21 2836-2897 Sentence denotes Like other circoviruses, PiCV is an immunosuppressive factor.
TextSentencer_T22 2898-3014 Sentence denotes Infection with this virus leads to the atrophy of the immune system organs and to lymphocyte apoptosis [6] [7] [8] .
TextSentencer_T22 2898-3014 Sentence denotes Infection with this virus leads to the atrophy of the immune system organs and to lymphocyte apoptosis [6] [7] [8] .
TextSentencer_T23 3015-3223 Sentence denotes Pigeons immunosuppressed by PiCV infection are predisposed to concomitant infections with other viruses (pigeon herpesvirus) or bacteria, like Escherichia (E.) coli and Chlamydia (C.) psittaci [9] [10] [11] .
TextSentencer_T23 3015-3223 Sentence denotes Pigeons immunosuppressed by PiCV infection are predisposed to concomitant infections with other viruses (pigeon herpesvirus) or bacteria, like Escherichia (E.) coli and Chlamydia (C.) psittaci [9] [10] [11] .
TextSentencer_T24 3224-3481 Sentence denotes The combination of various immunosuppressive factors (PiCV infection and stress associated with trainings and racing of young pigeons) with accompanying infections leads to a clinical complex disease called young pigeon disease syndrome (YPDS) [9, 12, 13] .
TextSentencer_T24 3224-3481 Sentence denotes The combination of various immunosuppressive factors (PiCV infection and stress associated with trainings and racing of young pigeons) with accompanying infections leads to a clinical complex disease called young pigeon disease syndrome (YPDS) [9, 12, 13] .
TextSentencer_T25 3482-3589 Sentence denotes The type and intensity of clinical symptoms of YPDS are correlated with the type of the confounding factor.
TextSentencer_T25 3482-3589 Sentence denotes The type and intensity of clinical symptoms of YPDS are correlated with the type of the confounding factor.
TextSentencer_T26 3590-3723 Sentence denotes Initial symptoms are relatively non-specific, but after 2-3 days increased thirst and regurgitation from the crop is usually noticed.
TextSentencer_T26 3590-3723 Sentence denotes Initial symptoms are relatively non-specific, but after 2-3 days increased thirst and regurgitation from the crop is usually noticed.
TextSentencer_T27 3724-3826 Sentence denotes Crops are often filled with large volumes of water combined with mucus and refluxed duodenal contents.
TextSentencer_T27 3724-3826 Sentence denotes Crops are often filled with large volumes of water combined with mucus and refluxed duodenal contents.
TextSentencer_T28 3827-3911 Sentence denotes Other symptoms include diarrhea, apathy, feather ruffling or reluctance to training.
TextSentencer_T28 3827-3911 Sentence denotes Other symptoms include diarrhea, apathy, feather ruffling or reluctance to training.
TextSentencer_T29 3912-3959 Sentence denotes Those birds are disqualified from racing [12] .
TextSentencer_T29 3912-3959 Sentence denotes Those birds are disqualified from racing [12] .
TextSentencer_T30 3960-4130 Sentence denotes For the reason of a very high global prevalence of PiCV infections approximating 70%, the YPDS is currently the biggest health issue in pigeon breeding [10, 12, 14, 15] .
TextSentencer_T30 3960-4130 Sentence denotes For the reason of a very high global prevalence of PiCV infections approximating 70%, the YPDS is currently the biggest health issue in pigeon breeding [10, 12, 14, 15] .
TextSentencer_T31 4131-4258 Sentence denotes The global spreading of PiCV infections in pigeon population is probably due to pigeon racing and intercontinental trade [13] .
TextSentencer_T31 4131-4258 Sentence denotes The global spreading of PiCV infections in pigeon population is probably due to pigeon racing and intercontinental trade [13] .
TextSentencer_T32 4259-4366 Sentence denotes The asymptomatic infections with this virus are quite common and approximate 40% [10, [16] [17] [18] [19] .
TextSentencer_T32 4259-4366 Sentence denotes The asymptomatic infections with this virus are quite common and approximate 40% [10, [16] [17] [18] [19] .
TextSentencer_T33 4367-4449 Sentence denotes Their high prevalence in reproductive pigeons poses problems with disease control.
TextSentencer_T33 4367-4449 Sentence denotes Their high prevalence in reproductive pigeons poses problems with disease control.
TextSentencer_T34 4450-4559 Sentence denotes The laboratory diagnosis is limited only to screening for PiCV genetic material with molecular methods [16] .
TextSentencer_T34 4450-4559 Sentence denotes The laboratory diagnosis is limited only to screening for PiCV genetic material with molecular methods [16] .
TextSentencer_T35 4560-4677 Sentence denotes The possibility of detecting anti-PiCV antibodies in subclinically infected pigeons has been described as well [19] .
TextSentencer_T35 4560-4677 Sentence denotes The possibility of detecting anti-PiCV antibodies in subclinically infected pigeons has been described as well [19] .
TextSentencer_T36 4678-4909 Sentence denotes Because the laboratory culture of PiCV has so far proved unsuccessful, a scientific project was designed to develop an alternative method for obtaining an antigen which is recombinant capsid protein of pigeon circovirus (PiCV rCP).
TextSentencer_T36 4678-4909 Sentence denotes Because the laboratory culture of PiCV has so far proved unsuccessful, a scientific project was designed to develop an alternative method for obtaining an antigen which is recombinant capsid protein of pigeon circovirus (PiCV rCP).
TextSentencer_T37 4910-4992 Sentence denotes This protein could be used as an antigen in a sub-unit vaccine against this virus.
TextSentencer_T37 4910-4992 Sentence denotes This protein could be used as an antigen in a sub-unit vaccine against this virus.
TextSentencer_T38 4993-5123 Sentence denotes A previous study has revealed PiCV rCP to be immunogenic to pigeons and to stimulate both cell-mediated and humoral immunity [5] .
TextSentencer_T38 4993-5123 Sentence denotes A previous study has revealed PiCV rCP to be immunogenic to pigeons and to stimulate both cell-mediated and humoral immunity [5] .
TextSentencer_T39 5124-5279 Sentence denotes Due to high prevalence of PiCV asymptomatic infections [18, 19] , it is very likely that the subclinically infected pigeons will be vaccinated in practice.
TextSentencer_T39 5124-5279 Sentence denotes Due to high prevalence of PiCV asymptomatic infections [18, 19] , it is very likely that the subclinically infected pigeons will be vaccinated in practice.
TextSentencer_T40 5280-5554 Sentence denotes Bearing in mind the potential immunosuppressive effect of PiCV, it is important to compare the immune response to PiCV rCP in pigeons asymptomatically infected with PiCV (natural infection) to that in the uninfected pigeons, before the protectivity of the vaccine is tested.
TextSentencer_T40 5280-5554 Sentence denotes Bearing in mind the potential immunosuppressive effect of PiCV, it is important to compare the immune response to PiCV rCP in pigeons asymptomatically infected with PiCV (natural infection) to that in the uninfected pigeons, before the protectivity of the vaccine is tested.
TextSentencer_T41 5555-5752 Sentence denotes The aim of this study was, therefore, to answer a question if subclinically infected with PiCV pigeons would develop a similar immune response to PiCV rCP to that developed by the uninfected birds.
TextSentencer_T41 5555-5752 Sentence denotes The aim of this study was, therefore, to answer a question if subclinically infected with PiCV pigeons would develop a similar immune response to PiCV rCP to that developed by the uninfected birds.
TextSentencer_T42 5753-5819 Sentence denotes 29 July 2005 on the National Committee for Animal Experimentation.
TextSentencer_T42 5753-5819 Sentence denotes 29 July 2005 on the National Committee for Animal Experimentation.
TextSentencer_T43 5820-5979 Sentence denotes The research protocol was approved by the Local Ethics Committee on Animal Experimentation at the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn (Authorization No.
TextSentencer_T43 5820-5979 Sentence denotes The research protocol was approved by the Local Ethics Committee on Animal Experimentation at the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn (Authorization No.
TextSentencer_T44 5980-5989 Sentence denotes 64/2014).
TextSentencer_T44 5980-5989 Sentence denotes 64/2014).
TextSentencer_T45 5990-6234 Sentence denotes The birds were euthanized by intravenous administration of pentobarbital sodium at 70 mg/1 kg BW (Morbital, Biowet Puławy, Poland) after premedication by intramuscular injection of butorphanol tartrate at 4 mg/1 kg BW (Torbugesic, Zoetis, USA).
TextSentencer_T45 5990-6234 Sentence denotes The birds were euthanized by intravenous administration of pentobarbital sodium at 70 mg/1 kg BW (Morbital, Biowet Puławy, Poland) after premedication by intramuscular injection of butorphanol tartrate at 4 mg/1 kg BW (Torbugesic, Zoetis, USA).
TextSentencer_T46 6235-6304 Sentence denotes The researchers made every effort to minimize the suffering of birds.
TextSentencer_T46 6235-6304 Sentence denotes The researchers made every effort to minimize the suffering of birds.
TextSentencer_T47 6305-6471 Sentence denotes The cap sequence of the pigeon circovirus representing the most common in the world genotype A was selected for the production of the PiCV recombinant capsid protein.
TextSentencer_T47 6305-6471 Sentence denotes The cap sequence of the pigeon circovirus representing the most common in the world genotype A was selected for the production of the PiCV recombinant capsid protein.
TextSentencer_T48 6472-6534 Sentence denotes Simultaneously, the selected isolate (PiCV PL_53, GenBank Acc.
TextSentencer_T48 6472-6534 Sentence denotes Simultaneously, the selected isolate (PiCV PL_53, GenBank Acc.
TextSentencer_T49 6535-6608 Sentence denotes No.: KF738860.1) is the most divergent representative of its clade [18] .
TextSentencer_T49 6535-6608 Sentence denotes No.: KF738860.1) is the most divergent representative of its clade [18] .
TextSentencer_T50 6609-6816 Sentence denotes The recombinant capsid protein was expressed in Escherichia (E.) coli strain BL21 Star (DE3) chemically competent cells (Thermo Scientific, USA) according to the method described in our previous study [19] .
TextSentencer_T50 6609-6816 Sentence denotes The recombinant capsid protein was expressed in Escherichia (E.) coli strain BL21 Star (DE3) chemically competent cells (Thermo Scientific, USA) according to the method described in our previous study [19] .
TextSentencer_T51 6817-7047 Sentence denotes Each vaccination dose (20μg of PiCV rCP/ pigeon) was prepared individually by mixing a volume of protein equivalent for an immunization dose with PBS (phosphate-buffered saline) (Sigma Aldrich, Germany) up to the volume of 200 μL.
TextSentencer_T51 6817-7047 Sentence denotes Each vaccination dose (20μg of PiCV rCP/ pigeon) was prepared individually by mixing a volume of protein equivalent for an immunization dose with PBS (phosphate-buffered saline) (Sigma Aldrich, Germany) up to the volume of 200 μL.
TextSentencer_T52 7048-7155 Sentence denotes Next, it was mixed with 200 μL of an oil-based adjuvant (Montanide ISA71 R VG) provided by Seppic (France).
TextSentencer_T52 7048-7155 Sentence denotes Next, it was mixed with 200 μL of an oil-based adjuvant (Montanide ISA71 R VG) provided by Seppic (France).
TextSentencer_T53 7156-7257 Sentence denotes The mixed equal volumes of the adjuvant and PBS (400 μL in total) were used as a vaccination control.
TextSentencer_T53 7156-7257 Sentence denotes The mixed equal volumes of the adjuvant and PBS (400 μL in total) were used as a vaccination control.
TextSentencer_T54 7258-7470 Sentence denotes Prior to the experiment, three naturally infected with PiCV flocks of pigeons were tested in order to select birds infected with a separate genotype of pigeon circovirus than the isolate used to produce PiCV rCP.
TextSentencer_T54 7258-7470 Sentence denotes Prior to the experiment, three naturally infected with PiCV flocks of pigeons were tested in order to select birds infected with a separate genotype of pigeon circovirus than the isolate used to produce PiCV rCP.
TextSentencer_T55 7471-7562 Sentence denotes To this end, the CP encoding gene was amplified with the method described previously [15] .
TextSentencer_T55 7471-7562 Sentence denotes To this end, the CP encoding gene was amplified with the method described previously [15] .
TextSentencer_T56 7563-7763 Sentence denotes All of the obtained isolates belonged to genotype A, additionally two of the three investigated PiCV isolates showed strong homology with the PiCV PL_53 isolate used for the production of the vaccine.
TextSentencer_T56 7563-7763 Sentence denotes All of the obtained isolates belonged to genotype A, additionally two of the three investigated PiCV isolates showed strong homology with the PiCV PL_53 isolate used for the production of the vaccine.
TextSentencer_T57 7764-7977 Sentence denotes Therefore the birds were selected for experiment from the flock infected with the most genetically different from vaccine strain PiCV_2T isolate (88% and 92% nucleotide and amino acid homology, respectively) (Acc.
TextSentencer_T57 7764-7977 Sentence denotes Therefore the birds were selected for experiment from the flock infected with the most genetically different from vaccine strain PiCV_2T isolate (88% and 92% nucleotide and amino acid homology, respectively) (Acc.
TextSentencer_T58 7978-8002 Sentence denotes No.: MK994767) (S1 Fig).
TextSentencer_T58 7978-8002 Sentence denotes No.: MK994767) (S1 Fig).
TextSentencer_T59 8003-8110 Sentence denotes Next, one hundred and twenty 6-week-old carrier pigeons were obtained from two private breeding facilities.
TextSentencer_T59 8003-8110 Sentence denotes Next, one hundred and twenty 6-week-old carrier pigeons were obtained from two private breeding facilities.
TextSentencer_T60 8111-8275 Sentence denotes In the first breeding facility (A), there has been no YPDS history for the last 5 years, whereas in the second one (B) problems with YPDS have been noted each year.
TextSentencer_T60 8111-8275 Sentence denotes In the first breeding facility (A), there has been no YPDS history for the last 5 years, whereas in the second one (B) problems with YPDS have been noted each year.
TextSentencer_T61 8276-8600 Sentence denotes Before the experiment, cloacal swabs and blood samples were collected from all birds originating from each flock to rule out or confirm PiCV infection with the qPCR method described previously [20] and to determine the presence of antibodies against PiCV with the in-house ELISA method developed in the previous study [19] .
TextSentencer_T61 8276-8600 Sentence denotes Before the experiment, cloacal swabs and blood samples were collected from all birds originating from each flock to rule out or confirm PiCV infection with the qPCR method described previously [20] and to determine the presence of antibodies against PiCV with the in-house ELISA method developed in the previous study [19] .
TextSentencer_T62 8601-8754 Sentence denotes The pigeons were also screened for pigeon herpesvirus, pigeon adenovirus, Chlamydia psittaci, Salmonella spp., and endoparasites, and they were negative.
TextSentencer_T62 8601-8754 Sentence denotes The pigeons were also screened for pigeon herpesvirus, pigeon adenovirus, Chlamydia psittaci, Salmonella spp., and endoparasites, and they were negative.
TextSentencer_T63 8755-8944 Sentence denotes The birds were housed in isolated units in a PCL3 biosafety facility of the Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn.
TextSentencer_T63 8755-8944 Sentence denotes The birds were housed in isolated units in a PCL3 biosafety facility of the Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn.
TextSentencer_T64 8945-9152 Sentence denotes The biosafety facility is equipped with an HEPA filtering system and an automated system for pressure control in corridors, bird units, and hygiene stations to prevent contamination of experimental premises.
TextSentencer_T64 8945-9152 Sentence denotes The biosafety facility is equipped with an HEPA filtering system and an automated system for pressure control in corridors, bird units, and hygiene stations to prevent contamination of experimental premises.
TextSentencer_T65 9153-9206 Sentence denotes Every group of pigeons was housed in a separate unit.
TextSentencer_T65 9153-9206 Sentence denotes Every group of pigeons was housed in a separate unit.
TextSentencer_T66 9207-9296 Sentence denotes The birds were administered seed mixtures and water ad libitum throughout the experiment.
TextSentencer_T66 9207-9296 Sentence denotes The birds were administered seed mixtures and water ad libitum throughout the experiment.
TextSentencer_T67 9297-9347 Sentence denotes Pigeons were divided into 4 groups, 30 birds each.
TextSentencer_T67 9297-9347 Sentence denotes Pigeons were divided into 4 groups, 30 birds each.
TextSentencer_T68 9348-9731 Sentence denotes Groups V and C consisted of healthy pigeons, negative for PiCV genetic material and for antibodies against this virus, originating from the breeding facility A, whereas groups V1 and C1 were composed of clinically healthy birds, negative for antibodies against PiCV but positive for this virus in qPCR screening (naturally infected pigeons), originating from the breeding facility B.
TextSentencer_T68 9348-9731 Sentence denotes Groups V and C consisted of healthy pigeons, negative for PiCV genetic material and for antibodies against this virus, originating from the breeding facility A, whereas groups V1 and C1 were composed of clinically healthy birds, negative for antibodies against PiCV but positive for this virus in qPCR screening (naturally infected pigeons), originating from the breeding facility B.
TextSentencer_T69 9732-9948 Sentence denotes After two weeks of the adaptation period, the pigeons from groups V and V1 were vaccinated with PiCV rCP mixed with an adjuvant, whereas the birds from groups C and C1 were controls (immunized with an adjuvant only).
TextSentencer_T69 9732-9948 Sentence denotes After two weeks of the adaptation period, the pigeons from groups V and V1 were vaccinated with PiCV rCP mixed with an adjuvant, whereas the birds from groups C and C1 were controls (immunized with an adjuvant only).
TextSentencer_T70 9949-10048 Sentence denotes The birds were vaccinated again 21 days after the first immunization (35 th day of the experiment).
TextSentencer_T70 9949-10048 Sentence denotes The birds were vaccinated again 21 days after the first immunization (35 th day of the experiment).
TextSentencer_T71 10049-10199 Sentence denotes On the day of the first vaccination and 2, 23, 39 and 46 days post first vaccination (dpv), blood samples were collected from six birds of each group.
TextSentencer_T71 10049-10199 Sentence denotes On the day of the first vaccination and 2, 23, 39 and 46 days post first vaccination (dpv), blood samples were collected from six birds of each group.
TextSentencer_T72 10200-10318 Sentence denotes Next, those pigeons were euthanized and their spleen samples were collected during an anatomopathological examination.
TextSentencer_T72 10200-10318 Sentence denotes Next, those pigeons were euthanized and their spleen samples were collected during an anatomopathological examination.
TextSentencer_T73 10319-10515 Sentence denotes Blood samples were used to obtain sera for determination of anti-PiCV rCP antibodies with in-house ELISA and for total DNA extraction to evaluate PiCV viral loads with droplet digital PCR (ddPCR).
TextSentencer_T73 10319-10515 Sentence denotes Blood samples were used to obtain sera for determination of anti-PiCV rCP antibodies with in-house ELISA and for total DNA extraction to evaluate PiCV viral loads with droplet digital PCR (ddPCR).
TextSentencer_T74 10516-10857 Sentence denotes From the spleen samples, mononuclear cells were isolated and divided into two parts: one part was used for determination of anti-PiCV rCP IgY-secreting B cells (SBC) with ELISPOT (2-46 dpv) and the second one was used for RNA extraction to evaluate the expression of genes encoding CD4 and CD8 T cells surface receptors and IFN-γ (0-46 dpv).
TextSentencer_T74 10516-10857 Sentence denotes From the spleen samples, mononuclear cells were isolated and divided into two parts: one part was used for determination of anti-PiCV rCP IgY-secreting B cells (SBC) with ELISPOT (2-46 dpv) and the second one was used for RNA extraction to evaluate the expression of genes encoding CD4 and CD8 T cells surface receptors and IFN-γ (0-46 dpv).
TextSentencer_T75 10858-10980 Sentence denotes Mononuclear cells from the whole spleens collected from each bird were isolated with the method described previously [5] .
TextSentencer_T75 10858-10980 Sentence denotes Mononuclear cells from the whole spleens collected from each bird were isolated with the method described previously [5] .
TextSentencer_T76 10981-11102 Sentence denotes Cell concentrations and the percentage of viable cells were determined in the Vi-cell XR analyzer (Beckman Coulter, USA).
TextSentencer_T76 10981-11102 Sentence denotes Cell concentrations and the percentage of viable cells were determined in the Vi-cell XR analyzer (Beckman Coulter, USA).
TextSentencer_T77 11103-11315 Sentence denotes The number of mononuclear cells isolated from spleen samples was standardized to 5 x 10 6 and used for RNA isolation with the use of the RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen, Germany) according to the manufacturer's protocol.
TextSentencer_T77 11103-11315 Sentence denotes The number of mononuclear cells isolated from spleen samples was standardized to 5 x 10 6 and used for RNA isolation with the use of the RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen, Germany) according to the manufacturer's protocol.
TextSentencer_T78 11316-11432 Sentence denotes Genomic DNA remaining in the samples after RNA isolation was digested with deoxyribonuclease I (Sigma Aldrich, USA).
TextSentencer_T78 11316-11432 Sentence denotes Genomic DNA remaining in the samples after RNA isolation was digested with deoxyribonuclease I (Sigma Aldrich, USA).
TextSentencer_T79 11433-11610 Sentence denotes The concentration of eluted RNA was measured with a NanoDrop 2000 spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA), and the samples were stored at -80˚C until further analyzed.
TextSentencer_T79 11433-11610 Sentence denotes The concentration of eluted RNA was measured with a NanoDrop 2000 spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA), and the samples were stored at -80˚C until further analyzed.
TextSentencer_T80 11611-11776 Sentence denotes Reverse transcription was carried out with the High-Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription Kit (Life Technologies, USA) according to the manufacturer's recommendations.
TextSentencer_T80 11611-11776 Sentence denotes Reverse transcription was carried out with the High-Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription Kit (Life Technologies, USA) according to the manufacturer's recommendations.
TextSentencer_T81 11777-11840 Sentence denotes The concentration of RNA was standardized to 0.5 μg per sample.
TextSentencer_T81 11777-11840 Sentence denotes The concentration of RNA was standardized to 0.5 μg per sample.
TextSentencer_T82 11841-12100 Sentence denotes The relative expression of the genes encoding CD4 and CD8 T cells receptors and IFN-γ was determined by qPCR method described previously [21] with the use of Power SYBR Green PCR Master Mix kit (Life Technologies, USA) and LightCycler 96 (Roche, Switzerland).
TextSentencer_T82 11841-12100 Sentence denotes The relative expression of the genes encoding CD4 and CD8 T cells receptors and IFN-γ was determined by qPCR method described previously [21] with the use of Power SYBR Green PCR Master Mix kit (Life Technologies, USA) and LightCycler 96 (Roche, Switzerland).
TextSentencer_T83 12101-12212 Sentence denotes The MultiScreen plates (Merck Millipore, USA) were coated with 100μL/ well of a PBS solution of PiCV rCP (conc.
TextSentencer_T83 12101-12212 Sentence denotes The MultiScreen plates (Merck Millipore, USA) were coated with 100μL/ well of a PBS solution of PiCV rCP (conc.
TextSentencer_T84 12213-12225 Sentence denotes 20μg/ 1 mL).
TextSentencer_T84 12213-12225 Sentence denotes 20μg/ 1 mL).
TextSentencer_T85 12226-12377 Sentence denotes The samples were standardized to 1.5 x 10 5 mononuclear cells and seeded in triplicate directly to the wells of previously coated with PiCV rCP plates.
TextSentencer_T85 12226-12377 Sentence denotes The samples were standardized to 1.5 x 10 5 mononuclear cells and seeded in triplicate directly to the wells of previously coated with PiCV rCP plates.
TextSentencer_T86 12378-12579 Sentence denotes After incubation with Iscove's modified Dulbecos medium (IMDM; Sigma Aldrich, Germany), the plates were rinsed and incubated overnight with biotinylated rabbit anti-pigeon IgY (Antibodies-online, USA).
TextSentencer_T86 12378-12579 Sentence denotes After incubation with Iscove's modified Dulbecos medium (IMDM; Sigma Aldrich, Germany), the plates were rinsed and incubated overnight with biotinylated rabbit anti-pigeon IgY (Antibodies-online, USA).
TextSentencer_T87 12580-12746 Sentence denotes After rinsing, 100 μL of streptavidin, alkaline phosphatase (S-AP) (Vector Laboratories, USA) dissolved 1:500 in PBS (Sigma Aldrich, Germany) were added to each well.
TextSentencer_T87 12580-12746 Sentence denotes After rinsing, 100 μL of streptavidin, alkaline phosphatase (S-AP) (Vector Laboratories, USA) dissolved 1:500 in PBS (Sigma Aldrich, Germany) were added to each well.
TextSentencer_T88 12747-12889 Sentence denotes Enzymatic reaction was performed with an alkaline phosphatase substrate (BCIP/NBT; Vector Laboratories, USA) and stopped with distilled water.
TextSentencer_T88 12747-12889 Sentence denotes Enzymatic reaction was performed with an alkaline phosphatase substrate (BCIP/NBT; Vector Laboratories, USA) and stopped with distilled water.
TextSentencer_T89 12890-12984 Sentence denotes All details concerning rinsing and incubation steps were described in our previous study [5] .
TextSentencer_T89 12890-12984 Sentence denotes All details concerning rinsing and incubation steps were described in our previous study [5] .
TextSentencer_T90 12985-13151 Sentence denotes Counting of spot forming units (SFU) corresponding to anti-PiCV rCP IgY-SBC was performed with an Eli.Scan plate scanner and Eli.Analyse software (A-EL-VIS, Germany).
TextSentencer_T90 12985-13151 Sentence denotes Counting of spot forming units (SFU) corresponding to anti-PiCV rCP IgY-SBC was performed with an Eli.Scan plate scanner and Eli.Analyse software (A-EL-VIS, Germany).
TextSentencer_T91 13152-13301 Sentence denotes Data were expressed as the mean absolute number of SFU +/-standard deviation per 1 x 10 6 of mononuclear cells in each group in each day of sampling.
TextSentencer_T91 13152-13301 Sentence denotes Data were expressed as the mean absolute number of SFU +/-standard deviation per 1 x 10 6 of mononuclear cells in each group in each day of sampling.
TextSentencer_T92 13302-13390 Sentence denotes The assay was performed according to the protocol described in the previous study [19] .
TextSentencer_T92 13302-13390 Sentence denotes The assay was performed according to the protocol described in the previous study [19] .
TextSentencer_T93 13391-13517 Sentence denotes The wells of Nunc-Immuno Module plates (Thermo Scientific, USA) were coated with 100 μL of PiCV rCP (concentration 20 μg/ mL).
TextSentencer_T93 13391-13517 Sentence denotes The wells of Nunc-Immuno Module plates (Thermo Scientific, USA) were coated with 100 μL of PiCV rCP (concentration 20 μg/ mL).
TextSentencer_T94 13518-13552 Sentence denotes Pigeon sera were diluted at 1:400.
TextSentencer_T94 13518-13552 Sentence denotes Pigeon sera were diluted at 1:400.
TextSentencer_T95 13553-13656 Sentence denotes The rabbit anti-pigeon IgG (dilution 1:30 000; Antibodies-online, USA) were used as primary antibodies.
TextSentencer_T95 13553-13656 Sentence denotes The rabbit anti-pigeon IgG (dilution 1:30 000; Antibodies-online, USA) were used as primary antibodies.
TextSentencer_T96 13657-13791 Sentence denotes The goat anti-rabbit IgG with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) (dilution 1:1 000; BD biosciences, USA), were used as secondary antibodies.
TextSentencer_T96 13657-13791 Sentence denotes The goat anti-rabbit IgG with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) (dilution 1:1 000; BD biosciences, USA), were used as secondary antibodies.
TextSentencer_T97 13792-13871 Sentence denotes Each rinsing step was performed with an ELx 405 automatic washer (Biotek, USA).
TextSentencer_T97 13792-13871 Sentence denotes Each rinsing step was performed with an ELx 405 automatic washer (Biotek, USA).
TextSentencer_T98 13872-13977 Sentence denotes Optical density was measured with an ELx 800 spectrophotometer (Biotek, USA) at the wavelength of 450 nm.
TextSentencer_T98 13872-13977 Sentence denotes Optical density was measured with an ELx 800 spectrophotometer (Biotek, USA) at the wavelength of 450 nm.
TextSentencer_T99 13978-14065 Sentence denotes Data were expressed as mean OD 450 +/standard deviation in each group in each sampling.
TextSentencer_T99 13978-14065 Sentence denotes Data were expressed as mean OD 450 +/standard deviation in each group in each sampling.
TextSentencer_T100 14066-14178 Sentence denotes The droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) was performed to detect PiCV viral loads in serum samples at all sampling dates.
TextSentencer_T100 14066-14178 Sentence denotes The droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) was performed to detect PiCV viral loads in serum samples at all sampling dates.
TextSentencer_T101 14179-14337 Sentence denotes The genomic DNA was extracted from 200 μL of the serum using a DNeasy Blood & Tissue Kit (Qiagen, Germany) in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.
TextSentencer_T101 14179-14337 Sentence denotes The genomic DNA was extracted from 200 μL of the serum using a DNeasy Blood & Tissue Kit (Qiagen, Germany) in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.
TextSentencer_T102 14338-14601 Sentence denotes The ddPCR reaction mixture contained 10 μL of QX200 ddPCR EvaGreen Supermix (Bio-Rad, USA), 0.4 μL of the forward primer (10 μM), 0.2 μL of the reverse primer (10 μL), and 4.54 μL of template DNA, and was topped up to the volume of 20 μL with nuclease-free water.
TextSentencer_T102 14338-14601 Sentence denotes The ddPCR reaction mixture contained 10 μL of QX200 ddPCR EvaGreen Supermix (Bio-Rad, USA), 0.4 μL of the forward primer (10 μM), 0.2 μL of the reverse primer (10 μL), and 4.54 μL of template DNA, and was topped up to the volume of 20 μL with nuclease-free water.
TextSentencer_T103 14602-14654 Sentence denotes The primer sequences were designed previously [20] .
TextSentencer_T103 14602-14654 Sentence denotes The primer sequences were designed previously [20] .
TextSentencer_T104 14655-14916 Sentence denotes The reaction mixture was transferred into individual wells of a disposable eight-channel DG8 cartridge (Bio-Rad, USA) that had been already preloaded in a DG8 cartridge holder (Bio-Rad, USA) and the bottom wells were filled with 70 μL of droplet generation oil.
TextSentencer_T104 14655-14916 Sentence denotes The reaction mixture was transferred into individual wells of a disposable eight-channel DG8 cartridge (Bio-Rad, USA) that had been already preloaded in a DG8 cartridge holder (Bio-Rad, USA) and the bottom wells were filled with 70 μL of droplet generation oil.
TextSentencer_T105 14917-15005 Sentence denotes The prepared cartridge was then placed into the QX 200 droplet generator (Bio-Rad, USA).
TextSentencer_T105 14917-15005 Sentence denotes The prepared cartridge was then placed into the QX 200 droplet generator (Bio-Rad, USA).
TextSentencer_T106 15006-15190 Sentence denotes The prepared droplet emulsions were further loaded into a semi-skirted, PCR-clean 96-well plate (Bio-Rad, USA) using a multichannel pipette, by aspirating 40 μL from the DG8 cartridge.
TextSentencer_T106 15006-15190 Sentence denotes The prepared droplet emulsions were further loaded into a semi-skirted, PCR-clean 96-well plate (Bio-Rad, USA) using a multichannel pipette, by aspirating 40 μL from the DG8 cartridge.
TextSentencer_T107 15191-15373 Sentence denotes The plate was then heat-sealed with pierceable foil using a PX1 PCR plate sealer (Bio-Rad, USA), and PCR amplification was carried out in a C1000 Touch thermal cycler (Bio-Rad, USA).
TextSentencer_T107 15191-15373 Sentence denotes The plate was then heat-sealed with pierceable foil using a PX1 PCR plate sealer (Bio-Rad, USA), and PCR amplification was carried out in a C1000 Touch thermal cycler (Bio-Rad, USA).
TextSentencer_T108 15374-15605 Sentence denotes The thermal cycling consisted of initial denaturation at 95˚C for 5 min followed by 40 cycles of 95˚C for 30 s, and 64˚C for 1 min with a ramp rate of 2˚C/s; the next cycle was performed at 4˚C for 5 min followed by 90˚C for 5 min.
TextSentencer_T108 15374-15605 Sentence denotes The thermal cycling consisted of initial denaturation at 95˚C for 5 min followed by 40 cycles of 95˚C for 30 s, and 64˚C for 1 min with a ramp rate of 2˚C/s; the next cycle was performed at 4˚C for 5 min followed by 90˚C for 5 min.
TextSentencer_T109 15606-15729 Sentence denotes After thermal cycling, the plate containing the droplets was placed in a QX 200 droplet reader (Bio-Rad, USA) for analysis.
TextSentencer_T109 15606-15729 Sentence denotes After thermal cycling, the plate containing the droplets was placed in a QX 200 droplet reader (Bio-Rad, USA) for analysis.
TextSentencer_T110 15730-15939 Sentence denotes Each sample was analyzed in duplicate, and results were calculated with the following formula: mean number of positive droplets in the sample minus mean number of the positive droplets in the negative control.
TextSentencer_T110 15730-15939 Sentence denotes Each sample was analyzed in duplicate, and results were calculated with the following formula: mean number of positive droplets in the sample minus mean number of the positive droplets in the negative control.
TextSentencer_T111 15940-16078 Sentence denotes The results was expressed as mean PiCV genome copy number +/-standard deviation per 20 μL of sample in each group in each day of sampling.
TextSentencer_T111 15940-16078 Sentence denotes The results was expressed as mean PiCV genome copy number +/-standard deviation per 20 μL of sample in each group in each day of sampling.
TextSentencer_T112 16079-16297 Sentence denotes The significance of differences in values of the measured parameters between the investigated groups was analyzed with the Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test for independent samples using Statistica.pl v.10.0 software.
TextSentencer_T112 16079-16297 Sentence denotes The significance of differences in values of the measured parameters between the investigated groups was analyzed with the Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test for independent samples using Statistica.pl v.10.0 software.
TextSentencer_T113 16298-16408 Sentence denotes Differences were considered significant at confidence levels of 95 and 99% (p< 0.05 and p<0.01, respectively).
TextSentencer_T113 16298-16408 Sentence denotes Differences were considered significant at confidence levels of 95 and 99% (p< 0.05 and p<0.01, respectively).
TextSentencer_T114 16409-16595 Sentence denotes The expression of CD4 gene in uninfected pigeons was not significantly higher in the PiCV rCP immunized birds than in the control group almost through the entire post-vaccination period.
TextSentencer_T114 16409-16595 Sentence denotes The expression of CD4 gene in uninfected pigeons was not significantly higher in the PiCV rCP immunized birds than in the control group almost through the entire post-vaccination period.
TextSentencer_T115 16596-16667 Sentence denotes An opposite trend was observed in groups of naturally infected pigeons.
TextSentencer_T115 16596-16667 Sentence denotes An opposite trend was observed in groups of naturally infected pigeons.
TextSentencer_T116 16668-16881 Sentence denotes A comparison of infected and uninfected groups of birds showed that the CD4 gene expression was significantly higher in birds from V and C groups than in V1 and C1 pigeons before the first immunization (p = 0.00).
TextSentencer_T116 16668-16881 Sentence denotes A comparison of infected and uninfected groups of birds showed that the CD4 gene expression was significantly higher in birds from V and C groups than in V1 and C1 pigeons before the first immunization (p = 0.00).
TextSentencer_T117 16882-16969 Sentence denotes On 2dpv, the expression of this gene was higher in group V than in group V1 (p = 0.01).
TextSentencer_T117 16882-16969 Sentence denotes On 2dpv, the expression of this gene was higher in group V than in group V1 (p = 0.01).
TextSentencer_T118 16970-17164 Sentence denotes The expression of CD4 gene was higher in group C1 than in all other groups on 23 dpv (p = 0.01 to 0.03) and was higher than in C group pigeons on 39 and 46 dpv (p = 0.00 and 0.01, respectively).
TextSentencer_T118 16970-17164 Sentence denotes The expression of CD4 gene was higher in group C1 than in all other groups on 23 dpv (p = 0.01 to 0.03) and was higher than in C group pigeons on 39 and 46 dpv (p = 0.00 and 0.01, respectively).
TextSentencer_T119 17165-17277 Sentence denotes On 39 dpv, the expression of this gene in group C was significantly lower than in group V1 (p = 0.00) (Fig 1A) .
TextSentencer_T119 17165-17277 Sentence denotes On 39 dpv, the expression of this gene in group C was significantly lower than in group V1 (p = 0.00) (Fig 1A) .
TextSentencer_T120 17278-17472 Sentence denotes The expression of CD8 gene was higher in the uninfected and immunized with PiCV rCP pigeons than in the control birds in all sampling dates, but the difference was not statistically significant.
TextSentencer_T120 17278-17472 Sentence denotes The expression of CD8 gene was higher in the uninfected and immunized with PiCV rCP pigeons than in the control birds in all sampling dates, but the difference was not statistically significant.
TextSentencer_T121 17473-17554 Sentence denotes A similar tendency was not observed in both groups of naturally infected pigeons.
TextSentencer_T121 17473-17554 Sentence denotes A similar tendency was not observed in both groups of naturally infected pigeons.
TextSentencer_T122 17555-17821 Sentence denotes A comparison of both uninfected and infected with PiCV groups of pigeons showed that the expression of CD8 gene was higher in V1 and C1 group pigeons than in V and C group birds throughout the experiment, but differences were significant only on 2-23 dpv (p = 0.00).
TextSentencer_T122 17555-17821 Sentence denotes A comparison of both uninfected and infected with PiCV groups of pigeons showed that the expression of CD8 gene was higher in V1 and C1 group pigeons than in V and C group birds throughout the experiment, but differences were significant only on 2-23 dpv (p = 0.00).
TextSentencer_T123 17822-17964 Sentence denotes The significant differences (p = 0.00) were also noted between group C1 and groups C and V on the day of immunization and on 46 dpv (Fig 1B) .
TextSentencer_T123 17822-17964 Sentence denotes The significant differences (p = 0.00) were also noted between group C1 and groups C and V on the day of immunization and on 46 dpv (Fig 1B) .
TextSentencer_T124 17965-18148 Sentence denotes The expression of IFN-γ gene was not significantly higher in the uninfected and immunized with PiCV rCP pigeons than in the control group C birds almost through the entire experiment.
TextSentencer_T124 17965-18148 Sentence denotes The expression of IFN-γ gene was not significantly higher in the uninfected and immunized with PiCV rCP pigeons than in the control group C birds almost through the entire experiment.
TextSentencer_T125 18149-18223 Sentence denotes No similar trend was reported in the pigeons naturally infected with PiCV.
TextSentencer_T125 18149-18223 Sentence denotes No similar trend was reported in the pigeons naturally infected with PiCV.
TextSentencer_T126 18224-18457 Sentence denotes A comparison of both uninfected and infected with PiCV groups of birds showed that the expression of IFN-γ gene was higher in C1 group pigeons than in all other groups of birds on the day of the first immunization (p = 0.00 to 0.04).
TextSentencer_T126 18224-18457 Sentence denotes A comparison of both uninfected and infected with PiCV groups of birds showed that the expression of IFN-γ gene was higher in C1 group pigeons than in all other groups of birds on the day of the first immunization (p = 0.00 to 0.04).
TextSentencer_T127 18458-18598 Sentence denotes The expression of this gene was also higher in pigeons from groups V1 and C1 than in C group birds on 2-39 dpv (p = 0.00 to 0.04) (Fig 1C) .
TextSentencer_T127 18458-18598 Sentence denotes The expression of this gene was also higher in pigeons from groups V1 and C1 than in C group birds on 2-39 dpv (p = 0.00 to 0.04) (Fig 1C) .
TextSentencer_T128 18599-18859 Sentence denotes The number of anti-PiCV IgY secreting B cells was higher in the pigeons immunized with PiCV rCP than in the control groups in both infected and uninfected pigeons on all dpv, but the differences were significant only between groups V1 and C (p = 0.00 to 0.03).
TextSentencer_T128 18599-18859 Sentence denotes The number of anti-PiCV IgY secreting B cells was higher in the pigeons immunized with PiCV rCP than in the control groups in both infected and uninfected pigeons on all dpv, but the differences were significant only between groups V1 and C (p = 0.00 to 0.03).
TextSentencer_T129 18860-18919 Sentence denotes The SFU number in group V was the highest on 2 dpv (approx.
TextSentencer_T129 18860-18919 Sentence denotes The SFU number in group V was the highest on 2 dpv (approx.
TextSentencer_T130 18920-18988 Sentence denotes 200.0 +/-53.0 per 1 x 10 6 cells) and gradually decreased to approx.
TextSentencer_T130 18920-18988 Sentence denotes 200.0 +/-53.0 per 1 x 10 6 cells) and gradually decreased to approx.
TextSentencer_T131 18989-19032 Sentence denotes 100.0 +/-60.0 per 1 x 10 6 cells on 46 dpv.
TextSentencer_T131 18989-19032 Sentence denotes 100.0 +/-60.0 per 1 x 10 6 cells on 46 dpv.
TextSentencer_T132 19033-19121 Sentence denotes Whereas in group V1, the anti-PiCV rCP IgY-SBC number was the highest on 23 dpv (approx.
TextSentencer_T132 19033-19121 Sentence denotes Whereas in group V1, the anti-PiCV rCP IgY-SBC number was the highest on 23 dpv (approx.
TextSentencer_T133 19122-19241 Sentence denotes 280 +/-176.56 per 1 x 10 6 ) and decreased to approximately 150.0 +/-45.0 per 1 x 10 6 cells on 39 and 46 dpv (Fig 2) .
TextSentencer_T133 19122-19241 Sentence denotes 280 +/-176.56 per 1 x 10 6 ) and decreased to approximately 150.0 +/-45.0 per 1 x 10 6 cells on 39 and 46 dpv (Fig 2) .
TextSentencer_T134 19242-19438 Sentence denotes In control groups, the anti-PiCV rCP IgY-SBC number was constant throughout the experiment and reached 67.0 +/-24.0 and 99.0 +/-63.0 per 1 x 10 6 cells on average in groups C and C1, respectively.
TextSentencer_T134 19242-19438 Sentence denotes In control groups, the anti-PiCV rCP IgY-SBC number was constant throughout the experiment and reached 67.0 +/-24.0 and 99.0 +/-63.0 per 1 x 10 6 cells on average in groups C and C1, respectively.
TextSentencer_T135 19439-19552 Sentence denotes The pigeons from all investigated groups had low OD 450 values before the immunization (0.27 +/-0.15 on average).
TextSentencer_T135 19439-19552 Sentence denotes The pigeons from all investigated groups had low OD 450 values before the immunization (0.27 +/-0.15 on average).
TextSentencer_T136 19553-19720 Sentence denotes A significant increase of anti-PiCV rCP IgY was noted on 23 dpv in group V pigeons (OD 450 = 2.8 +/-0.8) and was significantly higher than in group C birds (p = 0.00).
TextSentencer_T136 19553-19720 Sentence denotes A significant increase of anti-PiCV rCP IgY was noted on 23 dpv in group V pigeons (OD 450 = 2.8 +/-0.8) and was significantly higher than in group C birds (p = 0.00).
TextSentencer_T137 19721-19868 Sentence denotes Whereas the OD 450 value in group V1 pigeons on 23 dpv reached 1.28+/-0.91 and was similar to that determined for C1 birds (OD 450 = 1.33 +/-0.78).
TextSentencer_T137 19721-19868 Sentence denotes Whereas the OD 450 value in group V1 pigeons on 23 dpv reached 1.28+/-0.91 and was similar to that determined for C1 birds (OD 450 = 1.33 +/-0.78).
TextSentencer_T138 19869-19936 Sentence denotes On 39 and 46 dpv, the OD 450 value achieved similar levels (approx.
TextSentencer_T138 19869-19936 Sentence denotes On 39 and 46 dpv, the OD 450 value achieved similar levels (approx.
TextSentencer_T139 19937-20059 Sentence denotes 3.5 +/-0.8 to 4.0 +/-0.2) in groups V and V1 and was significantly higher (p = 0.00) than in the control group C (Fig 3) .
TextSentencer_T139 19937-20059 Sentence denotes 3.5 +/-0.8 to 4.0 +/-0.2) in groups V and V1 and was significantly higher (p = 0.00) than in the control group C (Fig 3) .
TextSentencer_T140 20060-20110 Sentence denotes Exemplary results of ddPCR are presented in Fig 4.
TextSentencer_T140 20060-20110 Sentence denotes Exemplary results of ddPCR are presented in Fig 4.
TextSentencer_T141 20111-20287 Sentence denotes All pigeons from groups V1 and C1 were positive for PiCV genetic material throughout the experiment (except V1 group birds on 39 dpv where 2 samples were detected as negative).
TextSentencer_T141 20111-20287 Sentence denotes All pigeons from groups V1 and C1 were positive for PiCV genetic material throughout the experiment (except V1 group birds on 39 dpv where 2 samples were detected as negative).
TextSentencer_T142 20288-20592 Sentence denotes The PiCV viral loads were the highest on the day of the first vaccination in the sera of pigeons from both naturally infected groups (203851.2 +/-53332.3 and 216327.1 +/-17645.77 for V1 and C1 groups, respectively) and decreased gradually to 1.62 +/-2.13 (V1 group) and 9.82 +/-9.88 (C1 group) on 39 dpv.
TextSentencer_T142 20288-20592 Sentence denotes The PiCV viral loads were the highest on the day of the first vaccination in the sera of pigeons from both naturally infected groups (203851.2 +/-53332.3 and 216327.1 +/-17645.77 for V1 and C1 groups, respectively) and decreased gradually to 1.62 +/-2.13 (V1 group) and 9.82 +/-9.88 (C1 group) on 39 dpv.
TextSentencer_T143 20593-20713 Sentence denotes On 46 dpv, the PiCV viral loads increased slightly in the sera of pigeons from both naturally infected with PiCV groups.
TextSentencer_T143 20593-20713 Sentence denotes On 46 dpv, the PiCV viral loads increased slightly in the sera of pigeons from both naturally infected with PiCV groups.
TextSentencer_T144 20714-20852 Sentence denotes The PiCV viral loads were higher in C1 than in V1 group pigeons throughout the experiment, but the biggest difference was noted on 23 dpv.
TextSentencer_T144 20714-20852 Sentence denotes The PiCV viral loads were higher in C1 than in V1 group pigeons throughout the experiment, but the biggest difference was noted on 23 dpv.
TextSentencer_T145 20853-20962 Sentence denotes There was no presence of PiCV genetic material in the sera of pigeons from both uninfected groups (Table 1 ).
TextSentencer_T145 20853-20962 Sentence denotes There was no presence of PiCV genetic material in the sera of pigeons from both uninfected groups (Table 1 ).
TextSentencer_T146 20963-21159 Sentence denotes Because PiCV is thought to be one of the factors involved in YPDS and is very prevalent in pigeons, the development of effective vaccine against this virus could be a strategy to control the YPDS.
TextSentencer_T146 20963-21159 Sentence denotes Because PiCV is thought to be one of the factors involved in YPDS and is very prevalent in pigeons, the development of effective vaccine against this virus could be a strategy to control the YPDS.
TextSentencer_T147 21160-21442 Sentence denotes It was demonstrated that both humoral and cellular compartments of the immunity are apparently involved in the immune response developed upon PiCV rCP immunization [5] , but nothing is known about the immune response to this antigen in pigeons with different PiCV infectious status.
TextSentencer_T147 21160-21442 Sentence denotes It was demonstrated that both humoral and cellular compartments of the immunity are apparently involved in the immune response developed upon PiCV rCP immunization [5] , but nothing is known about the immune response to this antigen in pigeons with different PiCV infectious status.
TextSentencer_T148 21443-21623 Sentence denotes The interesting data about cell-mediated immune response to various factors could be provided by the evaluation of the expression of genes encoding T lymphocyte receptors or IFN-γ.
TextSentencer_T148 21443-21623 Sentence denotes The interesting data about cell-mediated immune response to various factors could be provided by the evaluation of the expression of genes encoding T lymphocyte receptors or IFN-γ.
TextSentencer_T149 21624-21830 Sentence denotes In the previous basic research, no significant differences were observed in the percentage of T CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes in the blood and spleens between immunized with PiCV rCP and unimmunized pigeons [5] .
TextSentencer_T149 21624-21830 Sentence denotes In the previous basic research, no significant differences were observed in the percentage of T CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes in the blood and spleens between immunized with PiCV rCP and unimmunized pigeons [5] .
TextSentencer_T150 21831-22073 Sentence denotes However, in the immunized pigeons, the percentage of T CD4 + lymphocytes was not significantly higher than in the unimmunized control birds, whereas the percentage of T CD8 + lymphocytes was usually similar to that found in the control group.
TextSentencer_T150 21831-22073 Sentence denotes However, in the immunized pigeons, the percentage of T CD4 + lymphocytes was not significantly higher than in the unimmunized control birds, whereas the percentage of T CD8 + lymphocytes was usually similar to that found in the control group.
TextSentencer_T151 22074-22228 Sentence denotes In the current investigation, we employed a molecular method to determine the expression of genes encoding CD4 and CD8 surface receptors of T lymphocytes.
TextSentencer_T151 22074-22228 Sentence denotes In the current investigation, we employed a molecular method to determine the expression of genes encoding CD4 and CD8 surface receptors of T lymphocytes.
TextSentencer_T152 22229-22372 Sentence denotes One of the previous studies revealed that this method could provide reliable results and can be used as an alternative to flow cytometry [21] .
TextSentencer_T152 22229-22372 Sentence denotes One of the previous studies revealed that this method could provide reliable results and can be used as an alternative to flow cytometry [21] .
TextSentencer_T153 22373-22685 Sentence denotes In the present research, the CD4 and CD8 gene expression was higher in mononuclear cells isolated from the spleen of uninfected with PiCV and immunized with PiCV rCP pigeons than in the control group C birds during almost the whole post-vaccination period, but the differences were not statistically significant.
TextSentencer_T153 22373-22685 Sentence denotes In the present research, the CD4 and CD8 gene expression was higher in mononuclear cells isolated from the spleen of uninfected with PiCV and immunized with PiCV rCP pigeons than in the control group C birds during almost the whole post-vaccination period, but the differences were not statistically significant.
TextSentencer_T154 22686-22820 Sentence denotes These results partially correspond with findings from our previous basic investigation performed on uninfected with PiCV pigeons [5] .
TextSentencer_T154 22686-22820 Sentence denotes These results partially correspond with findings from our previous basic investigation performed on uninfected with PiCV pigeons [5] .
TextSentencer_T155 22821-22919 Sentence denotes Interestingly, this tendency was not observed in the case of pigeons naturally infected with PiCV.
TextSentencer_T155 22821-22919 Sentence denotes Interestingly, this tendency was not observed in the case of pigeons naturally infected with PiCV.
TextSentencer_T156 22920-23148 Sentence denotes In the case of these birds, the CD4 gene expression was usually lower in naturally infected and immunized with PiCV pigeons than in the control group C1 birds, whereas no tendency was observed in the case of CD8 gene expression.
TextSentencer_T156 22920-23148 Sentence denotes In the case of these birds, the CD4 gene expression was usually lower in naturally infected and immunized with PiCV pigeons than in the control group C1 birds, whereas no tendency was observed in the case of CD8 gene expression.
TextSentencer_T157 23149-23260 Sentence denotes The differences between both groups of naturally infected with PiCV pigeons were not statistically significant.
TextSentencer_T157 23149-23260 Sentence denotes The differences between both groups of naturally infected with PiCV pigeons were not statistically significant.
TextSentencer_T158 23261-23462 Sentence denotes However, numerous significant differences were noted between both naturally infected with PiCV pigeons and both uninfected groups of birds, which was clearly visible in the case of CD8 gene expression.
TextSentencer_T158 23261-23462 Sentence denotes However, numerous significant differences were noted between both naturally infected with PiCV pigeons and both uninfected groups of birds, which was clearly visible in the case of CD8 gene expression.
TextSentencer_T159 23463-23542 Sentence denotes In the case of CD4 gene expression, this trend was noted only on 39 and 46 dpv.
TextSentencer_T159 23463-23542 Sentence denotes In the case of CD4 gene expression, this trend was noted only on 39 and 46 dpv.
TextSentencer_T160 23543-23743 Sentence denotes Partially similar results were achieved by Ferrari et al. [22] who noted higher levels of CD4 + and CD8 + lymphocytes in piglets vaccinated with PCV2 rCP and experimentally challenged with this virus.
TextSentencer_T160 23543-23743 Sentence denotes Partially similar results were achieved by Ferrari et al. [22] who noted higher levels of CD4 + and CD8 + lymphocytes in piglets vaccinated with PCV2 rCP and experimentally challenged with this virus.
TextSentencer_T161 23744-24125 Sentence denotes The significantly higher CD8 gene expression in pigeons naturally Vaccinating pigeons with different PiCV infectious status with PiCV recombinant capsid protein infected with PiCV than in the uninfected birds, with no differences between vaccinated and unimmunized birds, suggests that it resulted from the response to natural infection with the PiCV, and not from the vaccination.
TextSentencer_T161 23744-24125 Sentence denotes The significantly higher CD8 gene expression in pigeons naturally Vaccinating pigeons with different PiCV infectious status with PiCV recombinant capsid protein infected with PiCV than in the uninfected birds, with no differences between vaccinated and unimmunized birds, suggests that it resulted from the response to natural infection with the PiCV, and not from the vaccination.
TextSentencer_T162 24126-24263 Sentence denotes In the light of the above, the immunization with PiCV rCP has no influence on the expression of this gene despite PiCV infectious status.
TextSentencer_T162 24126-24263 Sentence denotes In the light of the above, the immunization with PiCV rCP has no influence on the expression of this gene despite PiCV infectious status.
TextSentencer_T163 24264-24443 Sentence denotes The higher production of IFN-γ as a response to immunization with the use of circovirus recombinant capsid protein was broadly described in pigs [22] and recently in pigeons [5] .
TextSentencer_T163 24264-24443 Sentence denotes The higher production of IFN-γ as a response to immunization with the use of circovirus recombinant capsid protein was broadly described in pigs [22] and recently in pigeons [5] .
TextSentencer_T164 24444-24628 Sentence denotes The results of our investigation showed only a trend for higher expression of this gene in mononuclear cells isolated from the spleen of uninfected and immunized with PiCV rCP pigeons.
TextSentencer_T164 24444-24628 Sentence denotes The results of our investigation showed only a trend for higher expression of this gene in mononuclear cells isolated from the spleen of uninfected and immunized with PiCV rCP pigeons.
TextSentencer_T165 24629-24782 Sentence denotes Interestingly, the pattern of IFN-γ gene expression was similar to the CD8 gene expression pattern, especially in the case of naturally infected pigeons.
TextSentencer_T165 24629-24782 Sentence denotes Interestingly, the pattern of IFN-γ gene expression was similar to the CD8 gene expression pattern, especially in the case of naturally infected pigeons.
TextSentencer_T166 24783-25099 Sentence denotes The ddPCR used in this study for the detection of PiCV viral loads in serum samples allowed detecting even samples Vaccinating pigeons with different PiCV infectious status with PiCV recombinant capsid protein with very small amounts of PiCV genetic material, which increased the reliability of the results obtained.
TextSentencer_T166 24783-25099 Sentence denotes The ddPCR used in this study for the detection of PiCV viral loads in serum samples allowed detecting even samples Vaccinating pigeons with different PiCV infectious status with PiCV recombinant capsid protein with very small amounts of PiCV genetic material, which increased the reliability of the results obtained.
TextSentencer_T167 25100-25216 Sentence denotes The presence of PiCV genetic material in the sera of both naturally infected groups of pigeons confirms the viremia.
TextSentencer_T167 25100-25216 Sentence denotes The presence of PiCV genetic material in the sera of both naturally infected groups of pigeons confirms the viremia.
TextSentencer_T168 25217-25347 Sentence denotes It also confirms that the increased expression of CD8 and IFN -γ genes was due to the viral infection, and not to the vaccination.
TextSentencer_T168 25217-25347 Sentence denotes It also confirms that the increased expression of CD8 and IFN -γ genes was due to the viral infection, and not to the vaccination.
TextSentencer_T169 25348-25614 Sentence denotes The results of ddPCR showed that the PiCV viral loads decreased gradually till 39 dpv and increased slightly on 46 dpv, which was convergent with the suppressed expression of CD8 and IFN-γ genes in the last sampling date in both groups of naturally infected pigeons.
TextSentencer_T169 25348-25614 Sentence denotes The results of ddPCR showed that the PiCV viral loads decreased gradually till 39 dpv and increased slightly on 46 dpv, which was convergent with the suppressed expression of CD8 and IFN-γ genes in the last sampling date in both groups of naturally infected pigeons.
TextSentencer_T170 25615-25806 Sentence denotes This data is also in accordance with the results obtained by Ferrari et al. [22] , who noted an increase in IFN-γ productivity in some pigs vaccinated with PCV2 rCP after challenge with PCV2.
TextSentencer_T170 25615-25806 Sentence denotes This data is also in accordance with the results obtained by Ferrari et al. [22] , who noted an increase in IFN-γ productivity in some pigs vaccinated with PCV2 rCP after challenge with PCV2.
TextSentencer_T171 25807-25945 Sentence denotes The measurement of the specific humoral immune response is always a useful tool allowing the evaluation of the immunogenicity of antigens.
TextSentencer_T171 25807-25945 Sentence denotes The measurement of the specific humoral immune response is always a useful tool allowing the evaluation of the immunogenicity of antigens.
TextSentencer_T172 25946-26103 Sentence denotes In the current study, we detected differences in the time of appearance of anti-PiCV rCP IgY-SBC between pigeons naturally infected and uninfected with PiCV.
TextSentencer_T172 25946-26103 Sentence denotes In the current study, we detected differences in the time of appearance of anti-PiCV rCP IgY-SBC between pigeons naturally infected and uninfected with PiCV.
TextSentencer_T173 26104-26385 Sentence denotes In the uninfected pigeons, the highest number of secreting specific antibody B cells was noted on 2dpv, which is consistent with results of our previous study [5] , whereas in the naturally infected birds the number of anti-PiCV rCP IgY-SBC was high on 2 dpv, but peaked on 23 dpv.
TextSentencer_T173 26104-26385 Sentence denotes In the uninfected pigeons, the highest number of secreting specific antibody B cells was noted on 2dpv, which is consistent with results of our previous study [5] , whereas in the naturally infected birds the number of anti-PiCV rCP IgY-SBC was high on 2 dpv, but peaked on 23 dpv.
TextSentencer_T174 26386-26599 Sentence denotes The reason for the later peak of secreting specific antibody B cells number in the infected with PiCV than in the uninfected pigeons, could result from the suppression of humoral immunity caused by the circovirus.
TextSentencer_T174 26386-26599 Sentence denotes The reason for the later peak of secreting specific antibody B cells number in the infected with PiCV than in the uninfected pigeons, could result from the suppression of humoral immunity caused by the circovirus.
TextSentencer_T175 26600-26688 Sentence denotes These results correspond to the IgY specific immune response measured by in-house ELISA.
TextSentencer_T175 26600-26688 Sentence denotes These results correspond to the IgY specific immune response measured by in-house ELISA.
TextSentencer_T176 26689-26896 Sentence denotes The results of in-house ELISA showed that the level of anti-PiCV rCP IgY increased successively in both groups of vaccinated pigeons, but seroconversion was detected earlier in the uninfected birds (23 dpv).
TextSentencer_T176 26689-26896 Sentence denotes The results of in-house ELISA showed that the level of anti-PiCV rCP IgY increased successively in both groups of vaccinated pigeons, but seroconversion was detected earlier in the uninfected birds (23 dpv).
TextSentencer_T177 26897-27046 Sentence denotes Whereas in both groups of naturally infected pigeons, the OD 450 value on 23 dpv was similar and not significantly higher than before the experiment.
TextSentencer_T177 26897-27046 Sentence denotes Whereas in both groups of naturally infected pigeons, the OD 450 value on 23 dpv was similar and not significantly higher than before the experiment.
TextSentencer_T178 27047-27194 Sentence denotes The slight increase of antibodies in both groups of birds naturally infected with PiCV may be related to the subclinical infection with this virus.
TextSentencer_T178 27047-27194 Sentence denotes The slight increase of antibodies in both groups of birds naturally infected with PiCV may be related to the subclinical infection with this virus.
TextSentencer_T179 27195-27273 Sentence denotes However, no further increase of OD 450 value was observed in C1 group pigeons.
TextSentencer_T179 27195-27273 Sentence denotes However, no further increase of OD 450 value was observed in C1 group pigeons.
TextSentencer_T180 27274-27447 Sentence denotes Whereas in the case of the birds naturally infected with pigeon circovirus and immunized with PiCV rCP, a significant increase was observed in the OD 450 value since 39 dpv.
TextSentencer_T180 27274-27447 Sentence denotes Whereas in the case of the birds naturally infected with pigeon circovirus and immunized with PiCV rCP, a significant increase was observed in the OD 450 value since 39 dpv.
TextSentencer_T181 27448-27672 Sentence denotes At the end of the experiment, antibody levels were very similar in both vaccinated groups of birds independently from their PiCV infectious status, which suggests that the immunization of infected pigeons could be effective.
TextSentencer_T181 27448-27672 Sentence denotes At the end of the experiment, antibody levels were very similar in both vaccinated groups of birds independently from their PiCV infectious status, which suggests that the immunization of infected pigeons could be effective.
TextSentencer_T182 27673-27820 Sentence denotes In this study, a reverse dependency was noticed between levels of anti-PiCV rCP IgY in pigeons sera and anti-PiCV rCP IgY-SBC number in the spleen.
TextSentencer_T182 27673-27820 Sentence denotes In this study, a reverse dependency was noticed between levels of anti-PiCV rCP IgY in pigeons sera and anti-PiCV rCP IgY-SBC number in the spleen.
TextSentencer_T183 27821-28081 Sentence denotes The anti-PiCV rCP IgY levels increased successively during the experiment to reach the highest value on 46 dpv, whereas the number of anti-PiCV rCP IgY-SBC decreased successively in each sampling in V group pigeons and decreased since 23 dpv in V1 group birds.
TextSentencer_T183 27821-28081 Sentence denotes The anti-PiCV rCP IgY levels increased successively during the experiment to reach the highest value on 46 dpv, whereas the number of anti-PiCV rCP IgY-SBC decreased successively in each sampling in V group pigeons and decreased since 23 dpv in V1 group birds.
TextSentencer_T184 28082-28175 Sentence denotes This tendency is typical of immunization and viral infections, as described earlier [5, 23] .
TextSentencer_T184 28082-28175 Sentence denotes This tendency is typical of immunization and viral infections, as described earlier [5, 23] .
TextSentencer_T185 28176-28485 Sentence denotes The kinetics of anti-PiCV rCP IgY-SBC and antibody response to PiCV rCP indicates that the specific Vaccinating pigeons with different PiCV infectious status with PiCV recombinant capsid protein humoral immune response in asymptomatically infected with PiCV pigeons appears later than in the uninfected birds.
TextSentencer_T185 28176-28485 Sentence denotes The kinetics of anti-PiCV rCP IgY-SBC and antibody response to PiCV rCP indicates that the specific Vaccinating pigeons with different PiCV infectious status with PiCV recombinant capsid protein humoral immune response in asymptomatically infected with PiCV pigeons appears later than in the uninfected birds.
TextSentencer_T186 28486-28574 Sentence denotes This suggests the immunosuppressive effect of PiCV on humoral component of the immunity.
TextSentencer_T186 28486-28574 Sentence denotes This suggests the immunosuppressive effect of PiCV on humoral component of the immunity.
TextSentencer_T187 28575-28701 Sentence denotes Previous research showed that PiCV infection led to apoptosis induction in lymphocytes present in the bursa of Fabricius [7] .
TextSentencer_T187 28575-28701 Sentence denotes Previous research showed that PiCV infection led to apoptosis induction in lymphocytes present in the bursa of Fabricius [7] .
TextSentencer_T188 28702-28837 Sentence denotes The degradation of bursal lymphocytes leads to the suppression of humoral immunity, which explains the phenomenon noticed in our study.
TextSentencer_T188 28702-28837 Sentence denotes The degradation of bursal lymphocytes leads to the suppression of humoral immunity, which explains the phenomenon noticed in our study.
TextSentencer_T189 28838-28924 Sentence denotes The depletion of B lymphocytes was also described in the case of PCV2 infection [24] .
TextSentencer_T189 28838-28924 Sentence denotes The depletion of B lymphocytes was also described in the case of PCV2 infection [24] .
TextSentencer_T190 28925-29158 Sentence denotes Pigeon circoviruses are characterized by a high genetic diversity reaching even up to 20% [12-15, 17, 18, 25, 26] , which today allows separating as many as 6 different clades of this virus denoted with letters from A to F [25, 26] .
TextSentencer_T190 28925-29158 Sentence denotes Pigeon circoviruses are characterized by a high genetic diversity reaching even up to 20% [12-15, 17, 18, 25, 26] , which today allows separating as many as 6 different clades of this virus denoted with letters from A to F [25, 26] .
TextSentencer_T191 29159-29373 Sentence denotes They key fragment of the PiCV genome is the capside protein encoding gene, and its variability is reflected in the affiliation of viruses to specified clades, even in analyzing the full genomes of this virus [13] .
TextSentencer_T191 29159-29373 Sentence denotes They key fragment of the PiCV genome is the capside protein encoding gene, and its variability is reflected in the affiliation of viruses to specified clades, even in analyzing the full genomes of this virus [13] .
TextSentencer_T192 29374-29564 Sentence denotes This genetic diversity may also affect antigene diversity and thereby also the specificity of the immune response to vaccination with PiCV rCP against viruses representing various genotypes.
TextSentencer_T192 29374-29564 Sentence denotes This genetic diversity may also affect antigene diversity and thereby also the specificity of the immune response to vaccination with PiCV rCP against viruses representing various genotypes.
TextSentencer_T193 29565-29822 Sentence denotes It is extremely difficult to predict which virus genotype would cause infections of pigeons in the field conditions, because international trade of these birds and competition flights facilitate the long-distance spread of infections with different strains.
TextSentencer_T193 29565-29822 Sentence denotes It is extremely difficult to predict which virus genotype would cause infections of pigeons in the field conditions, because international trade of these birds and competition flights facilitate the long-distance spread of infections with different strains.
TextSentencer_T194 29823-29909 Sentence denotes Of all known PiCV genotypes, the genotype A is the most widespread in Europe and Asia.
TextSentencer_T194 29823-29909 Sentence denotes Of all known PiCV genotypes, the genotype A is the most widespread in Europe and Asia.
TextSentencer_T195 29910-29986 Sentence denotes The other genotypes are detected significantly less often [15, 18, 25, 26] .
TextSentencer_T195 29910-29986 Sentence denotes The other genotypes are detected significantly less often [15, 18, 25, 26] .
TextSentencer_T196 29987-30074 Sentence denotes For this reason, we have chosen a representative of genotype A for vaccine development.
TextSentencer_T196 29987-30074 Sentence denotes For this reason, we have chosen a representative of genotype A for vaccine development.
TextSentencer_T197 30075-30180 Sentence denotes The homology of the CP amino acid sequence of most isolates belonging to this genotype is 99% on average.
TextSentencer_T197 30075-30180 Sentence denotes The homology of the CP amino acid sequence of most isolates belonging to this genotype is 99% on average.
TextSentencer_T198 30181-30523 Sentence denotes Because we had no access to pigeons naturally infected with viruses representing other genotypes, our experiment was conducted with birds infected with PiCV belonging to genotype A, but differing significantly in the cap sequence from the virus used to develop a subunit vaccine (88% and 92% nucleotide and amino acid homology, respectively).
TextSentencer_T198 30181-30523 Sentence denotes Because we had no access to pigeons naturally infected with viruses representing other genotypes, our experiment was conducted with birds infected with PiCV belonging to genotype A, but differing significantly in the cap sequence from the virus used to develop a subunit vaccine (88% and 92% nucleotide and amino acid homology, respectively).
TextSentencer_T199 30524-30687 Sentence denotes Our experiment demonstrated that the pigeons infected with the PiCV isolate representing a genotype homologous with the vaccine responded correctly to vaccination.
TextSentencer_T199 30524-30687 Sentence denotes Our experiment demonstrated that the pigeons infected with the PiCV isolate representing a genotype homologous with the vaccine responded correctly to vaccination.
TextSentencer_T200 30688-30795 Sentence denotes Scientific literature lacks data on the immune response of pigeons to infections with various PiCV strains.
TextSentencer_T200 30688-30795 Sentence denotes Scientific literature lacks data on the immune response of pigeons to infections with various PiCV strains.
TextSentencer_T201 30796-30985 Sentence denotes Due to multiple similarities in the immunopathogenesis between PiCV infections and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), comparative analysis can be undertaken, as it had been done before [5] .
TextSentencer_T201 30796-30985 Sentence denotes Due to multiple similarities in the immunopathogenesis between PiCV infections and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), comparative analysis can be undertaken, as it had been done before [5] .
TextSentencer_T202 30986-31222 Sentence denotes The PCV2 occurring in pigs is also characterized by a high variability of the sequence of the capsid protein encoding gene, and, like in the case of PiCV, this variability allowed distinguishing a few genotypes denoted with letters a-d.
TextSentencer_T202 30986-31222 Sentence denotes The PCV2 occurring in pigs is also characterized by a high variability of the sequence of the capsid protein encoding gene, and, like in the case of PiCV, this variability allowed distinguishing a few genotypes denoted with letters a-d.
TextSentencer_T203 31223-31425 Sentence denotes Initially, the PCV2a was the prevailing genotype, but introduction of vaccinations against this genotype reduced its prevalence in favor of genotype PCV2b which has been successively replacing it [27] .
TextSentencer_T203 31223-31425 Sentence denotes Initially, the PCV2a was the prevailing genotype, but introduction of vaccinations against this genotype reduced its prevalence in favor of genotype PCV2b which has been successively replacing it [27] .
TextSentencer_T204 31426-31541 Sentence denotes A similar course of events may be expected during pigeons immunization with the vaccine based on one PiCV genotype.
TextSentencer_T204 31426-31541 Sentence denotes A similar course of events may be expected during pigeons immunization with the vaccine based on one PiCV genotype.
TextSentencer_T205 31542-31721 Sentence denotes Investigations conducted across the globe have demonstrated, however, that immunization of pigs with vaccines based on PCV2a genotype tuned out protective against PCV2b [28, 29] .
TextSentencer_T205 31542-31721 Sentence denotes Investigations conducted across the globe have demonstrated, however, that immunization of pigs with vaccines based on PCV2a genotype tuned out protective against PCV2b [28, 29] .
TextSentencer_T206 31722-31850 Sentence denotes Nevertheless, the emergence of another genotypes of this virus (like PCV2d) contributed to the reduced efficacy of vaccinations.
TextSentencer_T206 31722-31850 Sentence denotes Nevertheless, the emergence of another genotypes of this virus (like PCV2d) contributed to the reduced efficacy of vaccinations.
TextSentencer_T207 31851-32088 Sentence denotes The amino acid homology of capsid protein of the pigeon circovirus belonging to genotype A with other genotypes of this virus reaches 85% for genotypes B and C, 77% for genotype D, 74% for genotype E, and barely 67% for genotype F [13] .
TextSentencer_T207 31851-32088 Sentence denotes The amino acid homology of capsid protein of the pigeon circovirus belonging to genotype A with other genotypes of this virus reaches 85% for genotypes B and C, 77% for genotype D, 74% for genotype E, and barely 67% for genotype F [13] .
TextSentencer_T208 32089-32250 Sentence denotes Summarizing the results of this investigation, it could be stated that the immune response of pigeons to the PiCV rCP varies depending on PiCV infectious status.
TextSentencer_T208 32089-32250 Sentence denotes Summarizing the results of this investigation, it could be stated that the immune response of pigeons to the PiCV rCP varies depending on PiCV infectious status.
TextSentencer_T209 32251-32421 Sentence denotes The cell mediated immune response to infection appears faster, but it is visible only as a trend for higher expression of genes encoding IFN-γ and T-lymphocyte receptors.
TextSentencer_T209 32251-32421 Sentence denotes The cell mediated immune response to infection appears faster, but it is visible only as a trend for higher expression of genes encoding IFN-γ and T-lymphocyte receptors.
TextSentencer_T210 32422-32591 Sentence denotes The lack of statistical differences between both infected groups shows that PiCV infection masks the potential cellular immune response to the vaccination with PiCV rCP.
TextSentencer_T210 32422-32591 Sentence denotes The lack of statistical differences between both infected groups shows that PiCV infection masks the potential cellular immune response to the vaccination with PiCV rCP.
TextSentencer_T211 32592-32803 Sentence denotes The specific humoral immune response was developed in both uninfected and infected pigeons, but appeared later in the subclinically infected individuals, probably due to the immunosuppressive effect of the PiCV.
TextSentencer_T211 32592-32803 Sentence denotes The specific humoral immune response was developed in both uninfected and infected pigeons, but appeared later in the subclinically infected individuals, probably due to the immunosuppressive effect of the PiCV.
TextSentencer_T212 32804-33002 Sentence denotes The introduction of a vaccine based on one prevailing PiCV genotype only may lead to partial inefficacy of vaccinations in the case of the other genotypes, which will enable their greater expansion.
TextSentencer_T212 32804-33002 Sentence denotes The introduction of a vaccine based on one prevailing PiCV genotype only may lead to partial inefficacy of vaccinations in the case of the other genotypes, which will enable their greater expansion.
TextSentencer_T213 33003-33267 Sentence denotes In the light of the obtained results, it could be concluded that pigeon circovirus recombinant capsid protein elicits the immune response in both naturally infected and uninfected pigeons, but the rate of immune response varies depending on PiCV infectious status.
TextSentencer_T213 33003-33267 Sentence denotes In the light of the obtained results, it could be concluded that pigeon circovirus recombinant capsid protein elicits the immune response in both naturally infected and uninfected pigeons, but the rate of immune response varies depending on PiCV infectious status.
TextSentencer_T214 33268-33528 Sentence denotes Further investigation involving experimental infection with PiCV in the PiCV rCP-vaccinated pigeons should be conducted to evaluate if the stimulatory effect of PiCV rCP would be efficient in reducing virus replication, virus shedding, and development of YPDS.
TextSentencer_T214 33268-33528 Sentence denotes Further investigation involving experimental infection with PiCV in the PiCV rCP-vaccinated pigeons should be conducted to evaluate if the stimulatory effect of PiCV rCP would be efficient in reducing virus replication, virus shedding, and development of YPDS.
TextSentencer_T215 33529-33631 Sentence denotes Considering the high variability of PiCV, noteworthy is the implementation of multi-genotype vaccines.
TextSentencer_T215 33529-33631 Sentence denotes Considering the high variability of PiCV, noteworthy is the implementation of multi-genotype vaccines.
TextSentencer_T216 33632-33816 Sentence denotes Supporting information S1 Fig. Genetic affiliation and homology of the amino acid and nucleotide sequence of the PiCV isolated from experimental birds and used for vaccine development.
TextSentencer_T216 33632-33816 Sentence denotes Supporting information S1 Fig. Genetic affiliation and homology of the amino acid and nucleotide sequence of the PiCV isolated from experimental birds and used for vaccine development.
TextSentencer_T217 33817-33819 Sentence denotes A.
TextSentencer_T217 33817-33819 Sentence denotes A.
TextSentencer_T218 33820-34037 Sentence denotes A neighborjoining phylogenetic tree depicting the possible evolutionary relationships between PiCV sequences from GenBank and PiCV isolates occurring in experimental birds and the isolate used for vaccine preparation.
TextSentencer_T218 33820-34037 Sentence denotes A neighborjoining phylogenetic tree depicting the possible evolutionary relationships between PiCV sequences from GenBank and PiCV isolates occurring in experimental birds and the isolate used for vaccine preparation.
TextSentencer_T219 34038-34096 Sentence denotes The clades of PiCVs are marked with the following colours:
TextSentencer_T219 34038-34096 Sentence denotes The clades of PiCVs are marked with the following colours:
TextSentencer_T220 34097-34160 Sentence denotes Apink, B-dark green, C-navy blue, D-brown, E-grey, and F-black.
TextSentencer_T220 34097-34160 Sentence denotes Apink, B-dark green, C-navy blue, D-brown, E-grey, and F-black.
TextSentencer_T221 34161-34376 Sentence denotes The isolate used as a vaccine is marked with red, the strains isolated from birds considered for the experiment are marked with purple (not used for the reason of high homology) and orange (used for the experiment).
TextSentencer_T221 34161-34376 Sentence denotes The isolate used as a vaccine is marked with red, the strains isolated from birds considered for the experiment are marked with purple (not used for the reason of high homology) and orange (used for the experiment).
TextSentencer_T222 34377-34379 Sentence denotes B.
TextSentencer_T222 34377-34379 Sentence denotes B.
TextSentencer_T223 34380-34544 Sentence denotes Pairwise identity matrices calculated with the Clustal W method comparing sequence of vaccine isolate and isolates occurring in birds considered for the experiment.
TextSentencer_T223 34380-34544 Sentence denotes Pairwise identity matrices calculated with the Clustal W method comparing sequence of vaccine isolate and isolates occurring in birds considered for the experiment.
TextSentencer_T224 34545-34642 Sentence denotes Based on this analysis, the birds infected with isolate PiCV_2T were selected for the experiment.
TextSentencer_T224 34545-34642 Sentence denotes Based on this analysis, the birds infected with isolate PiCV_2T were selected for the experiment.
TextSentencer_T225 34643-34823 Sentence denotes The percentage of nucleotide identity of cap is presented in bottom left and the percentage of amino acids identity in protein encoded by this gene is presented in top right. (TIF)
TextSentencer_T225 34643-34823 Sentence denotes The percentage of nucleotide identity of cap is presented in bottom left and the percentage of amino acids identity in protein encoded by this gene is presented in top right. (TIF)