CORD-19-Sentences  

CORD-19:e6d882be4961d1bdd7507b4a29d86b650de0895d JSONTXT 8 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
TextSentencer_T1 0-123 Sentence denotes SEARCH STRATEGY PubMed databases were searched for studies on MERS cases during the 2015 outbreak in the Republic of Korea.
TextSentencer_T1 0-123 Sentence denotes SEARCH STRATEGY PubMed databases were searched for studies on MERS cases during the 2015 outbreak in the Republic of Korea.
TextSentencer_T2 124-234 Sentence denotes The search terms used were combinations of 'Middle East respiratory syndrome' in all fields and 'Korea' in all
TextSentencer_T2 124-234 Sentence denotes The search terms used were combinations of 'Middle East respiratory syndrome' in all fields and 'Korea' in all
TextSentencer_T3 236-244 Sentence denotes Abstract
TextSentencer_T3 236-244 Sentence denotes Abstract
TextSentencer_T4 245-365 Sentence denotes Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was first isolated from a patient with severe pneumonia in 2012.
TextSentencer_T4 245-365 Sentence denotes Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was first isolated from a patient with severe pneumonia in 2012.
TextSentencer_T5 366-446 Sentence denotes The 2015 Korea outbreak of MERS-CoV involved 186 cases, including 38 fatalities.
TextSentencer_T5 366-446 Sentence denotes The 2015 Korea outbreak of MERS-CoV involved 186 cases, including 38 fatalities.
TextSentencer_T6 447-630 Sentence denotes A total of 83% of transmission events were due to five superspreaders, and 44% of the 186 MERS cases were the patients who had been exposed in nosocomial transmission at 16 hospitals.
TextSentencer_T6 447-630 Sentence denotes A total of 83% of transmission events were due to five superspreaders, and 44% of the 186 MERS cases were the patients who had been exposed in nosocomial transmission at 16 hospitals.
TextSentencer_T7 631-750 Sentence denotes The epidemic lasted for 2 months and the government quarantined 16,993 individuals for 14 days to control the outbreak.
TextSentencer_T7 631-750 Sentence denotes The epidemic lasted for 2 months and the government quarantined 16,993 individuals for 14 days to control the outbreak.
TextSentencer_T8 751-850 Sentence denotes This outbreak provides a unique opportunity to fill the gap in our knowledge of MERS-CoV infection.
TextSentencer_T8 751-850 Sentence denotes This outbreak provides a unique opportunity to fill the gap in our knowledge of MERS-CoV infection.
TextSentencer_T9 851-1037 Sentence denotes Therefore, in this paper, we review the literature on epidemiology, virology, clinical features, and prevention of MERS-CoV, which were acquired from the 2015 Korea outbreak of MERS-CoV.
TextSentencer_T9 851-1037 Sentence denotes Therefore, in this paper, we review the literature on epidemiology, virology, clinical features, and prevention of MERS-CoV, which were acquired from the 2015 Korea outbreak of MERS-CoV.
TextSentencer_T10 1039-1174 Sentence denotes Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was first isolated from a patient with severe pneumonia in September 2012 [1] .
TextSentencer_T10 1039-1174 Sentence denotes Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was first isolated from a patient with severe pneumonia in September 2012 [1] .
TextSentencer_T11 1175-1386 Sentence denotes Since then, as of 31 January 2018, the World Health Organization (WHO) has been notified of 2,143 laboratory-confirmed cases of MERS-CoV infection, including at least 750 deaths, from 27 countries (Fig. 1) [2] .
TextSentencer_T11 1175-1386 Sentence denotes Since then, as of 31 January 2018, the World Health Organization (WHO) has been notified of 2,143 laboratory-confirmed cases of MERS-CoV infection, including at least 750 deaths, from 27 countries (Fig. 1) [2] .
TextSentencer_T12 1387-1460 Sentence denotes Most of MERS-CoV human infections have occurred in the Arabian Peninsula.
TextSentencer_T12 1387-1460 Sentence denotes Most of MERS-CoV human infections have occurred in the Arabian Peninsula.
TextSentencer_T13 1461-1545 Sentence denotes Saudi Arabia reported 1,783 cases, including 726 deaths (fatality rate, 40.7%) [3] .
TextSentencer_T13 1461-1545 Sentence denotes Saudi Arabia reported 1,783 cases, including 726 deaths (fatality rate, 40.7%) [3] .
TextSentencer_T14 1546-1710 Sentence denotes A recent article summarized the current knowledge on the epidemiology, virology, human pathogenesis, clinical management, and prevention of MERS-CoV infection [4] .
TextSentencer_T14 1546-1710 Sentence denotes A recent article summarized the current knowledge on the epidemiology, virology, human pathogenesis, clinical management, and prevention of MERS-CoV infection [4] .
TextSentencer_T15 1711-1901 Sentence denotes Another comprehensive review article on risk factors and determinants of transmission of MERS-CoV from human to human in the community and hospital settings has been published recently [5] .
TextSentencer_T15 1711-1901 Sentence denotes Another comprehensive review article on risk factors and determinants of transmission of MERS-CoV from human to human in the community and hospital settings has been published recently [5] .
TextSentencer_T16 1902-2050 Sentence denotes Public Health England also published an extensive review of literature for clinical decision-making support for treatment of MERS-CoV patients [6] .
TextSentencer_T16 1902-2050 Sentence denotes Public Health England also published an extensive review of literature for clinical decision-making support for treatment of MERS-CoV patients [6] .
TextSentencer_T17 2051-2224 Sentence denotes The 2015 Korea outbreak of MERS-CoV is the largest outside the Arabian Peninsula and provides a unique opportunity to fill the gap in our knowledge about MERS-CoV infection.
TextSentencer_T17 2051-2224 Sentence denotes The 2015 Korea outbreak of MERS-CoV is the largest outside the Arabian Peninsula and provides a unique opportunity to fill the gap in our knowledge about MERS-CoV infection.
TextSentencer_T18 2225-2409 Sentence denotes Since it has now been almost 3 years since the 2015 MERS outbreak in the Republic of Korea, we reviewed the literature to summarize the lessons we have learned from the Korea outbreak.
TextSentencer_T18 2225-2409 Sentence denotes Since it has now been almost 3 years since the 2015 MERS outbreak in the Republic of Korea, we reviewed the literature to summarize the lessons we have learned from the Korea outbreak.
TextSentencer_T19 2410-2454 Sentence denotes The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine Vol.
TextSentencer_T19 2410-2454 Sentence denotes The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine Vol.
TextSentencer_T20 2455-2462 Sentence denotes 33, No.
TextSentencer_T20 2455-2462 Sentence denotes 33, No.
TextSentencer_T21 2463-2484 Sentence denotes 2, March 2018 fields.
TextSentencer_T21 2463-2484 Sentence denotes 2, March 2018 fields.
TextSentencer_T22 2485-2588 Sentence denotes As of 31 January 2018, a total of 221 articles were retrieved, and 216 of them were written in English.
TextSentencer_T22 2485-2588 Sentence denotes As of 31 January 2018, a total of 221 articles were retrieved, and 216 of them were written in English.
TextSentencer_T23 2589-2666 Sentence denotes The full texts of the English articles were reviewed and critically assessed.
TextSentencer_T23 2589-2666 Sentence denotes The full texts of the English articles were reviewed and critically assessed.
TextSentencer_T24 2667-2754 Sentence denotes The 2015 Korea outbreak of MERS-CoV resulted in 186 cases including 38 fatalities [7] .
TextSentencer_T24 2667-2754 Sentence denotes The 2015 Korea outbreak of MERS-CoV resulted in 186 cases including 38 fatalities [7] .
TextSentencer_T25 2755-2816 Sentence denotes The index case was a returning traveler from the Middle East.
TextSentencer_T25 2755-2816 Sentence denotes The index case was a returning traveler from the Middle East.
TextSentencer_T26 2817-2993 Sentence denotes The infection had spread within the hospital, and subsequently to other hospitals because of patient movement, resulting in nosocomial transmission at 16 clinics and hospitals.
TextSentencer_T26 2817-2993 Sentence denotes The infection had spread within the hospital, and subsequently to other hospitals because of patient movement, resulting in nosocomial transmission at 16 clinics and hospitals.
TextSentencer_T27 2994-3106 Sentence denotes The epidemic lasted for 2 months, with the government declaring a "virtual" end to the epidemic on July 6, 2015.
TextSentencer_T27 2994-3106 Sentence denotes The epidemic lasted for 2 months, with the government declaring a "virtual" end to the epidemic on July 6, 2015.
TextSentencer_T28 3107-3295 Sentence denotes In order to control the outbreak, the government quarantined 16,993 individuals for 14 days, and the economic loss was estimated at 9.311 trillion Korean won (8.5 billion US dollars) [8] .
TextSentencer_T28 3107-3295 Sentence denotes In order to control the outbreak, the government quarantined 16,993 individuals for 14 days, and the economic loss was estimated at 9.311 trillion Korean won (8.5 billion US dollars) [8] .
TextSentencer_T29 3296-3411 Sentence denotes The first patient (index case) with MERS-CoV infection was a 68-year-old Korean man returning from the Middle East.
TextSentencer_T29 3296-3411 Sentence denotes The first patient (index case) with MERS-CoV infection was a 68-year-old Korean man returning from the Middle East.
TextSentencer_T30 3412-3463 Sentence denotes He ran a commercial greenhouse business in Bahrain.
TextSentencer_T30 3412-3463 Sentence denotes He ran a commercial greenhouse business in Bahrain.
TextSentencer_T31 3464-3630 Sentence denotes He flew from Seoul to Bahrain on April 24, 2015 , and traveled through the United Arab Emirate and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and came back to Seoul on May 4, 2015.
TextSentencer_T31 3464-3630 Sentence denotes He flew from Seoul to Bahrain on April 24, 2015 , and traveled through the United Arab Emirate and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and came back to Seoul on May 4, 2015.
TextSentencer_T32 3631-3708 Sentence denotes During his 10-day business trip, he did not visit a camel farm or a hospital.
TextSentencer_T32 3631-3708 Sentence denotes During his 10-day business trip, he did not visit a camel farm or a hospital.
TextSentencer_T33 3709-3763 Sentence denotes He did not eat camel meat or any other camel products.
TextSentencer_T33 3709-3763 Sentence denotes He did not eat camel meat or any other camel products.
TextSentencer_T34 3764-3850 Sentence denotes He did not remember meeting any persons with respiratory symptoms [9] [10] [11] [12] .
TextSentencer_T34 3764-3850 Sentence denotes He did not remember meeting any persons with respiratory symptoms [9] [10] [11] [12] .
TextSentencer_T35 3851-3926 Sentence denotes Seven days after returning home, on May 11, he developed fever and myalgia.
TextSentencer_T35 3851-3926 Sentence denotes Seven days after returning home, on May 11, he developed fever and myalgia.
TextSentencer_T36 3927-3975 Sentence denotes He visited a local clinic on May 12, 14, and 15.
TextSentencer_T36 3927-3975 Sentence denotes He visited a local clinic on May 12, 14, and 15.
TextSentencer_T37 3976-4068 Sentence denotes His symptoms, however, did not improve and a new non-productive cough developed on 15th May.
TextSentencer_T37 3976-4068 Sentence denotes His symptoms, however, did not improve and a new non-productive cough developed on 15th May.
TextSentencer_T38 4069-4186 Sentence denotes He visited Pyeongtaek St. Mary's (PTSM) Hospital (65 km south from Seoul), a secondary hospital in Gyeonggi Province.
TextSentencer_T38 4069-4186 Sentence denotes He visited Pyeongtaek St. Mary's (PTSM) Hospital (65 km south from Seoul), a secondary hospital in Gyeonggi Province.
TextSentencer_T39 4187-4319 Sentence denotes His chest X-ray showed a consolidation in the upper zone of right lung, and he was admitted to the hospital for pneumonia on May 15.
TextSentencer_T39 4187-4319 Sentence denotes His chest X-ray showed a consolidation in the upper zone of right lung, and he was admitted to the hospital for pneumonia on May 15.
TextSentencer_T40 4320-4421 Sentence denotes Ceftriaxone and amikacin were started, but his pneumonia progressed despite the antibiotic treatment.
TextSentencer_T40 4320-4421 Sentence denotes Ceftriaxone and amikacin were started, but his pneumonia progressed despite the antibiotic treatment.
TextSentencer_T41 4422-4677 Sentence denotes He was transferred to 2,103 Reported to WHO as of November 17, 2017 Republic of Korea Other countries Saudi arabia 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 01 07 13 19 25 31 37 43 49 03 09 15 21 27 33 39 45 51 05 11 17 23 29 35 41 47 01 07 13 19 25 31 37 43 49 03 09 15 21 27
TextSentencer_T41 4422-4677 Sentence denotes He was transferred to 2,103 Reported to WHO as of November 17, 2017 Republic of Korea Other countries Saudi arabia 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 01 07 13 19 25 31 37 43 49 03 09 15 21 27 33 39 45 51 05 11 17 23 29 35 41 47 01 07 13 19 25 31 37 43 49 03 09 15 21 27
TextSentencer_T42 4679-4755 Sentence denotes The chain of transmission was identified in all 186 MERS patients [13, 14] .
TextSentencer_T42 4679-4755 Sentence denotes The chain of transmission was identified in all 186 MERS patients [13, 14] .
TextSentencer_T43 4756-4938 Sentence denotes Of the 86 healthcare institutions that had taken in MERS-CoV-infected patients, nosocomial transmission occurred in 12 hospitals and four clinics (plus two ambulances) [13, 15, 16] .
TextSentencer_T43 4756-4938 Sentence denotes Of the 86 healthcare institutions that had taken in MERS-CoV-infected patients, nosocomial transmission occurred in 12 hospitals and four clinics (plus two ambulances) [13, 15, 16] .
TextSentencer_T44 4939-5007 Sentence denotes The epidemiological characteristics are summarized in Table 1 [17] .
TextSentencer_T44 4939-5007 Sentence denotes The epidemiological characteristics are summarized in Table 1 [17] .
TextSentencer_T45 5008-5047 Sentence denotes The epidemic curve is shown in Fig. 2 .
TextSentencer_T45 5008-5047 Sentence denotes The epidemic curve is shown in Fig. 2 .
TextSentencer_T46 5048-5158 Sentence denotes During his admission from May 15 to 17 at PTSM Hospital, the first patient was unknowingly spreading MERS-CoV.
TextSentencer_T46 5048-5158 Sentence denotes During his admission from May 15 to 17 at PTSM Hospital, the first patient was unknowingly spreading MERS-CoV.
TextSentencer_T47 5159-5234 Sentence denotes Patients, visitors, and healthcare workers (HCWs) were exposed to MERS-CoV.
TextSentencer_T47 5159-5234 Sentence denotes Patients, visitors, and healthcare workers (HCWs) were exposed to MERS-CoV.
TextSentencer_T48 5235-5433 Sentence denotes Therefore, by May 20, when the Korea CDC noticed the importation of MERS-CoV into the Republic of Korea, individuals staying on the same floor as the first case had already been exposed to MERS-CoV.
TextSentencer_T48 5235-5433 Sentence denotes Therefore, by May 20, when the Korea CDC noticed the importation of MERS-CoV into the Republic of Korea, individuals staying on the same floor as the first case had already been exposed to MERS-CoV.
TextSentencer_T49 5434-5498 Sentence denotes As a result, a total of 36 MERS cases occurred at PTSM Hospital.
TextSentencer_T49 5434-5498 Sentence denotes As a result, a total of 36 MERS cases occurred at PTSM Hospital.
TextSentencer_T50 5499-5681 Sentence denotes Of them, 26 patients developed symptoms within 14 days after exposure, suggesting they were first-generation cases; the remaining 10 patients may be second-generation cases [7, 10] .
TextSentencer_T50 5499-5681 Sentence denotes Of them, 26 patients developed symptoms within 14 days after exposure, suggesting they were first-generation cases; the remaining 10 patients may be second-generation cases [7, 10] .
TextSentencer_T51 5682-5754 Sentence denotes The mode of transmission of MERS-CoV at PTSM Hospital remains uncertain.
TextSentencer_T51 5682-5754 Sentence denotes The mode of transmission of MERS-CoV at PTSM Hospital remains uncertain.
TextSentencer_T52 5755-5953 Sentence denotes In addition to family members of the first patient, only one patient shared the same room (#8104) with him; all the other cases stayed in other rooms, which were located > 2 m apart from room #8104.
TextSentencer_T52 5755-5953 Sentence denotes In addition to family members of the first patient, only one patient shared the same room (#8104) with him; all the other cases stayed in other rooms, which were located > 2 m apart from room #8104.
TextSentencer_T53 5954-6039 Sentence denotes All patient rooms were equipped with an air ventilating system except for room #8104.
TextSentencer_T53 5954-6039 Sentence denotes All patient rooms were equipped with an air ventilating system except for room #8104.
TextSentencer_T54 6040-6252 Sentence denotes A recent study using a multi-agent modeling framework suggested the transmission occurred via a long-range airborne route or via a combination of a long-range airborne route and direct contact transmission [18] .
TextSentencer_T54 6040-6252 Sentence denotes A recent study using a multi-agent modeling framework suggested the transmission occurred via a long-range airborne route or via a combination of a long-range airborne route and direct contact transmission [18] .
TextSentencer_T55 6253-6462 Sentence denotes A chest computed tomography (CT) scan taken in the early stages (day 1 or 2) of illness showed very small, ground glass nodules in the periphery of the lungs, suggesting inhalation of airborne particles [19] .
TextSentencer_T55 6253-6462 Sentence denotes A chest computed tomography (CT) scan taken in the early stages (day 1 or 2) of illness showed very small, ground glass nodules in the periphery of the lungs, suggesting inhalation of airborne particles [19] .
TextSentencer_T56 6464-6648 Sentence denotes Many individuals had been exposed to the superspreader-1 at the ER, and contact tracing identified 675 patients, an estimated 683 visitors, and 218 HCWs as contacts of superspreader-1.
TextSentencer_T56 6464-6648 Sentence denotes Many individuals had been exposed to the superspreader-1 at the ER, and contact tracing identified 675 patients, an estimated 683 visitors, and 218 HCWs as contacts of superspreader-1.
TextSentencer_T57 6649-6716 Sentence denotes Of them, 278 were quarantined and 617 were under active monitoring.
TextSentencer_T57 6649-6716 Sentence denotes Of them, 278 were quarantined and 617 were under active monitoring.
TextSentencer_T58 6717-6876 Sentence denotes As a result of exposure to superspreader-1, 82 had laboratory-confirmed MERS-CoV infection, and an additional 10 were secondarily infected from them [20, 21] .
TextSentencer_T58 6717-6876 Sentence denotes As a result of exposure to superspreader-1, 82 had laboratory-confirmed MERS-CoV infection, and an additional 10 were secondarily infected from them [20, 21] .
TextSentencer_T59 6877-7000 Sentence denotes The index case (superspreader-2) for the Daejeon (100 km south from Pyeontaek city) outbreak was infected at PTSM Hospital.
TextSentencer_T59 6877-7000 Sentence denotes The index case (superspreader-2) for the Daejeon (100 km south from Pyeontaek city) outbreak was infected at PTSM Hospital.
TextSentencer_T60 7001-7081 Sentence denotes He developed symptoms on May 20 and was admitted to Daechung Hospital on May 22.
TextSentencer_T60 7001-7081 Sentence denotes He developed symptoms on May 20 and was admitted to Daechung Hospital on May 22.
TextSentencer_T61 7082-7184 Sentence denotes As his pneumonia progressed despite the treatments, he was transferred to Geonyang Hospital on May 28.
TextSentencer_T61 7082-7184 Sentence denotes As his pneumonia progressed despite the treatments, he was transferred to Geonyang Hospital on May 28.
TextSentencer_T62 7185-7283 Sentence denotes A total of 25 secondary cases (14 in Daechung Hospital and 11 in Geonyang Hospital) were detected.
TextSentencer_T62 7185-7283 Sentence denotes A total of 25 secondary cases (14 in Daechung Hospital and 11 in Geonyang Hospital) were detected.
TextSentencer_T63 7284-7810 Sentence denotes Although superspreader-2 caused the two hospital outbreaks, the me- 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 dian time of incubation (8.8 days vs. 4.6 days), secondary attack rates (4.7% vs. 3.0%), and case fatality rate (28.6% vs. 63.6%) were different between the two outbreaks.
TextSentencer_T63 7284-7810 Sentence denotes Although superspreader-2 caused the two hospital outbreaks, the me- 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 dian time of incubation (8.8 days vs. 4.6 days), secondary attack rates (4.7% vs. 3.0%), and case fatality rate (28.6% vs. 63.6%) were different between the two outbreaks.
TextSentencer_T64 7811-7931 Sentence denotes The high fatality rate was associated with pre-existing pneumonia or poor underlying pulmonary function [22] [23] [24] .
TextSentencer_T64 7811-7931 Sentence denotes The high fatality rate was associated with pre-existing pneumonia or poor underlying pulmonary function [22] [23] [24] .
TextSentencer_T65 7932-8038 Sentence denotes A 44-year-old male, who had been exposed to the first index case on May 16, developed back pain on May 21.
TextSentencer_T65 7932-8038 Sentence denotes A 44-year-old male, who had been exposed to the first index case on May 16, developed back pain on May 21.
TextSentencer_T66 8039-8074 Sentence denotes He is a son of the third MERS case.
TextSentencer_T66 8039-8074 Sentence denotes He is a son of the third MERS case.
TextSentencer_T67 8075-8116 Sentence denotes His sister had also been exposed to MERS-
TextSentencer_T67 8075-8116 Sentence denotes His sister had also been exposed to MERS-
TextSentencer_T68 8118-8238 Sentence denotes Epidemiological characteristics have been reported by several groups (Table 2) [7, 16, 20, 21, 23, [27] [28] [29] [30] .
TextSentencer_T68 8118-8238 Sentence denotes Epidemiological characteristics have been reported by several groups (Table 2) [7, 16, 20, 21, 23, [27] [28] [29] [30] .
TextSentencer_T69 8239-8340 Sentence denotes The defining epidemiological characteristics were superspreading events at hospitals [30] [31] [32] .
TextSentencer_T69 8239-8340 Sentence denotes The defining epidemiological characteristics were superspreading events at hospitals [30] [31] [32] .
TextSentencer_T70 8341-8524 Sentence denotes Early superspreading events generated a disproportionately large number of second-ary infections, and the transmission potential decreased sharply in subsequent generations [30, 33] .
TextSentencer_T70 8341-8524 Sentence denotes Early superspreading events generated a disproportionately large number of second-ary infections, and the transmission potential decreased sharply in subsequent generations [30, 33] .
TextSentencer_T71 8525-8690 Sentence denotes A total of 83% of transmission events were due to five superspreaders, and 44% of the 186 MERS cases were in-patients who had been exposed within the hospitals [7] .
TextSentencer_T71 8525-8690 Sentence denotes A total of 83% of transmission events were due to five superspreaders, and 44% of the 186 MERS cases were in-patients who had been exposed within the hospitals [7] .
TextSentencer_T72 8691-8889 Sentence denotes The spreaders transmitted MERS-CoV from days 1 to 11 of their illness (median, 7 days), and the number of patients infected by each spreader ranged from 1 to 84 (interquartile range, 1 to 12) [27] .
TextSentencer_T72 8691-8889 Sentence denotes The spreaders transmitted MERS-CoV from days 1 to 11 of their illness (median, 7 days), and the number of patients infected by each spreader ranged from 1 to 84 (interquartile range, 1 to 12) [27] .
TextSentencer_T73 8890-8987 Sentence denotes The median incubation period and serial interval was 7 days and 12.5 days, respectively [7, 34] .
TextSentencer_T73 8890-8987 Sentence denotes The median incubation period and serial interval was 7 days and 12.5 days, respectively [7, 34] .
TextSentencer_T74 8988-9062 Sentence denotes R0 ranged from 2.5 to 7.2, higher than the previous estimate of < 1 [35] .
TextSentencer_T74 8988-9062 Sentence denotes R0 ranged from 2.5 to 7.2, higher than the previous estimate of < 1 [35] .
TextSentencer_T75 9063-9169 Sentence denotes It was estimated at 4.04 for the outbreak cluster in PTSM Hospital, and 5.0 for the outbreak in SMC [36] .
TextSentencer_T75 9063-9169 Sentence denotes It was estimated at 4.04 for the outbreak cluster in PTSM Hospital, and 5.0 for the outbreak in SMC [36] .
TextSentencer_T76 9170-9323 Sentence denotes A mathematical modeling study demonstrated that although R0 < 1 overall, cluster sizes of over 150 cases are not unexpected for MERS-CoV infection [37] .
TextSentencer_T76 9170-9323 Sentence denotes A mathematical modeling study demonstrated that although R0 < 1 overall, cluster sizes of over 150 cases are not unexpected for MERS-CoV infection [37] .
TextSentencer_T77 9324-9514 Sentence denotes Compared with the non-spreaders, the spreaders had a higher frequency of fever (≥ 38.5°C) and chest infiltrates in more than three lung zones, and longer non-isolated in-hospital days [27] .
TextSentencer_T77 9324-9514 Sentence denotes Compared with the non-spreaders, the spreaders had a higher frequency of fever (≥ 38.5°C) and chest infiltrates in more than three lung zones, and longer non-isolated in-hospital days [27] .
TextSentencer_T78 9515-9672 Sentence denotes The spreaders had higher viral load in sputum samples with the cycle thresholds for the upE and ORF1a genes of 22.7 vs. 27.2 and 23.7 vs. 27.9, respectively.
TextSentencer_T78 9515-9672 Sentence denotes The spreaders had higher viral load in sputum samples with the cycle thresholds for the upE and ORF1a genes of 22.7 vs. 27.2 and 23.7 vs. 27.9, respectively.
TextSentencer_T79 9673-9773 Sentence denotes The spreaders with more than three transmissions had higher numbers of contacts and ER visits [38] .
TextSentencer_T79 9673-9773 Sentence denotes The spreaders with more than three transmissions had higher numbers of contacts and ER visits [38] .
TextSentencer_T80 9774-9886 Sentence denotes A brief exposure of a 10-minute stay and 2 minutes of talking was enough for the transmission of MERS-CoV [39] .
TextSentencer_T80 9774-9886 Sentence denotes A brief exposure of a 10-minute stay and 2 minutes of talking was enough for the transmission of MERS-CoV [39] .
TextSentencer_T81 9888-10000 Sentence denotes The whole genome sequences of MERS-CoV isolated from the Korea outbreak were reported [26, [40] [41] [42] [43] .
TextSentencer_T81 9888-10000 Sentence denotes The whole genome sequences of MERS-CoV isolated from the Korea outbreak were reported [26, [40] [41] [42] [43] .
TextSentencer_T82 10001-10162 Sentence denotes The virus most similar to the Korean isolates was a camel virus (Camel/Riyadh/Ry159/2015) that belonged to lineage 5, a recombinant of lineage 3 and 4 [44, 45] .
TextSentencer_T82 10001-10162 Sentence denotes The virus most similar to the Korean isolates was a camel virus (Camel/Riyadh/Ry159/2015) that belonged to lineage 5, a recombinant of lineage 3 and 4 [44, 45] .
TextSentencer_T83 10163-10325 Sentence denotes Viruses from lineage 5 had been predominant in Saudi Arabian camels since November 2014, but human viruses of this lineage were reported from February 2015 [44] .
TextSentencer_T83 10163-10325 Sentence denotes Viruses from lineage 5 had been predominant in Saudi Arabian camels since November 2014, but human viruses of this lineage were reported from February 2015 [44] .
TextSentencer_T84 10326-10480 Sentence denotes A phylogenetic study of spike glycoprotein genes also showed the Korean strains were closely related to the viral strains from Riyadh, Saudi Arabia [46] .
TextSentencer_T84 10326-10480 Sentence denotes A phylogenetic study of spike glycoprotein genes also showed the Korean strains were closely related to the viral strains from Riyadh, Saudi Arabia [46] .
TextSentencer_T85 10481-10700 Sentence denotes In a molecular study, 11 of 13 MERS-CoV genome had an I529T mutation and one D510G mutation in the receptor binding domain of viral spike protein, resulting in reduced affinity to the human cognate receptor, CD26 [47] .
TextSentencer_T85 10481-10700 Sentence denotes In a molecular study, 11 of 13 MERS-CoV genome had an I529T mutation and one D510G mutation in the receptor binding domain of viral spike protein, resulting in reduced affinity to the human cognate receptor, CD26 [47] .
TextSentencer_T86 10701-10871 Sentence denotes Heterogeneity analysis revealed the combined frequency of I529T and D510G was high (87.7%), although the frequency of both mutations varied greatly among specimens [48] .
TextSentencer_T86 10701-10871 Sentence denotes Heterogeneity analysis revealed the combined frequency of I529T and D510G was high (87.7%), although the frequency of both mutations varied greatly among specimens [48] .
TextSentencer_T87 10872-11071 Sentence denotes Another genome sequence study also reported deletions of 414 and 419 nucleotides between ORF5 and the E protein, suggesting that the virus might be defective in its ability to package MERS CoV [49] .
TextSentencer_T87 10872-11071 Sentence denotes Another genome sequence study also reported deletions of 414 and 419 nucleotides between ORF5 and the E protein, suggesting that the virus might be defective in its ability to package MERS CoV [49] .
TextSentencer_T88 11072-11155 Sentence denotes A microevolution study found no evidence of changes in the evolutionary rate [43] .
TextSentencer_T88 11072-11155 Sentence denotes A microevolution study found no evidence of changes in the evolutionary rate [43] .
TextSentencer_T89 11156-11360 Sentence denotes However, whether the transmissibility and virulence of the Korean isolates are different from those of the previous isolates from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia remains to be determined by phenotypic assays.
TextSentencer_T89 11156-11360 Sentence denotes However, whether the transmissibility and virulence of the Korean isolates are different from those of the previous isolates from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia remains to be determined by phenotypic assays.
TextSentencer_T90 11361-11641 Sentence denotes A viral shedding study showed that the copies of MERS-CoV RNA detected by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) in respiratory samples peaked during week 2, and the median value was 7.21 log 10 in the severe group and 5.54 log 10 in mild cases [50] .
TextSentencer_T90 11361-11641 Sentence denotes A viral shedding study showed that the copies of MERS-CoV RNA detected by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) in respiratory samples peaked during week 2, and the median value was 7.21 log 10 in the severe group and 5.54 log 10 in mild cases [50] .
TextSentencer_T91 11642-11743 Sentence denotes The study also showed that viral titers were higher in throat samples than in nasopharyngeal samples.
TextSentencer_T91 11642-11743 Sentence denotes The study also showed that viral titers were higher in throat samples than in nasopharyngeal samples.
TextSentencer_T92 11744-11845 Sentence denotes Another study also demonstrated higher viral loads were associated with severity and mortality [51] .
TextSentencer_T92 11744-11845 Sentence denotes Another study also demonstrated higher viral loads were associated with severity and mortality [51] .
TextSentencer_T93 11846-11953 Sentence denotes After MERS-CoV infection, antibody responses developed by the third week of illness in most patients [52] .
TextSentencer_T93 11846-11953 Sentence denotes After MERS-CoV infection, antibody responses developed by the third week of illness in most patients [52] .
TextSentencer_T94 11954-12024 Sentence denotes Seroconversion rates increased with the increase of dis-ease severity.
TextSentencer_T94 11954-12024 Sentence denotes Seroconversion rates increased with the increase of dis-ease severity.
TextSentencer_T95 12025-12276 Sentence denotes In a serologic study of 42 MERS patients, the seroconversion rate was 0% in asymptomatic infection, 60.0% in symptomatic infection without pneumonia, 93.8% in pneumonia without respiratory failure, and 100% in pneumonia with respiratory failure [53] .
TextSentencer_T95 12025-12276 Sentence denotes In a serologic study of 42 MERS patients, the seroconversion rate was 0% in asymptomatic infection, 60.0% in symptomatic infection without pneumonia, 93.8% in pneumonia without respiratory failure, and 100% in pneumonia with respiratory failure [53] .
TextSentencer_T96 12277-12386 Sentence denotes The serological response remained detectable for > 12 months in all survivors (11/11) who had severe disease.
TextSentencer_T96 12277-12386 Sentence denotes The serological response remained detectable for > 12 months in all survivors (11/11) who had severe disease.
TextSentencer_T97 12387-12594 Sentence denotes Antibody titers were not detectable in four of six patients who had mild pneumonia, suggesting that MERS-CoV seroepidemiological studies may underestimate the extent of mild and asymptomatic infection [54] .
TextSentencer_T97 12387-12594 Sentence denotes Antibody titers were not detectable in four of six patients who had mild pneumonia, suggesting that MERS-CoV seroepidemiological studies may underestimate the extent of mild and asymptomatic infection [54] .
TextSentencer_T98 12595-12695 Sentence denotes The Korean Society of Infectious Diseases compiled the clinical data of the 186 MERS patients [55] .
TextSentencer_T98 12595-12695 Sentence denotes The Korean Society of Infectious Diseases compiled the clinical data of the 186 MERS patients [55] .
TextSentencer_T99 12696-12742 Sentence denotes The median age was 55 years (range, 16 to 86).
TextSentencer_T99 12696-12742 Sentence denotes The median age was 55 years (range, 16 to 86).
TextSentencer_T100 12743-12776 Sentence denotes The male to female ratio was 3:2.
TextSentencer_T100 12743-12776 Sentence denotes The male to female ratio was 3:2.
TextSentencer_T101 12777-12933 Sentence denotes The most common coexisting medical conditions were hypertension (31.7%), diabetes (18.8%), solid organ malignancy (13.4%), and chronic lung disease (10.2%).
TextSentencer_T101 12777-12933 Sentence denotes The most common coexisting medical conditions were hypertension (31.7%), diabetes (18.8%), solid organ malignancy (13.4%), and chronic lung disease (10.2%).
TextSentencer_T102 12934-13070 Sentence denotes Patients with MERS-CoV infection developed a spectrum of illnesses, ranging from asymptomatic to fulminant pneumonia with fatal outcome.
TextSentencer_T102 12934-13070 Sentence denotes Patients with MERS-CoV infection developed a spectrum of illnesses, ranging from asymptomatic to fulminant pneumonia with fatal outcome.
TextSentencer_T103 13071-13153 Sentence denotes The respiratory symptoms were similar to other acute viral respiratory infections.
TextSentencer_T103 13071-13153 Sentence denotes The respiratory symptoms were similar to other acute viral respiratory infections.
TextSentencer_T104 13154-13261 Sentence denotes At the time of presentation, fever had developed in 81.7%, cough in 56.7%, and sputum in 39.8% of patients.
TextSentencer_T104 13154-13261 Sentence denotes At the time of presentation, fever had developed in 81.7%, cough in 56.7%, and sputum in 39.8% of patients.
TextSentencer_T105 13262-13393 Sentence denotes Symptoms of upper respiratory-tract infections were infrequent: sore throat was present in 9.1% and rhinorrhea in 1.6% of patients.
TextSentencer_T105 13262-13393 Sentence denotes Symptoms of upper respiratory-tract infections were infrequent: sore throat was present in 9.1% and rhinorrhea in 1.6% of patients.
TextSentencer_T106 13394-13539 Sentence denotes Gastrointestinal symptoms were also observed: diarrhea was present in 19.4%, nausea or vomiting in 14.0%, and abdominal pain in 8.1% of patients.
TextSentencer_T106 13394-13539 Sentence denotes Gastrointestinal symptoms were also observed: diarrhea was present in 19.4%, nausea or vomiting in 14.0%, and abdominal pain in 8.1% of patients.
TextSentencer_T107 13540-13680 Sentence denotes Diarrhea may be due to the side effect of lopinavir/ritonavir, as 87% of the patients received antiviral drugs for MERS-CoV treatment [55] .
TextSentencer_T107 13540-13680 Sentence denotes Diarrhea may be due to the side effect of lopinavir/ritonavir, as 87% of the patients received antiviral drugs for MERS-CoV treatment [55] .
TextSentencer_T108 13681-13808 Sentence denotes In the early stages of illness, cough and sputum were not prominent even in patients who later developed overt pneumonia [56] .
TextSentencer_T108 13681-13808 Sentence denotes In the early stages of illness, cough and sputum were not prominent even in patients who later developed overt pneumonia [56] .
TextSentencer_T109 13809-13986 Sentence denotes At admission, 68% (123/180) of patients had abnormalities on chest radiographs, while 80.8% (147/182) of them developed the abnormalities during the course of the disease [55] .
TextSentencer_T109 13809-13986 Sentence denotes At admission, 68% (123/180) of patients had abnormalities on chest radiographs, while 80.8% (147/182) of them developed the abnormalities during the course of the disease [55] .
TextSentencer_T110 13987-14062 Sentence denotes Sudden progression of pneumonia occurred around day 7 of illness [50, 57] .
TextSentencer_T110 13987-14062 Sentence denotes Sudden progression of pneumonia occurred around day 7 of illness [50, 57] .
TextSentencer_T111 14063-14341 Sentence denotes Predictive factors for development of pneumonia included older age, high fever, thrombocytopenia, lymphopenia, C-reactive protein (CRP) ≥ 2 mg/dL, and a high viral load www.kjim.org https://doi.org/10.3904/kjim.2018.031 in sputum (threshold cycle value of rRT-PCR < 28.5) [58] .
TextSentencer_T111 14063-14341 Sentence denotes Predictive factors for development of pneumonia included older age, high fever, thrombocytopenia, lymphopenia, C-reactive protein (CRP) ≥ 2 mg/dL, and a high viral load www.kjim.org https://doi.org/10.3904/kjim.2018.031 in sputum (threshold cycle value of rRT-PCR < 28.5) [58] .
TextSentencer_T112 14342-14483 Sentence denotes Forty-five patients (24.5%) were treated with mechanical ventilation and 15 patients (8.2%) needed extracorporeal membrane oxygenation [55] .
TextSentencer_T112 14342-14483 Sentence denotes Forty-five patients (24.5%) were treated with mechanical ventilation and 15 patients (8.2%) needed extracorporeal membrane oxygenation [55] .
TextSentencer_T113 14484-14536 Sentence denotes The typical course of pneumonia is shown in Fig. 3 .
TextSentencer_T113 14484-14536 Sentence denotes The typical course of pneumonia is shown in Fig. 3 .
TextSentencer_T114 14537-14664 Sentence denotes Acute kidney injury (AKI) developed in 14.0% of the patients, 42.7% (44/103) had proteinuria, and 35.0% (36/103) had hematuria.
TextSentencer_T114 14537-14664 Sentence denotes Acute kidney injury (AKI) developed in 14.0% of the patients, 42.7% (44/103) had proteinuria, and 35.0% (36/103) had hematuria.
TextSentencer_T115 14665-14732 Sentence denotes Fifteen patients were treated with renal replacement therapy [55] .
TextSentencer_T115 14665-14732 Sentence denotes Fifteen patients were treated with renal replacement therapy [55] .
TextSentencer_T116 14733-14803 Sentence denotes Old age is an independent risk factor for the occurrence of AKI [59] .
TextSentencer_T116 14733-14803 Sentence denotes Old age is an independent risk factor for the occurrence of AKI [59] .
TextSentencer_T117 14804-15031 Sentence denotes Neuromuscular manifestations were not uncommon; hypersomnolence, weakness and tingling in the extremities were reported during the treatment of MERS, suggesting Guillain-Barré syndrome or virus-related sensory neuropathy [60] .
TextSentencer_T117 14804-15031 Sentence denotes Neuromuscular manifestations were not uncommon; hypersomnolence, weakness and tingling in the extremities were reported during the treatment of MERS, suggesting Guillain-Barré syndrome or virus-related sensory neuropathy [60] .
TextSentencer_T118 15032-15104 Sentence denotes Serial changes in chest radiographs was reported in five patients [56] .
TextSentencer_T118 15032-15104 Sentence denotes Serial changes in chest radiographs was reported in five patients [56] .
TextSentencer_T119 15105-15288 Sentence denotes Chest CT scans revealed rapidly developed multifocal nodular consolidations with ground-glass opacity halo and mixed consolidation, mainly in the dependent and peripheral areas [61] .
TextSentencer_T119 15105-15288 Sentence denotes Chest CT scans revealed rapidly developed multifocal nodular consolidations with ground-glass opacity halo and mixed consolidation, mainly in the dependent and peripheral areas [61] .
TextSentencer_T120 15289-15497 Sentence denotes There are few laboratory findings specific to MERS-CoV infection, although monocytosis with normal white blood cell count and low CRP level were more common in MERS patients at initial presentation [57, 62] .
TextSentencer_T120 15289-15497 Sentence denotes There are few laboratory findings specific to MERS-CoV infection, although monocytosis with normal white blood cell count and low CRP level were more common in MERS patients at initial presentation [57, 62] .
TextSentencer_T121 15498-15639 Sentence denotes The guidelines for the molecular diagnosis of MERS-CoV infection have been published by the Korean Society for Laboratory Medicine [63, 64] .
TextSentencer_T121 15498-15639 Sentence denotes The guidelines for the molecular diagnosis of MERS-CoV infection have been published by the Korean Society for Laboratory Medicine [63, 64] .
TextSentencer_T122 15640-15729 Sentence denotes Specimen type and quality is important in the laboratory diagnosis of MERS-CoV infection.
TextSentencer_T122 15640-15729 Sentence denotes Specimen type and quality is important in the laboratory diagnosis of MERS-CoV infection.
TextSentencer_T123 15730-15869 Sentence denotes Lower respiratory-tract samples, such as sputum and tracheal aspirates, have higher viral loads than upper respiratory-tract samples [50] .
TextSentencer_T123 15730-15869 Sentence denotes Lower respiratory-tract samples, such as sputum and tracheal aspirates, have higher viral loads than upper respiratory-tract samples [50] .
TextSentencer_T124 15870-15956 Sentence denotes However, MERS patients may not shed the virus during the early stage of their illness.
TextSentencer_T124 15870-15956 Sentence denotes However, MERS patients may not shed the virus during the early stage of their illness.
TextSentencer_T125 15957-16164 Sentence denotes Therefore, initial negative results should not rule out the possibility of MERS [65] , and patients suspected of having MERS-CoV infection should be retested using a lower respiratory-tract sample [63, 66] .
TextSentencer_T125 15957-16164 Sentence denotes Therefore, initial negative results should not rule out the possibility of MERS [65] , and patients suspected of having MERS-CoV infection should be retested using a lower respiratory-tract sample [63, 66] .
TextSentencer_T126 16165-16267 Sentence denotes When sputum cannot be obtained, throat swabs may be an alternative source of diagnostic samples [50] .
TextSentencer_T126 16165-16267 Sentence denotes When sputum cannot be obtained, throat swabs may be an alternative source of diagnostic samples [50] .
TextSentencer_T127 16268-16544 Sentence denotes Special attention should be given to diagnosing MERS-CoV infection in immunocompromised patients, as they may present with atypical features, such as a longer incubation period, a longer period from initial PCR positivity to symptom onset, and persistent viral shedding [67] .
TextSentencer_T127 16268-16544 Sentence denotes Special attention should be given to diagnosing MERS-CoV infection in immunocompromised patients, as they may present with atypical features, such as a longer incubation period, a longer period from initial PCR positivity to symptom onset, and persistent viral shedding [67] .
TextSentencer_T128 16545-16728 Sentence denotes An antiviral treatment guideline has been published by the writing committee with support from the Korean Society of Infectious Diseases and the Korean Society for Chemotherapy [68] .
TextSentencer_T128 16545-16728 Sentence denotes An antiviral treatment guideline has been published by the writing committee with support from the Korean Society of Infectious Diseases and the Korean Society for Chemotherapy [68] .
TextSentencer_T129 16729-16861 Sentence denotes The guideline recommended a tri- ple combination regimen of type 1 interferon, ribavirin, and lopinavir/ritonavir for 10 to 14 days.
TextSentencer_T129 16729-16861 Sentence denotes The guideline recommended a tri- ple combination regimen of type 1 interferon, ribavirin, and lopinavir/ritonavir for 10 to 14 days.
TextSentencer_T130 16862-16996 Sentence denotes However, the guideline was mostly based on expert opinions and further study for the optimal antiviral treatment in MERS is warranted.
TextSentencer_T130 16862-16996 Sentence denotes However, the guideline was mostly based on expert opinions and further study for the optimal antiviral treatment in MERS is warranted.
TextSentencer_T131 16997-17037 Sentence denotes The median duration of fever was 8 days.
TextSentencer_T131 16997-17037 Sentence denotes The median duration of fever was 8 days.
TextSentencer_T132 17038-17153 Sentence denotes The median time to negative conversion of MERS-CoV in sputum samples by rRT-PCR was 17 days (range, 4 to 45) [55] .
TextSentencer_T132 17038-17153 Sentence denotes The median time to negative conversion of MERS-CoV in sputum samples by rRT-PCR was 17 days (range, 4 to 45) [55] .
TextSentencer_T133 17154-17210 Sentence denotes The median time from symptom onset to death was 14 days.
TextSentencer_T133 17154-17210 Sentence denotes The median time from symptom onset to death was 14 days.
TextSentencer_T134 17211-17263 Sentence denotes The case fatality rate was 20.4% (38/186) (Fig. 4) .
TextSentencer_T134 17211-17263 Sentence denotes The case fatality rate was 20.4% (38/186) (Fig. 4) .
TextSentencer_T135 17264-17424 Sentence denotes The in-hospital mortality, 7-day mortality, and 28-day (from symptom onset) mortality were 19.4% (36/186), 3.8% (7/186), and 17.7% (33/186), respectively [55] .
TextSentencer_T135 17264-17424 Sentence denotes The in-hospital mortality, 7-day mortality, and 28-day (from symptom onset) mortality were 19.4% (36/186), 3.8% (7/186), and 17.7% (33/186), respectively [55] .
TextSentencer_T136 17425-17602 Sentence denotes Host factors associated with mortality were old age (> 60 years), smoking history, pre-existing pneumonia, abnormal renal function, and comorbid conditions [24, [69] [70] [71] .
TextSentencer_T136 17425-17602 Sentence denotes Host factors associated with mortality were old age (> 60 years), smoking history, pre-existing pneumonia, abnormal renal function, and comorbid conditions [24, [69] [70] [71] .
TextSentencer_T137 17603-17726 Sentence denotes Low albumin, altered mentality, and high pneumonia severity index score at admission were risk factors for mortality [69] .
TextSentencer_T137 17603-17726 Sentence denotes Low albumin, altered mentality, and high pneumonia severity index score at admission were risk factors for mortality [69] .
TextSentencer_T138 17727-17871 Sentence denotes MERS-CoV RNA in blood samples was detected in 33% (7/21) of patients at presentation, and it was associated with a worse clinical outcome [72] .
TextSentencer_T138 17727-17871 Sentence denotes MERS-CoV RNA in blood samples was detected in 33% (7/21) of patients at presentation, and it was associated with a worse clinical outcome [72] .
TextSentencer_T139 17872-17962 Sentence denotes A shorter incubation period was also associated with an increased risk of death [24, 73] .
TextSentencer_T139 17872-17962 Sentence denotes A shorter incubation period was also associated with an increased risk of death [24, 73] .
TextSentencer_T140 17963-18136 Sentence denotes A pregnant woman infected with MERS-CoV in her 35 weeks of gestational age developed dyspnea and her chest radiograph showed diffuse infiltrates in the left lower lung zone.
TextSentencer_T140 17963-18136 Sentence denotes A pregnant woman infected with MERS-CoV in her 35 weeks of gestational age developed dyspnea and her chest radiograph showed diffuse infiltrates in the left lower lung zone.
TextSentencer_T141 18137-18254 Sentence denotes She recovered from the infection and delivered a healthy full-term baby without vertical MERS-CoV transmission [74] .
TextSentencer_T141 18137-18254 Sentence denotes She recovered from the infection and delivered a healthy full-term baby without vertical MERS-CoV transmission [74] .
TextSentencer_T142 18255-18346 Sentence denotes A patient developed organizing pneumonia 7 days after the resolution of MERS-CoV infection.
TextSentencer_T142 18255-18346 Sentence denotes A patient developed organizing pneumonia 7 days after the resolution of MERS-CoV infection.
TextSentencer_T143 18347-18402 Sentence denotes He was successfully treated with corticosteroids [75] .
TextSentencer_T143 18347-18402 Sentence denotes He was successfully treated with corticosteroids [75] .
TextSentencer_T144 18403-18576 Sentence denotes In a mental health study, 7.6% of 1,656 patients who were quarantined showed symptoms of anxiety, and 6.4% reported feelings of anger during the 2 weeks of quarantine [76] .
TextSentencer_T144 18403-18576 Sentence denotes In a mental health study, 7.6% of 1,656 patients who were quarantined showed symptoms of anxiety, and 6.4% reported feelings of anger during the 2 weeks of quarantine [76] .
TextSentencer_T145 18577-18737 Sentence denotes Mental health support, accurate information, and appropriate supplies, including food, clothes, and accommodation, should be provided to isolated persons [76] .
TextSentencer_T145 18577-18737 Sentence denotes Mental health support, accurate information, and appropriate supplies, including food, clothes, and accommodation, should be provided to isolated persons [76] .
TextSentencer_T146 18738-18864 Sentence denotes A case of possible transfusion-related acute lung injury following transfusion of convalescent plasma was also reported [77] .
TextSentencer_T146 18738-18864 Sentence denotes A case of possible transfusion-related acute lung injury following transfusion of convalescent plasma was also reported [77] .
TextSentencer_T147 18865-19067 Sentence denotes A comprehensive "MERS infection prevention and control guideline for healthcare facilities" was drafted by the guideline development committee with generous support from Korean Academic Societies [78] .
TextSentencer_T147 18865-19067 Sentence denotes A comprehensive "MERS infection prevention and control guideline for healthcare facilities" was drafted by the guideline development committee with generous support from Korean Academic Societies [78] .
TextSentencer_T148 19068-19439 Sentence denotes The guideline included practical aspects of infection control and prevention based on the experience from the Korea outbreak, such as the composition of members for the MERS emergency committee, a space plan for an anteroom for donning and doffing, isolation of in-patients and HCWs in a hospital affected by an outbreak, and management of the deceased and autopsy [78] .
TextSentencer_T148 19068-19439 Sentence denotes The guideline included practical aspects of infection control and prevention based on the experience from the Korea outbreak, such as the composition of members for the MERS emergency committee, a space plan for an anteroom for donning and doffing, isolation of in-patients and HCWs in a hospital affected by an outbreak, and management of the deceased and autopsy [78] .
TextSentencer_T149 19440-19650 Sentence denotes The hemodialysis unit may become an epicenter for MERS-CoV outbreak because hemodialysis patients must receive renal replacement therapy even during the outbreak, and the risk of exposure to MERS-CoV continues.
TextSentencer_T149 19440-19650 Sentence denotes The hemodialysis unit may become an epicenter for MERS-CoV outbreak because hemodialysis patients must receive renal replacement therapy even during the outbreak, and the risk of exposure to MERS-CoV continues.
TextSentencer_T150 19651-19797 Sentence denotes During the Korea outbreak, a hemodialysis unit was found to have a MERS patient, and a total of 104 patients and 18 HCWs were exposed to MERS-CoV.
TextSentencer_T150 19651-19797 Sentence denotes During the Korea outbreak, a hemodialysis unit was found to have a MERS patient, and a total of 104 patients and 18 HCWs were exposed to MERS-CoV.
TextSentencer_T151 19798-19947 Sentence denotes With support from the Korean Society of Nephrology, the dialysis unit could continue to operate while the exposed patients were isolated in the unit.
TextSentencer_T151 19798-19947 Sentence denotes With support from the Korean Society of Nephrology, the dialysis unit could continue to operate while the exposed patients were isolated in the unit.
TextSentencer_T152 19948-20012 Sentence denotes Fortunately, no further transmission occurred at the unit [79] .
TextSentencer_T152 19948-20012 Sentence denotes Fortunately, no further transmission occurred at the unit [79] .
TextSentencer_T153 20013-20160 Sentence denotes After this successful experience, the Society published a clinical practice guideline for hemodialysis facilities dealing with MERS patients [80] .
TextSentencer_T153 20013-20160 Sentence denotes After this successful experience, the Society published a clinical practice guideline for hemodialysis facilities dealing with MERS patients [80] .
TextSentencer_T154 20161-20308 Sentence denotes The Korea outbreak was driven by the superspreaders who visited multiple healthcare facilities; thus, generating a large number of secondary cases.
TextSentencer_T154 20161-20308 Sentence denotes The Korea outbreak was driven by the superspreaders who visited multiple healthcare facilities; thus, generating a large number of secondary cases.
TextSentencer_T155 20309-20472 Sentence denotes Limiting unnecessary contacts with patients with respiratory symptoms in healthcare settings, especially in emergency departments, is of critical importance [33] .
TextSentencer_T155 20309-20472 Sentence denotes Limiting unnecessary contacts with patients with respiratory symptoms in healthcare settings, especially in emergency departments, is of critical importance [33] .
TextSentencer_T156 20473-20642 Sentence denotes MERS-CoV could survive for longer than 48 hours at 20°C and 40% of relative humidity, suggesting contact or fomite transmission might occur in healthcare settings [81] .
TextSentencer_T156 20473-20642 Sentence denotes MERS-CoV could survive for longer than 48 hours at 20°C and 40% of relative humidity, suggesting contact or fomite transmission might occur in healthcare settings [81] .
TextSentencer_T157 20643-20738 Sentence denotes MERS-CoV was detected by rRT-PCR in specimens taken from the medical equipment [82] [83] [84] .
TextSentencer_T157 20643-20738 Sentence denotes MERS-CoV was detected by rRT-PCR in specimens taken from the medical equipment [82] [83] [84] .
TextSentencer_T158 20739-20911 Sentence denotes MERS-CoV was also isolated by cell culture of the air and swab samples taken from a MERS isolation unit, suggesting extensive contamination of the isolation unit [85, 86] .
TextSentencer_T158 20739-20911 Sentence denotes MERS-CoV was also isolated by cell culture of the air and swab samples taken from a MERS isolation unit, suggesting extensive contamination of the isolation unit [85, 86] .
TextSentencer_T159 20912-21060 Sentence denotes Of the 186 cases, 23% were infected by undocumented contact between cases (i.e., indirect transmission of MERS-CoV via environmental contact) [87] .
TextSentencer_T159 20912-21060 Sentence denotes Of the 186 cases, 23% were infected by undocumented contact between cases (i.e., indirect transmission of MERS-CoV via environmental contact) [87] .
TextSentencer_T160 21061-21279 Sentence denotes Therefore, fomites with possible MERS-CoV contamination should be sanitized, and a minimum room ventilation rate of six air changes per hour should be implemented to minimize recirculation of pathogen-bearing droplets.
TextSentencer_T160 21061-21279 Sentence denotes Therefore, fomites with possible MERS-CoV contamination should be sanitized, and a minimum room ventilation rate of six air changes per hour should be implemented to minimize recirculation of pathogen-bearing droplets.
TextSentencer_T161 21280-21382 Sentence denotes Meticulous environmental cleaning may be important for preventing transmission in healthcare settings.
TextSentencer_T161 21280-21382 Sentence denotes Meticulous environmental cleaning may be important for preventing transmission in healthcare settings.
TextSentencer_T162 21383-21573 Sentence denotes There was a case of a 39-year-old female nurse who was infected with MERS-CoV during a cardiopulmonary resuscitation lasting 1 hour for a MERS patient who had pneumonia and hemoptysis [88] .
TextSentencer_T162 21383-21573 Sentence denotes There was a case of a 39-year-old female nurse who was infected with MERS-CoV during a cardiopulmonary resuscitation lasting 1 hour for a MERS patient who had pneumonia and hemoptysis [88] .
TextSentencer_T163 21574-21815 Sentence denotes Serological surveillance conducted after the MERS outbreak for asymptomatic infection among HCWs involved in the direct care of MERS patients showed that 0.3% (2/737) of them were MERS-CoV IgG positive by an indirect immunofluorescent assay.
TextSentencer_T163 21574-21815 Sentence denotes Serological surveillance conducted after the MERS outbreak for asymptomatic infection among HCWs involved in the direct care of MERS patients showed that 0.3% (2/737) of them were MERS-CoV IgG positive by an indirect immunofluorescent assay.
TextSentencer_T164 21816-21992 Sentence denotes Among the HCWs who did not use appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), seropositivity was 0.7% (2/294) compared with 0% (0/443) in HCWs with appropriate PPE use [89] .
TextSentencer_T164 21816-21992 Sentence denotes Among the HCWs who did not use appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), seropositivity was 0.7% (2/294) compared with 0% (0/443) in HCWs with appropriate PPE use [89] .
TextSentencer_T165 21993-22222 Sentence denotes Another serological survey also showed that none of the 285 HCWs were positive for MERS-CoV immunoglobulin G, although 38.2% (109/285) of the HCWs reported experiencing MERS-like symptoms while caring for the MERS patients [90] .
TextSentencer_T165 21993-22222 Sentence denotes Another serological survey also showed that none of the 285 HCWs were positive for MERS-CoV immunoglobulin G, although 38.2% (109/285) of the HCWs reported experiencing MERS-like symptoms while caring for the MERS patients [90] .
TextSentencer_T166 22223-22382 Sentence denotes In a third study, 0 of 189 HCWs showed seroconversion by a plaque reduction neutralization test, although 20% to 25% of HCWs reported MERS-like symptoms [91] .
TextSentencer_T166 22223-22382 Sentence denotes In a third study, 0 of 189 HCWs showed seroconversion by a plaque reduction neutralization test, although 20% to 25% of HCWs reported MERS-like symptoms [91] .
TextSentencer_T167 22383-22524 Sentence denotes During the outbreak in SMC, all HCWs assigned to MERS patients were screened for MERS-CoV, regardless of the presence or absence of symptoms.
TextSentencer_T167 22383-22524 Sentence denotes During the outbreak in SMC, all HCWs assigned to MERS patients were screened for MERS-CoV, regardless of the presence or absence of symptoms.
TextSentencer_T168 22525-22687 Sentence denotes Of the 591 HCWs, three (0.5%) asymptomatic HCWs (two nurses and one physician) were found to be MERS-CoV (+), but they did not transmit the virus to others [21] .
TextSentencer_T168 22525-22687 Sentence denotes Of the 591 HCWs, three (0.5%) asymptomatic HCWs (two nurses and one physician) were found to be MERS-CoV (+), but they did not transmit the virus to others [21] .
TextSentencer_T169 22688-22859 Sentence denotes In another study, an asymptomatic nurse without PPE contacted 82 HCWs, including 33 close contacts who were exposed within 2 m from the index nurse and were not using PPE.
TextSentencer_T169 22688-22859 Sentence denotes In another study, an asymptomatic nurse without PPE contacted 82 HCWs, including 33 close contacts who were exposed within 2 m from the index nurse and were not using PPE.
TextSentencer_T170 22860-22905 Sentence denotes None of the exposed HCWs were infected [92] .
TextSentencer_T170 22860-22905 Sentence denotes None of the exposed HCWs were infected [92] .
TextSentencer_T171 22906-23010 Sentence denotes However, the potential for transmission from asymptomatic rRT-PCR positive individuals is still unknown.
TextSentencer_T171 22906-23010 Sentence denotes However, the potential for transmission from asymptomatic rRT-PCR positive individuals is still unknown.
TextSentencer_T172 23011-23206 Sentence denotes Therefore, asymptomatic HCWs who are rRT-PCR-positive for MERS-CoV should be isolated and should not return to work until two consecutive respiratory-tract samples test negative on rRT-PCR [93] .
TextSentencer_T172 23011-23206 Sentence denotes Therefore, asymptomatic HCWs who are rRT-PCR-positive for MERS-CoV should be isolated and should not return to work until two consecutive respiratory-tract samples test negative on rRT-PCR [93] .
TextSentencer_T173 23207-23325 Sentence denotes The government requested the Korean Society of Infectious Diseases to participate in the control of the MERS outbreak.
TextSentencer_T173 23207-23325 Sentence denotes The government requested the Korean Society of Infectious Diseases to participate in the control of the MERS outbreak.
TextSentencer_T174 23326-23480 Sentence denotes On June 8, 2015, the Society organized the Rapid Response Team, consisting of 15 infectious-disease doctors and two infection-control professionals [94] .
TextSentencer_T174 23326-23480 Sentence denotes On June 8, 2015, the Society organized the Rapid Response Team, consisting of 15 infectious-disease doctors and two infection-control professionals [94] .
TextSentencer_T175 23481-23642 Sentence denotes Critical suggestions to prevent future epidemics were made regarding a rapid alerting system for index cases, provision of a sufficient airborne infection isola-
TextSentencer_T175 23481-23642 Sentence denotes Critical suggestions to prevent future epidemics were made regarding a rapid alerting system for index cases, provision of a sufficient airborne infection isola-
TextSentencer_T176 23643-23687 Sentence denotes The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine Vol.
TextSentencer_T176 23643-23687 Sentence denotes The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine Vol.
TextSentencer_T177 23688-23695 Sentence denotes 33, No.
TextSentencer_T177 23688-23695 Sentence denotes 33, No.
TextSentencer_T178 23696-23850 Sentence denotes 2, March 2018 tion facility, education and training of HCWs for important infectious diseases, and overcrowding and visitor control in the hospital [95] .
TextSentencer_T178 23696-23850 Sentence denotes 2, March 2018 tion facility, education and training of HCWs for important infectious diseases, and overcrowding and visitor control in the hospital [95] .
TextSentencer_T179 23851-23927 Sentence denotes The 2015 Korea outbreak was the largest outbreak outside of the Middle East.
TextSentencer_T179 23851-23927 Sentence denotes The 2015 Korea outbreak was the largest outbreak outside of the Middle East.
TextSentencer_T180 23928-24041 Sentence denotes Researchers had a unique opportunity to compare the nature of MERS-CoV infection with the Middle East experience.
TextSentencer_T180 23928-24041 Sentence denotes Researchers had a unique opportunity to compare the nature of MERS-CoV infection with the Middle East experience.
TextSentencer_T181 24042-24188 Sentence denotes The outbreak unveiled the weak points of infrastructure in our medical system, especially of preparedness for emerging global infectious diseases.
TextSentencer_T181 24042-24188 Sentence denotes The outbreak unveiled the weak points of infrastructure in our medical system, especially of preparedness for emerging global infectious diseases.
TextSentencer_T182 24189-24264 Sentence denotes Nosocomial transmission was one of the core features of MERS-CoV infection.
TextSentencer_T182 24189-24264 Sentence denotes Nosocomial transmission was one of the core features of MERS-CoV infection.
TextSentencer_T183 24265-24605 Sentence denotes The introspection for loose medical referral systems, overcrowding at the ER, a lack of expert resources and infection control infrastructure, and lack of organized preparedness for medical crises prompted the government to reform the healthcare system, and healthcare sectors to invest further in infectious diseases and infection control.
TextSentencer_T183 24265-24605 Sentence denotes The introspection for loose medical referral systems, overcrowding at the ER, a lack of expert resources and infection control infrastructure, and lack of organized preparedness for medical crises prompted the government to reform the healthcare system, and healthcare sectors to invest further in infectious diseases and infection control.
TextSentencer_T184 24606-24704 Sentence denotes Although the improvement is still ongoing, the speed and content are still currently insufficient.
TextSentencer_T184 24606-24704 Sentence denotes Although the improvement is still ongoing, the speed and content are still currently insufficient.
TextSentencer_T185 24705-24812 Sentence denotes International cooperation to prepare for and defeat emerging infectious diseases should also be emphasized.
TextSentencer_T185 24705-24812 Sentence denotes International cooperation to prepare for and defeat emerging infectious diseases should also be emphasized.
TextSentencer_T186 24813-24877 Sentence denotes Lessons we learned from the outbreak are summarized in Table 3 .
TextSentencer_T186 24813-24877 Sentence denotes Lessons we learned from the outbreak are summarized in Table 3 .
TextSentencer_T187 24878-24939 Sentence denotes A single, missed case may trigger a huge, nationwide outbreak
TextSentencer_T187 24878-24939 Sentence denotes A single, missed case may trigger a huge, nationwide outbreak
TextSentencer_T188 24940-25008 Sentence denotes The first line of defense is not the thermal scanner at the airport.
TextSentencer_T188 24940-25008 Sentence denotes The first line of defense is not the thermal scanner at the airport.
TextSentencer_T189 25009-25058 Sentence denotes It is doctors in the community clinics/hospitals.
TextSentencer_T189 25009-25058 Sentence denotes It is doctors in the community clinics/hospitals.
TextSentencer_T190 25059-25204 Sentence denotes Due to sudden deterioration of pneumonia around day 7 of illness, patients may visit emergency department, or be admitted to intensive care unit.
TextSentencer_T190 25059-25204 Sentence denotes Due to sudden deterioration of pneumonia around day 7 of illness, patients may visit emergency department, or be admitted to intensive care unit.
TextSentencer_T191 25205-25300 Sentence denotes Superspreading events may occur in healthcare settings, especially at the emergency department.
TextSentencer_T191 25205-25300 Sentence denotes Superspreading events may occur in healthcare settings, especially at the emergency department.
TextSentencer_T192 25301-25371 Sentence denotes Patients may transmit MERS-CoV as early as 2 days after symptom onset.
TextSentencer_T192 25301-25371 Sentence denotes Patients may transmit MERS-CoV as early as 2 days after symptom onset.
TextSentencer_T193 25372-25428 Sentence denotes Early detection and isolation is of critical importance.
TextSentencer_T193 25372-25428 Sentence denotes Early detection and isolation is of critical importance.
TextSentencer_T194 25429-25564 Sentence denotes Aggressive strategy for quarantine maybe necessary, especially when large number of individuals are exposed in the healthcare settings.
TextSentencer_T194 25429-25564 Sentence denotes Aggressive strategy for quarantine maybe necessary, especially when large number of individuals are exposed in the healthcare settings.
TextSentencer_T195 25565-25631 Sentence denotes Huge socioeconomic impact with an estimated 8.5 billion US dollars
TextSentencer_T195 25565-25631 Sentence denotes Huge socioeconomic impact with an estimated 8.5 billion US dollars