CORD-19-Sentences  

CORD-19:09501b38bc2ec12f6622386c00e64db37ed48e8c JSONTXT 7 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
TextSentencer_T1 0-248 Sentence denotes Comparison of electrocardiographic parameters and serum electrolytes and microelements between single infection of rotavirus and coronavirus and concurrent infection of Cryptosporidium parvum with rotavirus and coronavirus in diarrheic dairy calves
TextSentencer_T2 250-258 Sentence denotes Abstract
TextSentencer_T3 259-595 Sentence denotes To study the effects of concurrent infection of Cryptosporidium parvum with rotavirus and coronavirus in comparison to single infection of rotavirus and coronavirus, electrocardiographic parameters and serum electrolytes and microelements are compared between eight calves with concurrent infection and ten calves with single infection.
TextSentencer_T4 596-759 Sentence denotes Calves with single infections had higher serum concentrations of sodium and calcium, and less potassium, copper, and iron, which was not statistically significant.
TextSentencer_T5 760-879 Sentence denotes They also had significantly shorter P and QRS wave amplitudes and longer T wave duration in electrocardiogram patterns.
TextSentencer_T6 881-976 Sentence denotes Neonatal calf diarrhea is one of the most devastating diseases of the dairy industry worldwide.
TextSentencer_T7 977-1289 Sentence denotes Although infectious causes of calves' scours and their prevalence may vary in different regions, often enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, rotavirus, coronavirus, and Cryptosporidium sp. together account for more than 75-95% of all cases of neonatal calf diarrhea in calves less than 1 month of age (Bartels et al.
TextSentencer_T8 1290-1297 Sentence denotes 2010) .
TextSentencer_T9 1298-1479 Sentence denotes At least four Cryptosporidium species, including Cryptosporidium parvum, Cryptosporidium bovis, Cryptosporidium andersoni, and Cryptosporidium deer-like genotype, infect the cattle.
TextSentencer_T10 1480-1565 Sentence denotes The occurrence of this Cryptosporidium spp. in cattle is age-related (Thompson et al.
TextSentencer_T11 1566-1573 Sentence denotes 2007 ).
TextSentencer_T12 1574-1790 Sentence denotes C. parvum is responsible for about 85% of the Cryptosporidium infections in preweaned calves, and is considered to be the most commonly found enteropathogen in calves during their first weeks of life (Thompson et al.
TextSentencer_T13 1791-1812 Sentence denotes 2007; de Graaf et al.
TextSentencer_T14 1813-1820 Sentence denotes 1999) .
TextSentencer_T15 1821-1921 Sentence denotes Concurrent infections of C. parvum with rotavirus and coronavirus have been described (Naciri et al.
TextSentencer_T16 1922-1929 Sentence denotes 1993) .
TextSentencer_T17 1930-2164 Sentence denotes Bartels et al. (2010) found concurrent infections of C. parvum with rotavirus in 7.8% of diarrheic calves, and increased mortality due to concurrent infections of C. parvum with other enteric pathogens has been reported (Naciri et al.
TextSentencer_T18 2165-2172 Sentence denotes 1993) .
TextSentencer_T19 2173-2469 Sentence denotes Cryptosporidiosis, similar to rotavirus and coronavirus infections, causes destruction of intestinal epithelia resulting in a reduction of enzymatic activity and a decrease in the absorptive surface, finally leading to maldigestion and malabsorption followed by diarrhea (Foster and Smith 2009) .
TextSentencer_T20 2470-2601 Sentence denotes Although it is generally believed that the losses due to diarrhea are more severe when concurrent infections occur (de Graaf et al.
TextSentencer_T21 2602-2859 Sentence denotes 1999) , the effect of concurrent infection of Cryptosporidium sp. with rotavirus and coronavirus in comparison to the single infection of rotavirus and coronavirus on blood serum electrolytes and microelements of diarrheic calves has not yet been clarified.
TextSentencer_T22 2860-3023 Sentence denotes In a 2,000-Holstein cow dairy herd in Fars province, south of Iran, daily visit and fecal consistency scoring were performed for all born calves until 1 month old.
TextSentencer_T23 3024-3142 Sentence denotes No diarrhea vaccination against calf diarrhea was applied, and calves were reared under the same husbandry conditions.
TextSentencer_T24 3143-3246 Sentence denotes After birth, the calves were fed 2 kg of dam's colostrum by nipple bottle and moved to individual pens.
TextSentencer_T25 3247-3350 Sentence denotes An additional 1.2-kg pooled colostrum was fed within approximately 12 h of the first colostrum feeding.
TextSentencer_T26 3351-3476 Sentence denotes Then, the calves were fed milk from buckets thrice daily at approximately 3% of body weight per feeding until 3 days of life.
TextSentencer_T27 3477-3696 Sentence denotes After this time, the calves were fed a milk replacer (thrice daily and approximately 10% of body weight per day) and calf starter (including concentrate (90% DM) and high-quality alfalfa (10% DM)) until 90 days of life.
TextSentencer_T28 3697-3727 Sentence denotes Water was offered free choice.
TextSentencer_T29 3728-4097 Sentence denotes Evaluation of fecal consistency was performed using the following criteria-0 or 'normal': firm consistency, brown color, and perineum and tail of the calf are clean and dry; 1: a paste-like consistency, yellow color, and perineum and/or tail of the calf is smeared with feces; and 2: watery consistency and perineum and/or tail of the calf is smeared with watery feces.
TextSentencer_T30 4098-4148 Sentence denotes Fecal scores 1 and 2 were considered as diarrheic.
TextSentencer_T31 4149-4419 Sentence denotes The diarrheic calves, before any treatment, were clinically examined, and clinical data (rectal temperature, fecal consistency score, and presence of visible blood in feces) as well as data on sex, age, and days between disease onset and sampling were recorded per calf.
TextSentencer_T32 4420-4598 Sentence denotes After clinical examination, rectal fecal samples and jugular vein blood samples in tubes containing EDTA and plane tubes, free from anticoagulant, were collected from the calves.
TextSentencer_T33 4599-4714 Sentence denotes Also, the electrocardiogram (ECG) was recorded from each of the calves on a bipolar base apex lead using limb lead.
TextSentencer_T34 4715-4788 Sentence denotes Animals were kept in a standing position in a stock without any sedation.
TextSentencer_T35 4789-4918 Sentence denotes The ECG was recorded when the animals were thought to be in a quiet state using an alligator-type electrode attached to the skin.
TextSentencer_T36 4919-5234 Sentence denotes The positive electrode of lead I (left arm) was attached to the skin of the fifth intercostal space just caudal to the olecranon and the negative electrode (right arm) on the jugular furrow about the lower 1/3 of the left side of the neck, and the earth was attached away from these two electrodes (Rezakhani et al.
TextSentencer_T37 5235-5242 Sentence denotes 2004 ).
TextSentencer_T38 5243-5408 Sentence denotes All ECGs were obtained on a triple-channel ECG machine (Cardioline, Delta 1 Plus, Remco, Italy) with a paper speed of 25 mm/s and calibration of 10 mm equal to 1 mV.
TextSentencer_T39 5409-5547 Sentence denotes The blood serum was separated after centrifugation at 1,800×g for 10 min, and serum and fecal samples were stored at −18°C until analysis.
TextSentencer_T40 5548-5625 Sentence denotes Also, blood packed cell volume (%) was measured using microhematocrit method.
TextSentencer_T41 5626-5814 Sentence denotes The presence of E. coli (k99), rotavirus, coronavirus, and C. parvum in fecal samples were diagnosed using commercial ELISA antigen detection kits (BGVV B-290, Bio-X Diagnostics, Belgium).
TextSentencer_T42 5815-6022 Sentence denotes Two groups were defined according to the results of fecal tests: group A (presence of rotavirus or coronavirus without C. parvum) and group B (concurrent presence of rotavirus or coronavirus with C. parvum).
TextSentencer_T43 6023-6173 Sentence denotes The serum samples were analyzed for calcium, magnesium, copper, zinc, and iron by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (Shimadzo AA-670, Kyoto, Japan).
TextSentencer_T44 6174-6325 Sentence denotes Also, concentrations of sodium and potassium in the serum samples were measured using automatic electrolyte analyzer (Convergys ISE NG, GmbH, Germany).
TextSentencer_T45 6326-6404 Sentence denotes For measuring ECG parameters, the ECGs were analyzed using a magnifying glass.
TextSentencer_T46 6405-6479 Sentence denotes In this method, precision of duration is 0.02 s. and amplitude is 0.05 mV.
TextSentencer_T47 6480-6629 Sentence denotes To describe the QRS complex in this lead, the first positive wave was named R and the negative deflection after R was designated S. (Rezakhani et al.
TextSentencer_T48 6630-6637 Sentence denotes 2004 ).
TextSentencer_T49 6638-6725 Sentence denotes The heart rate was calculated by measuring the average six R-R intervals of each trace.
TextSentencer_T50 6726-6794 Sentence denotes Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS12 (Illinois, Chicago).
TextSentencer_T51 6795-6884 Sentence denotes Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests were used to assess normality of distribution for each variable.
TextSentencer_T52 6885-6973 Sentence denotes Two sample t tests were used to detect differences in parameters between the two groups.
TextSentencer_T53 6974-7089 Sentence denotes Chi-square tests were used for the comparison of proportion of bloody stool and fecal score between the two groups.
TextSentencer_T54 7090-7140 Sentence denotes Differences were considered significant at P<0.05.
TextSentencer_T55 7141-7194 Sentence denotes Fecal samples were obtained from 50 diarrheic calves.
TextSentencer_T56 7195-7225 Sentence denotes The calves were 1-30 days old.
TextSentencer_T57 7226-7376 Sentence denotes Single presence of E. coli (k99), rotavirus, coronavirus, and C. parvum were detected in three, seven, three, and six out of 50 samples, respectively.
TextSentencer_T58 7377-7526 Sentence denotes Concurrent infection of rotavirus and C. parvum was found in six of the calves, and two calves had concurrent infection of C. parvum and coronavirus.
TextSentencer_T59 7527-7586 Sentence denotes No enteropathogen was detected in 23 out of the 50 samples.
TextSentencer_T60 7587-7667 Sentence denotes Therefore, group A consisted of ten calves while group B was consisted of eight.
TextSentencer_T61 7668-7771 Sentence denotes Median age for group A was 9.2 days and for group B 10.6 days, and there was no significant difference.
TextSentencer_T62 7772-7879 Sentence denotes Median number of days between disease onset and sampling for group A was 1.9 days and for group B 3.5 days.
TextSentencer_T63 7880-7952 Sentence denotes The difference between the two groups was not statistically significant.
TextSentencer_T64 7953-8144 Sentence denotes Group A, in comparison to group B, had higher serum concentrations of sodium and calcium and less potassium, copper, and iron; however, statistical analysis showed no significant differences.
TextSentencer_T65 8145-8266 Sentence denotes Also, rectal temperature, heart rate, and blood packed cell volume had no significant differences between the two groups.
TextSentencer_T66 8267-8391 Sentence denotes The data regarding the physical examination and measured factors in the blood serum of both groups are depicted in Table 1 .
TextSentencer_T67 8392-8534 Sentence denotes ECGs showed shorter P and QRS wave amplitudes in group B (P=0.058 and P=0.081, respectively) and a longer T wave duration in group B (P<0.05).
TextSentencer_T68 8535-8597 Sentence denotes Amplitude and duration of ECG waves are presented in Table 2 .
TextSentencer_T69 8598-8691 Sentence denotes There were no significant differences between the two groups for the fecal consistency score.
TextSentencer_T70 8692-8781 Sentence denotes Two cases of bloody diarrhea were diagnosed in group A, but no case was found in group B.
TextSentencer_T71 8782-8915 Sentence denotes Fisher's exact test showed no significant difference between the two groups about the presence of visible blood in the fecal samples.
TextSentencer_T72 8916-9253 Sentence denotes The present study, although with a limited number of diarrheic calves, showed that concurrent infection of C. parvum with rotavirus and coronavirus in comparison with single infection of rotavirus and coronavirus may deteriorate changes of blood serum electrolytes, microelements, and electrocardiographic parameters in diarrheic calves.
TextSentencer_T73 9254-9394 Sentence denotes The severity of diarrhea and its subsequent changes in serum influence the morbidity and mortality of the diarrheic calves (O'Handley et al.
TextSentencer_T74 9395-9402 Sentence denotes 1999) .
TextSentencer_T75 9403-9633 Sentence denotes Diarrhea caused by Cryptosporidium sp., rotavirus, or coronavirus has a similar pathophysiology and is due to the destruction of the intestinal epithelial cells and villous atrophy and the resultant malabsorption and maldigestion.
TextSentencer_T76 9634-9808 Sentence denotes Additionally, the crypt enterocytes and the colonocytes can be affected by coronavirus; therefore, the resultant diarrhea may have a longer duration (Foster and Smith 2009) .
TextSentencer_T77 9809-10011 Sentence denotes Concurrent infection of Cryptosporidium sp. with rotavirus and coronavirus deteriorates the malabsorption in comparison to single infection (Foster and Smith 2009) , and can lead to more severe illness.
TextSentencer_T78 10012-10179 Sentence denotes Some authors believe that the presence of concurrent infections of Cryptosporidium spp. and other causes of diarrhea affects the severity of diarrhea (O'Handley et al.
TextSentencer_T79 10180-10187 Sentence denotes 1999 ).
TextSentencer_T80 10188-10504 Sentence denotes According to our results, the concurrent infection of Cryptosporidium sp. with rotavirus and coronavirus in comparison with the single infection of rotavirus and coronavirus had no significant effect on fecal consistency, but it does increase the severity of the changes in the serum electrolytes and ECG parameters.
TextSentencer_T81 10505-11016 Sentence denotes Although different infectious microorganisms cause scours in calves and all three enteropathogens included in this study may also be found in healthy calves, the detection of them cannot be interpreted as a proof of cause; however, enterotoxigenic E. coli, rotavirus, coronavirus and Cryptosporidium sp. together often account for more than 75-95% of all cases of neonatal calf diarrhea, and a strong association between the presence of one of these intestinal agents and diarrhea has been shown (Bartels et al.
TextSentencer_T82 11017-11024 Sentence denotes 2010) .
TextSentencer_T83 11025-11231 Sentence denotes Because of the importance and high prevalence of enterotoxigenic E. coli, the presence of E. coli (k99) in fecal samples was also evaluated, and E. coli (K99) positive samples were deleted from both groups.
TextSentencer_T84 11232-11405 Sentence denotes In diarrheic calves, electrolyte imbalance and acidosis affect cardiac function, and cardiac arrhythmia is one of the main causes of death in diarrheic calves (Naylor et al.
TextSentencer_T85 11406-11413 Sentence denotes 2006 ).
TextSentencer_T86 11414-11535 Sentence denotes In the current study, ECG records were used for the evaluation and comparison of cardiac function between the two groups.
TextSentencer_T87 11536-11681 Sentence denotes From our results, significant differences there were seen between the two groups for the amplitude of P and QRS waves and the duration of T wave.
TextSentencer_T88 11682-11779 Sentence denotes Group B had a lower mean heart rate, which seems to cause a longer T wave duration in this group.
TextSentencer_T89 11780-11991 Sentence denotes Although differences of serum electrolytes between the two groups were not statistically significant, the difference of the P wave amplitude may be due to the different serum concentrations of some electrolytes.
TextSentencer_T90 11992-12063 Sentence denotes Hyperkalemia is the first suspect for ECG changes during calf diarrhea.
TextSentencer_T91 12064-12153 Sentence denotes The serum potassium level of group B was above the normal (3.9-5.8 mmol/L) (Kaneko et al.
TextSentencer_T92 12154-12161 Sentence denotes 1997) .
TextSentencer_T93 12162-12452 Sentence denotes ECG patterns during the hyperkalemia are largely comparable between different species, and are characterized by a widening and flattening of P wave, broadening of QRS complex, increased P-R interval, shortening of the QT interval as well as tall, symmetric, peaked T waves (Pourjafar et al.
TextSentencer_T94 12453-12460 Sentence denotes 2008) .
TextSentencer_T95 12461-12533 Sentence denotes No probable cause for the change in the QRS complex amplitude was found.
TextSentencer_T96 12534-12743 Sentence denotes According to our results, ECG patterns during calf diarrhea may be suitable as an indicator of the severity of serum electrolyte changes and can be used to estimate the severity of illness in diarrheic calves.
TextSentencer_T97 12744-13127 Sentence denotes Although some researchers observed no significant correlation between blood electrolytes and ECG parameters in diarrheic calves (Dalir Naghadeh and Yaresmaeil 2001) , Gertsch (2009) believes that although the correlation between definitively pathologic electrolyte serum levels and the ECG is poor (10-30%), severe or extreme electrolyte imbalance is detectable in the ECG up to 90%.
TextSentencer_T98 13128-13418 Sentence denotes According to the results of present study, it is recommended that the calves with concurrent infection of Cryptosporidium sp. with rotavirus and coronavirus receive more intensive therapeutic attention, although additional studies with greater sample size are needed to confirm the results.