LitCovid-sentences  

PMC:7352545 / 44911-53918 JSONTXT 10 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T428 0-6 Sentence denotes 6.3.1.
T429 7-75 Sentence denotes Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) as the SARS-CoV Host Receptor
T430 77-130 Sentence denotes Structure and Role of the Host SARS-CoV Receptor ACE2
T431 131-163 Sentence denotes SARS-CoV-2 needs ACE2 for entry.
T432 164-294 Sentence denotes Host proteases such as human ACE2 help viral entry through removement of a barrier to enter human cells through unknown receptors.
T433 295-387 Sentence denotes Human ACE2 is known for its role as the SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor and the SARS-CoV receptor.
T434 388-483 Sentence denotes The enzyme ACE-2 in the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is associated with CoV entry into lungs.
T435 484-584 Sentence denotes ACE2 mediates SARS-2002 entry into host cells via S glycoprotein interaction with the ACE2 receptor.
T436 585-657 Sentence denotes The ACE2 levels on the plasma membrane correlate with virus infectivity.
T437 658-729 Sentence denotes ACE2 expression is present in most tissues such as the lung epithelium.
T438 730-835 Sentence denotes It is highly expressed by respiratory epithelial cells and type I/II lung alveolar epithelial cells [88].
T439 836-898 Sentence denotes The host receptor is not linked to the classification of CoVs.
T440 899-955 Sentence denotes MERS-CoV, a β-CoV, does not recognize the ACE2 receptor.
T441 956-1018 Sentence denotes In contrast, the α-CoV HCoV-NL63 recognizes the ACE2 receptor.
T442 1019-1122 Sentence denotes ACE2 is a membrane-anchored carboxypeptidase with 805 amino acid residues and is captopril-insensitive.
T443 1123-1417 Sentence denotes It contains 17 amino acid residues as a signal peptide in the N-terminal region, a type I membrane-anchored domain in the C-terminal region, an extracellular N-terminal domain with heavy N-glycans, a N-terminal SARS-CoV-binding and carboxypeptidase site and a short C-terminal cytoplasmic tail.
T444 1418-1462 Sentence denotes The ACE2 gene is located on chromosome Xp22.
T445 1463-1530 Sentence denotes Two ACE2 forms are known, a membrane-bound form and a soluble form.
T446 1531-1585 Sentence denotes ACE cleaves angiotensin I (Ang I) substrate to Ang II.
T447 1586-1739 Sentence denotes Ang II recognizes the Ang II receptor type 1 (AT1R), contributing to systemic and local vasoconstriction, fibrosis and salt retention in vascular organs.
T448 1740-1778 Sentence denotes ACE2 has the opposite function of ACE.
T449 1779-1816 Sentence denotes ACE2 is a close homolog to human ACE.
T450 1817-1885 Sentence denotes ACE2 activity on Ang II is about 400-fold higher than that on Ang I.
T451 1886-2064 Sentence denotes Ang-1 to Ang-7 recognize the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) Mas to activate vasorelaxation, cardioprotection, antioxidative action, antiinflammation and anti-Ang II-signaling.
T452 2065-2155 Sentence denotes Therefore, the ACE2-Ang-1 to Ang-7 axis is a target candidate for cardiovascular diseases.
T453 2156-2220 Sentence denotes ACE2 shows similar binding structures between nCoV and SARS-CoV.
T454 2221-2315 Sentence denotes The three proteins of ACE, Ang II and AT1R contribute to progression of lung injury in humans.
T455 2316-2413 Sentence denotes ACE2 removes a single amino acid residue from Ang II to yield the vasodilator, named Ang 1-Ang 7.
T456 2414-2477 Sentence denotes ACE2 cleaves Ang-I to Ang 1–Ang 9 and Ang II to Ang-1 to Ang-7.
T457 2478-2583 Sentence denotes The biggest difference between ACE2 and ACE is that ACE2 has a non-inhibitory property by ACE inhibitors.
T458 2584-2675 Sentence denotes Pulmonary ACE2 is potentially a candidate target in CoV-involved inflammatory pathogenesis.
T459 2676-2758 Sentence denotes If ACE inhibitors and Ang II-AT1 blockers are dosed, ACE2 expression is increased.
T460 2759-2863 Sentence denotes However, currently we have no conclusive evidence that the inhibitors help SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 entry.
T461 2864-2915 Sentence denotes Rather, SARS-CoV infection reduces ACE2 expression.
T462 2916-2985 Sentence denotes Therefore, SARS-CoV-2 host tropism is not related to ACE2 expression.
T463 2986-3060 Sentence denotes ACE2 levels and ANG II/ANG 1–7 levels regulate the pathogenic progression.
T464 3061-3185 Sentence denotes ACE2 expression is upregulated by gene polymorphisms and ACE inhibitors or Angiotensin II receptor blockers such as sartans.
T465 3187-3241 Sentence denotes Host Cell ADAM17 and TMPRSS2 Competitively Cleave ACE2
T466 3242-3352 Sentence denotes A disintegrin and metallopeptidase domain (ADAM) family of Zn-metalloproteinases belongs to membrane proteins.
T467 3353-3442 Sentence denotes The well-known ADAM17 is a TNF-α-converting enzyme (TACE), called the sheddase for TNF-α.
T468 3443-3511 Sentence denotes Other ADAM sheddase family members include ADAM9, ADAM10 and ADAM12.
T469 3512-3542 Sentence denotes ADAM17 mediates ACE2 shedding.
T470 3543-3632 Sentence denotes SARS-CoV S glycoprotein activates cellular TACE and consequently facilitates virus entry.
T471 3633-3782 Sentence denotes Soluble ACE2 as the N-terminal carboxypeptidase domain form is derived from the original ACE2 form by an ADAM17 metalloprotease in the membrane [89].
T472 3783-3907 Sentence denotes ADAM17 is indeed an enzyme that can convert membrane type pro-TNF-α to soluble TNF-α, a functional proinflammatory cytokine.
T473 3908-4064 Sentence denotes Therefore, ADAM17 inhibition indicates an anti-inflammatory response and ADAM17 inhibitors are promising candidates for TNF-α-induced inflammatory diseases.
T474 4065-4134 Sentence denotes The short C-terminal domain of ACE2 is removed by ADAM17 and TMPRSS2.
T475 4135-4211 Sentence denotes However, TMPRSS2 cleaves ACE2 competitively with the ADAM17 metalloprotease.
T476 4212-4400 Sentence denotes SARS-S protein-ACE2 binding leads to ADAM17/TNF-α-converting enzyme (TACE)-cleavage of ACE2, facilitating extracellular ACE2 shedding and consequent SARS-CoV entry into host cells [90,91].
T477 4401-4492 Sentence denotes Only TMPRSS2 cleavage allows SARS-CoV entry into host cells through endocytosis and fusion.
T478 4493-4566 Sentence denotes Soluble ACE2 also recognizes the virus and prevents SARS-CoV-2 infection.
T479 4567-4623 Sentence denotes SARS-CoV-2 infection requires membrane ACE2 and TMPRSS2.
T480 4624-4689 Sentence denotes The ACE2–B0AT1 complex binds to the S glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2.
T481 4690-4795 Sentence denotes Intestinal membrane ACE2 and lung TMPRSS2-shedded ACE2 can act as alternative entry sites for SARS-CoV-2.
T482 4796-4864 Sentence denotes SARS-CoV-2 infects the lungs and intestine via TMPRSS2-cleaved ACE2.
T483 4865-4985 Sentence denotes If TMPRSS2 is engaged in SARS-CoV-2 entry and ACE2 downregulation, TMPRSS2 inhibition would lead to COVID-19 prevention.
T484 4986-5169 Sentence denotes Although ACE2 is expressed both in type I and type II lung alveolar epithelial cells, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 target only type II epithelial cells due to the ACE2–TMPRSS2 interaction.
T485 5170-5292 Sentence denotes Therefore, supplementation of ACE2 (soluble ACE2) or Ang-1 to Ang-7 should be a way to reduce SARS-CoV-2-related symptoms.
T486 5293-5362 Sentence denotes TMPRSS2-cleaved ACE2 is involved in SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV infections.
T487 5363-5456 Sentence denotes SARS-CoV-2 uses ACE2 for cell entry through TMPRSS2 priming of the S glycoprotein (Figure 7).
T488 5457-5568 Sentence denotes Infection of the H7N9 influenza and H1N1 influenza A subtype viruses are also mediated by TMPRSS2-cleaved ACE2.
T489 5569-5649 Sentence denotes This implies that TMPRSS2 can be targeted as a strategic antiviral therapy [92].
T490 5650-5751 Sentence denotes Transmembrane protease serine 2, termed TMPRSS2, a type II TM Ser protease (TTSP), also cleaves ACE2.
T491 5752-5886 Sentence denotes The human TMPRSS2 gene, located on chromosome 21, comprises androgen receptor elements (AREs) in the upstream 5′-flanking region [93].
T492 5887-5951 Sentence denotes TMPRSS2 expression is regulated in an androgen-dependent manner.
T493 5952-5993 Sentence denotes The TMPRSS2 gene encodes 492 amino acids.
T494 5994-6079 Sentence denotes The original form is cleaved into the major membrane form and the minor soluble form.
T495 6080-6213 Sentence denotes TMPRSS2 activates protease activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) and activated PAR-2 upregulates matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9.
T496 6214-6296 Sentence denotes TMPRSS2-activated hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) induces c-Met receptor signaling.
T497 6297-6337 Sentence denotes TMPRSS2 activates SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV.
T498 6338-6549 Sentence denotes The SARS-CoV S glycoprotein is cleaved by host-borne TMPRSS2, human airway trypsin-like protease (HAT), TM protease, serine 13 (MSPL), serine protease DESC1 (DESC1), furin, factor Xa and endosomal cathepsin L/B.
T499 6550-6641 Sentence denotes SARS-CoV can enter cells upon cleavage by protease TMPRSS2 or endosomal cathepsin L/B [90].
T500 6642-6697 Sentence denotes Virus S protein precursor is cleaved by host proteases.
T501 6698-6834 Sentence denotes The spikes are cleaved by endosomal cathepsin and by Golgi or plasma membrane TMPRSS2 in the step of assembly or attachment and release.
T502 6835-6927 Sentence denotes The serine protease inhibitor camostat effectively blocks lethal SARS-CoV infection to mice.
T503 6928-6996 Sentence denotes However, serine protease and cathepsin inhibitors are not effective.
T504 6997-7106 Sentence denotes Thus, TMPRSS2 is suggested to be an acting protease for SARS-CoV entry into host cells, but not by cathepsin.
T505 7107-7199 Sentence denotes Cis-cleavage liberates SARS-CoV S glycoprotein fragments into the extracellular supernatant.
T506 7200-7341 Sentence denotes Trans-cleavage activates the SARS-CoV S glycoprotein on the target cells, potentiating efficient SARS-CoV S glycoprotein-driven viral fusion.
T507 7342-7414 Sentence denotes TMPRSS2-activated SARS-CoV facilitates enveloped virus entry into cells.
T508 7415-7483 Sentence denotes TMPRSS2 is important for SARS-CoV entry and infection [81,94,95,96].
T509 7484-7623 Sentence denotes The fact that SARS- and MERS-CoV infections are potentiated by TMPRSS2 indicates that TMPRSS2 is a promising target for therapeutic agents.
T510 7624-7973 Sentence denotes For example, several Ser protease inhibitors such as camostat mesylate inhibit TMPRSS2–ACE2-involved SARS-CoV-2 entry. camostat, a serine protease inhibitor, reduces influenza virus titers in cell culture. camostat-treated TMPRSS2 inhibition in Calu-3 cells greatly reduces SARS-CoV viral titers and improves survival rate in SARS-CoV infected mice.
T511 7974-8149 Sentence denotes A treatment of 10-μM camostat blocks MERS-CoV entry to African green monkey kidney (Vero)-TMPRSS2 cells and blocks viral RNA synthesis in Calu-3 cells upon MERS-CoV infection.
T512 8150-8241 Sentence denotes Aprotinin is a polypeptide with 58 amino acid residues that was isolated from bovine lungs.
T513 8242-8551 Sentence denotes Another serine protease inhibitor, nafamostat, inhibits MERS-CoV entry and infection by TMPRSS2 inhibition [93]. nafamostat mesylate blocks the TMPRSS2–ACE2-involved SARS-CoV-2 envelope–PM fusion and prevents SARS-CoV-2 entry [95]. nafamostat mesylate inhibits viral entry and thrombosis in COVID-19 patients.
T514 8552-8726 Sentence denotes Similarly, an FDA-approved mucolytic cough suppressant, Bromhexine hydrochloride (BHH), inhibits TMPRSS2 (IC50 0.75 μM) and hence blocks infection of CoV and influenza virus.
T515 8727-8808 Sentence denotes MPRSS2 as a host factor plays a pivotal role in SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV infections.
T516 8809-8867 Sentence denotes FDA-approved TMPRSS2 inhibitors are yet under development.
T517 8868-9007 Sentence denotes Because TMPRSS2 mediates efficient viral entry and replication, it should be a promising target for new therapeutics against CoV infection.