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CORD-19:12bc20779abc8c7a9b9fafa6b01fe1b4ddcd14ec JSONTXT 8 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 0-126 Sentence denotes Characterization of Escherichia coli isolated from calf diarrhea in and around Kombolcha, South Wollo, Amhara Region, Ethiopia
T2 128-136 Sentence denotes Abstract
T3 137-352 Sentence denotes This study was carried out from October 2012 to end of February 2013 in and around Kombolcha, Amhara regional state, Ethiopia, using a total of 201 neonatal calves aged 1 day to 4 months and suffering from diarrhea.
T4 353-518 Sentence denotes The objectives of the study were to isolate Escherichia coli from diarrheic calves, and to determine E. coli biotypes and risk factors associated with its isolation.
T5 519-626 Sentence denotes The fecal samples were collected, transported, and processed following standard microbiological procedures.
T6 627-676 Sentence denotes Seventy-four isolates of E. coli were identified.
T7 677-805 Sentence denotes Yellowish diarrhea, younger age, and lowcolostrum feeding were significantly associated with rate of E. coli isolation (P<0.05).
T8 806-956 Sentence denotes Then the 74 isolates of E. coli were biotyped using fermentation of 9 sugars and grouped into 12 biotypes; the most dominant was biotype III (36.8 %).
T9 957-1191 Sentence denotes Finally, by comparing with studies elsewhere, from the 12 isolated biotypes, 3 of them were suggested to be enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), entherotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), and adhesion and effacing E. coli (AEEC) pathogenic strains.
T10 1192-1294 Sentence denotes The present study showed that E. coli accounted for 37 % of calf diarrhea, with very diverse biotypes.
T11 1296-1403 Sentence denotes Newly born calves represent an important source of animal production for either meat or breeding worldwide.
T12 1404-1603 Sentence denotes Diarrhea is one of the very common disease syndromes in neonatal calves in different countries, and this can have severe impacts both economically and in terms of animal welfare (Africa Union 2008) .
T13 1604-1751 Sentence denotes Calves are at greatest risk of developing diarrhea within the first month of life, and the incidence of diarrhea decreases with age (Meganck et al.
T14 1752-1759 Sentence denotes 2014) .
T15 1760-1929 Sentence denotes Neonatal calf diarrhea is a multifactorial disease which despite decades of research in the topic remains the most common cause of neonatal calf mortalities (Uhde et al.
T16 1930-1937 Sentence denotes 2008 ).
T17 1938-2239 Sentence denotes There is a multitude of interactions of the noninfectious causes (predisposing factors) (flaws or gaps in management-inadequate nutrition, exposure to severe environment, insufficient attention to the newborn calf, or a combination of these) and infectious causes (Blanchard 2012; Cho and Yoon 2014) .
T18 2240-2521 Sentence denotes Several enteropathogens are implicated in neonatal calf diarrhea, and their relative prevalence varies geographically but the most common prevalent infections in most areas are Escherichia coli, Rotavirus, and Corona virus, Clostridium perfringens, Salmonella, and Cryptosporidium.
T19 2522-2735 Sentence denotes Causes of neonatal calf diarrhea are commonly associated with more than one of these agents, and the causes of most outbreaks are usually multifactorial (Foster and Smith 2009; Blanchard 2012; Cho and Yoon 2014) .
T20 2736-2839 Sentence denotes E. coli strains are the most common primary agents causing calf diarrhea and septicemia (Kolenda et al.
T21 2840-2847 Sentence denotes 2015) .
T22 2848-2947 Sentence denotes Escherichia coli is a motile Gram-negative bacilli that falls within the family Enterobacteriaceae.
T23 2948-3124 Sentence denotes It colonizes the infant gastrointestinal tract within hours of life, and thereafter E. coli and the host derive mutual benefit for decades (Welch 2006; Foster and Smith 2009) .
T24 3125-3293 Sentence denotes Many strains of the bacterium are harmless to the calf, but certain strains that acquire virulence genes can cause moderate to severe scours and even death (Wani et al.
T25 3294-3301 Sentence denotes 2004) .
T26 3302-3665 Sentence denotes Two of the more prominent virulence factors identified for Enterotoxigenic E. coli strains are (i) expression of fimbrial (pilli) antigens that enable the bacteria to adhere to and to colonize the luminal surface of the small bowel and (ii) elaboration of one or more enterotoxins that influence intestinal secretion of fluids (Chen and Franke 2005; Welch 2006 ).
T27 3666-3779 Sentence denotes Severity of E. coli symptoms varies from mild transient diarrhea to severe sustained diarrhea resulting in death.
T28 3780-3867 Sentence denotes Typical presentation is in calves less than 7 days of age and as early as 12 h of life.
T29 3868-4002 Sentence denotes E. coli typically produces a secretory diarrhea switching the intestinal epithelial cells from an absorption mode to a secretion mode.
T30 4003-4066 Sentence denotes Diarrhea is typically whitish to yellowish in color (Ata et al.
T31 4067-4093 Sentence denotes 2013; Cho and Yoon 2014) .
T32 4094-4272 Sentence denotes E. coli are able to ferment a variety of carbohydrate substrates, generally by converting them to glucose or to a substrate on the fermentative chain of the breakdown of glucose.
T33 4273-4513 Sentence denotes The ability to ferment a given sugar of the types described above by a strain of E. coli is dependent on the strain having the requisite enzymes to convert it to glucose or to a substance on the degradative chain from glucose (Aklilu et al.
T34 4514-4521 Sentence denotes 2013) .
T35 4522-4564 Sentence denotes This is the basis of biotyping of E. coli.
T36 4565-4718 Sentence denotes These tests are also easy to perform, by determining, whether a strain of E. coli will produce acid following growth in the presence of the carbohydrate.
T37 4719-4882 Sentence denotes Of the various typing systems available, study of the organisms' biological properties (Bbiotyping^) appears to be a useful method of identification (Aklilu et al.
T38 4883-4890 Sentence denotes 2013) .
T39 4891-5158 Sentence denotes In this regard, Chattopadhyay et al. (2003) classified six different biotypes of verotoxin-positive E. coli on the basis of sugar fermentation reactions of three sugars, viz., sorbitol, raffinose, dulcitol, and decarboxylase test with lysine, arginine, and ornithine.
T40 5159-5347 Sentence denotes In addition, Murinda et al. (2004) reported diagnostic significance of rhamnose fermentation test; they recorded rhamnose non-fermenters belonging to E. coli O26 were 100 % STEC producers.
T41 5348-5468 Sentence denotes There were no previous studies conducted on calf diarrhea as well as on diversity of E. coli biotypes in the study area.
T42 5469-5617 Sentence denotes However, there are frequent cases of calf diarrhea in the study area leading to morbidity and mortality and often seeking professional intervention.
T43 5618-5825 Sentence denotes Therefore, this work was conducted to determine the diversity of E. coli using standard sugar fermentation tests and identify risk factors associated with its isolation from diarrheic calf feces in the area.
T44 5826-5967 Sentence denotes We believe the data in this work contributes to diagnosis and control of calf diarrhea in Ethiopia, in particular, and worldwide, in general.
T45 5968-6222 Sentence denotes This work was carried out from October 2012 to end of February 2013 using a total of 201 neonatal calves of different ages (1 day-4 months old) examined clinically for diarrhea on dairy farms in and around Kombolcha, South Wollo, Amhara Region, Ethiopia.
T46 6223-6407 Sentence denotes Kombolcha is located 380 km northeast of Addis Ababa at a latitude of 11°4′ N 39°44′ E, longitude of 11.067°N 39.733°E, and elevation between 1842 and 1915 m above sea level (Fig. 1) .
T47 6408-6590 Sentence denotes The woreda has an annual mean temperature of 11.7-24.9°C (CSA 2009) and receives the shortest rainfall from March to May and the longest rainfall from June to September (750-900 mm).
T48 6591-6747 Sentence denotes There are many small-scale and large-scale dairy farms in this area that supply milk and milk products to consumers of the town and surrounding urban areas.
T49 6748-6841 Sentence denotes These dairy farms contain either local or exotic breeds depending on the scale of production.
T50 6842-7131 Sentence denotes Animals included in this study were calves under 4 months of age that were clinically affected with diarrhea and exhibiting signs of systemic disease (e.g., poor appetite, fever, dehydration, decreased mentation, and reduced suckle reflex) and had pasty-watery feces with different colors.
T51 7132-7247 Sentence denotes All of these calves were found suffering from different degrees of diarrhea, dehydration, emaciation, and weakness.
T52 7248-7487 Sentence denotes The calves were born in 85 different farms located in the area, 60 dairy farms in Kombolcha, and 25 dairy farms around Kombolcha; in all of the dairy farms, the management system was similar, i.e., animals were kept under intensive system.
T53 7488-7624 Sentence denotes The calves were kept in isolated pens for the whole day except for few hours when the calves were released in the compound for exercise.
T54 7625-7688 Sentence denotes In some farms, the calves were released for suckling their dam.
T55 7689-7809 Sentence denotes In all of the farms, the floors were concrete and cleaning of the calves' pens was practiced daily when calves were out.
T56 7810-7976 Sentence denotes In addition, in all of the farms, calves were fed on colostrum three times per day from their respective dams with different amount and for different periods of time.
T57 7977-8042 Sentence denotes The weight of each calf was determined by the heart girth system.
T58 8043-8151 Sentence denotes The study was purposive type, i.e., samples were collected from calves that show clinical signs of diarrhea.
T59 8152-8355 Sentence denotes Approximately 10 ml of fecal samples were collected from non-treated diarrheic calves directly from the rectum by using disposable plastic gloves and transferred immediately to sterile universal bottles.
T60 8356-8478 Sentence denotes The samples were then transported in ice box to the Kombolcha veterinary diagnostic laboratory, Kombolcha, for processing.
T61 8479-8533 Sentence denotes Feces were stored at 4°C until the time of processing.
T62 8534-8626 Sentence denotes Fecal samples were inoculated onto blood and MacConkey agar and incubated at 37°C overnight.
T63 8627-8878 Sentence denotes From each MacConkey agar plate, lactose-fermenting colonies were inoculated on Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) agar medium, which selectively grows members of the Enterobacteriaceae and permit differentiation of enteric bacteria on the basis of morphology.
T64 8879-8996 Sentence denotes Colonies showing characteristic metallic sheen on EMB agar were then picked up and considered as presumptive E. coli.
T65 8997-9129 Sentence denotes The purified cultures of E. coli were stored temporarily as nutrient broth cultures for further identification by biochemical tests.
T66 9130-9285 Sentence denotes All the isolates were stained by Gram stain to determine the cell morphology, Gram reaction and purity of the isolates under the oil immersion lens (×100).
T67 9286-9425 Sentence denotes Identification of suspected E. coli colonies was conducted following standard bacteriological procedures described in Quinn et al. (2002) .
T68 9426-9565 Sentence denotes Thus, E. coli isolates were preliminarily characterized by IMViC tests, viz., indole, methyl red, Voges-Proskauer, and citrate utilization.
T69 9566-9680 Sentence denotes The isolates which exhibited the IMViC pattern of +, +, −, and −, respectively, were presumed as E. coli isolates.
T70 9681-9921 Sentence denotes The identified isolates were then further characterized for their sugar fermentation reactions on nine sugars, viz., dulcitol, raffinose, rhamnose, salicin, sucrose, inositol, lactose, maltose, and xylose according to Aklilu et al. (2013) .
T71 9922-10007 Sentence denotes The isolates grown in phenol red broth were inoculated into 1 % of each sugar medium.
T72 10008-10098 Sentence denotes Tubes were incubated at 37°C for 7 days, and readings were then recorded after every 24 h.
T73 10099-10230 Sentence denotes Production of yellow color was considered as positive reaction and proper controls were kept for each of the sugar tests performed.
T74 10231-10400 Sentence denotes Furthermore, literature was searched for previous studies that utilized similar sugars like ours in biotyping of E. coli and conducted strain identification in parallel.
T75 10401-10635 Sentence denotes Comparison was made between our biotype data and those published works; whenever a pathotype strain fermenting similar sugars with any of our biotypes was encountered, this strain was suggested as a possible pathotype for our biotype.
T76 10636-10874 Sentence denotes Data describing the diarrhogenic conditions suggestive of E. coli infection observed on calves along with the amount of colostrum given, sex, weight, diarrhea type, and age were classified, filtered, and coded using Microsoft Excel® 2007.
T77 10875-10942 Sentence denotes The data were then exported to SPSS windows version 18.0 (SPSS INC.
T78 10943-10993 Sentence denotes Chicago, IL) for appropriate statistical analysis.
T79 10994-11113 Sentence denotes The detection rate of E. coli and the abundance of identified biotypes were determined by using descriptive statistics.
T80 11114-11244 Sentence denotes Chisquare (χ 2 ) was used to measure associations between the detection rates of E. coli and their biotypes with relevant factors.
T81 11245-11329 Sentence denotes Associations were reported as statistically significant if P value is less than 5 %.
T82 11330-11448 Sentence denotes During the present study, 74 (36.8 %) out of the 201 diarrheic calves that showed calf diarrhea were E. coli positive.
T83 11449-11706 Sentence denotes Calf diarrhea and E. coli isolation associated with host and management factors Among the 201 diarrheic fecal samples, six types of diarrhea, namely, yellowish, blood-tinged, pure bloody, greenish, watery, and mucoid, were observed at different proportions.
T84 11707-11917 Sentence denotes There was a statistically significant association between rates of E. coli isolation and color type of diarrhea (P=0.001), isolation rates being highest in blood-tinged diarrhea and lowest in greenish diarrhea.
T85 11918-12012 Sentence denotes In contrast, there was no E. coli isolation in calves with mucoid type of diarrhea (Table 1 ).
T86 12013-12164 Sentence denotes The majority of the isolates were originated from calves with yellowish diarrhea due to the large number of calves with yellowish diarrhea in the area.
T87 12165-12286 Sentence denotes The diarrheic calves examined were classified into four age groups which yield different proportions of E. coli isolates.
T88 12287-12414 Sentence denotes There is a high occurrence of diarrhea on 1 week old calves, followed by 8-15 days old group, and then by 16-30 days old group.
T89 12415-12625 Sentence denotes There was no direct association between age of calves and occurrence of diarrhea; however, the isolation rate of E. coli was highest at the earlier age groups, decreasing as the age of diarrheic calf increases.
T90 12626-12751 Sentence denotes The E. coli isolates that were recovered from the age groups of 1-7 days and 8-15 days constitute 85 % of the total isolates.
T91 12752-12849 Sentence denotes This difference in isolation rate of E. coli was statistically significant (P=0.000) ( Table 2) .
T92 12850-13005 Sentence denotes It was also shown that isolation rate of E. coli was not statistically associated with either sex (P=0.703) or body weight (P =0.45) of the calves studied.
T93 13006-13129 Sentence denotes Similarly, higher amount of colostrum feeding does not reduce significantly isolation rate of E. coli (P=0.09) ( Table 2) .
T94 13130-13272 Sentence denotes Bloody diarrhea was observed only in the youngest and oldest age groups; whereas, the other types of diarrhea were observed in all age groups.
T95 13273-13399 Sentence denotes Distribution of the diarrheal types among the different age categories of calves showed no significant association (Table 3) .
T96 13400-13458 Sentence denotes Types and relative abundance of E. coli biotypes in calves
T97 13459-13687 Sentence denotes All the 74 E. coli isolates were studied for their fermentation activities on 9 sugars; 72 (97.3 %) isolates showed the ability to utilize one or more sugars while 2 (2.7 %) isolates failed to utilize any of the 9 sugars tested.
T98 13688-13835 Sentence denotes The most abundant E. coli biotypes from calf diarrhea, namely, biotypes III, VIII, V, IV, and I, constituted the majority of the isolates (87.7 %).
T99 13836-14062 Sentence denotes Furthermore, literature search showed that Gargan et al. (1982) , Levine et al. (1983) and Johan et al. (1988) have used similar sugars like this study for biotyping; they also reported the pathotype strains of their biotypes.
T100 14063-14310 Sentence denotes Accordingly, by comparison with their data, the biotypes III, IVand VII, and VIII of the current study could possibly be entherotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), and adhesion and effacing E. coli (AEEC) strains (Table 4) .
T101 14311-14560 Sentence denotes The present study showed variation on the pattern of distribution of biotypes among calf age groups; the predominant biotypes in the age groups of 1-days, 8-15 days, 16-21 days, 22-30 days, and 31-60 days were III, IV, IV, V, and VIII, respectively.
T102 14561-14694 Sentence denotes There was a statistically significant association between the different age groups and occurrence of the different biotypes (P<0.05).
T103 14695-14749 Sentence denotes Overall, biotype III was the most predominant biotype.
T104 14750-15038 Sentence denotes It was also observed that as age increased, the diversity of biotypes observed decreased, the highest numbers of biotypes observed were in the youngest age (1-7 days); only one and two biotype variants were detected in the age groups of 61-90 days and 31-60 days, respectively (Table 5) .
T105 15039-15311 Sentence denotes Furthermore, associations on the distribution of the different biotypes among diarrhea types were assessed; the predominant biotypes in the diarrhea types of yellowish, bloodtinged, pure bloody, and greenish were III; III, IV, and V; IV, and VIII, respectively (Table 6 ).
T106 15312-15541 Sentence denotes Neonatal diarrhea is a major health problem in dairy farms, leading to high mortality and is hindering sustainable development of the dairy sector; E. coli is the most important cause of bacterial scours in calves (Charles et al.
T107 15542-15563 Sentence denotes 2003; Razzaque et al.
T108 15564-15584 Sentence denotes 2006; Kolenda et al.
T109 15585-15592 Sentence denotes 2015) .
T110 15593-15730 Sentence denotes The involvement of E. coli in calf diarrhea has not been well studied in Ethiopia, with the exception of a recent study by Dawit (2012) .
T111 15731-15937 Sentence denotes In the present study, E. coli was isolated from 36.8 % of calf diarrhea cases which is in agreement with the report by Razzaque et al. (2006) and Bekele et al. (2009) who reported 24 and 37 %, respectively.
T112 15938-16037 Sentence denotes This finding is also consistent with the work of Amoki (2001) in the central high land of Ethiopia.
T113 16038-16332 Sentence denotes The higher calf diarrhea due to E. coli in the present study might be attributed to the variations in age groups examined as well as environmental and management conditions of the farms such as insufficient and/or poor-quality colostrum intake by the calves as stated by Charles et al. (2003) .
T114 16333-16443 Sentence denotes In addition to that poor hygiene often allows buildup of pathogenic strains in the young animal's environment.
T115 16444-16533 Sentence denotes Besides, a large dose of pathogenic E. coli may overcome colostral immunity (Quinn et al.
T116 16534-16541 Sentence denotes 2005 ).
T117 16542-16630 Sentence denotes The present study shows much lower isolation rate than Achá et al. (2004) (2012) (64 %).
T118 16631-16785 Sentence denotes On the other hand, lower (13.5 %) percentages of calf diarrhea caused by E. coli were reported by Darsema (2008) , 13.5 %, and Uhde et al. (2008) , 5.5 %.
T119 16786-16929 Sentence denotes The reason why the result of the current study varies from the reports in other areas might be due to variations in farm management conditions.
T120 16930-17317 Sentence denotes As documented in Charles et al. (2003) and Radostits et al. (2007) , gaps in management specifically calf handling practices including inadequate nutrition, exposure to severe environment, insufficient attention to the newborn calf, or a combination of these, qualitative and ,133,135,137,138,139,167,168, 171,176,190,195 12 ( (100) a The sugar inositol has not been used by Johan et al.
T121 17318-17404 Sentence denotes 1988 quantitative conditions of the colostrum, are often involved in scours outbreaks.
T122 17405-17536 Sentence denotes The color and consistency of feces in E. coli scours have their own value in making a diagnosis of any type of diarrhea (Ata et al.
T123 17537-17563 Sentence denotes 2013; Cho and Yoon 2014) .
T124 17564-17683 Sentence denotes In the present study, the color of diarrhea in relation to involvement of E. coli in calf diarrhea was also considered.
T125 17684-17839 Sentence denotes Accordingly, four types of diarrheal color were identified, the most dominant being the yellowish one (62.7 %) from which 22.9 % were positive for E. coli.
T126 17840-17979 Sentence denotes In comparison, Bartels et al. (2010) reported that among the 23.8 % of the yellowish-colored calves' diarrhea, 2.6 % was caused by E. coli.
T127 17980-18145 Sentence denotes Ata et al. (2013) also reviewed that in calf scours due to E. coli, the small intestine may be filled with fluid and the large intestine may contain yellowish feces.
T128 18146-18385 Sentence denotes Factors that may contribute to these differences between studies could be related to presence or absence of mixed infections, variations on management conditions of the farms, and the age of the calf as also supported by the present study.
T129 18386-18594 Sentence denotes In support of this, Charles et al. (2003) stated that onset of E. coli diarrhea varies in color and consistency that could be consistent with intestinal overload possibly due to high-volume colostrum feeding.
T130 18595-18758 Sentence denotes There were agreements and contradictions on isolation rates of E. coli from the other diarrhea types in the present study and previous studies conducted elsewhere.
T131 18759-18966 Sentence denotes Thus, the isolation rate of E. coli from blood-tinged diarrhea in the present study (9.0 %) was inconsistent with that of James and James (2003) , who isolated E. coli from 22 % of bloodtinged calf diarrhea.
T132 18967-19161 Sentence denotes In support of this, Naylor and Smith (2002) reported that diarrhea due to E. coli is characterized by profuse, pasty to watery, foul smelling, and occasionally flecked with blood (blood-tinged).
T133 19162-19311 Sentence denotes The isolation rate of E. coli from pure bloody diarrhea in the present study (4.5 %) was consistent with the 7 % reported by James and James (2003) .
T134 19312-19453 Sentence denotes The overall variations in color of feces may be as a result of differences on the basis of pathogenic features and mechanisms of the disease.
T135 19454-19611 Sentence denotes Exudative diarrhea is observed in inflammatory diseases when mucosal inflammation and ulceration cause outpouring of plasma, mucus, and blood into the stool.
T136 19612-19767 Sentence denotes Diarrhea of the large intestine is associated with frequent small-volume stools with the presence of blood (Naylor and Smith 2002; Foster and Smith 2009) .
T137 19768-19857 Sentence denotes Involvement of mixed infections could also complicate the appearance of feces (Ata et al.
T138 19858-19884 Sentence denotes 2013; Cho and Yoon 2014) .
T139 19885-20009 Sentence denotes When we look at sex variation, female calves (33.3 %) yielded higher E. coli isolation rate compared to male calves (3.5 %).
T140 20010-20176 Sentence denotes In contrary, male animals do generally get less attention and management care as their role in the farms is considered irrelevant especially as the replacement stock.
T141 20177-20298 Sentence denotes Furthermore, the association between the different age groups with the occurrence of diarrhea due to E. coli was studied.
T142 20299-20499 Sentence denotes The highest percentage (22.9 %) of E. coli-positive (23) samples were identified in those calves found in the 1-7 days age group; this result is inconsistent with reports of Achá et al. (2004) (76 %).
T143 20500-20614 Sentence denotes The causes of variation might be as a result of variations in management of the farms and immunity of the animals.
T144 20615-20736 Sentence denotes Most newborn calves are exposed to E. coli from the environment, particularly when sanitation is marginal (Charles et al.
T145 20737-20744 Sentence denotes 2003) .
T146 20745-20899 Sentence denotes The author stated that young neonates under 1 week of age are particularly susceptible because the normal flora of the intestine is not fully established.
T147 20900-21072 Sentence denotes In addition to that, they have a naive immune system and also receptors for the adhesions of E. coli are present on the first week of life of the calves (Villarroel 2009 ).
T148 21073-21134 Sentence denotes The result of this study is in agreement with the above idea.
T149 21135-21253 Sentence denotes In addition, other authors reported that this is the age group most commonly affected clinically (Maddox-Hyttel et al.
T150 21254-21273 Sentence denotes 2006; Santin et al.
T151 21274-21281 Sentence denotes 2004) .
T152 21282-21485 Sentence denotes The isolation rate of E. coli from the age group of 8-15 days (8.5 %) was consistent with the literature (Villarroel 2009) where it is said that E. coli affects calves within the first 10-14 days of age.
T153 21486-21624 Sentence denotes The isolation rates of the bacteria in the subsequent age groups were shown to decrease as supported by the reports of Villarroel (2009) .
T154 21625-21716 Sentence denotes In support of this, calf diarrhea was noted to decrease as the age of the calves increased.
T155 21717-21894 Sentence denotes This could be due to the poorly developed immune system of the days old calves as compared to older ones to fight against the disease-causing agents (Darsema 2008; Bekele et al.
T156 21895-21902 Sentence denotes 2009 ).
T157 21903-22111 Sentence denotes Scott et al. (2011) and Radostits et al. (2007) also documented that neonatal infection is higher during their early stage of life because of the stress and infection pressure encountered shortly after birth.
T158 22112-22223 Sentence denotes The cause of high isolation rate in the calves receiving less amount of colostrum could be for various reasons.
T159 22224-22406 Sentence denotes An inadequate, in quality and quantity, supply of colostrum and delay in first colostrum feeding, which leads to failure of transfer of passive immunity (FPT) is an important reason.
T160 22407-22547 Sentence denotes Calves with inadequate colostral immunoglobulin concentration within 24 h of birth were at greater risk of neonatal morbidity and mortality.
T161 22548-22639 Sentence denotes In addition, FPT could be due to bacterial contamination of the fed colostrum (Keith et al.
T162 22640-22647 Sentence denotes 2010) .
T163 22648-22819 Sentence denotes Colostrum feeding practices also have effect in that allowing calves to nurse their dam may predispose them to FPT since they consume late and small amount (Meganck et al.
T164 22820-22827 Sentence denotes 2014) .
T165 22828-22933 Sentence denotes The present study also investigated the identity of different types of E. coli biotypes in calf diarrhea.
T166 22934-23064 Sentence denotes Biotyping based on sugar fermentation tests has been utilized by various workers for identifying diversity within a bacterial spp.
T167 23065-23165 Sentence denotes The most dominant biotype was biotype III (25.7 %) which fermented dulcitol, rhamnose, and inositol.
T168 23166-23294 Sentence denotes This result was consistent with a report by Gargan et al. (1982) who determined E. coli biotyping using the same type of sugars.
T169 23295-23542 Sentence denotes They assigned biotype I as an isolate fermenting the above three sugars, which accounted 66.6 % of the isolates, and based on the API 20E system, they concluded that the identified biotype I confirmed with serotyping was ETEC containing O-antigen.
T170 23543-23645 Sentence denotes So according to their data, biotype III of the present study could be ETEC (entherotoxigenic E. coli).
T171 23646-23894 Sentence denotes Chattopadhyay et al. (2003) classified six different biotypes verotoxin-positive E. coli on the basis of sugar fermentation reactions in three sugars, viz., sorbitol, raffinose, dulcitol, and decarboxylase test with lysine, arginine, and ornithine.
T172 23895-24083 Sentence denotes In addition, Murinda et al. (2004) reported diagnostic significance of rhamnose fermentation test; they recorded rhamnose non-fermenters belonging to E. coli O26 were 100 % STEC producers.
T173 24084-24135 Sentence denotes The current study identified 12 different biotypes.
T174 24136-24282 Sentence denotes Dawit (2012) reported 15 biotypes based on 6 sugars (dulcitol, raffinose, rhamnose, salicin, starch, and sucrose) in the central part of Ethiopia.
T175 24283-24457 Sentence denotes Their data showed that the biotype that fermented dulcitol was the most dominant one (20 %), followed by the biotypes that ferment dulcitol, raffinose, and rhamnose (13.3 %).
T176 24458-24591 Sentence denotes One of the limitations of this study was the lack of pathotype strain identification of the E. coli isolates due to lack of resource.
T177 24592-24741 Sentence denotes Literature was searched for similarity in sugars used and relation of biotypes and strains; then comparison was made with the biotypes of this study.
T178 24742-25054 Sentence denotes Johan et al. (1988) also reported 11 different biotypes, using four carbohydrates, from healthy and diarrheic rabbits; biotype 3 (35.5 %) (dulcitol, rhamnose, and sucrose fermenters) and biotype 8 (7.1 %) (dulcitol and rhamnose fermenters) induced lesions characteristic of attaching and effacing E. coli (AEEC).
T179 25055-25144 Sentence denotes Serotyping showed a close relationship between biotype and serotype of the AEEC examined.
T180 25145-25393 Sentence denotes Even though the proportions of biotype 3 of the above result was dissimilar to the present study of biotype IV (16.2 %) (fermented dulcitol, inositol (not used by the above author), rhamnose, and sucrose), their fermentation activity was identical.
T181 25394-25581 Sentence denotes But the result and fermentation activity of the present study of biotype VII (1.4 %) (dulcitol and rhamnose fermenter) was consistent with the result of biotype 8 of Johan et al. (1988) .
T182 25582-25665 Sentence denotes In reference to their work, biotypes IV and VII of the present study could be AEEC.
T183 25666-25836 Sentence denotes Variation in results of biotype IV of the present study and biotype 3 of Johan et al. (1988) might be the result of differences in sample size and animal species studied.
T184 25837-26140 Sentence denotes These results were also in agreement with Levine et al. (1983) who stated that a given strain from diarrheic rabbit (that fermented dulcitol, rhamnose and xylose and assigned as biotype 6) isolated at the rate of 17.6 % was able to induce watery diarrhea and high mortality after experimental infection.
T185 26141-26212 Sentence denotes This was in consistent with biotype VIII (20.3 %) of the present study.
T186 26213-26347 Sentence denotes Similar observations have been made with other strains in England (Varga and Pesti 1982) , Belgium and the Netherlands (Peeters et al.
T187 26348-26385 Sentence denotes 1984) , and France (Camguilhem et al.
T188 26386-26393 Sentence denotes 1986 ).
T189 26394-26494 Sentence denotes None of these strains produced heat-labile or heatstable enterotoxins, nor were they enteroinvasive.
T190 26495-26618 Sentence denotes Histology and electron microscopy has also showed their tight adherence to the brush border of intestinal epithelial cells.
T191 26619-26680 Sentence denotes So they are considered to be enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC).
T192 26681-26749 Sentence denotes So, biotype VIII of the present study could be suggested to be EPEC.
T193 26750-26850 Sentence denotes In the present study, associations between age groups and the different biotypes were also assessed.
T194 26851-27020 Sentence denotes Hence, young calves in the first age group (1-7 days) and in the second age group (8-16 days) were at a significantly high risk of being affected with diarrhea (P<0.05).
T195 27021-27267 Sentence denotes This finding is also comparable with the result obtained from the biochemical test results which indicated these groups of calves were at a significantly high risk of being affected with E. coli-caused diarrhea than the older age groups (P<0.05).
T196 27268-27492 Sentence denotes In conclusion, during the present study, calf diarrhea was investigated at Kombolcha town in order to isolate E. coli and determine the biotypes of the isolates as well as identify risk factors associated with calf diarrhea.
T197 27493-27631 Sentence denotes Using 9 sugars, 12 biotypes were identified, among which, biotype III was the most dominant one affecting calves in the first week of age.
T198 27632-27809 Sentence denotes Finally, by comparing with studies elsewhere, from the 12 isolated biotypes, 3 of them were enteropathogenic E. coli, enterotoxigenic E. coli, and adhesion and effacing E. coli.
T199 27810-27893 Sentence denotes Biotyping is relatively cheaper and can be conducted by less-experienced personnel.
T200 27894-28003 Sentence denotes Compared to molecular and serotyping techniques, the technique would be valuable for resource poor countries.
T201 28004-28216 Sentence denotes However, further studies involving comparison of biotyping with PCR and serotyping should be conducted in order to study the applicability of the method for strain identification among pathogenic E. coli strains.