CORD-19-Sentences  

CORD-19:9c930b820306b68f83b4706c10aae46bf2ed70b7 JSONTXT 8 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
TextSentencer_T1 0-98 Sentence denotes Evaluation of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus transmission and the immune response in growing pigs
TextSentencer_T1 0-98 Sentence denotes Evaluation of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus transmission and the immune response in growing pigs
TextSentencer_T2 100-108 Sentence denotes Abstract
TextSentencer_T2 100-108 Sentence denotes Abstract
TextSentencer_T3 109-283 Sentence denotes Clinical disease associated with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection in naïve pigs is well chronicled; however, information on endemic PEDV infection is limited.
TextSentencer_T3 109-283 Sentence denotes Clinical disease associated with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection in naïve pigs is well chronicled; however, information on endemic PEDV infection is limited.
TextSentencer_T4 284-420 Sentence denotes To characterize chronic PEDV infection, the duration of infectious virus shedding and development of protective immunity was determined.
TextSentencer_T4 284-420 Sentence denotes To characterize chronic PEDV infection, the duration of infectious virus shedding and development of protective immunity was determined.
TextSentencer_T5 421-507 Sentence denotes On Day 0 (D0), a growing pig was challenged with PEDV and 13 contacts were commingled.
TextSentencer_T5 421-507 Sentence denotes On Day 0 (D0), a growing pig was challenged with PEDV and 13 contacts were commingled.
TextSentencer_T6 508-642 Sentence denotes On D7, 9 contact pigs (principal virus group (PG)), were selected, moved to a separate room and commingled with one sentinel pig (S1).
TextSentencer_T6 508-642 Sentence denotes On D7, 9 contact pigs (principal virus group (PG)), were selected, moved to a separate room and commingled with one sentinel pig (S1).
TextSentencer_T7 643-695 Sentence denotes This process was repeated weekly with S2, S3 and S4.
TextSentencer_T7 643-695 Sentence denotes This process was repeated weekly with S2, S3 and S4.
TextSentencer_T8 696-786 Sentence denotes The PG was PEDV-positive by PCR from D3-11, with some pigs intermittently positive to D42.
TextSentencer_T8 696-786 Sentence denotes The PG was PEDV-positive by PCR from D3-11, with some pigs intermittently positive to D42.
TextSentencer_T9 787-852 Sentence denotes Pigs S1 and S2 were PEDV-positive within 24 hours of commingling.
TextSentencer_T9 787-852 Sentence denotes Pigs S1 and S2 were PEDV-positive within 24 hours of commingling.
TextSentencer_T10 853-935 Sentence denotes Antibodies were detected in all PG by D21 and by 7 days post-contact in S1 and S2.
TextSentencer_T10 853-935 Sentence denotes Antibodies were detected in all PG by D21 and by 7 days post-contact in S1 and S2.
TextSentencer_T11 936-1004 Sentence denotes Pigs S3 and S4 were PCR and antibody negative following commingling.
TextSentencer_T11 936-1004 Sentence denotes Pigs S3 and S4 were PCR and antibody negative following commingling.
TextSentencer_T12 1005-1123 Sentence denotes To evaluate protective immunity, 5 naïve pigs (N) and the PG were challenged (N/C, PG/C) with homologous virus on D49.
TextSentencer_T12 1005-1123 Sentence denotes To evaluate protective immunity, 5 naïve pigs (N) and the PG were challenged (N/C, PG/C) with homologous virus on D49.
TextSentencer_T13 1125-1291 Sentence denotes Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) was discovered in 1976 in the feces of young pigs with diarrhea, and subsequently demonstrated to induce diarrhea in pigs [1] .
TextSentencer_T13 1125-1291 Sentence denotes Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) was discovered in 1976 in the feces of young pigs with diarrhea, and subsequently demonstrated to induce diarrhea in pigs [1] .
TextSentencer_T14 1292-1511 Sentence denotes Retrospectively, this virus was determined to be the cause of an enteric disease in feeder/fattening pigs that was first described in England in 1971, and characterized by severe watery diarrhea with low mortality [2] .
TextSentencer_T14 1292-1511 Sentence denotes Retrospectively, this virus was determined to be the cause of an enteric disease in feeder/fattening pigs that was first described in England in 1971, and characterized by severe watery diarrhea with low mortality [2] .
TextSentencer_T15 1512-1653 Sentence denotes Although endemic PEDV infections have persisted in Europe until the present, the economic impact of the virus is considered to be minor [3] .
TextSentencer_T15 1512-1653 Sentence denotes Although endemic PEDV infections have persisted in Europe until the present, the economic impact of the virus is considered to be minor [3] .
TextSentencer_T16 1654-1736 Sentence denotes PEDV was first detected in Asia in 1982 when the virus was isolated in Japan [4] .
TextSentencer_T16 1654-1736 Sentence denotes PEDV was first detected in Asia in 1982 when the virus was isolated in Japan [4] .
TextSentencer_T17 1737-1809 Sentence denotes Within a few years it was recognized in other Southeast Asian countries.
TextSentencer_T17 1737-1809 Sentence denotes Within a few years it was recognized in other Southeast Asian countries.
TextSentencer_T18 1810-1980 Sentence denotes In contrast to Europe, the clinical impact of PEDV in Asia was much higher leading to the commercialization of both killed and attenuated vaccines in the late 1990s [5] .
TextSentencer_T18 1810-1980 Sentence denotes In contrast to Europe, the clinical impact of PEDV in Asia was much higher leading to the commercialization of both killed and attenuated vaccines in the late 1990s [5] .
TextSentencer_T19 1981-2263 Sentence denotes Vaccine use may have led to a reduction in prevalence of the disease; however, in 2010 severe PEDV outbreaks with high morbidity and mortality in suckling piglets were reported in China and were subsequently attributed to vaccine failure against new viral PEDV strains [5] [6] [7] .
TextSentencer_T19 1981-2263 Sentence denotes Vaccine use may have led to a reduction in prevalence of the disease; however, in 2010 severe PEDV outbreaks with high morbidity and mortality in suckling piglets were reported in China and were subsequently attributed to vaccine failure against new viral PEDV strains [5] [6] [7] .
TextSentencer_T20 2264-2528 Sentence denotes PEDV is a member of the Coronaviridae family and is an enveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus with a 28 kb genome encoding non-structural proteins and four major structural proteins including spike, envelope, membrane, and nucleocapsid proteins [8] .
TextSentencer_T20 2264-2528 Sentence denotes PEDV is a member of the Coronaviridae family and is an enveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus with a 28 kb genome encoding non-structural proteins and four major structural proteins including spike, envelope, membrane, and nucleocapsid proteins [8] .
TextSentencer_T21 2529-2755 Sentence denotes The main method of PEDV transmission is fecal-oral; however the ability of the virus to aerosolize and be transported over large distances by air is being considered as an additional important route of virus transmission [9] .
TextSentencer_T21 2529-2755 Sentence denotes The main method of PEDV transmission is fecal-oral; however the ability of the virus to aerosolize and be transported over large distances by air is being considered as an additional important route of virus transmission [9] .
TextSentencer_T22 2756-2901 Sentence denotes PEDV was first identified in the United States in April 2013 in sporadic outbreaks of severe diarrhea in young piglets with high mortality [10] .
TextSentencer_T22 2756-2901 Sentence denotes PEDV was first identified in the United States in April 2013 in sporadic outbreaks of severe diarrhea in young piglets with high mortality [10] .
TextSentencer_T23 2902-3017 Sentence denotes Within one year the disease spread to 31 states and associated with a 5-7% loss in pig production nationwide [11] .
TextSentencer_T23 2902-3017 Sentence denotes Within one year the disease spread to 31 states and associated with a 5-7% loss in pig production nationwide [11] .
TextSentencer_T24 3018-3281 Sentence denotes The first isolates identified in the United States had over 99% nucleotide identity to a Chinese isolate from the Anhui province suggesting a Chinese origin of infection, but the primary mode of entry into the United States is still under investigation [12, 13] .
TextSentencer_T24 3018-3281 Sentence denotes The first isolates identified in the United States had over 99% nucleotide identity to a Chinese isolate from the Anhui province suggesting a Chinese origin of infection, but the primary mode of entry into the United States is still under investigation [12, 13] .
TextSentencer_T25 3282-3398 Sentence denotes In January 2014, a variant strain of PEDV with genetic evidence of a Chinese origin was identified in the U.S [14] .
TextSentencer_T25 3282-3398 Sentence denotes In January 2014, a variant strain of PEDV with genetic evidence of a Chinese origin was identified in the U.S [14] .
TextSentencer_T26 3399-3608 Sentence denotes Although there is physical evidence for contaminated feed as a mode of transmission in a series of Canadian PEDV cases, such evidence does not exist for the initial introduction of PEDV in North America [15] .
TextSentencer_T26 3399-3608 Sentence denotes Although there is physical evidence for contaminated feed as a mode of transmission in a series of Canadian PEDV cases, such evidence does not exist for the initial introduction of PEDV in North America [15] .
TextSentencer_T27 3609-3809 Sentence denotes Swine are susceptible to PEDV infection at all stages of production with mild diarrhea and vomiting in adults, and severe diarrhea in neonatal pigs causing up to 100% mortality in this age group [3] .
TextSentencer_T27 3609-3809 Sentence denotes Swine are susceptible to PEDV infection at all stages of production with mild diarrhea and vomiting in adults, and severe diarrhea in neonatal pigs causing up to 100% mortality in this age group [3] .
TextSentencer_T28 3810-3962 Sentence denotes Although the clinical disease during an acute outbreak in a breeding herd is well chronicled, little information is available on endemic PEDV infection.
TextSentencer_T28 3810-3962 Sentence denotes Although the clinical disease during an acute outbreak in a breeding herd is well chronicled, little information is available on endemic PEDV infection.
TextSentencer_T29 3963-4144 Sentence denotes The goals of this study were to assess PEDV transmission among pigs, evaluate the duration of shedding of infectious virus, and demonstrate protective immunity of nursery-aged pigs.
TextSentencer_T29 3963-4144 Sentence denotes The goals of this study were to assess PEDV transmission among pigs, evaluate the duration of shedding of infectious virus, and demonstrate protective immunity of nursery-aged pigs.
TextSentencer_T30 4145-4349 Sentence denotes Twenty-three, 4-week-old barrows from a PEDV-negative commercial source in Iowa, USA, were randomly assigned a livestock ear tag with a unique number placed in the left ear (Allflex USA, Dallas, TX, USA).
TextSentencer_T30 4145-4349 Sentence denotes Twenty-three, 4-week-old barrows from a PEDV-negative commercial source in Iowa, USA, were randomly assigned a livestock ear tag with a unique number placed in the left ear (Allflex USA, Dallas, TX, USA).
TextSentencer_T31 4350-4437 Sentence denotes A summary of the experimental design and the animal movement can be found in Figure 1 .
TextSentencer_T31 4350-4437 Sentence denotes A summary of the experimental design and the animal movement can be found in Figure 1 .
TextSentencer_T32 4438-4703 Sentence denotes All animals were housed at the National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS campus in accordance with Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee protocols (protocol ACUP 2707) following the "Guide for the Care and Use of Agricultural Animals in Research and Teaching".
TextSentencer_T32 4438-4703 Sentence denotes All animals were housed at the National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS campus in accordance with Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee protocols (protocol ACUP 2707) following the "Guide for the Care and Use of Agricultural Animals in Research and Teaching".
TextSentencer_T33 4704-4833 Sentence denotes One ABSL2 isolation barn was dedicated to housing non-exposed animals (Barn 1) until moved to isolation Barn 2 for PEDV exposure.
TextSentencer_T33 4704-4833 Sentence denotes One ABSL2 isolation barn was dedicated to housing non-exposed animals (Barn 1) until moved to isolation Barn 2 for PEDV exposure.
TextSentencer_T34 4834-5000 Sentence denotes On Day (D) 0, a pig was selected from Barn 1 and placed into a room in Barn 2 at which time it was inoculated orally with PEDV and was designated as the "seeder" pig.
TextSentencer_T34 4834-5000 Sentence denotes On Day (D) 0, a pig was selected from Barn 1 and placed into a room in Barn 2 at which time it was inoculated orally with PEDV and was designated as the "seeder" pig.
TextSentencer_T35 5001-5089 Sentence denotes On D1 and 2, 1 and 12 naïve contacts, respectively, were commingled with the seeder pig.
TextSentencer_T35 5001-5089 Sentence denotes On D1 and 2, 1 and 12 naïve contacts, respectively, were commingled with the seeder pig.
TextSentencer_T36 5090-5241 Sentence denotes On D7, 9 pigs were randomly selected from the 13 contact pigs and moved into a new isolation room to serve as the principal virus reservoir group (PG).
TextSentencer_T36 5090-5241 Sentence denotes On D7, 9 pigs were randomly selected from the 13 contact pigs and moved into a new isolation room to serve as the principal virus reservoir group (PG).
TextSentencer_T37 5242-5414 Sentence denotes The seeder pig and 4 remaining contact pigs were designated as the Stationary Virus group (SG) and remained in the same room in Barn 2 throughout the duration of the study.
TextSentencer_T37 5242-5414 Sentence denotes The seeder pig and 4 remaining contact pigs were designated as the Stationary Virus group (SG) and remained in the same room in Barn 2 throughout the duration of the study.
TextSentencer_T38 5415-5488 Sentence denotes On D7, one naïve sentinel agematched pig (S1) was commingled with the PG.
TextSentencer_T38 5415-5488 Sentence denotes On D7, one naïve sentinel agematched pig (S1) was commingled with the PG.
TextSentencer_T39 5489-5583 Sentence denotes Seventytwo hours post-contact (D10), S1 was moved to a separate isolation room until necropsy.
TextSentencer_T39 5489-5583 Sentence denotes Seventytwo hours post-contact (D10), S1 was moved to a separate isolation room until necropsy.
TextSentencer_T40 5584-5748 Sentence denotes On D14 the PG pigs were moved into a clean isolation room and pig S2 was commingled until D17 at which time S2 was moved into a clean isolation room until necropsy.
TextSentencer_T40 5584-5748 Sentence denotes On D14 the PG pigs were moved into a clean isolation room and pig S2 was commingled until D17 at which time S2 was moved into a clean isolation room until necropsy.
TextSentencer_T41 5749-5809 Sentence denotes This process was repeated on D21 and 28 with pigs S3 and S4.
TextSentencer_T41 5749-5809 Sentence denotes This process was repeated on D21 and 28 with pigs S3 and S4.
TextSentencer_T42 5810-5916 Sentence denotes On D49, the five remaining naïve age-matched sentinels (N) in Barn 1 were moved to a clean room in Barn 2.
TextSentencer_T42 5810-5916 Sentence denotes On D49, the five remaining naïve age-matched sentinels (N) in Barn 1 were moved to a clean room in Barn 2.
TextSentencer_T43 5917-6011 Sentence denotes The N and PG were all challenged with PEDV virus and designated as N/C and PG/C, respectively.
TextSentencer_T43 5917-6011 Sentence denotes The N and PG were all challenged with PEDV virus and designated as N/C and PG/C, respectively.
TextSentencer_T44 6012-6093 Sentence denotes On D30 (21-days-post contact with PG), S1 was humanely euthanized and necropsied.
TextSentencer_T44 6012-6093 Sentence denotes On D30 (21-days-post contact with PG), S1 was humanely euthanized and necropsied.
TextSentencer_T45 6094-6169 Sentence denotes All other pigs (SG, PG/C, N/C, and S2, S3, S4 pigs) were euthanized on D78.
TextSentencer_T45 6094-6169 Sentence denotes All other pigs (SG, PG/C, N/C, and S2, S3, S4 pigs) were euthanized on D78.
TextSentencer_T46 6170-6257 Sentence denotes Gross examination was performed on all organ systems and blood was collected for serum.
TextSentencer_T46 6170-6257 Sentence denotes Gross examination was performed on all organ systems and blood was collected for serum.
TextSentencer_T47 6258-6352 Sentence denotes Rooms were cleaned daily by removing organic matter with tap water using a high-pressure hose.
TextSentencer_T47 6258-6352 Sentence denotes Rooms were cleaned daily by removing organic matter with tap water using a high-pressure hose.
TextSentencer_T48 6353-6477 Sentence denotes To prevent cross contamination between groups, room-specific boots, coveralls, and latex gloves were required for each room.
TextSentencer_T48 6353-6477 Sentence denotes To prevent cross contamination between groups, room-specific boots, coveralls, and latex gloves were required for each room.
TextSentencer_T49 6478-6519 Sentence denotes Figure 1 Experimental timeline of events.
TextSentencer_T49 6478-6519 Sentence denotes Figure 1 Experimental timeline of events.
TextSentencer_T50 6520-6594 Sentence denotes Experiment timeline from study initiation (Day 0) to termination (Day 78).
TextSentencer_T50 6520-6594 Sentence denotes Experiment timeline from study initiation (Day 0) to termination (Day 78).
TextSentencer_T51 6595-6652 Sentence denotes On Day 0, the seeder pig was orally challenged with PEDV.
TextSentencer_T51 6595-6652 Sentence denotes On Day 0, the seeder pig was orally challenged with PEDV.
TextSentencer_T52 6653-6738 Sentence denotes On Days 1 and 2, 1 and 12 contact pigs, respectively were placed with the seeder pig.
TextSentencer_T52 6653-6738 Sentence denotes On Days 1 and 2, 1 and 12 contact pigs, respectively were placed with the seeder pig.
TextSentencer_T53 6739-6896 Sentence denotes On Day 7, the Principle Group (PG) consisting of 9 contact pigs, and the Stationary Group (SG) consisting of 4 contact pigs and the seeder pig were selected.
TextSentencer_T53 6739-6896 Sentence denotes On Day 7, the Principle Group (PG) consisting of 9 contact pigs, and the Stationary Group (SG) consisting of 4 contact pigs and the seeder pig were selected.
TextSentencer_T54 6897-6991 Sentence denotes On Days 7, 14, 21, and 28, pigs S1, S2, S3, and S4, were commingled with the PG, respectively.
TextSentencer_T54 6897-6991 Sentence denotes On Days 7, 14, 21, and 28, pigs S1, S2, S3, and S4, were commingled with the PG, respectively.
TextSentencer_T55 6992-7090 Sentence denotes On Days 10, 17, 24, and 31, the respective sentinel pig was removed and placed in a separate room.
TextSentencer_T55 6992-7090 Sentence denotes On Days 10, 17, 24, and 31, the respective sentinel pig was removed and placed in a separate room.
TextSentencer_T56 7091-7134 Sentence denotes S1 was euthanized and necropsied on Day 30.
TextSentencer_T56 7091-7134 Sentence denotes S1 was euthanized and necropsied on Day 30.
TextSentencer_T57 7135-7200 Sentence denotes All other study animals were euthanized and necropsied on Day 78.
TextSentencer_T57 7135-7200 Sentence denotes All other study animals were euthanized and necropsied on Day 78.
TextSentencer_T58 7201-7311 Sentence denotes At Day 49 naïve pigs (N) and PG received PEDV challenge (PG/C: principal virus reservoir group post-challenge.
TextSentencer_T58 7201-7311 Sentence denotes At Day 49 naïve pigs (N) and PG received PEDV challenge (PG/C: principal virus reservoir group post-challenge.
TextSentencer_T59 7312-7344 Sentence denotes N/C: naïve pigs post-challenge).
TextSentencer_T59 7312-7344 Sentence denotes N/C: naïve pigs post-challenge).
TextSentencer_T60 7345-7644 Sentence denotes Due to animal movement requirements, several rooms in Barn 2 were used multiple times throughout the study; after each group or pig relocation, each room was cleaned and disinfected with a commercial multi-purpose disinfectant (Virkon® S, DuPont, Neogen, Lexington, KY, USA) following this protocol.
TextSentencer_T60 7345-7644 Sentence denotes Due to animal movement requirements, several rooms in Barn 2 were used multiple times throughout the study; after each group or pig relocation, each room was cleaned and disinfected with a commercial multi-purpose disinfectant (Virkon® S, DuPont, Neogen, Lexington, KY, USA) following this protocol.
TextSentencer_T61 7645-7790 Sentence denotes Pigs and all disposable items were removed from the isolation room leaving an essentially bare concrete room with minimal corners, crevices, etc.
TextSentencer_T61 7645-7790 Sentence denotes Pigs and all disposable items were removed from the isolation room leaving an essentially bare concrete room with minimal corners, crevices, etc.
TextSentencer_T62 7791-7918 Sentence denotes If decking or penning was in the room, these items were disassembled as much as possible to allow powerwashing of all surfaces.
TextSentencer_T62 7791-7918 Sentence denotes If decking or penning was in the room, these items were disassembled as much as possible to allow powerwashing of all surfaces.
TextSentencer_T63 7919-8020 Sentence denotes The room was cleaned with low and high pressure water followed by a soaking with a disinfectant foam.
TextSentencer_T63 7919-8020 Sentence denotes The room was cleaned with low and high pressure water followed by a soaking with a disinfectant foam.
TextSentencer_T64 8021-8059 Sentence denotes The room was allowed to dry overnight.
TextSentencer_T64 8021-8059 Sentence denotes The room was allowed to dry overnight.
TextSentencer_T65 8060-8197 Sentence denotes The second day the air filters were changed and the room was washed and soaked again with disinfectant foam followed by drying overnight.
TextSentencer_T65 8060-8197 Sentence denotes The second day the air filters were changed and the room was washed and soaked again with disinfectant foam followed by drying overnight.
TextSentencer_T66 8198-8265 Sentence denotes On the following day the room is considered acceptable for pig use.
TextSentencer_T66 8198-8265 Sentence denotes On the following day the room is considered acceptable for pig use.
TextSentencer_T67 8266-8391 Sentence denotes Movement between rooms was in the following order, SG, PG, S1, S2, S3, S4, and after challenge, SG, S2, S3, S4, PG/C and N/C.
TextSentencer_T67 8266-8391 Sentence denotes Movement between rooms was in the following order, SG, PG, S1, S2, S3, S4, and after challenge, SG, S2, S3, S4, PG/C and N/C.
TextSentencer_T68 8392-8493 Sentence denotes After moving through each room in sequence, a complete body shower was taken before exiting the barn.
TextSentencer_T68 8392-8493 Sentence denotes After moving through each room in sequence, a complete body shower was taken before exiting the barn.
TextSentencer_T69 8494-8539 Sentence denotes No respiratory masks were worn between rooms.
TextSentencer_T69 8494-8539 Sentence denotes No respiratory masks were worn between rooms.
TextSentencer_T70 8540-8662 Sentence denotes All pigs were observed daily for general changes in health including diarrhea, rough hair coat, inappetence, and lethargy.
TextSentencer_T70 8540-8662 Sentence denotes All pigs were observed daily for general changes in health including diarrhea, rough hair coat, inappetence, and lethargy.
TextSentencer_T71 8663-8942 Sentence denotes Rectal swabs were collected daily from all pigs in Barn 2 using a sterile polyester-tipped applicator (Puritan Medical Products, Guilford, ME) immersed in a 5 mL polystyrene round-bottom tube (BD Falcon, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) filled with 2 mL of minimal essential media (MEM).
TextSentencer_T71 8663-8942 Sentence denotes Rectal swabs were collected daily from all pigs in Barn 2 using a sterile polyester-tipped applicator (Puritan Medical Products, Guilford, ME) immersed in a 5 mL polystyrene round-bottom tube (BD Falcon, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) filled with 2 mL of minimal essential media (MEM).
TextSentencer_T72 8943-9027 Sentence denotes A summary of daily rectal swab collections by group can be found in Tables 1 and 2 .
TextSentencer_T72 8943-9027 Sentence denotes A summary of daily rectal swab collections by group can be found in Tables 1 and 2 .
TextSentencer_T73 9028-9082 Sentence denotes The fecal swab samples were frozen at −80°C until use.
TextSentencer_T73 9028-9082 Sentence denotes The fecal swab samples were frozen at −80°C until use.
TextSentencer_T74 9083-9432 Sentence denotes Blood was collected from all pigs in Barn 2 on D5, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56, 63, 70, and 77 via jugular venipuncture using a 10 mL syringe with an 18 g X 1 ½" needle (BD Falcon, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) then transferred into an 8.5 mL plastic serum separator tube (BD Vacutainer®, 8.5 mL draw; Becton and Dickinson Company, Franklin Lakes, NJ).
TextSentencer_T74 9083-9432 Sentence denotes Blood was collected from all pigs in Barn 2 on D5, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56, 63, 70, and 77 via jugular venipuncture using a 10 mL syringe with an 18 g X 1 ½" needle (BD Falcon, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) then transferred into an 8.5 mL plastic serum separator tube (BD Vacutainer®, 8.5 mL draw; Becton and Dickinson Company, Franklin Lakes, NJ).
TextSentencer_T75 9433-9478 Sentence denotes Blood was centrifuged at 1000 × g for 10 min.
TextSentencer_T75 9433-9478 Sentence denotes Blood was centrifuged at 1000 × g for 10 min.
TextSentencer_T76 9479-9637 Sentence denotes Following centrifugation, the serum portion of the blood was poured off into 2 mL cryogenic vials (Corning, Corning, NY) and stored at −80°C until future use.
TextSentencer_T76 9479-9637 Sentence denotes Following centrifugation, the serum portion of the blood was poured off into 2 mL cryogenic vials (Corning, Corning, NY) and stored at −80°C until future use.
TextSentencer_T77 9638-9789 Sentence denotes The PEDV isolate, US/Colorado/2013 (CO-13 PEDV) was supplied by the National Veterinary Services Laboratory, USDA-APHIS, Ames, Iowa (Lot 025 PDV 1303).
TextSentencer_T77 9638-9789 Sentence denotes The PEDV isolate, US/Colorado/2013 (CO-13 PEDV) was supplied by the National Veterinary Services Laboratory, USDA-APHIS, Ames, Iowa (Lot 025 PDV 1303).
TextSentencer_T78 9790-9885 Sentence denotes The virus was propagated on African green monkey kidney (Vero) cells (ATCC, CCL-81) as follows.
TextSentencer_T78 9790-9885 Sentence denotes The virus was propagated on African green monkey kidney (Vero) cells (ATCC, CCL-81) as follows.
TextSentencer_T79 9886-9991 Sentence denotes Vero cells were maintained in MEM supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum as previously described [16] .
TextSentencer_T79 9886-9991 Sentence denotes Vero cells were maintained in MEM supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum as previously described [16] .
TextSentencer_T80 9992-10244 Sentence denotes Confluent monolayers were infected by decanting the MEM/serum media from a 25 cm 2 cell culture flask (BD Falcon, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA), and washing three times with serum-free MEM and 2.5 μg/mL tosyl phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone (TPCK) trypsin.
TextSentencer_T80 9992-10244 Sentence denotes Confluent monolayers were infected by decanting the MEM/serum media from a 25 cm 2 cell culture flask (BD Falcon, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA), and washing three times with serum-free MEM and 2.5 μg/mL tosyl phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone (TPCK) trypsin.
TextSentencer_T81 10245-10331 Sentence denotes Cells were inoculated with virus at an MOI of 0.1 in MEM-TPCK and incubated at 38.7°C.
TextSentencer_T81 10245-10331 Sentence denotes Cells were inoculated with virus at an MOI of 0.1 in MEM-TPCK and incubated at 38.7°C.
TextSentencer_T82 10332-10551 Sentence denotes Once cytopathic effect was evident on the cell monolayer, the flask was frozen and thawed twice, decanted into a 15 mL conical centrifuge tube (BD Falcon, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) and centrifuged at 1000 × g for 10 min.
TextSentencer_T82 10332-10551 Sentence denotes Once cytopathic effect was evident on the cell monolayer, the flask was frozen and thawed twice, decanted into a 15 mL conical centrifuge tube (BD Falcon, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) and centrifuged at 1000 × g for 10 min.
TextSentencer_T83 10552-10698 Sentence denotes The supernatant was removed, aliquoted, and stored at −80°C and used for inoculating the seeder pig (CO-13 PEDV stock #1; 1 × 10 5.8 CCID 50 /mL).
TextSentencer_T83 10552-10698 Sentence denotes The supernatant was removed, aliquoted, and stored at −80°C and used for inoculating the seeder pig (CO-13 PEDV stock #1; 1 × 10 5.8 CCID 50 /mL).
TextSentencer_T84 10699-10851 Sentence denotes A larger stock of virus was prepared in a similar fashion and used to inoculate N/ C and PG/C pigs at D49 (CO-13 PEDV stock #2; 1 × 10 6.0 CCID 50 /mL).
TextSentencer_T84 10699-10851 Sentence denotes A larger stock of virus was prepared in a similar fashion and used to inoculate N/ C and PG/C pigs at D49 (CO-13 PEDV stock #2; 1 × 10 6.0 CCID 50 /mL).
TextSentencer_T85 10852-10983 Sentence denotes Pigs were physically restrained and the virus inoculum was given orally using a 10 mL syringe (BD Falcon, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA).
TextSentencer_T85 10852-10983 Sentence denotes Pigs were physically restrained and the virus inoculum was given orally using a 10 mL syringe (BD Falcon, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA).
TextSentencer_T86 10984-11118 Sentence denotes The seeder pig was inoculated with a 6 mL volume of stock #1 virus at D0 providing an estimated challenge of 1 × 10 6.6 CCID 50 virus.
TextSentencer_T86 10984-11118 Sentence denotes The seeder pig was inoculated with a 6 mL volume of stock #1 virus at D0 providing an estimated challenge of 1 × 10 6.6 CCID 50 virus.
TextSentencer_T87 11119-11211 Sentence denotes At D49 the N/C and PG/C pigs were given a similar challenge (4 mL volume of stock #2 virus).
TextSentencer_T87 11119-11211 Sentence denotes At D49 the N/C and PG/C pigs were given a similar challenge (4 mL volume of stock #2 virus).
TextSentencer_T88 11212-11412 Sentence denotes Aliquots of each challenge virus were frozen at −80°C for subsequent back-titration which revealed a titer of 1 × 10 5.3 CCID 50 /mL and 1 × 10 4.5 CCID 50 /mL for stock virus #1 and #2, respectively.
TextSentencer_T88 11212-11412 Sentence denotes Aliquots of each challenge virus were frozen at −80°C for subsequent back-titration which revealed a titer of 1 × 10 5.3 CCID 50 /mL and 1 × 10 4.5 CCID 50 /mL for stock virus #1 and #2, respectively.
TextSentencer_T89 11413-11544 Sentence denotes Each rectal swab sample was thawed and vortexed for 10 s and allowed to sit for 2-5 min to facilitate settling of the fecal debris.
TextSentencer_T89 11413-11544 Sentence denotes Each rectal swab sample was thawed and vortexed for 10 s and allowed to sit for 2-5 min to facilitate settling of the fecal debris.
TextSentencer_T90 11545-11737 Sentence denotes Approximately 200 μL of the sample was added to 500 μL of Lysis Binding Solution and mixed using the Thermomixer™ C (Eppendorf, AG, Hamburg, Germany) at 1400 rpm for 5 min at room temperature.
TextSentencer_T90 11545-11737 Sentence denotes Approximately 200 μL of the sample was added to 500 μL of Lysis Binding Solution and mixed using the Thermomixer™ C (Eppendorf, AG, Hamburg, Germany) at 1400 rpm for 5 min at room temperature.
TextSentencer_T91 11738-11794 Sentence denotes The sample was then centrifuged at 13 000 × g for 3 min.
TextSentencer_T91 11738-11794 Sentence denotes The sample was then centrifuged at 13 000 × g for 3 min.
TextSentencer_T92 11795-11916 Sentence denotes 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 40 41 42 SG-1 + + + + + + + + +
TextSentencer_T92 11795-11916 Sentence denotes 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 40 41 42 SG-1 + + + + + + + + +
TextSentencer_T93 11917-11940 Sentence denotes PG-4 -+ + + + + + + + +
TextSentencer_T93 11917-11940 Sentence denotes PG-4 -+ + + + + + + + +
TextSentencer_T94 11941-11964 Sentence denotes PG-5 -+ + + + + + + + +
TextSentencer_T94 11941-11964 Sentence denotes PG-5 -+ + + + + + + + +
TextSentencer_T95 11965-11988 Sentence denotes PG-6 -+ + + + + + + + +
TextSentencer_T95 11965-11988 Sentence denotes PG-6 -+ + + + + + + + +
TextSentencer_T96 11989-12019 Sentence denotes PG-9 -+ + + + + + + + + + + --
TextSentencer_T96 11989-12019 Sentence denotes PG-9 -+ + + + + + + + + + + --
TextSentencer_T97 12020-12066 Sentence denotes -+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + -
TextSentencer_T97 12020-12066 Sentence denotes -+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + -
TextSentencer_T98 12067-12068 Sentence denotes -
TextSentencer_T98 12067-12068 Sentence denotes -
TextSentencer_T99 12069-12091 Sentence denotes and then 45 s at 60°C.
TextSentencer_T99 12069-12091 Sentence denotes and then 45 s at 60°C.
TextSentencer_T100 12092-12162 Sentence denotes The final cycle was run for 40 cycles using the FAM detector for PEDV.
TextSentencer_T100 12092-12162 Sentence denotes The final cycle was run for 40 cycles using the FAM detector for PEDV.
TextSentencer_T101 12163-12220 Sentence denotes Positive and negative controls were included on each run.
TextSentencer_T101 12163-12220 Sentence denotes Positive and negative controls were included on each run.
TextSentencer_T102 12221-12300 Sentence denotes A cycle threshold (Ct) of less than 35 cycles was considered a positive result.
TextSentencer_T102 12221-12300 Sentence denotes A cycle threshold (Ct) of less than 35 cycles was considered a positive result.
TextSentencer_T103 12301-12372 Sentence denotes The ELISA test was performed using a previously published method [18] .
TextSentencer_T103 12301-12372 Sentence denotes The ELISA test was performed using a previously published method [18] .
TextSentencer_T104 12373-12558 Sentence denotes Briefly, each well of a 96-well microtiter plate (Nalgene Nunc International, Penfield, NY) was coated with 0.44 ng of S1 protein, incubated overnight, and blocked with 1% bovine serum.
TextSentencer_T104 12373-12558 Sentence denotes Briefly, each well of a 96-well microtiter plate (Nalgene Nunc International, Penfield, NY) was coated with 0.44 ng of S1 protein, incubated overnight, and blocked with 1% bovine serum.
TextSentencer_T105 12559-12745 Sentence denotes The 1/100 diluted samples of serum in PBS with 10% goat serum were reacted at 37°C for 30 min, washed, and incubated with 20 000-fold diluted peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-porcine IgG.
TextSentencer_T105 12559-12745 Sentence denotes The 1/100 diluted samples of serum in PBS with 10% goat serum were reacted at 37°C for 30 min, washed, and incubated with 20 000-fold diluted peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-porcine IgG.
TextSentencer_T106 12746-12942 Sentence denotes Using tetramethylbenzidine-hydrogen peroxide as the substrate, the reaction was visualized for 10 min at room temperature and terminated with 2.5 M sulfuric acid prior to OD measurement at 450 nm.
TextSentencer_T106 12746-12942 Sentence denotes Using tetramethylbenzidine-hydrogen peroxide as the substrate, the reaction was visualized for 10 min at room temperature and terminated with 2.5 M sulfuric acid prior to OD measurement at 450 nm.
TextSentencer_T107 12943-13020 Sentence denotes Positive, negative, and blank samples were tested in duplicate on each plate.
TextSentencer_T107 12943-13020 Sentence denotes Positive, negative, and blank samples were tested in duplicate on each plate.
TextSentencer_T108 13021-13184 Sentence denotes A watery, grey diarrhea was noted in the seeder pig 48 hours-post-inoculation with the cell culture-derived challenge material and lasted for approximately 5 days.
TextSentencer_T108 13021-13184 Sentence denotes A watery, grey diarrhea was noted in the seeder pig 48 hours-post-inoculation with the cell culture-derived challenge material and lasted for approximately 5 days.
TextSentencer_T109 13185-13348 Sentence denotes Approximately 48-72 hours post-exposure with the seeder pig, the contact pigs showed intermittent signs of mild-moderate diarrhea lasting for approximately 7 days.
TextSentencer_T109 13185-13348 Sentence denotes Approximately 48-72 hours post-exposure with the seeder pig, the contact pigs showed intermittent signs of mild-moderate diarrhea lasting for approximately 7 days.
TextSentencer_T110 13349-13460 Sentence denotes No other clinical signs of diarrhea were appreciated in the contact pigs throughout the remainder of the study.
TextSentencer_T110 13349-13460 Sentence denotes No other clinical signs of diarrhea were appreciated in the contact pigs throughout the remainder of the study.
TextSentencer_T111 13461-13584 Sentence denotes S1, S3, and S4 showed no signs of diarrhea, while S2 had diarrhea for approximately 1 day 24 hours-postcontact with the PG.
TextSentencer_T111 13461-13584 Sentence denotes S1, S3, and S4 showed no signs of diarrhea, while S2 had diarrhea for approximately 1 day 24 hours-postcontact with the PG.
TextSentencer_T112 13585-13809 Sentence denotes Post-challenge, the N/C group showed clinical signs of mild diarrhea beginning approximately 48 hours-post-inoculation that lasted for approximately 5 days with intermittent diarrhea in a few pigs for 3 weeks post-challenge.
TextSentencer_T112 13585-13809 Sentence denotes Post-challenge, the N/C group showed clinical signs of mild diarrhea beginning approximately 48 hours-post-inoculation that lasted for approximately 5 days with intermittent diarrhea in a few pigs for 3 weeks post-challenge.
TextSentencer_T113 13810-13884 Sentence denotes In contrast, no clinical signs were noted in the PG/C pigs post-challenge.
TextSentencer_T113 13810-13884 Sentence denotes In contrast, no clinical signs were noted in the PG/C pigs post-challenge.
TextSentencer_T114 13885-13952 Sentence denotes The rectal swab fluids were not tested for other enteric pathogens.
TextSentencer_T114 13885-13952 Sentence denotes The rectal swab fluids were not tested for other enteric pathogens.
TextSentencer_T115 13954-14003 Sentence denotes On D0 all fecal swabs were negative for PEDV RNA.
TextSentencer_T115 13954-14003 Sentence denotes On D0 all fecal swabs were negative for PEDV RNA.
TextSentencer_T116 14004-14134 Sentence denotes The seeder pig (SG-1) and contact pigs were PCR positive within 24 hours of inoculation (seeder pig) or contact (13 contact pigs).
TextSentencer_T116 14004-14134 Sentence denotes The seeder pig (SG-1) and contact pigs were PCR positive within 24 hours of inoculation (seeder pig) or contact (13 contact pigs).
TextSentencer_T117 14135-14196 Sentence denotes PCR results for D2-42 fecal swabs are summarized in Table 1 .
TextSentencer_T117 14135-14196 Sentence denotes PCR results for D2-42 fecal swabs are summarized in Table 1 .
TextSentencer_T118 14197-14284 Sentence denotes The seeder pig was positive from D1-15, and then intermittently thereafter through D42.
TextSentencer_T118 14197-14284 Sentence denotes The seeder pig was positive from D1-15, and then intermittently thereafter through D42.
TextSentencer_T119 14285-14429 Sentence denotes The 4 contact pigs that were combined with the seeder pig to form the SG group were all positive from D3-12 and then intermittently through D35.
TextSentencer_T119 14285-14429 Sentence denotes The 4 contact pigs that were combined with the seeder pig to form the SG group were all positive from D3-12 and then intermittently through D35.
TextSentencer_T120 14430-14532 Sentence denotes PEDV RNA was detected in all PG pigs from D3-11, and at least 1/9 PG pigs was PCR positive from D3-30.
TextSentencer_T120 14430-14532 Sentence denotes PEDV RNA was detected in all PG pigs from D3-11, and at least 1/9 PG pigs was PCR positive from D3-30.
TextSentencer_T121 14533-14576 Sentence denotes From D30-34, 0/9 PG pigs were PCR positive.
TextSentencer_T121 14533-14576 Sentence denotes From D30-34, 0/9 PG pigs were PCR positive.
TextSentencer_T122 14577-14693 Sentence denotes Fecal swabs were not collected from the PG pigs from D36-39 but on D35 and 42, 1/9 PG pigs showed a positive result.
TextSentencer_T122 14577-14693 Sentence denotes Fecal swabs were not collected from the PG pigs from D36-39 but on D35 and 42, 1/9 PG pigs showed a positive result.
TextSentencer_T123 14694-14769 Sentence denotes Each sentinel pig was negative for PEDV RNA at the time of contact with PG.
TextSentencer_T123 14694-14769 Sentence denotes Each sentinel pig was negative for PEDV RNA at the time of contact with PG.
TextSentencer_T124 14770-14846 Sentence denotes PEDV RNA was detected in pigs S1 and S2 within 1 day of contact with the PG.
TextSentencer_T124 14770-14846 Sentence denotes PEDV RNA was detected in pigs S1 and S2 within 1 day of contact with the PG.
TextSentencer_T125 14847-14902 Sentence denotes S1 was positive until necropsy at 21 days post contact.
TextSentencer_T125 14847-14902 Sentence denotes S1 was positive until necropsy at 21 days post contact.
TextSentencer_T126 14903-15014 Sentence denotes S2 was positive for 11 days post contact and then intermittently afterwards through D34 (20 days post contact).
TextSentencer_T126 14903-15014 Sentence denotes S2 was positive for 11 days post contact and then intermittently afterwards through D34 (20 days post contact).
TextSentencer_T127 15015-15140 Sentence denotes PEDV RNA was not detected in any sample obtained from pigs S3 (commingled with PG on D21) and S4 (commingled with PG on D28).
TextSentencer_T127 15015-15140 Sentence denotes PEDV RNA was not detected in any sample obtained from pigs S3 (commingled with PG on D21) and S4 (commingled with PG on D28).
TextSentencer_T128 15141-15242 Sentence denotes After re-challenge at D49, all PG/C pigs were PCR negative for the remainder of the study (Table 2) .
TextSentencer_T128 15141-15242 Sentence denotes After re-challenge at D49, all PG/C pigs were PCR negative for the remainder of the study (Table 2) .
TextSentencer_T129 15243-15379 Sentence denotes Within three days post challenge (D52), 5/5 N/C pigs were PCR positive and remained so until D59, while 3/5 remained positive until D62.
TextSentencer_T129 15243-15379 Sentence denotes Within three days post challenge (D52), 5/5 N/C pigs were PCR positive and remained so until D59, while 3/5 remained positive until D62.
TextSentencer_T130 15380-15486 Sentence denotes In the PG group, 2/9, 8/9, and 9/9 pigs were positive for PEDV-antibodies by D7, 14, and 21, respectively.
TextSentencer_T130 15380-15486 Sentence denotes In the PG group, 2/9, 8/9, and 9/9 pigs were positive for PEDV-antibodies by D7, 14, and 21, respectively.
TextSentencer_T131 15487-15608 Sentence denotes In the N/C group, 2/5 pigs were ELISA positive by D56 (7 days post challenge) and all pigs were positive from D63 to D78.
TextSentencer_T131 15487-15608 Sentence denotes In the N/C group, 2/5 pigs were ELISA positive by D56 (7 days post challenge) and all pigs were positive from D63 to D78.
TextSentencer_T132 15609-15730 Sentence denotes S1 and S2 seroconverted by 7 days post-contact and S3 and S4 remained seronegative throughout the remainder of the study.
TextSentencer_T132 15609-15730 Sentence denotes S1 and S2 seroconverted by 7 days post-contact and S3 and S4 remained seronegative throughout the remainder of the study.
TextSentencer_T133 15731-15814 Sentence denotes Average ELISA OD readings for the PG, SG, and N/C groups are depicted in Figure 2 .
TextSentencer_T133 15731-15814 Sentence denotes Average ELISA OD readings for the PG, SG, and N/C groups are depicted in Figure 2 .
TextSentencer_T134 15815-16005 Sentence denotes The rapid dissemination of PEDV across the US in months demonstrated the vulnerability of a concentrated, interwoven swine production system to a highly transmissible novel enteric pathogen.
TextSentencer_T134 15815-16005 Sentence denotes The rapid dissemination of PEDV across the US in months demonstrated the vulnerability of a concentrated, interwoven swine production system to a highly transmissible novel enteric pathogen.
TextSentencer_T135 16006-16145 Sentence denotes This unprecedented spread was dependent on many factors including the duration and magnitude of virus shedding from infected to naïve pigs.
TextSentencer_T135 16006-16145 Sentence denotes This unprecedented spread was dependent on many factors including the duration and magnitude of virus shedding from infected to naïve pigs.
TextSentencer_T136 16146-16333 Sentence denotes The goal of this study was to better understand the role of pig-to-pig transmission in the US PEDV epidemic by developing a model to characterize the host response to infection with PEDV.
TextSentencer_T136 16146-16333 Sentence denotes The goal of this study was to better understand the role of pig-to-pig transmission in the US PEDV epidemic by developing a model to characterize the host response to infection with PEDV.
TextSentencer_T137 16334-16487 Sentence denotes In 4-week-old contact pigs, mild-to-moderate diarrhea was observed for approximately one week post exposure to a PEDV experimentally-infected seeder pig.
TextSentencer_T137 16334-16487 Sentence denotes In 4-week-old contact pigs, mild-to-moderate diarrhea was observed for approximately one week post exposure to a PEDV experimentally-infected seeder pig.
TextSentencer_T138 16488-16547 Sentence denotes No other clinical disease was observed in the contact pigs.
TextSentencer_T138 16488-16547 Sentence denotes No other clinical disease was observed in the contact pigs.
TextSentencer_T139 16548-16729 Sentence denotes Within 24 hours-post-inoculation or post-exposure, all rectal swabs were PCR positive demonstrating the rapidity of transmission and the potential for pigs to shed infectious virus.
TextSentencer_T139 16548-16729 Sentence denotes Within 24 hours-post-inoculation or post-exposure, all rectal swabs were PCR positive demonstrating the rapidity of transmission and the potential for pigs to shed infectious virus.
TextSentencer_T140 16730-16962 Sentence denotes In the pigs "naturally" infected by contact, 13/13 pigs were PCR positive for 9 days and most pigs were positive for 2-weeks-post exposure during which time one or more of the pigs shed an infectious dose of virus to pigs S1 and S2.
TextSentencer_T140 16730-16962 Sentence denotes In the pigs "naturally" infected by contact, 13/13 pigs were PCR positive for 9 days and most pigs were positive for 2-weeks-post exposure during which time one or more of the pigs shed an infectious dose of virus to pigs S1 and S2.
TextSentencer_T141 16963-17104 Sentence denotes Like the 13 naturally exposed pigs, S1 and S2 became PCR positive within 24 hours of contact, and seroconverted within 2 weeks post-exposure.
TextSentencer_T141 16963-17104 Sentence denotes Like the 13 naturally exposed pigs, S1 and S2 became PCR positive within 24 hours of contact, and seroconverted within 2 weeks post-exposure.
TextSentencer_T142 17105-17336 Sentence denotes The speed by which all pigs became PEDV RNA positive and the potential for pigs to shed infectious virus up to 2-weeks-post infection to age-matched pigs, suggests the basic reproduction number or R 0 should be high for this virus.
TextSentencer_T142 17105-17336 Sentence denotes The speed by which all pigs became PEDV RNA positive and the potential for pigs to shed infectious virus up to 2-weeks-post infection to age-matched pigs, suggests the basic reproduction number or R 0 should be high for this virus.
TextSentencer_T143 17337-17507 Sentence denotes As would be expected for a virus with a high R 0 value, the transmissibility of the virus would be enhanced by large numbers of naïve animals concentrated in small areas.
TextSentencer_T143 17337-17507 Sentence denotes As would be expected for a virus with a high R 0 value, the transmissibility of the virus would be enhanced by large numbers of naïve animals concentrated in small areas.
TextSentencer_T144 17508-17729 Sentence denotes In the case of PEDV, an enteric virus that can be shed in feces in large quantities, it is not a surprise that the virus would heavily contaminate transportation systems that would facilitate its spread throughout the US.
TextSentencer_T144 17508-17729 Sentence denotes In the case of PEDV, an enteric virus that can be shed in feces in large quantities, it is not a surprise that the virus would heavily contaminate transportation systems that would facilitate its spread throughout the US.
TextSentencer_T145 17730-17872 Sentence denotes Moreover, potential spread of the virus through contaminated feed and by air would allow this virus to circumvent most bio-security practices.
TextSentencer_T145 17730-17872 Sentence denotes Moreover, potential spread of the virus through contaminated feed and by air would allow this virus to circumvent most bio-security practices.
TextSentencer_T146 17873-17965 Sentence denotes Collectively, these factors combined to make a "perfect storm" for spread of PEDV in the US.
TextSentencer_T146 17873-17965 Sentence denotes Collectively, these factors combined to make a "perfect storm" for spread of PEDV in the US.
TextSentencer_T147 17966-18156 Sentence denotes Based on negative PCR results and lack of specific antibody, pigs S3 and S4 were determined to have remained PEDV negative despite contact with PG pigs that were intermittently PCR positive.
TextSentencer_T147 17966-18156 Sentence denotes Based on negative PCR results and lack of specific antibody, pigs S3 and S4 were determined to have remained PEDV negative despite contact with PG pigs that were intermittently PCR positive.
TextSentencer_T148 18157-18327 Sentence denotes The negative status of S3 and S4 indicates the PG pigs did not shed infectious virus in sufficient quantity to infect age-matched pigs (aged 7 and 8 weeks, respectively).
TextSentencer_T148 18157-18327 Sentence denotes The negative status of S3 and S4 indicates the PG pigs did not shed infectious virus in sufficient quantity to infect age-matched pigs (aged 7 and 8 weeks, respectively).
TextSentencer_T149 18328-18441 Sentence denotes It is not known if younger, presumably more susceptible pigs might have become infected under similar conditions.
TextSentencer_T149 18328-18441 Sentence denotes It is not known if younger, presumably more susceptible pigs might have become infected under similar conditions.
TextSentencer_T150 18442-18615 Sentence denotes Likewise, we do not know if the infectious character of the virus being shed changes with time, i.e., the rectal swabs are PCR positive but may not contain infectious virus.
TextSentencer_T150 18442-18615 Sentence denotes Likewise, we do not know if the infectious character of the virus being shed changes with time, i.e., the rectal swabs are PCR positive but may not contain infectious virus.
TextSentencer_T151 18616-18797 Sentence denotes For this experiment, the PCR results were defined as positive or negative based on a Ct cutoff of 35, as recommended by the University of Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory.
TextSentencer_T151 18616-18797 Sentence denotes For this experiment, the PCR results were defined as positive or negative based on a Ct cutoff of 35, as recommended by the University of Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory.
TextSentencer_T152 18798-18901 Sentence denotes Whether or not this positive/negative cutoff correlates to infectious/noninfectious virus is not known.
TextSentencer_T152 18798-18901 Sentence denotes Whether or not this positive/negative cutoff correlates to infectious/noninfectious virus is not known.
TextSentencer_T153 18902-19091 Sentence denotes Protective immunity to homologous challenge was observed in the PG pigs based on the absence of clinical disease following challenge, and the pigs remained PCR negative from D49 through 63.
TextSentencer_T153 18902-19091 Sentence denotes Protective immunity to homologous challenge was observed in the PG pigs based on the absence of clinical disease following challenge, and the pigs remained PCR negative from D49 through 63.
TextSentencer_T154 19092-19260 Sentence denotes In contrast, following challenge at D49, the 11-week-old N/C pigs developed an intermittent mild diarrhea beginning 2-3 days postchallenge that lasted for several days.
TextSentencer_T154 19092-19260 Sentence denotes In contrast, following challenge at D49, the 11-week-old N/C pigs developed an intermittent mild diarrhea beginning 2-3 days postchallenge that lasted for several days.
TextSentencer_T155 19261-19361 Sentence denotes Within 48-hours post-challenge, 4/5 pigs were PEDV PCR positive and all 5 were positive from D52-59.
TextSentencer_T155 19261-19361 Sentence denotes Within 48-hours post-challenge, 4/5 pigs were PEDV PCR positive and all 5 were positive from D52-59.
TextSentencer_T156 19362-19426 Sentence denotes The number of positive pigs reduced to 3/5 positive from D60-62.
TextSentencer_T156 19362-19426 Sentence denotes The number of positive pigs reduced to 3/5 positive from D60-62.
TextSentencer_T157 19427-19630 Sentence denotes Field reports describe age differences in clinical PEDV disease ranging from essentially 100% mortality in neonatal pigs to a moderate to mild diarrhea in older pigs and adults that may include vomiting.
TextSentencer_T157 19427-19630 Sentence denotes Field reports describe age differences in clinical PEDV disease ranging from essentially 100% mortality in neonatal pigs to a moderate to mild diarrhea in older pigs and adults that may include vomiting.
TextSentencer_T158 19631-19730 Sentence denotes The minimal infectious dose, and the minimal lethal dose for different ages of swine are not known.
TextSentencer_T158 19631-19730 Sentence denotes The minimal infectious dose, and the minimal lethal dose for different ages of swine are not known.
TextSentencer_T159 19731-19883 Sentence denotes Moreover, there could be considerable differences in the pathogenicity of different PEDV isolates, and innate resistance between genetic lines of swine.
TextSentencer_T159 19731-19883 Sentence denotes Moreover, there could be considerable differences in the pathogenicity of different PEDV isolates, and innate resistance between genetic lines of swine.
TextSentencer_T160 19884-20186 Sentence denotes For the purposes of this paper, we chose to give a uniform dose to the younger (4 weeks-of-age) and older (11 weeks-of-age) pigs realizing that the older pigs might be less affected due to a relatively smaller dose, and the possibility that there may be inherent resistance to infection as pigs mature.
TextSentencer_T160 19884-20186 Sentence denotes For the purposes of this paper, we chose to give a uniform dose to the younger (4 weeks-of-age) and older (11 weeks-of-age) pigs realizing that the older pigs might be less affected due to a relatively smaller dose, and the possibility that there may be inherent resistance to infection as pigs mature.
TextSentencer_T161 20187-20303 Sentence denotes Characterizing the relationship between age, challenge dose, and clinical disease is beyond the scope of this study.
TextSentencer_T161 20187-20303 Sentence denotes Characterizing the relationship between age, challenge dose, and clinical disease is beyond the scope of this study.
TextSentencer_T162 20304-20619 Sentence denotes Although both age groups did become infected following challenge, back titrations of challenge virus suggests the younger pigs received a larger challenge dose than the older pigs (about 6 log 10 vs. 5.1 log 10 ) which limits any interpretation of the potential relationship between age, challenge dose and disease.
TextSentencer_T162 20304-20619 Sentence denotes Although both age groups did become infected following challenge, back titrations of challenge virus suggests the younger pigs received a larger challenge dose than the older pigs (about 6 log 10 vs. 5.1 log 10 ) which limits any interpretation of the potential relationship between age, challenge dose and disease.
TextSentencer_T163 20620-20719 Sentence denotes In this study, the 4-week-old pigs were more clinically affected when compared to 11-week-old pigs.
TextSentencer_T163 20620-20719 Sentence denotes In this study, the 4-week-old pigs were more clinically affected when compared to 11-week-old pigs.
TextSentencer_T164 20720-20956 Sentence denotes None of the pigs in this study became clinically dehydrated or succumbed to the infection, and other than showing signs of diarrhea, it would have been difficult to discern any apparent illness if the pigs were housed on slatted floors.
TextSentencer_T164 20720-20956 Sentence denotes None of the pigs in this study became clinically dehydrated or succumbed to the infection, and other than showing signs of diarrhea, it would have been difficult to discern any apparent illness if the pigs were housed on slatted floors.
TextSentencer_T165 20957-21054 Sentence denotes We presume this difference is mostly age-related as younger pigs are more susceptible to disease.
TextSentencer_T165 20957-21054 Sentence denotes We presume this difference is mostly age-related as younger pigs are more susceptible to disease.
TextSentencer_T166 21055-21297 Sentence denotes However, the younger pigs became infected by contact with a seeder pig while the older pigs received a known oronasal challenge of cell culture propagated virus, and it is not known how these different routes of exposure might affect the pig.
TextSentencer_T166 21055-21297 Sentence denotes However, the younger pigs became infected by contact with a seeder pig while the older pigs received a known oronasal challenge of cell culture propagated virus, and it is not known how these different routes of exposure might affect the pig.
TextSentencer_T167 21298-21597 Sentence denotes Although the study was not designed to compare the clinical effect of cell-culture propagated virus challenge vs. natural infection, it is interesting to compare the ELISA OD values for the one seeder and 5 N/C pigs that received an oronasal challenge to the 13 naturally infected pigs ( Figure 2 ).
TextSentencer_T167 21298-21597 Sentence denotes Although the study was not designed to compare the clinical effect of cell-culture propagated virus challenge vs. natural infection, it is interesting to compare the ELISA OD values for the one seeder and 5 N/C pigs that received an oronasal challenge to the 13 naturally infected pigs ( Figure 2 ).
TextSentencer_T168 21598-21757 Sentence denotes The mean OD of the 6 inoculated pigs was higher than the naturally exposed pigs at each post-inoculation time point (7, 14, 21 , and 28 days-post-inoculation).
TextSentencer_T168 21598-21757 Sentence denotes The mean OD of the 6 inoculated pigs was higher than the naturally exposed pigs at each post-inoculation time point (7, 14, 21 , and 28 days-post-inoculation).
TextSentencer_T169 21758-21866 Sentence denotes The importance of this trend and whether or not it would be reproducible in subsequent studies is not known.
TextSentencer_T169 21758-21866 Sentence denotes The importance of this trend and whether or not it would be reproducible in subsequent studies is not known.
TextSentencer_T170 21867-22036 Sentence denotes In addition, for the 13 contact pigs, the mean OD value was greater at each postexposure time point for the PG group when compared to the 4 contact pigs in the SG group.
TextSentencer_T170 21867-22036 Sentence denotes In addition, for the 13 contact pigs, the mean OD value was greater at each postexposure time point for the PG group when compared to the 4 contact pigs in the SG group.
TextSentencer_T171 22037-22223 Sentence denotes This apparent trend could reflect exposure, albeit a short exposure, to "fresh" virus being shed by S1 and S2 when they were commingled with the PG for 3 days at D7 and 14, respectively.
TextSentencer_T171 22037-22223 Sentence denotes This apparent trend could reflect exposure, albeit a short exposure, to "fresh" virus being shed by S1 and S2 when they were commingled with the PG for 3 days at D7 and 14, respectively.
TextSentencer_T172 22224-22314 Sentence denotes Perhaps this potential exposure affected the development of the humoral antibody response.
TextSentencer_T172 22224-22314 Sentence denotes Perhaps this potential exposure affected the development of the humoral antibody response.
TextSentencer_T173 22315-22443 Sentence denotes Under the conditions of this study, an anamnestic humoral immune response was not observed following challenge of the 9 PG pigs.
TextSentencer_T173 22315-22443 Sentence denotes Under the conditions of this study, an anamnestic humoral immune response was not observed following challenge of the 9 PG pigs.
TextSentencer_T174 22444-22543 Sentence denotes Lack of immunological memory was also observed in a report using the Belgian isolate, CV-777 [19] .
TextSentencer_T174 22444-22543 Sentence denotes Lack of immunological memory was also observed in a report using the Belgian isolate, CV-777 [19] .
TextSentencer_T175 22544-22799 Sentence denotes Given that the N/C pigs replicated challenge virus and developed specific antibody, we are confident the PG pigs received an infectious homologous challenge and had no detectable replication of homologous challenge virus or rise in humoral antibody titer.
TextSentencer_T175 22544-22799 Sentence denotes Given that the N/C pigs replicated challenge virus and developed specific antibody, we are confident the PG pigs received an infectious homologous challenge and had no detectable replication of homologous challenge virus or rise in humoral antibody titer.
TextSentencer_T176 22800-22949 Sentence denotes The infection of contact pigs exposed to the seeder pig, and the infection of S1 and S2 pigs demonstrated pig-topig transmission of infectious virus.
TextSentencer_T176 22800-22949 Sentence denotes The infection of contact pigs exposed to the seeder pig, and the infection of S1 and S2 pigs demonstrated pig-topig transmission of infectious virus.
TextSentencer_T177 22950-23169 Sentence denotes In the case of the seeder and contact pigs, transmission happened quickly since all of the contact pigs were rectal swab positive within 24 h of contact to either the seeder pig, or the seeder pig and first contact pig.
TextSentencer_T177 22950-23169 Sentence denotes In the case of the seeder and contact pigs, transmission happened quickly since all of the contact pigs were rectal swab positive within 24 h of contact to either the seeder pig, or the seeder pig and first contact pig.
TextSentencer_T178 23170-23254 Sentence denotes These results are similar to a recent report using a different US PEDV strain [20] .
TextSentencer_T178 23170-23254 Sentence denotes These results are similar to a recent report using a different US PEDV strain [20] .
TextSentencer_T179 23255-23348 Sentence denotes Similarly, S1 and S2 pigs were rectal swab positive within 24 h of contact with the PG group.
TextSentencer_T179 23255-23348 Sentence denotes Similarly, S1 and S2 pigs were rectal swab positive within 24 h of contact with the PG group.
TextSentencer_T180 23349-23466 Sentence denotes Collectively, these results indicate pigs can rapidly become infected and shed infectious virus for at least 2 weeks.
TextSentencer_T180 23349-23466 Sentence denotes Collectively, these results indicate pigs can rapidly become infected and shed infectious virus for at least 2 weeks.
TextSentencer_T181 23467-23641 Sentence denotes However, this study does not provide insight into the relationship between samples that are deemed positive by PCR and the presence of infectious virus in rectal swab fluids.
TextSentencer_T181 23467-23641 Sentence denotes However, this study does not provide insight into the relationship between samples that are deemed positive by PCR and the presence of infectious virus in rectal swab fluids.
TextSentencer_T182 23642-23833 Sentence denotes In the case of the seeder pig infecting the 13 contact pigs, the seeder pig was positive from D1-15 and clearly shed infectious virus on D1 since the first contact pig was PCR positive by D2.
TextSentencer_T182 23642-23833 Sentence denotes In the case of the seeder pig infecting the 13 contact pigs, the seeder pig was positive from D1-15 and clearly shed infectious virus on D1 since the first contact pig was PCR positive by D2.
TextSentencer_T183 23834-24005 Sentence denotes Whether the 12 remaining contact pigs became infected by exposure to virus from the seeder pig or the first contact pig is unknown, but all were positive 24 h later on D3.
TextSentencer_T183 23834-24005 Sentence denotes Whether the 12 remaining contact pigs became infected by exposure to virus from the seeder pig or the first contact pig is unknown, but all were positive 24 h later on D3.
TextSentencer_T184 24006-24162 Sentence denotes All 9 PG pigs were PCR positive on D7 when S1 was commingled and at least one of these pigs shed infectious virus since S1 was PCR positive by the next day.
TextSentencer_T184 24006-24162 Sentence denotes All 9 PG pigs were PCR positive on D7 when S1 was commingled and at least one of these pigs shed infectious virus since S1 was PCR positive by the next day.
TextSentencer_T185 24163-24300 Sentence denotes When S2 was commingled on D14, 7/9 PG pigs were PCR positive and at least one was shedding infectious virus since S2 was positive on D15.
TextSentencer_T185 24163-24300 Sentence denotes When S2 was commingled on D14, 7/9 PG pigs were PCR positive and at least one was shedding infectious virus since S2 was positive on D15.
TextSentencer_T186 24301-24468 Sentence denotes At D21 and 28, 4 and 1 of 9 PG pigs were PCR positive, respectively, but none of the pigs shed an infectious dose based on lack of demonstrable infection in S3 and S4.
TextSentencer_T186 24301-24468 Sentence denotes At D21 and 28, 4 and 1 of 9 PG pigs were PCR positive, respectively, but none of the pigs shed an infectious dose based on lack of demonstrable infection in S3 and S4.
TextSentencer_T187 24469-24589 Sentence denotes The Negative/Positive status of the rectal swab was based on using the Ct value of 35; negative (>35) or positive (<35).
TextSentencer_T187 24469-24589 Sentence denotes The Negative/Positive status of the rectal swab was based on using the Ct value of 35; negative (>35) or positive (<35).
TextSentencer_T188 24590-24854 Sentence denotes This cutoff value was determined by the original designers at the University of Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory and is routinely used by other diagnostic laboratories performing either the original real-time PCR assay, or a modification of the assay (D.
TextSentencer_T188 24590-24854 Sentence denotes This cutoff value was determined by the original designers at the University of Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory and is routinely used by other diagnostic laboratories performing either the original real-time PCR assay, or a modification of the assay (D.
TextSentencer_T189 24855-24888 Sentence denotes Madson, personal communication) .
TextSentencer_T189 24855-24888 Sentence denotes Madson, personal communication) .
TextSentencer_T190 24889-25007 Sentence denotes Additional studies are warranted to understand the relationship between Ct value and the presence of infectious virus.
TextSentencer_T190 24889-25007 Sentence denotes Additional studies are warranted to understand the relationship between Ct value and the presence of infectious virus.
TextSentencer_T191 25008-25159 Sentence denotes There is justifiable concern by the swine industry on how robust this virus is and what efforts are necessary to eliminate environmental contamination.
TextSentencer_T191 25008-25159 Sentence denotes There is justifiable concern by the swine industry on how robust this virus is and what efforts are necessary to eliminate environmental contamination.
TextSentencer_T192 25160-25261 Sentence denotes In this study, there were movements of pigs into rooms that had previously housed PEDV-infected pigs.
TextSentencer_T192 25160-25261 Sentence denotes In this study, there were movements of pigs into rooms that had previously housed PEDV-infected pigs.
TextSentencer_T193 25262-25458 Sentence denotes We did not conduct any environmental sampling of the rooms for PEDV contamination prior to use, thus we do not know what potential contamination might have existed in the room from preceding pigs.
TextSentencer_T193 25262-25458 Sentence denotes We did not conduct any environmental sampling of the rooms for PEDV contamination prior to use, thus we do not know what potential contamination might have existed in the room from preceding pigs.
TextSentencer_T194 25459-25595 Sentence denotes Each room was cleaned following the removal of previous pigs according to our standard protocol for cleaning the ABSL-2 isolation rooms.
TextSentencer_T194 25459-25595 Sentence denotes Each room was cleaned following the removal of previous pigs according to our standard protocol for cleaning the ABSL-2 isolation rooms.
TextSentencer_T195 25596-25783 Sentence denotes During the acute phase of the experiment it was not possible to assess if infectious virus may have been present in the room upon entry of the pigs because the pigs were already positive.
TextSentencer_T195 25596-25783 Sentence denotes During the acute phase of the experiment it was not possible to assess if infectious virus may have been present in the room upon entry of the pigs because the pigs were already positive.
TextSentencer_T196 25784-25981 Sentence denotes Later in the experiment, we did not find evidence for pigs becoming infected upon movement into a room, i.e., S3 and S4 did not become infected when moved from the PG into separate isolation rooms.
TextSentencer_T196 25784-25981 Sentence denotes Later in the experiment, we did not find evidence for pigs becoming infected upon movement into a room, i.e., S3 and S4 did not become infected when moved from the PG into separate isolation rooms.
TextSentencer_T197 25982-26099 Sentence denotes In addition, these rooms have been used subsequently for non-PEDV pig studies and no PEDV contamination was detected.
TextSentencer_T197 25982-26099 Sentence denotes In addition, these rooms have been used subsequently for non-PEDV pig studies and no PEDV contamination was detected.
TextSentencer_T198 26100-26223 Sentence denotes Based on these experiences, we believe our routine cleaning protocol was adequate to inactivate PEDV contaminated surfaces.
TextSentencer_T198 26100-26223 Sentence denotes Based on these experiences, we believe our routine cleaning protocol was adequate to inactivate PEDV contaminated surfaces.
TextSentencer_T199 26224-26450 Sentence denotes In general, results from this study agree with recent observations by others that have experimentally infected 3-and 4-week-old pigs with US PEDV isolates resulting in the production of mild to moderate clinical disease [20] .
TextSentencer_T199 26224-26450 Sentence denotes In general, results from this study agree with recent observations by others that have experimentally infected 3-and 4-week-old pigs with US PEDV isolates resulting in the production of mild to moderate clinical disease [20] .
TextSentencer_T200 26451-26582 Sentence denotes Conversely, prior to this study, the longest duration of fecal shedding of PEDV was reported out to 24 days post-inoculation [20] .
TextSentencer_T200 26451-26582 Sentence denotes Conversely, prior to this study, the longest duration of fecal shedding of PEDV was reported out to 24 days post-inoculation [20] .
TextSentencer_T201 26583-26729 Sentence denotes We detected intermittent viral shedding by PCR in several pigs up to D42 even though clinical signs diminished approximately 7 days post exposure.
TextSentencer_T201 26583-26729 Sentence denotes We detected intermittent viral shedding by PCR in several pigs up to D42 even though clinical signs diminished approximately 7 days post exposure.
TextSentencer_T202 26730-26821 Sentence denotes To our understanding, this is the longest length of PEDV shedding reported in pigs to date.
TextSentencer_T202 26730-26821 Sentence denotes To our understanding, this is the longest length of PEDV shedding reported in pigs to date.
TextSentencer_T203 26822-26963 Sentence denotes Asymptomatic shedding of PEDV in pigs introduces a higher level of difficulty in the management of the disease throughout the swine industry.
TextSentencer_T203 26822-26963 Sentence denotes Asymptomatic shedding of PEDV in pigs introduces a higher level of difficulty in the management of the disease throughout the swine industry.
TextSentencer_T204 26964-27147 Sentence denotes In summary, this study and the work of others demonstrates how easily pigs become infected with PEDV, and may help explain the rapid transmission of virus recently observed in the US.
TextSentencer_T204 26964-27147 Sentence denotes In summary, this study and the work of others demonstrates how easily pigs become infected with PEDV, and may help explain the rapid transmission of virus recently observed in the US.
TextSentencer_T205 27148-27274 Sentence denotes In addition, pigs shed infectious virus for 2 weeks which would help explain how easily the virus was transmitted among farms.
TextSentencer_T205 27148-27274 Sentence denotes In addition, pigs shed infectious virus for 2 weeks which would help explain how easily the virus was transmitted among farms.
TextSentencer_T206 27275-27466 Sentence denotes The apparent sterile immunity following primary infection suggests there may be value in a consistent feedback program, and it demonstrates potential for a vaccine to help manage the disease.
TextSentencer_T206 27275-27466 Sentence denotes The apparent sterile immunity following primary infection suggests there may be value in a consistent feedback program, and it demonstrates potential for a vaccine to help manage the disease.