While the evidence for relations between diet quality and cognitive function has been largely consistent among observational studies, the evidence from clinical trials of dietary supplements has been mixed (20). When investigating the relationship between nutrition and age-related diseases, the importance of examining nutrition as dietary patterns or NPs have been highlighted (21, 22), as most individuals acquire nutrients predominantly from foods, rather than supplements, throughout their lifespan. From a biochemical and molecular perspective, the etiology of age-related dementia, despite its heterogeneity, shares multiple mechanisms including cardiometabolic risk factors, elevated oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and impaired AMP-activated kinase signaling (23). All of these factors can potentially be regulated by multiple dietary components. The pathology of age-related cognitive impairment is also different from cognitive symptoms caused by a deficiency of a single nutrient that may manifest during a shorter period of time and may be reversible—such as dementia caused by vitamin B12 or niacin deficiency, and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome caused by a genetic predisposition “to thiamin” deficiency (24, 25).