The questionnaire was reviewed for face and content validity by members of the research team and experts in public health in the MOH. Validity testing was followed by piloting with twenty Umrah pilgrims of different nationalities and spoken languages, with no changes required post-piloting. Therefore, the pilot responses were included in the analysis dataset for reporting. The questionnaire was written in Arabic and was translated by the Al Hamla company’s supervisors to the pilgrim’s specific languages to be easily understood. Finally, all responses were gathered by the multi-lingual research team and translated to English for analysis and reporting.