Table 1  Cleaning Use Case Definition as an Example of Person-to-Place Scenario.
Personas  Sarah (cleaner) wants to know:
If an office was used;
If a sick person was present;
If the people density in each office is regulated;
If people are following social distancing rules;
If the cleaning risk for some rooms is high, she will receive the appropriate alerts to close and disinfect the actionable list of contaminated places to prevent further transmission.
Multi-Sensors System  A combination of the following sensors:
Proximity sensors (i.e., beacons) for the following observations: ⚬ Relative closeness, or distance between a person and a beacon;
⚬ Indoor trajectories;
⚬ Density: Number of people in proximity with a beacon.
GNSS location for outdoor trajectories.
Cameras (security) for the following observations: ⚬ Density: Number of people tracked by a camera;
⚬ Social Distancing: Camera proximity app will notify if people are less than 2 m apart;
⚬ Coughing Behavior: Number of coughs, open coughs, hand coughs, and arm coughs result in different levels of contamination;
⚬ Touching Behavior: Cameras can detect if people touch the contaminated surfaces, doorknobs, or their faces;
⚬ Potential Detection: Automatic detection of people’s activities, for example, cleaning activities being carried out in a room, or wearing a face mask.
Audio Sensors: ⚬ Coughing Behavior: Number and type of cough, dry cough versus wet cough, open coughs (without covering with hand/arm), arm-covered coughs, and hand-covered coughs result in different levels of contamination;
⚬ Density: Number of people based on human voice detection and noise levels.
Other Potential Sensors: Thermal cameras for detection of fever (one of the most common symptoms of COVID-19). For example, infrared thermal camera scanning can be used at entrances to recognize any persons (including visitors) with fever at the first point of entry. Such sensors can be connected to the IoCT by publishing messages to the cloud based on the OGC standards described in this paper.
Related Use Cases  Alarms and Notification: ⚬ Self-Isolation;
⚬ Risk for a user group at work;
⚬ A COVID-19 sick person present in that space;
⚬ Safe places and less crowded paths for COVID-19 vulnerable user groups.
Workplace Eligibility: ⚬ The manager of a business wants to know whether any employees have been in contact with an infected person/place so he can make a decision on whether affected employee/employees should come to work;
⚬ Each location organization can be given a form to send to their staff, customers, or visitors informing them of the probable contamination, and of safe and clean places.