Our study has shown associations between psychological distress, COVID-19-related worries, and emotional eating amid the first phase of the pandemic in Norway. Emotional eating was reported by more than half of the population during the lockdown period and was especially prevalent among females, those expressing substantial worries concerning COVID-19-related consequences—and, in particular, among those experiencing psychological distress. The association of COVID-19-related worries with emotional eating was strongest for individuals concerned about potential consequences on personal economy and job security. In addition, we found that the reported intake of high-sugar foods and beverages was higher in the same groups compared to the general population. Emotional eating could pose an additional health burden to vulnerable populations in the form of poor food choices and adverse weight gain during this extraordinary global event.