Financial & competing interests disclosure Authors S Darby, A Giltinan, N Smith and RD Sleator are members of the National Standards Authority of Ireland (NSAI) expert advisory group on face coverings contributing to SWiFT 19 and CWA 17553. S Darby is also a member of CEN/TC248/WG38 on face coverings. This work was funded by Science Foundation Ireland under the SFI COVID-19 Rapid Response Funding Call (proposal ID 20/COV/0253). The authors have no other relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript apart from those disclosed. No writing assistance was utilized in the production of this manuscript.