FIGURE 3  Clearance of virus infected cells by engaging adaptive immune cells. Virus infected ATII cells activate the neighboring lung resident AMs by minimizing the CD200-200L interaction. Additional requisite activation signals are provided by DAMPs, viral derived PAMPs, and cytokines like IFN-γ. Activated AMs along with infected ATII derived molecules activate and recruit other innate immune cells, like circulating monocytes, dendritic cells, NK cells, and neutrophils which act in a coordinated manner to eventually recruit the adaptive effector immune cells like CTLs and CD4+T cells. These adaptive immune cells then specifically eliminate virus infected cells while minimizing the damage to the nearby uninfected cells. Thus, a well-coordinated and regulated adaptive immune response with help from innate immune cells is critical for initial antiviral response to limit the further spread of the virus. Green arrows indicate the cytokines released by the respective activated immune cells which activate other immune cells as well as mount an antiviral response by acting on lung epithelial cells.