Bacteriophage MS2 (ATCC 15597-B1), a model for non-enveloped RNA viruses that is widely used in environmental engineering studies [33–35], was propagated as previously described [12]. Briefly, E. coli (ATCC 15597) was inoculated in Miller’s Luria Broth (LB) medium (Fisher Scientific) and incubated overnight at 37°C. Fifty microliters of MS2 stock, 450 μL of E. coli liquid culture, and 4.5 mL of LB soft agar were mixed and overlaid on LB agar plates. Plates were incubated at 37°C for 24 h before the top layer of soft agar was collected in LB medium. The mixture of soft agar and LB medium was shaken at 100 rpm at 37°C for 2 h. The mixture was then centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 5 min, and the supernatant was filtered through a 0.22 μm cellulose acetate membrane to remove cells and debris. The filtrate was collected as virus stock and stored at 4°C.