Prebiotics lead the influence of microbiota composition and undergo microbial fermentation to produce SCFAs, such as butyrate, acetate, and propionate [168]. Overall, it is apparent that diet and personalized nutritional interventions acting in modulation of gut microbiota especially to control dysbiosis state and to some extent even lung microbiota can influence health status such as immunity conditions (Fig. 3).
Fig. 3 Graphical representation of personalized nutritional intervention during COVID-19