Author Contributions Conceptualization, A.M.A.; methodology, A.M.A.; software, A.M.A.; validation, A.M.A.; writing—original draft preparation, A.M.A.; writing—review and editing, H.K.; supervision, H.K.; project administration, H.K.; funding acquisition, H.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding This study was supported by the Strategic Research Program for Brain Sciences from Japan Agency for Medical Research and development, AMED, Japan (Grant No. 18dm0107100h0003). Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. Abbreviations 4eBP1/eIF4E Eukaryotic translation initiation 4E-binding protein 1 10-HDA trans-10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid AGEs Advanced glycation end products AKT A serine/threonine nutrient sensing protein kinase AMP Adenosine monophosphate AMPK Adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase ARE Antioxidant response element ATF4 Activating transcription factor-4 ATP Adenosine tri-phosphate COX Cyclooxygenase eNOs Endothelial nitric oxide synthase ER Endoplasmic reticulum FOXO Forkhead box O GI Gastrointestinal GLUT4 Glucose transporter 4 HET Heterogeneous head tilt HFD High fat diet HIF Hypoxia-inducible factor HO-1 Heme oxygenase 1 HOMA-IR Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance IKK IκB kinase IGFs Insulin-like growth factors IL Interleukin iNOS Inducible nitric oxide synthase IR Insulin receptor LESM Lower extremity skeletal muscle mass MAPK Mitogen-activated protein kinase MDA Malondialdehyde mTOR Mammalian target of rapamycin MMP-12 Metalloproteinase-12 MCP-1 Monocyte chemotactic protein 1 MRJPs Major royal jelly proteins MyoD Myogenic differentiation 1 NF-kB Nuclear factor kappa-B NRF2 Nuclear factor erythroid 2/Nuclear respiratory factor 2 PGC-1α Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha PI3k Phosphoinositide-3 kinase PUFA Polyunsaturated fatty acids PKC Protein kinase C pRJ Protease-treated royal jelly QOL Quality of life RAGE Receptor for Advanced Glycation End products RCT Randomized control trial ROS Reactive oxygen species SDs Standard deviations S6K P70 ribosomal proteins S6 kinase SMART Specific of Muscle Atrophy and Regulated by Transcription TNF Tumor necrosis factor TNFR1 Tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 VEGF-A Vascular endothelial growth factor A VSMCs Vascular smooth muscle cells