6. Conclusions
All animal studies discussed above indicate that royal jelly, propolis, and bee pollen as well as their key ingredients such as 10-HDA and CAPE might counteract age-related muscular decline, especially in early stages. These products operate by modulating most mechanisms that contribute to sarcopenia such as metabolic dysregulation, inflammation, oxidative stress, etc. However, more studies are needed to examine the specific cellular and molecular mechanisms of these products and other major ingredients that were not explored, such as MRJPs in royal jelly. Among all bee products, royal jelly has been used to improve muscular performance in humans, though at a small scale, without any reported side effects. Future RCTs that examine the effect of bee products on sarcopenia should consider individual variations (e.g., gender, general health, activity level, diet, etc.) and combine functional and subjective outcome measures with sound predictive biomarkers.