PMC:7601109 / 56281-58923 JSONTXT

{"target":"https://pubannotation.org/docs/sourcedb/PMC/sourceid/7601109","sourcedb":"PMC","sourceid":"7601109","source_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/7601109","text":"4.7. Counteracting Glycation Stress\nOxidative stress, inflammation, and insensitivity to insulin, which accompany advanced age, contribute to the production of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) via enhancement of the activity of the Receptor for Advanced Glycation End products (RAGE) [144,145]. AGEs destroy the protein and lipid ingredients of muscle tissues by promoting the production of destructive molecules such as free radicals and inflammatory cytokines [101,102,113]. Thanks to their potent antioxidant properties, polyphenolic compounds exert multifaceted anti-glycation functions. On one hand, they scavenge free-radicals and chelate transition metals that are involved in the synthesis of dicarbonyl intermediates subsequently resulting in inhibition of the formation of AGEs. On the other hand, polyphenolic compounds antagonize AGE receptors, mainly RAGE, and facilitate the removal of already formed a,b-dicarbonyl intermediates such as methylglyoxal, promoting the degradation of AGEs [37,38,146]. Royal jelly is reported to downregulate the activity of RAGE, the main receptor for AGEs, in an aged model of cognitive impairment [147]. However, its anti-glycation effect has not been investigated in skeletal muscle yet. Propolis exhibits strong anti-AGE properties, which are superior to those of quercetin or chlorogenic acid, well-known natural AGE inhibitors. Its flavonoid fraction potently impedes the synthesis of AGEs by trapping dicarbonyl intermediates [37]. Table 1 shows that propolis accelerated AGEs clearance in a model of muscle aging induced by administration of a precursor of AGEs (methylglyoxal) via activation of glyoxalase 1, an enzyme that eliminates dicarbonyl compounds (key elements of AGEs) [38]. CAPE inhibited the production of AGEs-related molecules such as protein carbonyl in the gastrocnemius muscle of rats via blockage of the activity of xanthine oxidase and adenosine deaminase [101,102,103]. The latter negatively affects insulin signaling and promotes the development of hyperglycemia, which represents a favorable condition for the production of AGEs [148]. However, propolis could not counteract the wasting effects of AGEs that already occurred in the extensor digitorum longus muscle though it tended to restore soleus muscle mass. This finding denotes that different muscle tissues respond differently to treatment, probably based on their ratio of type I to type II fibers. It also signifies the importance of early use of bee products (e.g., propolis) for the prevention of AGEs formation in skeletal muscle in people with high risk for AGEs formation such as diabetics 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