The antioxidant activity of royal jelly and CAPE might be related to their strong capacity to activate the master redox-active NRF2 signaling pathway [73,122], which stimulates the production of internal antioxidants such as heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), which scavenge free radicals [123]. Meanwhile, NRF2 and HO-1 block ROS production indirectly via suppression of inflammatory reactions [122]. In this context, CAPE reduced degenerative myopathy in rats on eccentric exercise via a complex mechanism that involved inhibition of NF-κB and its downstream pro-oxidant COX-2 and iNOS [101]. Correspondingly, CAPE decreased markers of oxidative cellular damages (protein carbonyl, protein nitrosylation, xanthine oxidase, and adenosine deaminase) associated with ischemia reperfusion and eccentric exercise in the gastrocnemius muscle [101,102,103]. In this regard, CAPE operated via a mechanism that involved inhibition of neutrophil and leukocyte infiltration into the gastrocnemius muscle, which was associated with decreased levels of myeloperoxidase. Myeloperoxidase contributes to excessive production of ROS and oxidative organ damage through a mechanism that embroils increased synthesis of hypochlorous acid [101,102]. Furthermore, CAPE accelerated purine salvage for ATP synthesis and inhibited ROS-induced lipid peroxidation via attenuation of the activity of adenosine deaminase [102].