In this direction, in vitro studies of 0.23% PVP-I mouthwash suggested that, following a 15-s exposure, the solution can provide effective antiviral activity against influenza virus A (H1N1), MERS-CoV, rotavirus, and SARS-CoV as well as antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Streptococcus pneumoniae [251].