4.17. Povidone-Iodine Solution (Betadine)
Povidone-iodine is a chemical complex of polyvinylpyrrolidone polymer and iodine (PVP-I). It is being tested in the U.S., France, United Kingdom, Singapore, and Malaysia as a gargle, mouthwash, or nasal spray to reduce nasopharyngeal viral load in COVID-19 patients. Reports have highlighted the virucidal effect of diluted PVP-I concentration (<10%), without toxic effects on respiratory cilia, olfactory function, or mucosal appearance [250]. In this direction, in vitro studies of 0.23% PVP-I mouthwash suggested that, following a 15-s exposure, the solution can provide effective antiviral activity against influenza virus A (H1N1), MERS-CoV, rotavirus, and SARS-CoV as well as antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Streptococcus pneumoniae [251].