PMC:7600245 / 55136-56488
Annnotations
LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON
{"project":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T243","span":{"begin":243,"end":249},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T244","span":{"begin":511,"end":521},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T245","span":{"begin":847,"end":852},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T246","span":{"begin":873,"end":878},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T247","span":{"begin":961,"end":969},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A243","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T243","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7203"},{"id":"A244","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T244","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82773"},{"id":"A245","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T245","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646"},{"id":"A246","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T246","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646"},{"id":"A247","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T247","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82768"}],"text":"It is a synthetic, small molecule and an isoxazole-carboxamide derivative (Figure 8B). It was approved by the U.S. FDA in 1998 for the oral treatment of rheumatoid arthritis [173,174,175]. It is also used off-label as a replacement therapy in kidney transplant recipients with polyomavirus BK [176] and for cytomegalovirus disease in transplant recipients resistant to standard antivirals [177]. Mechanistically, it is a disease-modifying agent with anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative effects. It inhibits pyrimidine synthesis by inhibiting the mitochondrial enzyme dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, an important enzyme in the de novo synthesis of uridine monophosphate [178]. Leflunomide is a prodrug and the active metabolite (isoxazole ring is open: teriflunomide (Aubagio)) is responsible for its activity [179]. It inhibits rapidly dividing cells such as activated T cells. It has also been found to block the transcription factor NF-κB. It also inhibits tyrosine kinase enzymes. The drug inhibits the replication of cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus 1, and polyomavirus BK by interfering with nucleocapsid tegumentation and virion assembly [179]. Given the above activities, a high dose of leflunomide is being evaluated for the treatment of ambulatory patients with mild COVID-19 at the University of Chicago Medicine (NCT04361214; n = 20)."}
LitCovid-PD-UBERON
{"project":"LitCovid-PD-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T21","span":{"begin":243,"end":249},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A21","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T21","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002113"}],"text":"It is a synthetic, small molecule and an isoxazole-carboxamide derivative (Figure 8B). It was approved by the U.S. FDA in 1998 for the oral treatment of rheumatoid arthritis [173,174,175]. It is also used off-label as a replacement therapy in kidney transplant recipients with polyomavirus BK [176] and for cytomegalovirus disease in transplant recipients resistant to standard antivirals [177]. Mechanistically, it is a disease-modifying agent with anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative effects. It inhibits pyrimidine synthesis by inhibiting the mitochondrial enzyme dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, an important enzyme in the de novo synthesis of uridine monophosphate [178]. Leflunomide is a prodrug and the active metabolite (isoxazole ring is open: teriflunomide (Aubagio)) is responsible for its activity [179]. It inhibits rapidly dividing cells such as activated T cells. It has also been found to block the transcription factor NF-κB. It also inhibits tyrosine kinase enzymes. The drug inhibits the replication of cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus 1, and polyomavirus BK by interfering with nucleocapsid tegumentation and virion assembly [179]. Given the above activities, a high dose of leflunomide is being evaluated for the treatment of ambulatory patients with mild COVID-19 at the University of Chicago Medicine (NCT04361214; n = 20)."}
LitCovid-PD-MONDO
{"project":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO","denotations":[{"id":"T243","span":{"begin":153,"end":173},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T244","span":{"begin":164,"end":173},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T245","span":{"begin":1040,"end":1054},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T246","span":{"begin":1283,"end":1291},"obj":"Disease"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A243","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T243","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0008383"},{"id":"A244","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T244","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005578"},{"id":"A245","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T245","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0004609"},{"id":"A246","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T246","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"}],"text":"It is a synthetic, small molecule and an isoxazole-carboxamide derivative (Figure 8B). It was approved by the U.S. FDA in 1998 for the oral treatment of rheumatoid arthritis [173,174,175]. It is also used off-label as a replacement therapy in kidney transplant recipients with polyomavirus BK [176] and for cytomegalovirus disease in transplant recipients resistant to standard antivirals [177]. Mechanistically, it is a disease-modifying agent with anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative effects. It inhibits pyrimidine synthesis by inhibiting the mitochondrial enzyme dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, an important enzyme in the de novo synthesis of uridine monophosphate [178]. Leflunomide is a prodrug and the active metabolite (isoxazole ring is open: teriflunomide (Aubagio)) is responsible for its activity [179]. It inhibits rapidly dividing cells such as activated T cells. It has also been found to block the transcription factor NF-κB. It also inhibits tyrosine kinase enzymes. The drug inhibits the replication of cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus 1, and polyomavirus BK by interfering with nucleocapsid tegumentation and virion assembly [179]. Given the above activities, a high dose of leflunomide is being evaluated for the treatment of ambulatory patients with mild COVID-19 at the University of Chicago Medicine (NCT04361214; n = 20)."}
LitCovid-PD-CLO
{"project":"LitCovid-PD-CLO","denotations":[{"id":"T552","span":{"begin":6,"end":7},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T553","span":{"begin":209,"end":214},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225"},{"id":"T554","span":{"begin":218,"end":219},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T555","span":{"begin":243,"end":249},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002113"},{"id":"T556","span":{"begin":243,"end":249},"obj":"http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000927"},{"id":"T557","span":{"begin":243,"end":249},"obj":"http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000929"},{"id":"T558","span":{"begin":419,"end":420},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T559","span":{"begin":693,"end":694},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T560","span":{"begin":711,"end":717},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658"},{"id":"T561","span":{"begin":802,"end":810},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658"},{"id":"T562","span":{"begin":847,"end":852},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623"},{"id":"T563","span":{"begin":861,"end":870},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658"},{"id":"T564","span":{"begin":871,"end":878},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000084"},{"id":"T565","span":{"begin":883,"end":886},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582"},{"id":"T566","span":{"begin":941,"end":942},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021"},{"id":"T567","span":{"begin":1055,"end":1060},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239"},{"id":"T568","span":{"begin":1117,"end":1130},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002199"},{"id":"T569","span":{"begin":1117,"end":1130},"obj":"http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000807"},{"id":"T570","span":{"begin":1174,"end":1184},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658"},{"id":"T571","span":{"begin":1186,"end":1187},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"}],"text":"It is a synthetic, small molecule and an isoxazole-carboxamide derivative (Figure 8B). It was approved by the U.S. FDA in 1998 for the oral treatment of rheumatoid arthritis [173,174,175]. It is also used off-label as a replacement therapy in kidney transplant recipients with polyomavirus BK [176] and for cytomegalovirus disease in transplant recipients resistant to standard antivirals [177]. Mechanistically, it is a disease-modifying agent with anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative effects. It inhibits pyrimidine synthesis by inhibiting the mitochondrial enzyme dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, an important enzyme in the de novo synthesis of uridine monophosphate [178]. Leflunomide is a prodrug and the active metabolite (isoxazole ring is open: teriflunomide (Aubagio)) is responsible for its activity [179]. It inhibits rapidly dividing cells such as activated T cells. It has also been found to block the transcription factor NF-κB. It also inhibits tyrosine kinase enzymes. The drug inhibits the replication of cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus 1, and polyomavirus BK by interfering with nucleocapsid tegumentation and virion assembly [179]. Given the above activities, a high dose of leflunomide is being evaluated for the treatment of ambulatory patients with mild COVID-19 at the University of Chicago Medicine (NCT04361214; n = 20)."}
LitCovid-PD-CHEBI
{"project":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI","denotations":[{"id":"T81195","span":{"begin":25,"end":33},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T9395","span":{"begin":41,"end":50},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T3772","span":{"begin":51,"end":62},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T53954","span":{"begin":209,"end":214},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T26799","span":{"begin":290,"end":292},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T96105","span":{"begin":378,"end":388},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T88623","span":{"begin":511,"end":521},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T68564","span":{"begin":571,"end":585},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T83426","span":{"begin":649,"end":656},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T41763","span":{"begin":678,"end":689},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T22133","span":{"begin":695,"end":702},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T57439","span":{"begin":718,"end":728},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T54596","span":{"begin":730,"end":744},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T95801","span":{"begin":730,"end":739},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T23140","span":{"begin":754,"end":767},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T29149","span":{"begin":769,"end":776},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T89479","span":{"begin":937,"end":939},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T66337","span":{"begin":961,"end":969},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T92498","span":{"begin":990,"end":994},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T91582","span":{"begin":1081,"end":1083},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T56250","span":{"begin":1201,"end":1212},"obj":"Chemical"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A48399","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T81195","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_25367"},{"id":"A32148","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T9395","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35595"},{"id":"A14505","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T3772","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_23004"},{"id":"A68863","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T3772","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37622"},{"id":"A55546","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T53954","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209"},{"id":"A84991","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T26799","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_3165"},{"id":"A62034","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T96105","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_22587"},{"id":"A44723","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T88623","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16898"},{"id":"A36426","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T68564","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30867"},{"id":"A23855","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T83426","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16704"},{"id":"A78333","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T41763","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_6402"},{"id":"A32937","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T22133","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50266"},{"id":"A34380","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T57439","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_25212"},{"id":"A11808","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T54596","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52883"},{"id":"A66731","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T95801","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35595"},{"id":"A39943","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T23140","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_68540"},{"id":"A25438","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T29149","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_68540"},{"id":"A18677","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T89479","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_141424"},{"id":"A54667","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T89479","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_25573"},{"id":"A63951","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T89479","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_1224"},{"id":"A98072","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T66337","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18186"},{"id":"A25111","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T92498","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_23888"},{"id":"A61745","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T91582","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_3165"},{"id":"A89441","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T56250","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_6402"}],"text":"It is a synthetic, small molecule and an isoxazole-carboxamide derivative (Figure 8B). It was approved by the U.S. FDA in 1998 for the oral treatment of rheumatoid arthritis [173,174,175]. It is also used off-label as a replacement therapy in kidney transplant recipients with polyomavirus BK [176] and for cytomegalovirus disease in transplant recipients resistant to standard antivirals [177]. Mechanistically, it is a disease-modifying agent with anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative effects. It inhibits pyrimidine synthesis by inhibiting the mitochondrial enzyme dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, an important enzyme in the de novo synthesis of uridine monophosphate [178]. Leflunomide is a prodrug and the active metabolite (isoxazole ring is open: teriflunomide (Aubagio)) is responsible for its activity [179]. It inhibits rapidly dividing cells such as activated T cells. It has also been found to block the transcription factor NF-κB. It also inhibits tyrosine kinase enzymes. The drug inhibits the replication of cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus 1, and polyomavirus BK by interfering with nucleocapsid tegumentation and virion assembly [179]. Given the above activities, a high dose of leflunomide is being evaluated for the treatment of ambulatory patients with mild COVID-19 at the University of Chicago Medicine (NCT04361214; n = 20)."}
LitCovid-PD-GO-BP
{"project":"LitCovid-PD-GO-BP","denotations":[{"id":"T92","span":{"begin":522,"end":531},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009058"},{"id":"T93","span":{"begin":636,"end":645},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009058"},{"id":"T94","span":{"begin":916,"end":936},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0000981"},{"id":"T95","span":{"begin":916,"end":929},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006351"},{"id":"T96","span":{"begin":1135,"end":1150},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0019068"}],"text":"It is a synthetic, small molecule and an isoxazole-carboxamide derivative (Figure 8B). It was approved by the U.S. FDA in 1998 for the oral treatment of rheumatoid arthritis [173,174,175]. It is also used off-label as a replacement therapy in kidney transplant recipients with polyomavirus BK [176] and for cytomegalovirus disease in transplant recipients resistant to standard antivirals [177]. Mechanistically, it is a disease-modifying agent with anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative effects. It inhibits pyrimidine synthesis by inhibiting the mitochondrial enzyme dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, an important enzyme in the de novo synthesis of uridine monophosphate [178]. Leflunomide is a prodrug and the active metabolite (isoxazole ring is open: teriflunomide (Aubagio)) is responsible for its activity [179]. It inhibits rapidly dividing cells such as activated T cells. It has also been found to block the transcription factor NF-κB. It also inhibits tyrosine kinase enzymes. The drug inhibits the replication of cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus 1, and polyomavirus BK by interfering with nucleocapsid tegumentation and virion assembly [179]. Given the above activities, a high dose of leflunomide is being evaluated for the treatment of ambulatory patients with mild COVID-19 at the University of Chicago Medicine (NCT04361214; n = 20)."}
LitCovid-PD-HP
{"project":"LitCovid-PD-HP","denotations":[{"id":"T57","span":{"begin":153,"end":173},"obj":"Phenotype"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A57","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T57","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001370"}],"text":"It is a synthetic, small molecule and an isoxazole-carboxamide derivative (Figure 8B). It was approved by the U.S. FDA in 1998 for the oral treatment of rheumatoid arthritis [173,174,175]. It is also used off-label as a replacement therapy in kidney transplant recipients with polyomavirus BK [176] and for cytomegalovirus disease in transplant recipients resistant to standard antivirals [177]. Mechanistically, it is a disease-modifying agent with anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative effects. It inhibits pyrimidine synthesis by inhibiting the mitochondrial enzyme dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, an important enzyme in the de novo synthesis of uridine monophosphate [178]. Leflunomide is a prodrug and the active metabolite (isoxazole ring is open: teriflunomide (Aubagio)) is responsible for its activity [179]. It inhibits rapidly dividing cells such as activated T cells. It has also been found to block the transcription factor NF-κB. It also inhibits tyrosine kinase enzymes. The drug inhibits the replication of cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus 1, and polyomavirus BK by interfering with nucleocapsid tegumentation and virion assembly [179]. Given the above activities, a high dose of leflunomide is being evaluated for the treatment of ambulatory patients with mild COVID-19 at the University of Chicago Medicine (NCT04361214; n = 20)."}
LitCovid-sentences
{"project":"LitCovid-sentences","denotations":[{"id":"T411","span":{"begin":0,"end":86},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T412","span":{"begin":87,"end":114},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T413","span":{"begin":115,"end":188},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T414","span":{"begin":189,"end":395},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T415","span":{"begin":396,"end":498},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T416","span":{"begin":499,"end":677},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T417","span":{"begin":678,"end":817},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T418","span":{"begin":818,"end":879},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T419","span":{"begin":880,"end":943},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T420","span":{"begin":944,"end":985},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T421","span":{"begin":986,"end":1157},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T422","span":{"begin":1158,"end":1352},"obj":"Sentence"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"_base","uri":"http://pubannotation.org/ontology/tao.owl#"}],"text":"It is a synthetic, small molecule and an isoxazole-carboxamide derivative (Figure 8B). It was approved by the U.S. FDA in 1998 for the oral treatment of rheumatoid arthritis [173,174,175]. It is also used off-label as a replacement therapy in kidney transplant recipients with polyomavirus BK [176] and for cytomegalovirus disease in transplant recipients resistant to standard antivirals [177]. Mechanistically, it is a disease-modifying agent with anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative effects. It inhibits pyrimidine synthesis by inhibiting the mitochondrial enzyme dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, an important enzyme in the de novo synthesis of uridine monophosphate [178]. Leflunomide is a prodrug and the active metabolite (isoxazole ring is open: teriflunomide (Aubagio)) is responsible for its activity [179]. It inhibits rapidly dividing cells such as activated T cells. It has also been found to block the transcription factor NF-κB. It also inhibits tyrosine kinase enzymes. The drug inhibits the replication of cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus 1, and polyomavirus BK by interfering with nucleocapsid tegumentation and virion assembly [179]. Given the above activities, a high dose of leflunomide is being evaluated for the treatment of ambulatory patients with mild COVID-19 at the University of Chicago Medicine (NCT04361214; n = 20)."}
LitCovid-PubTator
{"project":"LitCovid-PubTator","denotations":[{"id":"1720","span":{"begin":937,"end":942},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"1721","span":{"begin":1104,"end":1116},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"1722","span":{"begin":277,"end":292},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"1723","span":{"begin":1040,"end":1062},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"1724","span":{"begin":1068,"end":1083},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"1725","span":{"begin":1264,"end":1272},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"1726","span":{"begin":41,"end":62},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"1727","span":{"begin":511,"end":521},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"1728","span":{"begin":571,"end":585},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"1729","span":{"begin":649,"end":670},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"1730","span":{"begin":678,"end":689},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"1731","span":{"begin":730,"end":739},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"1732","span":{"begin":754,"end":767},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"1733","span":{"begin":769,"end":776},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"1734","span":{"begin":1201,"end":1212},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"1735","span":{"begin":153,"end":173},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"1736","span":{"begin":307,"end":330},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"1737","span":{"begin":1283,"end":1291},"obj":"Disease"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A1720","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1720","obj":"Gene:4790"},{"id":"A1721","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1721","obj":"Gene:43740575"},{"id":"A1722","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1722","obj":"Tax:1891762"},{"id":"A1723","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1723","obj":"Tax:10298"},{"id":"A1724","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1724","obj":"Tax:1891762"},{"id":"A1725","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1725","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A1727","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1727","obj":"MESH:C030986"},{"id":"A1728","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1728","obj":"MESH:C004768"},{"id":"A1729","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1729","obj":"MESH:D014542"},{"id":"A1730","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1730","obj":"MESH:D000077339"},{"id":"A1731","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1731","obj":"MESH:D007555"},{"id":"A1732","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1732","obj":"MESH:C527525"},{"id":"A1733","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1733","obj":"MESH:C527525"},{"id":"A1734","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1734","obj":"MESH:D000077339"},{"id":"A1735","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1735","obj":"MESH:D001172"},{"id":"A1736","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1736","obj":"MESH:D003586"},{"id":"A1737","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1737","obj":"MESH:C000657245"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"Tax","uri":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/taxonomy/"},{"prefix":"MESH","uri":"https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/"},{"prefix":"Gene","uri":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/"},{"prefix":"CVCL","uri":"https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_"}],"text":"It is a synthetic, small molecule and an isoxazole-carboxamide derivative (Figure 8B). It was approved by the U.S. FDA in 1998 for the oral treatment of rheumatoid arthritis [173,174,175]. It is also used off-label as a replacement therapy in kidney transplant recipients with polyomavirus BK [176] and for cytomegalovirus disease in transplant recipients resistant to standard antivirals [177]. Mechanistically, it is a disease-modifying agent with anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative effects. It inhibits pyrimidine synthesis by inhibiting the mitochondrial enzyme dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, an important enzyme in the de novo synthesis of uridine monophosphate [178]. Leflunomide is a prodrug and the active metabolite (isoxazole ring is open: teriflunomide (Aubagio)) is responsible for its activity [179]. It inhibits rapidly dividing cells such as activated T cells. It has also been found to block the transcription factor NF-κB. It also inhibits tyrosine kinase enzymes. The drug inhibits the replication of cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus 1, and polyomavirus BK by interfering with nucleocapsid tegumentation and virion assembly [179]. Given the above activities, a high dose of leflunomide is being evaluated for the treatment of ambulatory patients with mild COVID-19 at the University of Chicago Medicine (NCT04361214; n = 20)."}