l benefit for lopinavir/ritonavir when used with ribavirin and/or INFs against MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV [88,93,94]. Yet, coronavirus proteases, including Mpro, do not have a C2-symmetric protein architecture which is the target of lopinavir and all HIV-1 protease inhibitors. This subsequently sheds doubts on the prospect of HIV-1 aspa