PMC:7600245 / 15082-17542
Annnotations
LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON
| Id | Subject | Object | Predicate | Lexical cue | fma_id |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T70 | 364-367 | Body_part | denotes | RNA | http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67095 |
| T71 | 372-375 | Body_part | denotes | DNA | http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412 |
| T72 | 494-504 | Body_part | denotes | nucleotide | http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82740 |
| T73 | 534-537 | Body_part | denotes | RNA | http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67095 |
| T74 | 558-562 | Body_part | denotes | mRNA | http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67122 |
| T75 | 927-934 | Body_part | denotes | protein | http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257 |
| T76 | 981-987 | Body_part | denotes | genome | http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma84116 |
| T77 | 1914-1919 | Body_part | denotes | cells | http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646 |
LitCovid-PD-MONDO
| Id | Subject | Object | Predicate | Lexical cue | mondo_id |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T53 | 217-236 | Disease | denotes | chronic hepatitis C | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005231|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005354 |
| T55 | 217-234 | Disease | denotes | chronic hepatitis | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0002251 |
| T56 | 249-258 | Disease | denotes | infection | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550 |
| T57 | 268-291 | Disease | denotes | viral hemorrhagic fever | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0018087 |
| T58 | 1161-1177 | Disease | denotes | hemolytic anemia | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0003664 |
| T59 | 1171-1177 | Disease | denotes | anemia | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0002280 |
| T60 | 1303-1311 | Disease | denotes | COVID-19 | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096 |
| T61 | 1595-1603 | Disease | denotes | SARS-CoV | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091 |
| T62 | 1777-1787 | Disease | denotes | infections | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550 |
| T63 | 1986-1994 | Disease | denotes | SARS-CoV | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091 |
| T64 | 2406-2414 | Disease | denotes | COVID-19 | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096 |
LitCovid-PD-CLO
| Id | Subject | Object | Predicate | Lexical cue |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| T132 | 172-177 | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 | denotes | virus |
| T133 | 179-181 | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001382 | denotes | 48 |
| T134 | 237-242 | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 | denotes | virus |
| T135 | 342-350 | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658 | denotes | activity |
| T136 | 376-383 | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 | denotes | viruses |
| T137 | 408-416 | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658 | denotes | activity |
| T138 | 436-445 | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658 | denotes | activated |
| T139 | 665-673 | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658 | denotes | activity |
| T140 | 822-825 | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 | denotes | has |
| T141 | 1007-1008 | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 | denotes | a |
| T142 | 1050-1052 | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001407 | denotes | 52 |
| T143 | 1061-1064 | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 | denotes | has |
| T144 | 1110-1113 | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 | denotes | has |
| T145 | 1114-1115 | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 | denotes | a |
| T146 | 1334-1340 | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 | denotes | tested |
| T147 | 1482-1483 | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 | denotes | b |
| T148 | 1534-1537 | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 | denotes | has |
| T149 | 1638-1652 | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9544 | denotes | rhesus macaque |
| T150 | 1711-1712 | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 | denotes | b |
| T151 | 1793-1794 | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 | denotes | a |
| T152 | 1846-1848 | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001236 | denotes | 2a |
| T153 | 1882-1889 | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 | denotes | testing |
| T154 | 1906-1919 | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051719 | denotes | Vero E6 cells |
| T155 | 2064-2071 | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 | denotes | viruses |
| T156 | 2093-2094 | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 | denotes | a |
| T157 | 2107-2112 | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 | denotes | label |
| T158 | 2220-2221 | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 | denotes | b |
LitCovid-PD-CHEBI
| Id | Subject | Object | Predicate | Lexical cue | chebi_id |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T144 | 55-64 | Chemical | denotes | guanosine | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16750 |
| T145 | 65-75 | Chemical | denotes | nucleoside | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33838 |
| T146 | 302-306 | Chemical | denotes | drug | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_23888 |
| T147 | 332-341 | Chemical | denotes | antiviral | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_22587 |
| T148 | 372-375 | Chemical | denotes | DNA | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991 |
| T149 | 398-407 | Chemical | denotes | antiviral | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_22587 |
| T150 | 422-426 | Chemical | denotes | drug | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_23888 |
| T151 | 481-493 | Chemical | denotes | triphosphate | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18036 |
| T152 | 494-504 | Chemical | denotes | nucleotide | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36976 |
| T153 | 521-530 | Chemical | denotes | inhibitor | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35222 |
| T154 | 655-664 | Chemical | denotes | antiviral | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_22587 |
| T155 | 694-701 | Chemical | denotes | inosine | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17596 |
| T156 | 733-742 | Chemical | denotes | ribavirin | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_63580 |
| T157 | 788-810 | Chemical | denotes | guanosine triphosphate | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15996 |
| T158 | 788-797 | Chemical | denotes | guanosine | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16750 |
| T159 | 798-810 | Chemical | denotes | triphosphate | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18036 |
| T160 | 812-815 | Chemical | denotes | GTP | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15996|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37565 |
| T162 | 902-905 | Chemical | denotes | GTP | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15996|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37565 |
| T164 | 927-934 | Chemical | denotes | protein | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080 |
| T165 | 1009-1016 | Chemical | denotes | mutagen | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_25435 |
| T166 | 1105-1109 | Chemical | denotes | drug | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_23888 |
| T167 | 1409-1419 | Chemical | denotes | ivermectin | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_6078 |
| T168 | 1451-1470 | Chemical | denotes | lopinavir/ritonavir | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_145924 |
| T169 | 1451-1460 | Chemical | denotes | lopinavir | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_31781 |
| T170 | 1461-1470 | Chemical | denotes | ritonavir | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_45409 |
| T171 | 1475-1478 | Chemical | denotes | INF | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52999 |
| T172 | 1549-1558 | Chemical | denotes | ribavirin | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_63580 |
| T173 | 1690-1699 | Chemical | denotes | ribavirin | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_63580 |
| T174 | 1810-1819 | Chemical | denotes | ribavirin | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_63580 |
| T175 | 1893-1902 | Chemical | denotes | ribavirin | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_63580 |
| T176 | 2107-2112 | Chemical | denotes | label | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209 |
| T177 | 2192-2201 | Chemical | denotes | antiviral | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_22587 |
| T178 | 2213-2216 | Chemical | denotes | INF | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52999 |
| T179 | 2223-2232 | Chemical | denotes | ribavirin | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_63580 |
| T180 | 2238-2257 | Chemical | denotes | lopinavir/ritonavir | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_145924 |
| T181 | 2238-2247 | Chemical | denotes | lopinavir | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_31781 |
| T182 | 2248-2257 | Chemical | denotes | ritonavir | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_45409 |
| T183 | 2283-2302 | Chemical | denotes | lopinavir/ritonavir | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_145924 |
| T184 | 2283-2292 | Chemical | denotes | lopinavir | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_31781 |
| T185 | 2293-2302 | Chemical | denotes | ritonavir | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_45409 |
LitCovid-PD-GO-BP
| Id | Subject | Object | Predicate | Lexical cue |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| T18 | 436-464 | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0042327 | denotes | activated by phosphorylation |
| T19 | 449-464 | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0016310 | denotes | phosphorylation |
| T20 | 534-547 | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0032774 | denotes | RNA synthesis |
| T21 | 538-547 | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009058 | denotes | synthesis |
| T22 | 558-570 | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006370 | denotes | mRNA capping |
| T23 | 921-944 | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0019081 | denotes | viral protein synthesis |
| T24 | 927-944 | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006412 | denotes | protein synthesis |
| T25 | 935-944 | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009058 | denotes | synthesis |
| T26 | 2368-2382 | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0019076 | denotes | viral shedding |
LitCovid-PD-HP
| Id | Subject | Object | Predicate | Lexical cue | hp_id |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T6 | 217-234 | Phenotype | denotes | chronic hepatitis | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0200123 |
| T7 | 286-291 | Phenotype | denotes | fever | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001945 |
| T8 | 1161-1177 | Phenotype | denotes | hemolytic anemia | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001878 |
LitCovid-sentences
| Id | Subject | Object | Predicate | Lexical cue |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| T110 | 0-4 | Sentence | denotes | 2.3. |
| T111 | 5-25 | Sentence | denotes | Ribavirin (Virazole) |
| T112 | 26-116 | Sentence | denotes | It is an open-ring analog of guanosine nucleoside (Figure 3) that was approved by the U.S. |
| T113 | 117-183 | Sentence | denotes | FDA in 1985 for the treatment of respiratory syncytial virus [48]. |
| T114 | 184-297 | Sentence | denotes | It is also used systemically for chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection [49] and viral hemorrhagic fever [50]. |
| T115 | 298-384 | Sentence | denotes | The drug possesses broad-spectrum antiviral activity against both RNA and DNA viruses. |
| T116 | 385-576 | Sentence | denotes | To exert its antiviral activity, the drug is to be activated by phosphorylation to generate the triphosphate nucleotide that acts as an inhibitor of RNA synthesis and viral mRNA capping [51]. |
| T117 | 577-674 | Sentence | denotes | Other mechanisms have also been proposed to account for its broad spectrum of antiviral activity. |
| T118 | 675-877 | Sentence | denotes | Inhibition of host inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase by ribavirin-monophosphate and the resulting depletion of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) pool has been put forward to be another mechanism of action. |
| T119 | 878-988 | Sentence | denotes | Decreased intracellular GTP pool decreases viral protein synthesis and limits the replication of viral genome. |
| T120 | 989-1095 | Sentence | denotes | Ribavirin is also a mutagen that leads to defective virions [52] and it has immunomodulatory actions [53]. |
| T121 | 1096-1228 | Sentence | denotes | Yet, the drug has a U.S. boxed warning pertaining to the risk of hemolytic anemia and potential complications during pregnancy [54]. |
| T122 | 1229-1321 | Sentence | denotes | Ribavirin is currently being evaluated in few trials for the treatment of COVID-19 patients. |
| T123 | 1322-1507 | Sentence | denotes | It is being tested alone (NCT04356677; n = 50) or in combination with nitazoxanide and ivermectin (NCT04392427; n = 100) or with lopinavir/ritonavir and INF β-1b (NCT04276688; n = 127). |
| T124 | 1508-1611 | Sentence | denotes | Recent computational work has shown that ribavirin binds with high affinity to RdRp of SARS-CoV-2 [55]. |
| T125 | 1612-1718 | Sentence | denotes | Furthermore, the MERS-CoV rhesus macaque model revealed promising results for ribavirin and IFN-α 2b [56]. |
| T126 | 1719-1855 | Sentence | denotes | Nevertheless, mixed results came out of treating MERS-CoV infections with a combination of ribavirin and IFNs (IFN-β1 or IFN-α 2a) [57]. |
| T127 | 1856-2077 | Sentence | denotes | Results from the in vitro testing of ribavirin in Vero E6 cells also indicated that the replication and/or the cellular spread of SARS-CoV was not inhibited at concentrations known to inhibit other sensitive viruses [58]. |
| T128 | 2078-2460 | Sentence | denotes | Interestingly, a recent open-label randomized controlled trial (NCT04276688; n = 127) indicated that early triple antiviral therapy of INF-β 1b, ribavirin, and lopinavir/ritonavir was safe and superior to lopinavir/ritonavir alone in alleviating the symptoms and shortening the duration of viral shedding and hospitalization in COVID-19 patients with mild to moderate symptoms [59]. |
LitCovid-PubTator
| Id | Subject | Object | Predicate | Lexical cue | tao:has_database_id |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 360 | 5-14 | Chemical | denotes | Ribavirin | MESH:D012254 |
| 361 | 16-24 | Chemical | denotes | Virazole | MESH:D012254 |
| 375 | 150-177 | Species | denotes | respiratory syncytial virus | Tax:12814 |
| 376 | 372-383 | Species | denotes | DNA viruses | Tax:2080735 |
| 377 | 55-75 | Chemical | denotes | guanosine nucleoside | |
| 378 | 481-504 | Chemical | denotes | triphosphate nucleotide | |
| 379 | 694-715 | Chemical | denotes | inosine monophosphate | MESH:D007291 |
| 380 | 733-756 | Chemical | denotes | ribavirin-monophosphate | |
| 381 | 788-810 | Chemical | denotes | guanosine triphosphate | MESH:D006160 |
| 382 | 812-815 | Chemical | denotes | GTP | MESH:D006160 |
| 383 | 902-905 | Chemical | denotes | GTP | MESH:D006160 |
| 384 | 989-998 | Chemical | denotes | Ribavirin | MESH:D012254 |
| 385 | 225-258 | Disease | denotes | hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection | MESH:D006526 |
| 386 | 268-291 | Disease | denotes | viral hemorrhagic fever | |
| 387 | 1161-1177 | Disease | denotes | hemolytic anemia | MESH:D000743 |
| 412 | 1479-1483 | Gene | denotes | β-1b | Gene:1 |
| 413 | 1830-1836 | Gene | denotes | IFN-β1 | Gene:3439 |
| 414 | 1587-1591 | Gene | denotes | RdRp | Gene:43740578 |
| 415 | 1312-1320 | Species | denotes | patients | Tax:9606 |
| 416 | 1595-1605 | Species | denotes | SARS-CoV-2 | Tax:2697049 |
| 417 | 1629-1637 | Species | denotes | MERS-CoV | Tax:1335626 |
| 418 | 1638-1652 | Species | denotes | rhesus macaque | Tax:9544 |
| 419 | 1986-1994 | Species | denotes | SARS-CoV | Tax:694009 |
| 420 | 2415-2423 | Species | denotes | patients | Tax:9606 |
| 421 | 1229-1238 | Chemical | denotes | Ribavirin | MESH:D012254 |
| 422 | 1392-1404 | Chemical | denotes | nitazoxanide | MESH:C041747 |
| 423 | 1409-1419 | Chemical | denotes | ivermectin | MESH:D007559 |
| 424 | 1451-1470 | Chemical | denotes | lopinavir/ritonavir | MESH:C558899 |
| 425 | 1549-1558 | Chemical | denotes | ribavirin | MESH:D012254 |
| 426 | 1690-1699 | Chemical | denotes | ribavirin | MESH:D012254 |
| 427 | 1810-1819 | Chemical | denotes | ribavirin | MESH:D012254 |
| 428 | 1893-1902 | Chemical | denotes | ribavirin | MESH:D012254 |
| 429 | 2223-2232 | Chemical | denotes | ribavirin | MESH:D012254 |
| 430 | 2238-2257 | Chemical | denotes | lopinavir/ritonavir | MESH:C558899 |
| 431 | 2283-2302 | Chemical | denotes | lopinavir/ritonavir | MESH:C558899 |
| 432 | 1303-1311 | Disease | denotes | COVID-19 | MESH:C000657245 |
| 433 | 1768-1787 | Disease | denotes | MERS-CoV infections | MESH:D018352 |
| 434 | 2406-2414 | Disease | denotes | COVID-19 | MESH:C000657245 |
| 435 | 1911-1913 | CellLine | denotes | E6 | CVCL:4582 |