It has been reported during influenza A infection that IFN-beta, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alfa, IL-8 and IL-6 in the lungs were reduced in response to treatment with vitamin D [99]; during RSV infection the NfkB inhibitor was induced [100]; similar immunomodulatory effects were also described during Dengue infection [101]. Vitamin D can suppress excessive activity of IFN gamma-activated macrophages [102]; decrease macrophagic cytokines release through upregulation of MKP-1 [103]; reduce the production of metalloproteinase MMP-9 in keratinocytes, whose excessive and potentially harmful activity is induced by TNF alfa during hyperinflammation [104].