(a) Pathway abundances at the whole community level were statistically compared between the groups, and the 95% confidence interval of the effect-size for each pathway was determined using a non-parametric bootstrap method. (b) The heatmap represents community pathway abundances stratified into significant contributions from bacterial species to between-group differences. The color scale depicts the magnitude of the difference of stratified pathway abundances between the groups. All statistical comparisons were performed using the Mann-Whitney test and corrected for multiple testing using the false discovery rate method. Statistical significance for all comparisons was determined at p<0.05. Heatmap boxes with an ‘-’ indicated non-significant stratified pathway abundance differences between the groups.