In addition to smoking, autophagy can be impaired by infectious agents. Due to the conserved nature of autophagy, many organisms have adapted and evolved mechanisms to impair autophagy in order to infect their host. For example, studies have demonstrated that the influenza virus promotes its own survival by preventing autophagolysosome formation; thus, leading to autophagy impairment via aggresome accumulation [41,85,95]. Influenza has also been found to prevent the autophagy-dependent presentation of viral antigens necessary to mount an immune response [10]. Similarly, investigations have found that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) can inhibit autophagolysosome formation with trans membrane papain-like protease 2 (PLP2-TM) to provoke phagolysosome accumulation causing autophagy impairment [96]. Additionally, the nonstructural protein 6 (NSP6) of coronaviruses has also been observed to restrict autophagosome development to prevent cells from inhibiting coronavirus replication [97].