Anti-GM-CSF (eg, mavrilimumab, gimsilumab, lenzilumab, otilimab) GM-CSF Type 2 pneumocytes, monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, endothelial cells Encouraging preliminary data in severe-to-critical COVID-19 and good safety Might be less effective at earlier stages; possibly interferes with alveolar macrophage homoeostasis and alveolar surfactant production