actor (pamrevlumab), fibroblast growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, and vascular endothelial growth factor signalling (nintedanib),79 might all represent viable therapeutic options (figure 3 , table ).
Figure 3 Inflammatory patterns in COVID-19 at various disease stages
Cytokine interplay between IL-33, GM-CSF, IL-1α, and IL-1β, and key cytokines, chemokines, and receptors, the composition of lung inflammatory infiltrates, cell phenotypes involved, and possible therapeutic options according to different stages of disease. CCR=C-C motif chemokine receptor. CCL=C-C motif chemokine ligand. CXCL=C-X-C motif chemokine. CXCR=C-X-C motif chemokine receptor. FABP=fatty acid-binding protein. FCN=ficolin. FGF=fibroblast growth factors. GATA=GATA-binding factor. GM-CSF=granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. i=inhibitor. IFN=interferon. IL=interleukin. ILC2=type 2 innate lymphoid cell. JAK=Janus kinase. NLRP=NACHT, LRR, and PYD domains-containing protein. PDGF=platelet-derived growth factor. PDGF-Ri=platelet-derived growth factor receptor inhibitor. rIL=recombinant interleukin. SPP=secreted phosphoprotein. sST2= soluble ST2. ST2=ST2 receptor