| Id |
Subject |
Object |
Predicate |
Lexical cue |
| T396 |
0-43 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Limitations and Avenues for Future Research |
| T397 |
44-120 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Current findings should be interpreted in light of some notable limitations. |
| T398 |
121-255 |
Sentence |
denotes |
First, attrition rates in both samples were relatively high given the relatively brief time between the baseline survey and follow-up. |
| T399 |
256-375 |
Sentence |
denotes |
High attrition could lead to selection bias with those who are more motivated or engaged overrepresented in the sample. |
| T400 |
376-568 |
Sentence |
denotes |
While participants were reminded multiple times to complete follow-up measures, we acknowledge that more intensive recruitment and incentivization of nonresponders may have minimized drop out. |
| T401 |
569-675 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Attrition also affected the demographic profile of the sample, particularly among underrepresented groups. |
| T402 |
676-757 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Although the effect sizes of these differences were small, they were not trivial. |
| T403 |
758-971 |
Sentence |
denotes |
This is particularly pertinent in the current context given emerging data indicating that COVID-19 infection and mortality rates are significantly higher in underrepresented minority and socioeconomic groups [37]. |
| T404 |
972-1122 |
Sentence |
denotes |
A potential solution would be to oversample in underrepresented groups likely to have low retention rates and is a recommendation for future research. |
| T405 |
1123-1397 |
Sentence |
denotes |
It is also important to note that, although our sampling strategy ensured that the distribution of participants in our samples matched those of the national population according to gender and state, we did not stratify the sample by key demographic or socioeconomic factors. |
| T406 |
1398-1514 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The samples, therefore, should not be considered representative of the national populations of Australia or the USA. |
| T407 |
1515-1706 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Taken together, the bias linked to attrition rates and nonrepresentativeness of the samples places limits on the extent to which current findings can be generalized to the broader population. |
| T408 |
1707-1900 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Second, the intention–behavior “gap” in the current study resulted in small indirect effects of intention determinants, such as subjective and moral norms and PBC on social distancing behavior. |
| T409 |
1901-2077 |
Sentence |
denotes |
This is a limitation of the current model and means that intervention strategies aimed at changing intention determinants may have relatively modest effects on behavior change. |
| T410 |
2078-2252 |
Sentence |
denotes |
However, small effects may still translate to large numbers of people changing if interventions targeting change in these constructs are administered at the population level. |
| T411 |
2253-2381 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Future intervention research is, nevertheless, needed to verify the effects of targeting change in model constructs on behavior. |
| T412 |
2382-2654 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Research should also adopt behavioral measures that can be converted to meaningful metrics that demonstrate practically significant changes in social distancing behavior (e.g., numbers of people complying with social distancing guidelines when venturing outside the home). |
| T413 |
2655-2742 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Third, the current study observed social distancing over a relatively brief time frame. |
| T414 |
2743-2850 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Short-range prediction has value as it helps identify potential determinants of social distancing behavior. |
| T415 |
2851-3063 |
Sentence |
denotes |
However, consistency in performing social distancing over time is important for the effective prevention of virus transmission, so research on the determinants of social distancing in the long term is a priority. |
| T416 |
3064-3229 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The relatively short time lag is also likely to be the reason why past behavior had such a pervasive effect in predicting behavior and other constructs in the model. |
| T417 |
3230-3428 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The relevance of past behavior is likely to wane over time, so examining prediction over time may be more revealing as to the social cognition predictors of this behavior and the processes involved. |
| T418 |
3429-3629 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Fourth, the correlational design precludes the inference of causal effects among the constructs in the current model, so the proposed direction of effects are inferred from theory alone, not the data. |
| T419 |
3630-3730 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Causal sequencing among variables would necessitate experimental or controlled intervention designs. |
| T420 |
3731-3874 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Verification of such effects will highlight the value of the model in informing interventions to promote changes in social distancing behavior. |
| T421 |
3875-3980 |
Sentence |
denotes |
In addition, the inclusion of past behavior in the current analysis modeled change in behavior over time. |
| T422 |
3981-4128 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Past behavior also had the effect of modeling residual effects of unmeasured constructs on behavior, such as past measures of the model constructs. |
| T423 |
4129-4353 |
Sentence |
denotes |
However, the adoption of a cross-lagged panel design would better facilitate the examination of how the change in specific model constructs over time affects social distancing behavior and permit tests of reciprocal effects. |
| T424 |
4354-4601 |
Sentence |
denotes |
It is also important that the effects of past behavior do not provide definitive evidence that affecting change in model constructs, such as intentions or habit, through intervention will lead to a concomitant change in social distancing behavior. |
| T425 |
4602-4841 |
Sentence |
denotes |
This highlights the imperative of intervention research that tests the efficacy of manipulating constructs from the current model in promoting social distancing behavior and illustrates the extent to which model constructs can be modified. |
| T426 |
4842-4915 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Finally, the current research relies exclusively on self-report measures. |
| T427 |
4916-5254 |
Sentence |
denotes |
While self-reported behavior has exhibited concurrent validity when evaluated against non-self-report measures, such as behavior measured using devices or direct observation, the potential for recall bias or inaccurate reporting likely introduces additional measurement error in the behavioral measure, which would affect model relations. |
| T428 |
5255-5360 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Further, self-reported data are also at risk of self-presentation bias and socially desirable responding. |
| T429 |
5361-5596 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Health behaviors, particularly social distancing behavior in the context of a pandemic, are likely to be considered desirable, which may have compelled respondents to provide positive responses, without even being aware of such biases. |
| T430 |
5597-5781 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Although we stressed anonymity to participants to make it clear that they had license to report their behavior without prejudice, this is unlikely to have fully eliminated such biases. |
| T431 |
5782-5936 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Current data should, therefore, be interpreted in light of these potential biases and their potential to contribute to error variance in observed effects. |
| T432 |
5937-6118 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Future research may consider the use of devices, such as GPS tracking of cellular phones, as alternative means to measure social distancing behavior that do not rely on self-report. |
