Turning to indirect effects, we found significant indirect effects of habit at baseline on behavior mediated by habit at follow-up in both samples with small effect sizes. There were also significant total effects of intention and habit at baseline on behavior in both samples, and of PBC on behavior for the U.S. sample, with small effect sizes. There were significant total indirect and total effects of past behavior on behavior in both samples, with large effect sizes. There was a small-sized indirect effect of past behavior on behavior mediated by habit at both time points in the U.S. sample, but the effect was not significant in the Australian sample.