Pathway   Agent   Animal study outcomes   Clinical study outcomes   Recruiting COVID-19 trials
Tissue factor  TFPI  Coagulation activation  Reduced [42, 107, 108]  Coagulation activation  Reduced [37, 109]
Inflammation  Reduced [36, 110, 111]No effect [108, 112]  Inflammation  Reduced [37]No effect [109]
Bacterial clearance  Increased [110]  Mortality  Reduced [40]#No effect [37, 39, 41]¶,+
Risk of bleeding  Increased [37, 39]§
Factor X  RivaroxabanApixabanƒ  Inflammation  Reduced [113]   NCT04416048NCT04394377NCT04351724
Alveolar leak  Reduced [113]
Thrombin  Anti-thrombinDabigatranƒBivalirudinƒ  Coagulation activation  Reduced [46]  Mortality  No effect [45, 47]Reduced mortality in subgroup not receiving concomitant heparin [47]
Inflammation  Reduced [42, 46]  Risk of bleeding  Increased [47]§
Alveolar leak  Reduced [42, 46]
Bacterial clearance  Increased [46]
Heparin  Coagulation activation  Reduced [46]No effect [42]  Mortality  No effect [51–53, 79]  NCT04372589NCT04401293NCT04367831NCT04345848NCT04373707NCT04366960NCT04359277NCT04397510
Inflammation  No effect [42, 46]
Alveolar leak  No effect [42, 46]
Bacterial clearance  No effect [42, 46]
APC  rhAPC  Coagulation activation  Reduced [46, 60]  Coagulation activation  Reduced [63]
Inflammation  Reduced [61]No effect [60]  Lung injury score  Reduced [63]
Alveolar leak  Reduced [61]  Mortality  Reduced [22]No effect [55, 65–67]
Fibrosis  Reduced [61]
Bacterial clearance  No effect [61]
Fibrinogen  tPAuPA  Coagulation activation  No effect [74]  Mortality  Reduced [79]  NCT04356833NCT04357730
Inflammation  Reduced [78]No effect [74, 76]
Alveolar leak  Reduced [76, 78]No effect [74]
Fibrinolysis  Increased [74, 78]
PAR-1  VorapaxarRWJ-58269  Coagulation activation  Reduced [114]
Inflammation  Reduced [94, 115]
Alveolar leak  Reduced [94, 115]
Bacterial clearance  No effect [94, 115]